Precio política ataque etiqueta ( hebreo : מדיניות תג מחיר ), también conocido como "Responsabilidad Mutua" (Arvut Hadadit), [1] es el nombre originalmente [2] [3] dado a los actos de vandalismo por jóvenes de colonos fundamentalistas judías , [ 4] dirigido a la población palestina , cristianos , judíos israelíes de izquierda, [5] árabes israelíes y las fuerzas de seguridad israelíes . [6] [7] [8]Los jóvenes afirman que "cobran un precio a los palestinos locales oa las fuerzas de seguridad israelíes por cualquier acción que se adopte contra su empresa de asentamientos". [9] [10] [11]
B'Tselem ha documentado muchos actos de este tipo, [8] que han incluido ataques violentos llevados a cabo contra civiles palestinos al azar, quema de mezquitas y campos, lanzamiento de piedras, desarraigo de árboles e incursiones en aldeas y tierras palestinas. [12] Estas acciones son una represalia por los actos de violencia palestinos contra los colonos, o las decisiones del gobierno israelí de frenar la construcción judía en Cisjordania, [9] [13] donde tienen lugar el 80% de los ataques, mientras que unos 10– El 15% tiene lugar en el área de Jerusalén. [14] Tal vandalismo también incluye dañar la propiedad, o herir a miembros de la Policía de Israel y las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel , y desfigurar las casas de activistas de izquierda. [5]
Las estimaciones de Shin Bet sobre la extensión del grupo de perpetradores varían: una cifra calcula que de varios cientos a aproximadamente 3,000 personas implementan la política de etiqueta de precio, [15] mientras que un análisis reciente establece la cifra en unas pocas docenas de individuos, organizados en pequeños detalles. células unidas y bien organizadas [16] y respaldadas por unos cientos de activistas de derecha. [17] Yizhar Hess , comparando los crímenes de odio contra los árabes en Israel y los actos antisemitas contra los judíos en Francia , señala que los incidentes de los primeros son proporcionalmente más altos y argumenta que los actos de precio son el antisemitismo de Israel . [18] Las raíces de la política de precios se remontan al desmantelamiento de asentamientos en la Franja de Gaza en agosto de 2005 como parte del plan de retirada unilateral de Israel . Desde entonces, los colonos de extrema derecha han buscado establecer un " equilibrio del terror ", en el que toda acción estatal dirigida contra ellos genera una reacción violenta inmediata. [19] Sin embargo, la definición de tales actos como terroristas es objeto de una considerable controversia política en Israel. [20]
El concepto de "etiqueta de precio" y la violencia han sido rechazados públicamente por funcionarios israelíes, incluido el primer ministro Benjamin Netanyahu , [21] [22] que han exigido que los responsables sean llevados ante la justicia. El miembro del gabinete Benny Begin declaró: "Estas personas son sinvergüenzas, pero no hemos tenido mucho éxito en atraparlos". [23] Muchas personas de todo el espectro político en Israel han denunciado tales ataques [24] y algunos han hecho esfuerzos para reparar el daño. [25] Los ataques son ampliamente difundidos en los medios árabes , [26] y han sido fuertemente condenados por la Organización de la Conferencia Islámica . El liderazgo de los colonos ha "condenado ferozmente" la política del precio, [27] y la gran mayoría de los rabinos Yesha han expresado sus reservas al respecto. [28] Según Shin Bet, la gran mayoría de los colonos también rechazan tales acciones. [29]
Terminología
Los actos también denominados "táctica", [30] "estrategia", [31] "doctrina", [32] "campaña", [33] o "principio". [34] El término "ataque de etiqueta de precio" ahora se extiende a actos de vandalismo, y especialmente a actos de vandalismo antiárabe, [35] sospechosos de ser obra de individuos solitarios, contra el ejército israelí y los servicios de seguridad, así como contra los lugares de culto cristianos y musulmanes, y también contra las instituciones de izquierda que critican a los colonos. [36] [37] [38] En mayo de 2014, Shin Bet dijo que los crímenes de odio con precio de etiqueta fueron obra de unas 100 personas provenientes principalmente del asentamiento de Yitzhar y los puestos avanzados en la cima de la colina, y se inspiraron en las ideas del rabino Yitzchak Ginsburgh . [39]
Una objeción al uso del término es que deshumaniza a los palestinos. Ron Ben-Tovim argumenta que es una etiqueta de supermercado utilizada como eufemismo para actos violentos destinados a infundir terror en los corazones de los palestinos, aplicada a actos contra palestinos por judíos, mientras que es estándar en el uso israelí etiquetar todos los actos perpetrados por palestinos. contra los judíos israelíes como terrorismo. "Cortar la cabeza de la serpiente del terror" y "tentáculos del terror" son metáforas de uso común. Para usar un término especial, "precio" para los actos de violencia contra los palestinos, es reducir el terror a un mensaje de los colonos a su gobierno e ignorar a la víctima. [40]
La campaña de precio incluye ataques a pueblos palestinos y propiedades por parte de colonos israelíes como represalia por los ataques contra objetivos israelíes y por la demolición gubernamental de estructuras en los asentamientos de Cisjordania y la eliminación de puestos de avanzada que se describen de diversas formas como no autorizados o ilegales [41]. ] [42] [43] [44] [8] y en los últimos años (2012-2013), docenas de ataques de este tipo han tenido como objetivo sitios cristianos y la comunidad cristiana en Jerusalén . [45] [46] Por lo general, siguen las acciones de las autoridades israelíes que se perciben como perjudiciales para la empresa de asentamientos, o siguen la violencia palestina contra los colonos. [47]
