Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir ( árabe : عمر حسن أحمد البشير , pronunciado[ba'ʃiːr] ; [1] nacido el 1 de enero de 1944) es un exoficial militar, político y criminal de guerra sudanés que se desempeñó como séptimo jefe de estado de Sudán bajo varios títulos de 1989 a 2019, cuando fue depuesto en un golpe de estado . [2] Posteriormente fue encarcelado, juzgado y condenado por múltiples cargos de corrupción. [3] [4] Llegó al poder en 1989 cuando, comogeneral de brigada en el ejército sudanés , dirigió a un grupo de oficiales en un golpe militar que derrocó al gobierno democráticamente elegido del primer ministro Sadiq al-Mahdi.después de que comenzara las negociaciones con los rebeldes en el sur. [5] Fue elegido tres veces presidente en elecciones que han estado bajo escrutinio por fraude electoral . [6] En 1992, al-Bashir fundó el Partido del Congreso Nacional , que siguió siendo el partido político dominante en el país hasta 2019. [7] En marzo de 2009, al-Bashir se convirtió en el primer jefe de estado en ejercicio en ser acusado por la Internacional. Criminal Court (CPI), por presuntamente dirigir una campaña de asesinatos masivos, violaciones y saqueos contra civiles en Darfur . [8] El 11 de febrero de 2020, el gobierno sudanés anunció que había acordado entregar al-Bashir a la CPI para su juicio. [9]
Omar al-Bashir | |
---|---|
عمر البشير | |
Séptimo presidente de Sudán | |
En funciones del 16 de octubre de 1993 al 11 de abril de 2019 | |
Primer ministro | Bakri Hassan Saleh Motazz Moussa Mohamed Tahir Ayala |
Vicepresidente | |
Precedido por | Él mismo como presidente de la RCC |
Sucesor | Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf (como presidente del Consejo Militar de Transición ) |
Presidente del Consejo del Comando Revolucionario para la Salvación Nacional | |
En funciones 30 de junio de 1989 - 16 de octubre de 1993 | |
Diputado | Zubair Mohamed Salih |
Precedido por | Ahmed al-Mirghani (como presidente) |
Sucesor | El mismo como presidente |
Detalles personales | |
Nació | Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir 1 de enero de 1944 Hosh Bannaga , Sudán anglo-egipcio |
Partido político | Partido del Congreso Nacional (1992-2019) |
Esposos) | Fatima Khalid Widad Babiker Omer |
alma mater | Academia Militar Egipcia |
Servicio militar | |
Lealtad |
|
Sucursal / servicio | Ejército sudanés |
Años de servicio | 1960-2019 |
Rango | Mariscal de campo |
Batallas / guerras |
|
En octubre de 2005, el gobierno de al-Bashir negoció el fin de la Segunda Guerra Civil Sudanesa , [10] que llevó a un referéndum en el Sur, que resultó en la separación del Sur como el país de Sudán del Sur . En la región de Darfur, supervisó la guerra en Darfur que resultó en un número de muertos de alrededor de 10.000 según el gobierno sudanés, [11] pero la mayoría de las fuentes sugieren entre 200.000 [12] y 400.000. [13] [14] [15] Durante su presidencia, ha habido varias luchas violentas entre la milicia Janjaweed y grupos rebeldes como el Ejército de Liberación de Sudán (SLA) y el Movimiento de Justicia e Igualdad (JEM) en forma de guerra de guerrillas. en la región de Darfur. La guerra civil desplazó [16] a más de 2,5 millones de personas de una población total de 6,2 millones en Darfur [17] y creó una crisis en las relaciones diplomáticas entre Sudán y Chad. [18] Los rebeldes en Darfur perdieron el apoyo de Libia después de la muerte de Muammar Gaddafi y el colapso de su régimen en 2011. [19] [20] [21]
En julio de 2008, el fiscal de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI), Luis Moreno Ocampo , acusó a al-Bashir de genocidio , crímenes de lesa humanidad y crímenes de guerra en Darfur. [22] El tribunal emitió una orden de arresto contra al-Bashir el 4 de marzo de 2009 por cargos de crímenes de guerra y crímenes de lesa humanidad, pero dictaminó que no había pruebas suficientes para procesarlo por genocidio. [23] [24] Sin embargo, el 12 de julio de 2010, la Corte emitió una segunda orden que contenía tres cargos separados de genocidio. La nueva orden, como la primera, fue entregada al gobierno sudanés , que no reconoció ni la orden ni la CPI. [24] Las acusaciones no alegan que Bashir participó personalmente en tales actividades; en cambio, dicen que es "sospechoso de ser criminalmente responsable, como coautor indirecto". [25] La decisión del tribunal fue rechazada por la Unión Africana , la Liga Árabe y el Movimiento de Países No Alineados , así como por los gobiernos de Rusia y China. [26] [27]
A partir de diciembre de 2018, Bashir enfrentó protestas a gran escala que exigían su destitución del poder. El 11 de abril de 2019, Bashir fue derrocado en un golpe de estado militar. [28] [29] Bashir fue reemplazado por el Consejo Militar de Transición que transfirió el poder ejecutivo a un Consejo de Soberanía mixto civil-militar y a un primer ministro civil, Abdalla Hamdok , en septiembre de 2019. A principios de noviembre de 2019, las Fuerzas de Libertad y Cambio Alliance (FFC), que tiene poder político indirecto durante la transición sudanesa de 39 meses a la democracia que comenzó en septiembre, Hamdok y el miembro del Consejo de Soberanía Siddiq Tawer declararon que Bashir sería finalmente transferido a la CPI. Fue declarado culpable de corrupción en diciembre de 2019 y sentenciado a dos años de prisión para ancianos. [30] [31] [32] Su juicio por su participación en el golpe de Estado que lo llevó al poder comenzó el 21 de julio de 2020 [33].