Historia de la política de etiqueta de precio
Según el corresponsal militar del periódico israelí Haaretz Amos Harel , las raíces de la política se remontan a la política de Ariel Sharon de retirada de Gaza en agosto de 2005 y la demolición en 2006 del asentamiento ilegal de Amona . La expresión se usa ocasionalmente para actos que tuvieron lugar antes de esta fecha, para denotar un acto retributivo. Gideon Levy , por ejemplo, describe el asentamiento de Mitzpe Yair , establecido en 1998 después del asesinato del colono Yair Har-Sinai, como "una operación temprana de 'precio', un acto de represalia por algún incidente". [48] El término también se ha utilizado para describir la política de represalia israelí contra los palestinos, y en nombre de la empresa de los colonos, al describir la decisión del primer ministro Binjamin Netanyahu de permitir que los judíos se muden a una propiedad en disputa, Machpela House, en respuesta a la tiroteo de un policía fronterizo israelí cerca de la Tumba de los Patriarcas en Hebrón . [49]
El 4 de agosto de 2005, el miembro de Kahane Chai y soldado de las FDI, Eden Natan-Zada , abatió a tiros a árabes israelíes en un autobús en la ciudad de Shfar'am , en el que murieron cuatro árabes y veintidós resultaron heridos, el 4 de agosto de 2005, apenas antes de la evacuación de Gaza, y se ha interpretado como un posible asalto con precio de etiqueta destinado a provocar disturbios que harían que las FDI estuvieran demasiado ocupadas para ejecutar la evacuación en la Franja de Gaza . [50] Más tarde ese mismo año, Asher Weisgan del asentamiento de Shiloh mató a cuatro palestinos en un ataque terrorista similar perpetrado como una "protesta" por la retirada de Amona. [51]
Según Harel, desde las retiradas de Gaza y Amona
"la extrema derecha ha buscado establecer un 'equilibrio del terror', en el que cada acción estatal dirigida contra ellos, desde demoler una caravana en un puesto de avanzada hasta restringir los movimientos de los sospechosos de acosar a los recolectores de aceitunas palestinos, genera una reacción violenta inmediata . " [52]
En julio de 2008, después de la evacuación de un autobús del puesto avanzado israelí de Adei Ad , seguida de enfrentamientos entre grupos de colonos con palestinos y las FDI, el colono Itay Zar del puesto avanzado israelí de Havat Gilad aludió a la política de precio al afirmar: "Siempre que se lleve a cabo una evacuación, ya sea un autobús, un remolque o un pequeño puesto de avanzada, responderemos". [53] En un artículo publicado en mayo de 2010, Zar afirmó que estas acciones representan una lucha legítima que incluye principalmente el bloqueo de intersecciones y carreteras para interrumpir las operaciones regulares de las fuerzas de seguridad israelíes, impidiéndoles demoler casas de colonos. Zar se refirió a la actividad delictiva involucrada en estas acciones como "actos marginales y descontrolados". [54] A raíz del desmantelamiento de la granja de Noam Federman en las afueras de Hebrón en octubre de 2008, los opositores a la evacuación pidieron ataques de venganza contra las fuerzas de seguridad, diciendo a los soldados "todos deben ser derrotados por sus enemigos, todos deben convertirse en Gilad Shalit , todos deben ser asesinados, todos deben ser masacrados, porque eso es lo que se merecen ", y" fijar un precio "en el evento lapidando a soldados y palestinos locales, hiriendo a dos agentes de la Policía Fronteriza de Israel , vandalizando automóviles y destruyendo tumbas en un cementerio musulmán. [55]
Las operaciones de etiqueta de precio se concibieron originalmente como acciones de movilización de colonos en toda Cisjordania: tomar represalias en el norte cuando los puestos avanzados en el sur se vieron amenazados con el desmantelamiento y "cobrar un precio" en el sur cuando los puestos avanzados corrían el riesgo de ser desmantelados en el norte. Sin embargo, en 2009, aunque se produjeron daños considerables en las propiedades y las personas palestinas, aún no se había realizado una campaña coordinada norte-sur. Además, los ataques a los precios podrían desencadenarse únicamente sobre la base de un anuncio de medidas gubernamentales o por rumores de una evacuación inminente. [56] Los colonos han utilizado el término para describir las operaciones del gobierno israelí que demuelen las estructuras ilegales que han construido. [57]
Los actos de violencia aleatoria generalmente siguen a las acciones de las autoridades israelíes que se perciben como perjudiciales para la empresa de asentamientos, o siguen a la violencia palestina contra los colonos. Los actos de "etiqueta de precio" incluyen manifestaciones , bloqueo de carreteras , [58] enfrentamientos con las fuerzas de seguridad israelíes e incluso ataques contra personal de las fuerzas de seguridad israelíes. Sin embargo, por lo general, el término se refiere a acciones llevadas a cabo por activistas israelíes de derecha radical contra los palestinos y sus propiedades. Estos incluyen arrojar piedras a automóviles palestinos, incendiar campos y huertos palestinos, así como la destrucción y el desarraigo de árboles pertenecientes a palestinos.
Según el grupo israelí de derechos humanos Yesh Din , "el objetivo es crear un precio por cada evacuación, lo que hace que las autoridades israelíes se lo piensen dos veces antes de llevarlo a cabo". [59] Un artículo de septiembre de 2011 en The Economist sugirió que uno de los motivos de estos ataques podría ser instigar una reacción palestina violenta, porque los colonos están mejor armados y creen que podrían derrotar a los palestinos. [60]
Hacia finales de 2009, tras una decisión del gobierno israelí de congelar cualquier construcción israelí en Cisjordania por un período de 10 meses, se llevaron a cabo varios ataques sospechosos en Cisjordania, [61] incluido el incendio de una mezquita en Palestina. ciudad de Yasuf , durante el cual se roció un grafiti en un edificio que decía "Prepárese para el precio". Las estimaciones de Shin Bet sobre la extensión del grupo de perpetradores varían: una cifra calcula que de varios cientos a aproximadamente 3,000 personas implementan la política de etiqueta de precio, [15] mientras que un análisis reciente establece la cifra en unas pocas docenas de personas respaldadas por unos pocos cientos a la derecha -activistas del ala. [17] La gran mayoría de los colonos rechazan tales acciones, dicen los funcionarios del Shin Bet. Los perpetradores están organizados en pequeñas celdas muy unidas y bien organizadas. [dieciséis]
Un informe resumido de 2009 publicado por la Policía de Israel indicó que durante 2009 hubo una disminución en este tipo de ataques. [62] [ necesita una cita para verificar ] Según un informe de la Oficina de Coordinación de Asuntos Humanitarios (OCHA) publicado en noviembre de 2009, si Israel comenzara a evacuar los asentamientos en Cisjordania, 248.700 palestinos que viven en 83 comunidades serían expuestos a esta política, de los cuales 22 comunidades con 75,900 habitantes estarían en alto riesgo. [56]
Según Yesh Din, que monitoreó una selección de incidentes durante 4 años, la Policía de Israel no presentó una sola acusación luego de 69 casos que incluían operaciones de etiquetado de precios, donde miles de olivos fueron quemados entre 2005 y 2009 [63] [64 ] . ]
Según Reuters , hubo un aumento del 57% en este tipo de ataques en los primeros siete meses de 2011. Aún no se habían presentado cargos contra sospechosos en incidentes relacionados con el precio. [42] En septiembre de 2011, Shin Beit recomendó al gobierno retener la financiación de una ieshivá , Od Yosef Chai en el asentamiento de Yitzhar , sobre la base de informes de inteligencia de que sus rabinos alientan a los estudiantes a atacar a los árabes, incluidos los asaltos de "precio". [sesenta y cinco]
Se han realizado ataques de etiqueta de precio en lugares sagrados cristianos. En respuesta a uno en la Abadía de la Dormición en el Monte Sión a principios de octubre de 2012, el rabino Gilad Kariv comentó: "Esta epidemia de precio amenaza con convertirse en una parte rutinaria de la vida pública israelí, causando daños morales, sociales e internacionales. Aplicación de la ley, que ha no logró hacer frente al fenómeno, debe hacer de esto una prioridad mucho más alta de la que ha tenido hasta ahora ". [66] En diciembre de 2012, dos kipá -clad jóvenes, uno un candidato para el servicio de seguridad Shin Bet, repartió volantes, promoviendo ataques precio de etiqueta contra los palestinos, en una FDI centro de reclutamiento en Tel Hashomer . Las FDI emitieron un comunicado condenando la propaganda política dentro del ejército, se notificó al centro y se detuvo la distribución de volantes. [67]
Daniel Byman y Natan Sachs, que escriben para la revista Foreign Affairs del Council on Foreign Relations , afirman que el incendio provocado y la destrucción de árboles no pertenecen a la misma categoría y no son moralmente equivalentes a los atentados suicidas, aunque, como así como políticos israelíes como Moshe Ya'alon , [68] definen estos actos de vandalismo como una forma de terrorismo . [69] En junio de 2013, según Zehava Gal-On , el gabinete israelí fue presionado, a pesar de una recomendación del Fiscal General en sentido contrario, para definir a los perpetradores de tales ataques como miembros de "organizaciones prohibidas" en contraposición a "terroristas". grupos ". Las implicaciones son significativas, ya que pertenecer a este último conlleva penas de prisión de hasta 20 años, mientras que las "organizaciones prohibidas" solo corren el riesgo de confiscación de sus bienes y, según la definición, los miembros arrestados de grupos activistas de precio reducido pueden evitar el enjuiciamiento penal. [20]
Acusaciones de ataques de etiqueta de precio organizados
En ocasiones, los colonos han afirmado que los palestinos talan árboles en su propia tierra y culpan a los colonos. [70] [71] [72] [73] [74]