Vida temprana y familiar
Al-Bashir nació en Hosh Bannaga , un pueblo en las afueras de Shendi , al norte de la capital, Jartum , en una familia de ascendencia africana-árabe . Su madre era Hedieh Mohamed Al Zain, quien murió en 2019. Su padre, Hassan, era un pequeño productor lechero. [34] [35] [36] Cuando era niño, fue apodado 'Omeira', el pequeño Omar. [37] Pertenece a Banu Bedaria , una tribu beduina que pertenece a la coalición más grande de Ja'alin , [38] una tribu nubia arabizada en el centro norte de Sudán (una vez parte del Reino de Egipto y Sudán ). Cuando era niño, a Al-Bashir le encantaba el fútbol. "Siempre en defensa", dijo un primo. "Por eso entró en el ejército". El juego de palabras parecía funcionar tanto en inglés como en árabe. Allí recibió su educación primaria y su familia se trasladó más tarde a Jartum Norte, donde completó su educación secundaria y se convirtió en partidario de Al-Hilal . Al-Bashir está casado con su prima Fatima Khalid. También tiene una segunda esposa llamada Widad Babiker Omer, quien tuvo varios hijos con su primer esposo Ibrahim Shamsaddin, miembro del Consejo del Comando Revolucionario para la Salvación Nacional que murió en un accidente de helicóptero. Al-Bashir no tiene hijos propios. [39] [37]
Carrera militar
Al-Bashir se unió al ejército sudanés en 1960. Al-Bashir estudió en la Academia Militar Egipcia en El Cairo y también se graduó de la Academia Militar de Sudán en Jartum en 1966. [40] Rápidamente ascendió de rango y se convirtió en oficial paracaidista . Más tarde, al-Bashir sirvió en el ejército egipcio durante la Guerra de Yom Kippur en 1973 contra Israel. [41]
En 1975, al-Bashir fue enviado a los Emiratos Árabes Unidos como agregado militar sudanés . Cuando regresó a casa, al-Bashir fue nombrado comandante de guarnición. En 1981, al-Bashir volvió a sus antecedentes como paracaidista cuando se convirtió en el comandante de una brigada de paracaidistas blindados. [42]
El sitio web del Ministerio de Defensa de Sudán dice que al-Bashir estuvo en el Comando Occidental de 1967 a 1969 y luego en las Fuerzas Aerotransportadas de 1969 a 1987 hasta que fue nombrado Comandante de la 8ª Brigada de Infantería (independiente) del período de 1987 al 30 de junio de 1989 . [43]
Presidencia
Golpe de Estado
Cuando regresó a Sudán como coronel en el ejército sudanés , al-Bashir dirigió a un grupo de oficiales del ejército para derrocar al inestable gobierno de coalición del primer ministro Sadiq al-Mahdi en un incruento golpe militar el 30 de junio de 1989. [5] Bajo al. -Liderazgo de Bashir, el nuevo gobierno militar suspendió los partidos políticos e introdujo un código legal islámico a nivel nacional. [44] Luego se convirtió en presidente del Consejo del Comando Revolucionario para la Salvación Nacional (un organismo recientemente establecido con poderes legislativos y ejecutivos para lo que se describió como un período de transición), y asumió los puestos de jefe de estado , primer ministro, jefe de la Fuerzas Armadas y Ministro de Defensa . [45] Tras el ascenso de al-Bashir a presidente del Consejo del Comando Revolucionario para la Salvación Nacional, se alió con Hassan al-Turabi , el líder del Frente Nacional Islámico , quien, junto con al-Bashir, comenzó a institucionalizar la ley islámica. en la parte norte de Sudán. Más adelante, al-Bashir dictó purgas y ejecuciones de personas que presuntamente eran golpistas en los altos rangos del ejército, la prohibición de asociaciones, partidos políticos y periódicos independientes, así como el encarcelamiento de destacados políticos y periodistas. . [46]
El 16 de octubre de 1993, los poderes de al-Bashir aumentaron cuando se nombró a sí mismo presidente del país, tras lo cual disolvió el Consejo del Mando Revolucionario para la Salvación Nacional y todos los demás partidos políticos rivales. Los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo del consejo fueron otorgados más tarde a al-Bashir por completo. [47] A principios de la década de 1990, la administración de al-Bashir dio luz verde para hacer flotar una nueva moneda llamada dinar sudanés para reemplazar la vieja libra sudanesa que había perdido el 90 por ciento de su valor durante la turbulenta década de 1980; la moneda se cambió más tarde de nuevo a libras, pero a un tipo de cambio mucho más alto. Más tarde fue elegido presidente (con un mandato de cinco años) en las elecciones nacionales de 1996, donde fue el único candidato por ley que se presentó a las elecciones. [48]
Elecciones
Omar al Basheer fue elegido presidente (con un mandato de cinco años) en las elecciones nacionales de 1996 [48] y Hassan al-Turabi fue elegido para un escaño en la Asamblea Nacional, donde se desempeñó como presidente de la Asamblea Nacional "durante la década de 1990". . [49] En 1998, al-Bashir y el Comité Presidencial pusieron en vigor una nueva constitución, permitiendo la formación de asociaciones políticas limitadas en oposición al Partido del Congreso Nacional de al-Bashir y sus partidarios. El 12 de diciembre de 1999, al-Bashir envió tropas y tanques contra el parlamento y derrocó a Hassan al-Turabi , el presidente del parlamento, en un golpe de estado . [50]
Fue reelegido por votación popular para un mandato de cinco años en las elecciones presidenciales celebradas del 13 al 23 de diciembre de 2000 [51].
De 2005 a 2010, se estableció un gobierno de transición en virtud de un acuerdo de paz de 2005 que puso fin a más de dos décadas de guerra civil norte-sur y vio la formación de un acuerdo de poder compartido entre el SPLM de Salva Kiir y el Partido del Congreso Nacional de Al Bashir (NCP ). [52]
En la primera elección multipartidista, Al Bashir fue reelegido presidente en las elecciones presidenciales de 2010; [53] mientras que Salva Kiir, el líder del ex-rebelde Movimiento de Liberación del Pueblo de Sudán ( SPLM ), ganó la reelección en las elecciones presidenciales en lo que era la región sur semiautónoma de Sudán. Estas elecciones se acordaron anteriormente en el acuerdo de paz de 2005 que puso fin a más de dos décadas de guerra civil entre el norte y el sur. [52]
Bashir ganó el 68% del voto popular en las elecciones de 2010. Sin embargo, la elección estuvo marcada por la corrupción, la intimidación y la desigualdad. Los observadores europeos, de la UE y del Centro Carter, criticaron las encuestas por "no cumplir con los estándares internacionales". Los candidatos que se oponían al SPLM dijeron que a menudo los detenían o les impedían hacer campaña. Sudan Democracy First, una organización paraguas en el norte, presentó lo que llamó una fuerte evidencia de manipulación por parte del Partido del Congreso Nacional de al-Bashir. La Red Sudanesa por la Democracia y las Elecciones (Sunde) habló de hostigamiento e intimidación en el sur, por parte de las fuerzas de seguridad del SPLM. [6]
Al-Bashir ha logrado un crecimiento económico en Sudán. [54] Esto fue impulsado aún más por la perforación y extracción de petróleo. [54] Sin embargo, el crecimiento económico no ha sido compartido por todos. La inflación general en 2012 se acercó al umbral de inflación crónica (promedio del período del 36%), aproximadamente un 11% más que la proyección presupuestaria de 2012, lo que refleja los efectos combinados del financiamiento inflacionario, la depreciación del tipo de cambio y la continua eliminación de subsidios, como así como los altos precios de los alimentos y la energía. Esta recesión económica provocó disturbios por el costo de la vida que estallaron en manifestaciones antigubernamentales al estilo de la Primavera Árabe , lo que generó descontento dentro de la Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Sudaneses (SWTUF). Amenazaron con realizar huelgas a nivel nacional en apoyo de salarios más altos. El continuo deterioro del valor de la libra sudanesa (ODS) planteaba graves riesgos a la baja para la inflación ya en alza. Esto, junto con la desaceleración económica, presenta serios desafíos para la implementación del Documento de Estrategia Provisional de Reducción de la Pobreza (DELP-I) aprobado. [55]
Tensiones con Hassan al-Turabi
A mediados de la década de 1990, comenzó una disputa entre al-Bashir y al-Turabi, principalmente debido a los vínculos de al-Turabi con grupos fundamentalistas islámicos , además de permitirles operar fuera de Sudán, incluso invitando personalmente a Osama bin Laden al país. . [56] Estados Unidos había incluido a Sudán como estado patrocinador del terrorismo desde 1993, [57] principalmente debido a que al-Bashir y Hassan al-Turabi tomaron el poder por completo a principios de la década de 1990. [58] A las empresas estadounidenses se les ha prohibido hacer negocios en Sudán desde 1997. [59] En 1998, la fábrica farmacéutica Al-Shifa en Jartum fue destruida por un ataque con misiles de crucero de Estados Unidos debido a su supuesta producción de armas químicas y vínculos con al. -Qaeda . Sin embargo, la Oficina de Inteligencia e Investigación del Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos escribió un informe en 1999 cuestionando el ataque a la fábrica, sugiriendo que la conexión con bin Laden no era exacta; James Risen informó en The New York Times : "Ahora, los analistas renovaron sus dudas y le dijeron a la subsecretaria de Estado Phyllis Oakley que las pruebas de la CIA en las que se basó el ataque eran inadecuadas. fue algo de inteligencia que aún no habían visto. La respuesta llegó rápidamente: no hubo evidencia adicional. La Sra. Oakley convocó una reunión de ayudantes clave y surgió un consenso: contrariamente a lo que decía la Administración, el caso que vinculaba a Al Shifa con el Sr. . Bin Laden o las armas químicas era débil ". [60]
Después de ser reelegido presidente de Sudán con un mandato de cinco años en las elecciones de 1996 con el 75,7% de los votos, [40] al-Bashir emitió el registro de partidos políticos legalizados en 1999 después de haber sido influenciado por al-Turabi. Se establecieron partidos rivales como los Demócratas Liberales de Sudán y la Alianza de las Fuerzas de Trabajo de los Pueblos, encabezados por el ex presidente sudanés Gaafar Nimeiry , y se les permitió postularse para las elecciones contra el Partido del Congreso Nacional de al-Bashir ; sin embargo, no lograron lograrlo. apoyo significativo, y al-Bashir fue reelegido presidente, recibiendo el 86,5% de los votos en las elecciones presidenciales de 2000 . En las elecciones legislativas de ese mismo año, el Partido del Congreso Nacional de al-Bashir ganó 355 de los 360 escaños, con al-Turabi como presidente. Sin embargo, después de que al-Turabi presentó un proyecto de ley para reducir los poderes del presidente, lo que llevó a al-Bashir a disolver el parlamento y declarar el estado de emergencia , las tensiones comenzaron a aumentar entre al-Bashir y al-Turabi. Según se informa, al-Turabi fue suspendido como presidente del Partido del Congreso Nacional, después de que instó a boicotear la campaña de reelección del presidente. Luego, una facción dividida liderada por al-Turabi, el Partido del Congreso Nacional Popular (PNC) firmó un acuerdo con el Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo de Sudán , que llevó a al-Bashir a creer que estaban conspirando para derrocarlo a él y al gobierno. [40]
Más adelante, la influencia de al-Turabi y la del ala "internacionalista" e ideológica de su partido "decayeron" a favor de los líderes "nacionalistas" o más pragmáticos que se centran en tratar de recuperarse del desastroso aislamiento internacional y el daño económico de Sudán que resultó de aventurerismo ideológico ". [61] Al mismo tiempo, Sudán trabajó para apaciguar a los Estados Unidos y otros críticos internacionales al expulsar a miembros de la Jihad Islámica Egipcia y alentar a bin Laden a que se fuera. [62]
Por orden de al-Bashir, al-Turabi fue encarcelado por acusaciones de conspiración en 2000 antes de ser liberado en octubre de 2003. [63] Al-Turabi fue nuevamente encarcelado en marzo de 2004 [64] y liberado en julio de 2005, en el apogeo de el acuerdo de paz en la guerra civil. [65] [66]
Compromiso con los países de EE. UU. Y Europa