En 2011, dos niños de la aldea árabe de Beit Zarzir admitieron que habían rociado con esvásticas y "Muerte a los árabes" en las paredes de su escuela. [75] [76] En mayo de 2011, la policía de Israel arrestó a varios miembros de la familia árabe-israelí Bakri de Jaffa bajo la sospecha de conspirar para matar a un imán en la mezquita de Hassan Bek en Jaffa, debido a una disputa comercial. El asesinato estaba destinado a aparecer como un ataque de "precio" llevado a cabo por activistas de derecha israelíes. [77]
Un granjero árabe acusó a los colonos israelíes de haber reunido a sus ovejas en una zona cubierta de matorrales y haber prendido fuego a los arbustos, quemando vivas a sus 12 ovejas preñadas. Esta afirmación fue apoyada por el grupo israelí de derechos humanos B'Tselem y reportada por la Agencia de Noticias Palestina Ma'an y el periódico israelí Haaretz . [78] La policía cuestionó la descripción que hizo el granjero de los colonos religiosos con gorros que conducían un automóvil en sábado, ya que la mayoría de los judíos ortodoxos no conducen ese día. [79] Caroline Glick escribiendo en The Jerusalem Post informó que el agricultor admitió más tarde que perdió el control de un incendio forestal que fue responsable del daño. La red de medios israelí, Arutz Sheva , dijo que este incidente expuso la táctica de los izquierdistas de aceptar las afirmaciones árabes y acusar falsamente a los judíos. [80] [81]
Dos estudiantes beduinos de 15 años de Beit Zarzir confesaron, después de ser arrestados en marzo de 2012, su responsabilidad por dañar una escuela para estudiantes árabes y judíos, y rociar en la pared de la escuela, "Muerte a los árabes", "etiqueta de precio". , "y" "Holocausto para los árabes". [75]
En febrero de 2013, la policía de Israel investigó un incidente en la aldea de Qusra , donde seis coches fueron vandalizados. Posteriormente, arrestaron a un palestino. [82] [83] [84]
En enero de 2014, cerca de Eli , un colono dijo que fotografió a palestinos talando un olivo. Un informe posterior en Ma'an News culpó a los 'colonos' por el incidente. [85] [71] [86]
Colono judío organiza un falso ataque palestino
En julio de 2013, la policía arrestó a un colono israelí por organizar un asalto de "precio" en su propio automóvil. Mientras visitaba a su familia en el barrio de Kiryat Moshe en Jerusalén, llamó a la policía para quejarse de que alguien había cortado las llantas de su automóvil y lo había rociado con grafitis en árabe que decían "masacrar a los judíos" ( itbah al-Yahud ). Las investigaciones llevaron a admitir que él mismo era responsable del daño y que la motivación del acto fue "crear conciencia" sobre los actos de etiqueta de precio árabes llevados a cabo contra los judíos. [87]
Investigaciones policiales
El gobierno israelí ha creado un grupo de trabajo nacional, que forma parte de la unidad policial de élite de Lahav, para coordinar las investigaciones y recopilar información de inteligencia sobre estos ataques. [88] Asignados 80 puestos, la unidad de delitos de etiqueta de precio los ha llenado, después de 18 meses, con 30 agentes de policía, solo para operaciones en Cisjordania. [89]
Después de que se incendiaran varias mezquitas en 2011, todos los sospechosos detallados posteriormente fueron puestos en libertad, ya que los agentes del orden tuvieron dificultades para obtener pruebas en su contra. [90] Dan Halutz , ex Jefe de Estado Mayor de las Fuerzas de Defensa de Israel, en junio de 2012, comentó a Army Radio que las autoridades no estaban haciendo lo suficiente para tomar medidas enérgicas contra el vandalismo de "precio", o lo que él llamó "contraterrorismo". "Si quisiéramos, podríamos atraparlos y cuando queramos, lo haremos", agregó. [91]
La líder de la oposición en la Knesset , Shelly Yachimovich , comentó a mediados de junio, después de otro ataque de reducción de precios de neumáticos contra vehículos palestinos que
"No es lógico que Israel, que ha sido bendecido con inteligencia y capacidades operativas que se encuentran entre las mejores del mundo, no pueda atrapar a un grupo extremista que causa un daño indescriptible". [92]
En respuesta a tales acusaciones, un oficial de Shin Bet ha declarado que encontrar a los culpables de los incidentes relacionados con el precio es extremadamente difícil porque los jóvenes de la colina que se cree que están detrás de gran parte del vandalismo son más difíciles de penetrar y reclutar como informantes que en el caso de Hamas y Militantes de la Jihad Islámica . [93] En enero de 2014, tras un incidente en el que un grupo de vándalos de un asentamiento ilegal cerca de Esh Kodesh fueron capturados por aldeanos palestinos y entregados a las FDI, Uri Misgav escribió que "el ejército más fuerte de Oriente Medio junto con el El servicio de seguridad Shin Bet, con toda su eficacia, no ha podido frenar a "la milicia de colonos considerada responsable de estos asaltos" durante todos estos largos años ". [68]
En febrero de 2015, el Tribunal de Distrito de Lod condenó a un colono de Cisjordania, Binyamin Richter, de un ataque de odio de inspiración racial, por lo que consideró un ataque de 'precio' en 2013. Richter fue condenado a 3 años de prisión y le ordenó que indemnizara al propietarios de la propiedad dañada por una suma de $ 3.900. [94]