Desde principios de la década de 1990, después de que al-Bashir asumiera el poder, Sudán respaldó a Irak en su invasión de Kuwait [67] [68] y fue acusado de albergar y proporcionar refugio y asistencia a grupos terroristas islámicos. Carlos el Chacal , Osama bin Laden , Abu Nidal y otros calificados de "líderes terroristas" por Estados Unidos y sus aliados residían en Jartum. El papel de Sudán en la Conferencia Islámica Panárabe radical, encabezada por Hassan al-Turabi , representó un asunto de gran preocupación para la seguridad de los funcionarios estadounidenses y sus dependientes en Jartum, lo que resultó en varias reducciones y evacuaciones de personal estadounidense de Jartum a principios de mediados de la década de 1990. [69]
Los vínculos islamistas de Sudán con organizaciones terroristas internacionales representaron un tema de especial preocupación para el gobierno estadounidense, lo que llevó a la designación de Sudán en 1993 como estado patrocinador del terrorismo y a la suspensión de las operaciones de la Embajada de Estados Unidos en Jartum en 1996. A fines de 1994, en un esfuerzo inicial para Para revertir la imagen creciente de su nación en todo el mundo como un país que alberga a terroristas, Bashir cooperó en secreto con las fuerzas especiales francesas para orquestar la captura y arresto en suelo sudanés de Carlos el Chacal . [70]
A principios de 1996, Al-Bashir autorizó a su entonces ministro de Defensa, El Fatih Erwa, a realizar una serie de viajes secretos a los Estados Unidos [71] para mantener conversaciones con funcionarios estadounidenses, incluidos funcionarios de la CIA y del Departamento de Asuntos Exteriores de los Estados Unidos. Estado sobre la política de sanciones de Estados Unidos contra Sudán y las medidas que deberá adoptar el régimen de Bashir para eliminar las sanciones. Erwa recibió una serie de demandas de Estados Unidos, incluidas demandas de información sobre Osama bin Laden y otros grupos islámicos radicales. La lista de demandas de Estados Unidos también alentó al régimen de Bashir a alejarse de actividades, como albergar la Conferencia Islámica "PAIC", que afectó los esfuerzos sudaneses por reconciliarse con Occidente. Mukhabarat (agencia central de inteligencia) de Sudán pasó media década acumulando datos de inteligencia sobre bin Laden y una amplia gama de islamistas a través de sus visitas periódicas anuales para las conferencias PAIC. [72] En mayo de 1996, después de la serie de reuniones secretas de Erwa en suelo estadounidense, la administración Clinton exigió que Sudán expulsara a Bin Laden. Bashir obedeció. [73]
Estalló la controversia sobre si Sudán había ofrecido extraditar a bin Laden a cambio de rescindir las sanciones estadounidenses que estaban interfiriendo con los planes de Sudán de desarrollar campos petroleros en las áreas del sur del país. Los funcionarios estadounidenses insistieron en que las reuniones secretas se acordaron solo para presionar a Sudán para que cumpla una serie de cuestiones antiterroristas. Los sudaneses insistieron en que se había hecho una oferta para extraditar a bin Laden en una reunión secreta uno a uno en un hotel de Fairfax entre Erwa y el entonces jefe de la Oficina de África de la CIA con la condición de que Washington pusiera fin a las sanciones contra el régimen de Bashir. Amb. Timothy M. Carney asistió a una de las reuniones del hotel Fairfax. En un artículo de opinión conjunto en la Sección de Perspectivas del Washington Post en 2003, Carney e Ijaz argumentaron que, de hecho, los sudaneses habían ofrecido extraditar a Bin Laden a un tercer país a cambio de un alivio de las sanciones. [74]
En agosto de 1996, el administrador de fondos de cobertura estadounidense Mansoor Ijaz viajó al Sudán y se reunió con altos funcionarios, incluidos Turabi y al-Bashir. Ijaz pidió a los funcionarios sudaneses que compartieran datos de inteligencia con funcionarios estadounidenses sobre bin Laden y otros islamistas que habían viajado desde y hacia Sudán durante los cinco años anteriores. Ijaz transmitió sus hallazgos a los funcionarios estadounidenses a su regreso, incluido Sandy Berger , entonces asesor adjunto de seguridad nacional de Clinton, y abogó por que Estados Unidos involucrara de manera constructiva a los sudaneses y otros países islámicos. [75] En abril de 1997, Ijaz convenció a al-Bashir de que hiciera una oferta incondicional de asistencia antiterrorista en forma de una carta presidencial firmada que Ijaz entregó en mano al congresista Lee H. Hamilton . [76]
A finales de septiembre de 1997, meses después de la propuesta sudanesa (hecha por Bashir en la carta a Hamilton), el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos, bajo la directiva de la Secretaria de Estado Madeleine Albright , anunció por primera vez que devolvería a los diplomáticos estadounidenses a Jartum para buscar datos antiterroristas en posesión de Mukhabarat. En cuestión de días, Estados Unidos revocó esa decisión [77] e impuso sanciones económicas, comerciales y financieras más severas y completas contra Sudán, que entraron en vigor en octubre de 1997. [78] En agosto de 1998, a raíz de África Oriental bombardeos a embajadas , Estados Unidos lanzó ataques con misiles de crucero contra Jartum. [79] El último embajador de Estados Unidos en Sudán, el embajador Tim Carney , dejó el cargo en febrero de 1996 [80] y no se designó ningún nuevo embajador hasta diciembre de 2019, cuando la administración del presidente de Estados Unidos, Donald Trump , llegó a un acuerdo con el nuevo gobierno sudanés para embajadores de intercambio. [81]
Al-Bashir anunció en agosto de 2015 que viajaría a Nueva York en septiembre para hablar en las Naciones Unidas. No está claro hasta la fecha si a al-Bashir se le permitirá viajar, debido a sanciones anteriores. [82]
Sudán del Sur
La guerra civil se había desatado entre las mitades norte y sur del país durante más de 19 años entre las tribus árabes del norte y las tribus del sur de África, pero la guerra pronto se convirtió efectivamente en una lucha entre el Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo de Sudán y el gobierno de al-Bashir. La guerra provocó que millones de sureños fueran desplazados, murieron de hambre y se vieron privados de educación y atención médica, con casi dos millones de víctimas. [83] Debido a estas acciones, se impusieron varias sanciones internacionales a Sudán. Sin embargo, la presión internacional se intensificó en 2001, y los líderes de las Naciones Unidas pidieron que al-Bashir hiciera esfuerzos para poner fin al conflicto y permitir que los trabajadores humanitarios e internacionales entreguen ayuda a las regiones del sur de Sudán. [84] Se hicieron muchos avances a lo largo de 2003. La paz se consolidó con la firma oficial por ambas partes del Acuerdo General de Paz de Nairobi el 9 de enero de 2005, que otorgaba autonomía a Sudán del Sur durante seis años, seguido de un referéndum sobre la independencia. Creó un puesto de co-vicepresidente y permitió que el norte y el sur dividieran los depósitos de petróleo por igual, pero también dejó a los ejércitos del norte y del sur en su lugar. John Garang , vicepresidente designado por el acuerdo de paz del sur, murió en un accidente de helicóptero el 1 de agosto de 2005, tres semanas después de tomar posesión. [85] Esto dio lugar a disturbios, pero finalmente se restableció la paz [86] y permitió a los sureños votar en un referéndum de independencia al final del sexenio. [87] El 9 de julio de 2011, tras un referéndum, la región de Sudán del Sur se separó en un país independiente conocido como Sudán del Sur. [88]
Guerra en Darfur
Since 1968, Sudanese politicians had attempted to create separate factions of "Africans" and "Arabs" in the western area of Darfur, a difficult task as the population were substantially intermarried and could not be distinguished by skin tone. This internal political instability was aggravated by cross-border conflicts with Chad and Libya[89] and the 1984–85 Darfur famine.[90] In 2003, the Justice and Equality Movement and the Sudanese Liberation Army, accusing the government of neglecting Darfur and oppressing non-Arabs in favor of Arabs, began an armed insurgency.[91]
Estimates vary of the number of deaths resulting from attacks on the non-Arab/Arabized population by the Janjaweed militia: the Sudanese government claim that up to 10,000 have been killed in this conflict; the United Nations reported that about 300,000 had died as of 2010,[12] and other reports place the figures at between 200,000 and 400,000.[11] During an interview with David Frost for the Al Jazeera English programme Frost Over The World in June 2008, al-Bashir insisted that no more than 10,000 had died in Darfur.[92]
The Sudanese government has been accused of suppressing information by jailing and killing witnesses since 2004, and tampering with evidence, such as covering up mass graves.[93][94][95] The Sudanese government has also arrested and harassed journalists, thus limiting the extent of press coverage of the situation in Darfur.[96][97][98][99] While the United States government has described the conflict as genocide,[100] the UN has not recognized the conflict as such.[101] (see List of declarations of genocide in Darfur).
The United States Government stated in September 2004 "that genocide has been committed in Darfur and that the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed bear responsibility and that genocide may still be occurring".[102] On 29 June 2004, U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell met with al-Bashir in Sudan and urged him to make peace with the rebels, end the crisis, and lift restrictions on the delivery of humanitarian aid to Darfur.[103] Kofi Annan met with al-Bashir three days later and demanded that he disarm the Janjaweed.[104]
After fighting stopped in July and August, on 31 August 2006, the United Nations Security Council had approved Resolution 1706 which called for a new UN peacekeeping force consisting of 17,300 military personnel and 3,300 civilians[105] and named the United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID).[106] It was intended to supplanted or supplemented a 7,000-troop African Union Mission in Sudan peacekeeping force.[107] Sudan strongly objected to the resolution and said that it would see the UN forces in the region as "foreign invaders".[108] A day after rejecting the UN forces into Sudan, the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region.[109] In March 2007, the United Nations Human Rights Council accused Sudan's government of taking part in "gross violations" in Darfur[110] and urged the international community to take urgent action to protect people in Darfur.[111] A high-level technical consultation was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 11–12 June 2007, pursuant to the 4 June 2007 letters of the Secretary-General and the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, which were addressed to al-Bashir.[112] The technical consultations were attended by delegations from the Government of Sudan, the African Union, and the United Nations.[113][114]
In 2009, General Martin Luther Agwai, head of the UNAMID, said the war was over in the region, although low-level disputes remained. "Banditry, localised issues, people trying to resolve issues over water and land at a local level. But real war as such, I think we are over that," he said.[115] This perspective is contradicted by reports which indicate that violence continues in Darfur while peace efforts have been stalled repeatedly. Violence between Sudan's military and rebel fighters has beset Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states since disputed state elections in May 2011, an ongoing humanitarian crisis that has prompted international condemnation and U.S. congressional hearings. In 2012, tensions between Sudan and South Sudan reached a boiling point when the Sudanese military bombed territory in South Sudan, leading to hostilities over the disputed Heglig (or Panthou) oil fields located along the Sudan-South Sudan border.[116] Omar al-Bashir sought the assistance of numerous non-western countries after the West, led by America, imposed sanctions against him, he said: "From the first day, our policy was clear: To look eastward, toward China, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and even Korea and Japan, even if the Western influence upon some [of these] countries is strong. We believe that the Chinese expansion was natural because it filled the space left by Western governments, the United States, and international funding agencies. The success of the Sudanese experiment in dealing with China without political conditions or pressures encouraged other African countries to look toward China."[117]
Chadian President Idriss Deby visited Khartoum in 2010 and Chad kicked out the Darfuri rebels it had previously supported. Both Sudanese and Chadian sides together established a joint military border patrol.[118]
On 26 October 2011, Al Bashir said that Sudan gave military support to the Libyan rebels, who overthrew Muammar Gaddafi. In a speech broadcast live on state television, Bashir said the move was in response to Col Gaddafi's support for Sudanese rebels three years ago. Sudan and Libya have had a complicated and frequently antagonistic relationship for many years. President Bashir said the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), a Darfuri rebel group, had attacked Khartoum three years ago using Libyan trucks, equipment, arms, ammunition and money. He said God had given Sudan a chance to respond, by sending arms, ammunition and humanitarian support to the Libyan revolutionaries. "Our God, high and exalted, from above the seven skies, gave us the opportunity to reciprocate the visit," he said. "The forces which entered Tripoli, part of their arms and capabilities, were 100% Sudanese," he told the crowd. His speech was well received by a large crowd in the eastern Sudanese town of Kassala. But the easy availability of weapons in Libya, and that country's porous border with Darfur, are also of great concern to the Sudanese authorities.[119]