En enero de 2016, el cabo Elad Sela, un soldado de la Brigada Etzion del asentamiento de Bat Ayin , que había sido arrestado en marzo de 2015, fue condenado a 3 años y 9 meses de prisión por transmitir información secreta a activistas con etiqueta de precio sobre futuras operaciones de las FDI. [95]
Reparación legal
En 2006, la Corte Suprema de Israel dictó una decisión por la que el Estado estaba obligado a "dedicar mano de obra para la protección de los bienes palestinos, abrir una investigación inmediata cuando se reciban informes de acoso y enviar patrullas de las fuerzas de seguridad para localizar esas actividades" . " En un caso reciente, la familia Amour demandó una indemnización después de que su olivar cerca de at-Tuwani , y los asentamientos de Ma'on y Havat Ma'on, fueran objeto de un asalto por etiqueta de precio. Vándalos desconocidos habían talado 120 árboles en 2006; otro árbol fue derribado y la cerca destruida en 2011; y el 9 de mayo de 2013 se cortaron la mitad de los árboles y se dejó un lema que decía: "El precio está harto de los ladrones - responsabilidad mutua" y "Saludos de Eviatar". Después de que se ignoraron las solicitudes iniciales de acción de la Administración Civil, la familia presentó una demanda por daños y perjuicios por negligencia. El Estado respondió a la petición alegando que la mayor parte de la culpa recaía sobre el demandante, ya que la familia Amour no había tomado las medidas adecuadas para prevenir el incidente. Además, dijo que los actos de los vándalos no fueron sancionados por el estado de Israel. Las FDI están investigando el asunto. [96]
Reacciones israelíes
Reacciones oficiales israelíes
La política de "precio" también ha sido denunciada por el primer ministro israelí, Benjamin Netanyahu, y muchas personas de todo el espectro político en Israel. [98] [22] El ex miembro de la Knesset y líder de los colonos, Hanan Porat, también ha condenado la política de precios. "La respuesta de la 'etiqueta de precio' es inmoral", dijo Porat. "Es inaudito que uno necesite quemar los viñedos y los campos de los árabes. Es inmoral ... y da legitimidad a aquellos que están interesados en socavar el tema de los puestos de avanzada. Es un asunto muy grave". [99]
The Chief Ashkenazi Rabbi of Israel, Yona Metzger, visited a mosque in Yasuf 2009 to express his revulsion at the idea of price tag attacks and to deliver a Quran to the local imam. He was escorted by Israeli security forces and Palestinian police, and although the imam had welcomed him, he and his escorts were pelted by rocks upon leaving the village.[100]
The burning of a mosque at the Bedouin town Tuba-Zangariyye on 3 October 2011 shocked Israelis, as many Bedouins, including those from this village, serve in the Israeli army. The Israeli President Shimon Peres, accompanied by Israel's two chief rabbis, visited the mosque, and after surveying the damage stated he was "full of shame". Peres also stated that the mosque burning is "an un-Jewish act." In denouncing the attack he added: "It is unconscionable that a Jew would harm something that is holy to another religion ... We will not allow extremists and criminals to undercut the need to live together equally in equality and mutual respect."[97][101]
During the visit, the chief Sephardic rabbi of Israel, Shlomo Amar, and chief Ashkenazi Rabbi Yona Metzger, jointly condemned the act and conveyed a message of reconciliation to the village residents. Amar said that he saw it as his duty to set a personal example for the respect one must show to places holy to different religions. He stresses that in the absence of proof, the act may have not been committed by Jews, and the attempt to ascribe the act to price tag activists may be in fact a blood libel. He also added that if the arsonist was in fact Jewish – he was subject to some of the Jewish laws of Dinei Rodef.[102]Dan Margalit writing for the pro-government newspaper Israel Hayom in January 2014 asked "why the voice of the leaders of the settlement movement and its leading rabbis has fallen silent".[68]
Reactions of the Israeli public
Amos Oz has branded perpetrators of price-tag hate crimes 'Hebrew Neo-Nazis'.[103][104]
The settler leadership have "fiercely condemned" the "price tag" attacks, against either Palestinians or Israeli security forces[105] A Haaretz editorial expressed scepticism over Yesha declarations, asserting that the response of condemnation to an earlier episode was marked by 'feigned and hypocritical shock'.[106] Some settler leaders who have publicly expressed their opposition to some price tag incidents include Danny Dayan, Chairman of the Yesha Council,[107] and Pinhas Wallerstein, former secretary general of the Yesha Council.[108]
Elyakim Haetzni,[109] an Israeli lawyer, pro-settlement activist and former right wing politician, wrote that price tag is "an infuriating term in terms of both morality and logic", and called it a "despicable method".[109]