Al Bashir in his speech said that his government's priority was to end the armed rebellion and tribal conflicts in order to save blood and direct the energies of young people towards building Sudan instead of "killing and destruction". He called upon youth of the rebel groups to lay down arms and join efforts to build the country.[120] Al Bashir sees himself as a man wronged and misunderstood. He takes full responsibility for the conflict in Darfur, he says, but says that his government did not start the fighting and has done everything in its power to end it.[25]
Al Bashir has signed two peace agreements for Darfur:
- The 2006 Darfur Peace Agreement, also known as the "Abuja Agreement", was signed on 5 May 2006[121] by the government of Sudan along with a faction of the SLA led by Minni Minnawi. However, the agreement was rejected by two other, smaller groups, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and a rival faction of the SLA led by Abdul Wahid al Nur.[122][123]
- The 2011 Darfur Peace Agreement, also known as the "Doha Agreement", was signed in July 2011 between the government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement. This agreement established a compensation fund for victims of the Darfur conflict, allowed the President of Sudan to appoint a Vice-President from Darfur, and established a new Darfur Regional Authority to oversee the region until a referendum can determine its permanent status within the Republic of Sudan.[124]
The agreement also provided for power sharing at the national level: movements that sign the agreement will be entitled to nominate two ministers and two four ministers of state at the federal level and will be able to nominate 20 members to the national legislature. The movements will be entitled to nominate two state governors in the Darfur region.[125]
Indictment by the ICC
On 14 July 2008, the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Luis Moreno Ocampo, alleged that al-Bashir bore individual criminal responsibility for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes committed since 2003 in Darfur. The prosecutor accused al-Bashir of having "masterminded and implemented" a plan to destroy the three main ethnic groups—Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa—with a campaign of murder, rape, and deportation.[22][126] The arrest warrant is supported by NATO, the Genocide Intervention Network, and Amnesty International.[127]
An arrest warrant for al-Bashir was issued on 4 March 2009 by a Pre-Trial chamber composed of judges Akua Kuenyehia of Ghana, Anita Usacka of Latvia, and Sylvia Steiner of Brazil[128] indicting him on five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture and rape) and two counts of war crimes (pillaging and intentionally directing attacks against civilians).[23][129] The court ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide.[24][130] However, one of the three judges wrote a dissenting opinion arguing that there were "reasonable grounds to believe that Omar Al Bashir has committed the crime of genocide".[130]
Ocampo told U.S. State Department officials on 20 March 2009 that President Bashir 'needed to be isolated.' Ocampo suggested that if Bashir's stash of money were disclosed (he put the figure at possibly $9 billion), it would change Sudanese public opinion from him being a "crusader" to that of a thief.[131]
Sudan is not a state party to the Rome Statute establishing the ICC, and thus claims that it does not have to execute the warrant. However, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593 (2005) referred Sudan to the ICC, which gives the Court jurisdiction over international crimes committed in Sudan and obligates the State to cooperate with the ICC,[132] and therefore the Court, Amnesty International and others insist that Sudan must comply with the arrest warrant of the International Criminal Court.[24][133] Amnesty International stated that al-Bashir must turn himself in to face the charges, and that the Sudanese authorities must detain him and turn him over to the ICC if he refuses.[134]
Al-Bashir is the first sitting head of state ever indicted by the ICC.[24] However, the Arab League[135] and the African Union condemned the warrant. Al-Bashir has since visited China, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Qatar and several other countries, all of which refused to arrest him and surrender him to the ICC upon arrival. ICC member state Chad also refused to arrest al-Bashir during a state visit in July 2010.[136] Luis Moreno Ocampo and Amnesty International claimed that al-Bashir's plane could be intercepted in International Airspace. Sudan announced that the presidential plane would always be escorted by fighter jets of the Sudanese Air Force to prevent his arrest. In March 2009, just before Bashir's visit to Qatar, the Sudanese government was reportedly considering sending fighter jets to accompany his plane to Qatar, possibly in response to France expressing support for an operation to intercept his plane in international airspace, as France has military bases in Djibouti and the United Arab Emirates.[137]
The charges against al-Bashir have been criticised and ignored by interests in Sudan and abroad, particularly in Africa and the Muslim world. Former president of the African Union Muammar al-Gaddafi characterized the indictment as a form of terrorism. He also believed that the warrant is an attempt "by (the west) to recolonise their former colonies".[138] Egypt said, it was "greatly disturbed" by the ICC decision and called for an emergency meeting of the UN security council to defer the arrest warrant.[139] The Arab League Secretary-General Amr Moussa expressed that the organization emphasizes its solidarity with Sudan. The ICC warrant was condemned for "undermining the unity and stability of Sudan".[140] The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation denounced the warrant as unwarranted and totally unacceptable. It argued that the warrant demonstrated "selectivity and double standard applied in relation to issues of war crimes".[141] There have been large demonstrations by Sudanese people supporting President Bashir and opposing the ICC charges.[142] Russian presidential envoy for Sudan Mikhail Margelov argued in 2009 that the warrant "sets a dangerous precedent in international relations" and "could hamper efforts to bring peace to Sudan".[143]
Al-Bashir has rejected the charges, saying "Whoever has visited Darfur, met officials and discovered their ethnicities and tribes ... will know that all of these things are lies."[144] He described the charges as "not worth the ink they are written in".[145] The warrant will be delivered to the Sudanese government, which has stated that it will not carry it out.[24][132][133]