Former mayor of Kedumim Daniella Weiss, whom senior political and military figures reportedly believed was behind much of the settler violence classified as price tag actions after the evacuation of Beit HaShalom,[110] is on record as rejecting the policy, saying that it had diverted settlers from what she considered to be their most important task – setting up additional caravans and tents to lay claim to ever more hilltops in the West Bank.[111] She stated that the only "price tag" action acceptable to her is the establishment of a new outpost in response to every outpost that had been demolished by Israeli authorities.[112]
According to a Ynet-Gesher survey conducted in March 2011, it was found that 46% of Israelis believe that "price tag" attacks are justified to a certain extent. A breakdown of attitudes among religious nationalist and ultra-orthodox respondents revealed that a large majority are supportive of such price-tag attacks, with 70% of Orthodox and 71% religious nationalists Jews surveyed justifying the policy.[113] Ori Nir of Peace Now evaluated the poll as indicating significant support for violent actions among the Israeli public, yet estimated that it is likely that the timing of the poll influenced the respondents' views. Israelis were still under the influence of the Fogel family massacre, when five Jewish family members, including young children, were massacred in their beds on Sabbath.[41] A later survey, conducted in November 2011 by Tel Aviv University, found that 88% of Jewish Israelis said they were opposed to the "price tag" attacks, with 38% believing the government's response to the attacks to be "too mild" and another 38% finding the response appropriate. The remaining 13% called the state response "too harsh".[114] In some cases, Israeli settlers have claimed that Palestinians and left-wing activists staged "price tag" attacks as a means of provocation, in an attempt to tarnish the image of Jewish settlers in the West Bank.[72][115][116][117]
In a 2011 analysis Zeev Sternhell argues that while the vast majority in Israel is disgusted by these attacks, and the right is distancing itself from those torching mosques, there is little evidence that they condemn the daily harassment of Palestinians by settlers. The "price tag hooligans" are, he maintains, 'the vanguard of the entire settlement movement settler' and 'are increasingly reminiscent of phenomena in Europe in the interwar period.'[118]
Reactions among Israeli rabbis
According to Haaretz, Shin Bet officials believe that the vast majority of settlers reject price tag attacks[120] both on moral grounds, prohibiting harm to innocent people and due to the Halachic prohibition which such actions, and on practical grounds, due to the fear that such acts are actually harmful to the settlement movement in the West Bank.[121][122]
Rabbis who have publicly expressed their opposition include Yuval Cherlow,[123] Haim Druckman,[119] Nahum Rabinovich,[124] Shlomo Aviner,[125] Aharon Lichtenstein,[126] Yaakov Medan,[127] Eliakim Levanon,[128] Avichai Rontzki,[129] Menachem Froman,[130] Ron Kronish,[131] Benny Lau,[132] Samuel Reiner[133] and Haim Navon.[134]
According to the Israeli journalist Nadav Shragai, there is no Israeli leader or rabbi who openly supports this policy, yet some of the young activists who carry out these acts are students of the rabbis Yitzchak Ginsburgh, David Dudkavich and Yitzhak Shapira, who head the "Od Yosef Chai" Yeshiva in the Israeli settlement of Yitzhar.[135] In an interview on Galei Tzahal in February 2010, Ginsburgh explicitly called to refrain from violence against Palestinians.[136] Shapira, while urging a "fierce defense" of outposts, holds the IDF responsible for the atmosphere in which such acts are undertaken, and for implementing a price tag policy against the yeshiva.[137] Shapira, who has called for retaliatory attacks against Palestinians, was arrested in January 2010 for his alleged involvement in the torching of a Palestinian mosque. He denied any involvement, and was released due to lack of evidence.[138][137]
After an arson attack on a West Bank mosque in 2010, six prominent rabbis from the nearby settlement of Gush Etzion visited the mosque to deliver new copies of the Koran that had been burned.[139]
In July 2011, police announced that they would question prominent rabbis Dov Lior and Ya'akov Yosef over whether their endorsements of Yitzhak Shapira and Yosef Elitzur's book, Torat Hamelech (The King's Torah) which argues that killing non-Jews is acceptable as part of a religious war, constituted an incitement. Security officials said that the book could be used by settlers to justify price tag retributive attacks on Palestinians.[140]