The Sudanese government retaliated against the warrant by expelling a number of international aid agencies, including Oxfam and Mercy Corps.[146] President Bashir described the aid agencies as thieves who take "99 percent of the budget for humanitarian work themselves, giving the people of Darfur 1 percent" and as spies in the work of foreign regimes. Bashir promised that national agencies will provide aid to Darfur.[147]
During a visit to Egypt, al-Bashir was not arrested, leading to condemnation by Amnesty International. In October 2009, al-Bashir was invited to Uganda by President Yoweri Museveni for an African Union meeting in Kampala, but did not attend after protest by several NGOs. On 23 October 2009, al-Bashir was invited to Nigeria by President Umaru Yar'Adua for another AU meeting, and was not arrested. In November, he was invited to Turkey for an OIC meeting.[148] Later, he was invited to Denmark to attend conferences on climate change in Copenhagen.[149]
Al-Bashir was one of the candidates in the 2010 Sudanese presidential election, the first democratic election with multiple political parties participating in decades.[150][151] It had been suggested that by holding and winning a legitimate presidential elections in 2010, al-Bashir had hoped to evade the ICC's warrant for his arrest.[152] On 26 April, he was officially declared the winner after Sudan's election commission announced he had received 68% of the votes cast in the election.[153] However, The New York Times noted the voting was "marred by boycotts and reports of intimidation and widespread fraud".[154]
Al-Bashir visited Kenya on 27 August 2010 to witness the President signing Kenya's new constitution into law.[155] In May 2011, al-Bashir visited Djibouti to attend the inauguration of President Ismail Omar Guelleh's third term.[156] In June of the same year, China's president Hu received al-Bashir as "friend and brother" in Beijing, fostering China's interests in Sudan's resources.[157] Al-Bashir was received in Libya along with a high-level delegation in January 2012 in a bid to restore friendly relations and offer support to the new Libyan government after the fall of Gaddafi.[158][159]
In July 2013, Omar al-Bashir arrived in Nigeria for an African Union summit only to leave the country less than 24 hours later amid calls for his arrest.[160] In August 2013, Bashir's plane was blocked from entering Saudi Arabian airspace when Bashir was attempting to attend the inauguration of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani,[161] whose country is the main supplier of weapons to Sudan.[162]
A second arrest warrant for President al-Bashir was later issued on 12 July 2010. The ICC issued an additional warrant adding 3 counts of genocide for the ethnic cleansing of the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa tribes.[163] The new warrant included the Court's conclusion that there were reasonable grounds to suspect that (Omar al-Bashir) acted with specific intent to destroy in part the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups in the troubled Darfur region.[164] The charges against al-Bashir, in three separate counts, include "genocide by killing", "genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm" and "genocide by deliberately inflicting on each target group conditions of life calculated to bring about the group's physical destruction".[165] The new warrant will act as a supplement to the first, whereby the charges initially brought against al-Bashir will all remain in place, but will now include the crime of genocide which was ruled out initially, pending appeal.[166]
On 28 August 2010 in Nairobi, the authorities in Kenya chose not to arrest al-Bashir on International Criminal Court (ICC) charges of genocide when he arrived for a ceremony for the new Kenyan constitution. Al-Bashir was escorted into Nairobi's Uhuru Park, where the signing ceremony was taking place, by Tourism minister Najib Balala. On 28 November 2011, Kenya's High Court Judge Nicholas Ombija ordered the Minister of Internal Security to arrest al-Bashir, "should he set foot in Kenya in the future".[167]
Additionally, Chad and Djibouti continue to allow Bashir to travel freely into their country despite being parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court[163]
Al Bashir said that Sudan is not a party to the ICC treaty and could not be expected to abide by its provisions just like the United States, China and Russia. He said "It is a political issue and double standards, because there are obvious crimes like Palestine, Iraq and Afghanistan, but [they] did not find their way to the international criminal court". He added "The same decision in which [the] Darfur case [was] being transferred to the court stated that the American soldiers [in Iraq and Afghanistan] would not be questioned by the court, so it is not about justice, it is a political issue." Al Bashir accused Luis Moreno Ocampo, the ICC's chief prosecutor since 2003, of repeatedly lying in order to damage his reputation and standing. Al Bashir said "The behaviour of the prosecutor of the court, it was clearly the behaviour of a political activist not a legal professional. He is now working on a big campaign to add more lies." He added, "The biggest lie was when he said I have $9bn in one of the British banks, and thank God, the British bank and the [British] finance minister … denied these allegations." He also said: "The clearest cases in the world such as Palestine and Iraq and Afghanistan, clear crimes to the whole humanity – all were not transferred to the court."[25]
In October 2013, several members of the African Union expressed anger at the ICC, calling it "racist" for failing to file charges against Western leaders or Western allies while prosecuting only African suspects so far. The African Union demanded that the ICC protect African heads of state from prosecution.[168]
In June 2015, while in South Africa for an African Union meeting, al-Bashir was prohibited from leaving that country while a court decided whether he should be handed over to the ICC for war crimes.[169] He, nevertheless, was allowed to leave South Africa soon afterward.[170]
In October 2015 he traveled to India to attend the India–Africa Summit and there were calls for his arrest by Amnesty International, but since India is not a signatory of the Rome Statute, the ICC does not have jurisdiction in India.[171] During an interview, while in India, he stated that nothing could prevent him from going to South Africa again in December.[172]
Military intervention in Yemen
In 2015, Sudan participated in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh,[173] who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.[174] Reuters reported, "The war in Yemen has given Omar Hassan al-Bashir, a skilled political operator who has ruled Sudan for a quarter-century, an opportunity to show wealthy Sunni powers that he can be an asset against Iranian influence – if the price is right."[175]