According to ynet news, in 2011, the Israeli Education Ministry decided to shut down the Dorshei Yehudcha Yeshiva high school and withhold funds from the Od Yosef Chai yeshiva due to the involvement of students in violence against Palestinians and security forces. The two yeshivas based in Yitzhar were headed by Rabbi Yitzchak Ginsburgh. Education Ministry Director-General Dr. Shimshon Shoshani harshly criticized the establishments writing that "The students are involved in many violent acts against Palestinian residents and security forces, including during yeshiva study hours. Prominent rabbis in the yeshiva support and/or are involved in this violent activity and go as far as to incite the students to this sort of activity." Knesset member Michael Ben-Ari (National Union) said that the shut down of the yeshiva constituted "capitulation to leftist terror."[141]
The rabbi of Har Brakha, Eliezer Melamed, who according to Chaim Levinson of Haaretz, is considered one of the more extreme settler rabbis, used his weekly column in the newspaper Basheva to denounce the price tag policy. He wrote, "We don't aspire to private vengeance, but to state vengeance led by the Israel Defense Forces and all the systems of government".[142]
According to rabbi Barry Leff of the Israeli NGO Rabbis for Human Rights, the price tag policy is forbidden by halacha (Jewish religious law). Citing the Book of Deuteronomy 24:16, he writes that the Torah clearly forbids vicarious punishment, punishing someone other than the offender. Furthermore, according to Leff, when the perpetrators attack a mosque, a house of God, they are also guilty of violating the principle of bal tashchit, not to carry out wanton destruction, as well as the sin of Chillul Hashem, the desecration of God's name.[143]
Reacciones
Palestinian
A Palestinian Authority spokesman, Ghassan Khatib, has stated that Israeli settler attacks on Palestinian agricultural land are "not random events", and that they are "condoned and supported by the Israeli government" who provide settlers with "full impunity and army protection while they destroy Palestinian land".[144]
An Abu Ghosh resident, Jawdat Ibrahim, writing an op-ed for Ynet in response to the slashing of the tires of 22 cars in his own town in June 2013, wrote that it was bizarre that the state of Israel managed to catch the enemies of the State in operations abroad, yet could not arrest the "bunch of local punks" who terrorize Arabs with their vandalism. Such acts are, in his view, the "direct result" of racist remarks by Israeli politicians, humiliation of Arabs by the police and officials in government offices, and the general atmosphere these attitudes create. His town's response, he affirmed would be different: "Here in Abu Ghosh, we implement a 'price tag' policy of a different kind: Wherever the hooligans destroy, we will build; whatever filth they leave behind, we will clean up. We will not let them destroy the co-existence we have worked so hard to maintain for so many years."[145]
Christian
In 2014 after the Notre Dame of Jerusalem Center, the local headquarters of the Roman Catholic church, was defaced with words in Hebrew saying "Death to Arabs and Christians and to everyone who hates Israel," and a senior Catholic official received a letter threatening to kill him and other Catholic clergy in Israel, Fouad Twal, the Vatican's most senior cleric in Israel, said, "The unrestrained acts of vandalism poison the atmosphere, the atmosphere of coexistence and the atmosphere of collaboration, calling the price tag attacks acts of "terror." He said Israeli authorities were making an insufficient effort to bring the perpetrators to justice.
"This wave of extremist actions of terror is surely of grave concern to all reasonable persons," Twal said. "The government of Israel must be concerned, because it is very bad for the State of Israel's image abroad. It is also a blight on the democracy that Israel ascribes to itself."[6]
International
- US –
- On 9 September 2011 the U.S. government condemned the recent "price tag" attacks in the West Bank and demanded that the culprits be arrested.[146]
- In November 2011, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in the Palestinian territories published a report on settler violence against Palestinians in the West Bank that showed significant rises since 2010, and 2009. The report covered not only physical harm to Palestinians, but also property damage such as the impact of uprooted olive trees, damaged tractors or murdered sheep. These incidents include attacks on Palestinians and their property as a means of discouraging the Israeli authorities from dismantling "small satellite settlements built without official authorization, many on privately-owned Palestinian land", which the report refers to as "the so-called 'price tag' strategy". The report states that 90% of complaints filed with the Israeli police by Palestinians of settler violence have been closed without any indictments.[147]
- In August 2012, the United States defined the attacks as "terrorist incidents".[148]
Ver también
- Arson
- Hilltop youth
- Israeli settler violence
- Israeli–Palestinian conflict
- Racism in Israel
- Vandalism
Referencias
- ^ Amos N. Guiora, Tolerating Intolerance: The Price of Protecting Extremism, Oxford University Press, 2014 p.107.