Allegations of corruption
Al-Bashir's long career has been riddled with war. Despite his pledge to end the 21-year civil war that had been carrying on when he took office in 1989, further conflict continued after that he prolonged. During the frequent fighting, Al-Bashir allegedly looted the impoverished nation of much of its wealth. According to leaked US diplomatic cables, $9 billion of his siphoned wealth was stashed in London banks. Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the chief prosecutor, stated that some of the funds were being held in the partially nationalized Lloyds Banking Group. He also reportedly told US officials it was necessary to go public with the scale of Al-Bashir's extortion to turn public opinion against him.[176]
"Ocampo suggested if Bashir's stash of money were disclosed (he put the figure at $9bn), it would change Sudanese public opinion from him being a 'crusader' to that of a thief," one US official stated. "Ocampo reported Lloyds bank in London may be holding or knowledgeable of the whereabouts of his money," the report says. "Ocampo suggested exposing Bashir had illegal accounts would be enough to turn the Sudanese against him."[177] A leak from WikiLeaks allegedly reveals that the Sudanese president had embezzled US$9 billion in state funds, but Lloyds Bank of England "insisted it was not aware of any link with Bashir," while a Sudanese government spokesman called the claim "ludicrous" and attacked the motives of the prosecutor.[178] In an interview with the Guardian, al-Bashir said, referring to ICC Prosecutor Ocampo, "The biggest lie was when he said I have $9 billion in one of the British banks, and thank God, the British bank and the [British] finance minister ... denied these allegations."[25] The arrest warrant has actively increased public support for al-Bashir in Sudan.[179]
Part of the $8.9 billion fine the BNP Paribas paid for sanctions violations was related to their trade with Sudan. While smaller fines have also been given to other banks,[180] US Justice Department officials said that they found the BNP particularly uncooperative, calling it Sudan's de facto central bank.[181]
African space agency
In 2012, Bashir proposed setting up a continent wide space agency in Africa. In a statement he said; "I'm calling for the biggest project, an African space agency. Africa must have its space agency... [It] will liberate Africa from technological domination".[182] This followed previous calls in 2010 by the African Union (AU) to conduct a feasibility study that would draw up a "roadmap for the creation of the African space agency". African astronomy received a massive boost when South Africa was awarded the lion's share of the Square Kilometre Array, the world's biggest radio telescope. It will see dishes erected in nine African countries. But skeptics have questioned whether a continental body in the style of NASA or the European Space Agency would be affordable.[182]
Ousting from power
On 11 April 2019, al-Bashir was removed from his post by the Sudanese Armed Forces[183] after many months of protests and civil uprisings.[184] He was immediately placed under house arrest pending the formation of a transitional council.[185] At the time of his arrest al-Bashir had ruled Sudan longer than any other leader since the country gained independence in 1956, and was the longest-ruling president of the Arab League. The army also ordered the arrest of all ministers of al-Bashir's cabinet, dissolved the National Legislature and formed a Transitional Military Council, led by his own First Vice President and Defense Minister, Lieutenant General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf.[183]
Casos judiciales posteriores a la presidencia
Omar al-Bashir | |
---|---|
Born | Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir 1 January 1944 Hosh Bannaga, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan |
Criminal status | Incarcerated at the Kobar Prison, Khartoum, Sudan. |
Conviction(s) | Money laundering Corruption |
Criminal penalty | Two years of imprisonment at a reform detention facility |
Khartoum
On 17 April 2019, al-Bashir was moved from house arrest to Khartoum's Kobar Prison.[186] On 13 May 2019, prosecutors charged al-Bashir with "inciting and participating in" the killing of protesters.[187] A trial for corruption (after $130 million was found in his home)[188] and money laundering against al-Bashir started during the following months.[30] On 14 December 2019, he was convicted for money laundering and corruption. He was sentenced to two years of imprisonment.[189]
On 21 July 2020, his trial regarding the coup that brought him to power started. About 20 military personnel were indicted for their roles in the coup.[33]
International Criminal Court
On 5 November 2019, the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC), which holds indirect political power during the 39-month Sudanese transition to democracy, stated that it had reached a consensus decision in favour of transferring al-Bashir to the ICC after the completion of his corruption and money laundering trial.[30] In the following days, Sudanese transition period Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok and Sovereignty Council member Siddiq Tawer stated that al-Bashir would be transferred to the ICC.[31][32] On 11 February 2020, Sudan's ruling military council agreed to hand over the ousted al-Bashir to the ICC in The Hague to face charges of crimes against humanity in Darfur.[190] In October 2020, ICC Chief Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda and a delegation arrived in Sudan to discuss with the government about Bashir’s indictment. In a deal with Darfurian rebels, the government agreed to set up a special war crimes court that would include Bashir.[191]
Ver también
- History of Sudan
Referencias
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enlaces externos
- Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir at Trial Watch.
- Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir at The Hague Justice Portal.
- "Sudanese President Threaten Wars", Sudan Inside, 18 November 2007.
- "A Cautious Welcome for Sudan's New Government" by Michael Johns, Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum No. 245, 28 July 1989.
- Arrest Warrant for Sudan's President Bashir: Arabs Are Leaving Themselves out of the International Justice System
- Playing it firm, fair and smart: the EU and the ICC's indictment of Bashir, opinion by Reed Brody, European Union Institute for Security Studies, March 2009.
- Appearances on C-SPAN
Political offices | ||
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Preceded by Ahmad al-Mirghani | President of Sudan 1989–2019 | Vacant |