- ^ Nir Hasson, ‘Jerusalem Christians are latest targets in recent spate of 'price tag' attacks,’ at Haaretz, 21 February 2012.
- ^ Nir Hasson/Associated Press, 'Monastery near Jerusalem defaced in suspected 'price tag' attack,' at Haaretz 21 August 2013.' Jewish extremists originally used the term "price tag" to describe vandalism and violence that targeted Israelis as well as Palestinians and was aimed at preventing or avenging evacuations of West Bank settlers.'
- ^ Mitnick, Joshua (4 October 2011). "Mosque Is Torched in Israel". The Wall Street Journal.
Vandals scrawled "price tag" in Hebrew on a wall outside the mosque, referring to a campaign of retribution by fundamentalist Israeli youths against Palestinians in the West Bank.
- ^ a b Oz Rosenberg, 'Home of Israeli left-wing activist defaced in latest 'price tag' act,' in Haaretz, 12 September 2011.
- ^ a b Gavlak, Dale (13 May 2014). "'Price Tag' Israeli Extremists Target Christians". Christianity Today. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ Yifa Yaakov, 'Arab Israeli complains of Galilee price tag attack,' The Times of Israel 21 April 2014,
- ^ a b c "Background on violence by settlers". B'Tselem. 1 January 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
In recent years, settlers have carried out violent acts under the slogan "price tag". These are acts of violence aimed at the Palestinian population and Israeli security forces.
- ^ a b Uri Friedman, The 'Price Tag' Menace: Vigilante Israeli Settler Attacks Spread, at The Atlantic Wire, 3 October 2011:'The New York Times defines price tag attacks as incidents in which radical Jewish settlers "exact a price from local Palestinians or from the Israeli security forces for any action taken against their settlement enterprise".'
- ^ Isabel Kershner, Mosque Set on Fire in Northern Israel, at New York Times, 3 October 2011:'The attack followed a series of similar assaults on mosques in the West Bank by arsonists suspected of being radical settlers as part of a campaign known as "price tag," which seeks to exact a price from local Palestinians for violence against settlers or from Israeli security forces for taking action against illegal construction in Jewish outposts in the West Bank.'
- ^ Ben Schott, 'Schott's Vocab: A Miscellany of Modern Words & Phrases,' in New York Times,24 July 2009:'Attacks on Palestinians by Israeli settlers in the West Bank protesting against the actions of the Israeli army.'
- ^ John Lyons, Moral Minority in The Australian, 17 September 2011:'Some settlers practice a "price tag" policy: if the Israeli government does something they do not like, such as trying to close an illegal outpost, they in turn punish Palestinians, by poisoning or burning olive trees, desecrating mosques or attacking cars..'
- ^ Anshel Pfeffer & Chaim Levinson Israeli settlers' council condemns 'marginal group' behind vandalism at IDF base, in Haaretz, 7 September 2011: 'This was the first "price tag" act extremist settlers have implemented against the army since adopting their policy of seeking retribution to exact for any curb on Israeli construction in the West Bank. Extremists adopted their "price tag" policy to demonstrate discontent with the government's decision to freeze construction in West Bank settlements, but have directed their operations thus far at Palestinians.'
- ^ Chaim Levinson, 'Israel Police creates unit to fight 'price tag' attacks - but only in West Bank,' at Haaretz 26 June 2013
- ^ a b Chezki Ezra, GSS hills activists engaged in "price tag" debate", in Arutz Sheva, 11 February 2008.
- ^ a b Reuters, Facts about "Price Tag" attacks blamed on Jewish settlers, 3 October 2011.
- ^ a b Eli Ashkenazi, Amos Harel and DPA 'Israel Police on high alert as clashes ensue following mosque arson,' in Haaretz, 4 October 2011.
- ^ Yizhar Hess, Price tag' is Israel's anti-Semitism,' Ynet 8 May 2014:'Relatively, there are more hate incidents against Arabs in Israel than hate incidents against Jews in France. . .When one examines these numbers courageously, the earth starts moving. Nearly eight million residents live in Israel. On average, we are talking about one anti-Semitic incident per 400,000 people... Even France, which had the highest number of anti-Semitic incidents in 2013, recorded 116 incidents. With its 66 million residents, we are talking about one incident per 600,000 people.'
- ^ Amos Harel ANALYSIS / The extreme right has sought to establish a 'balance of terror', in Haaretz, 11 March 2008.
- ^ a b 'Meretz head Gal-On blasts AG over cabinet’s lesser categorization of 'price tag’ attacks,' at Haaretz, 16 February 2014.
- ^ Lazaroff, Tovah (2 June 2013). "Netanyahu vows to stop price-tag, racist attacks". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ a b c Keinon, Herb; Lazaroff, Tovah (9 March 2011). "Netanyahu condemns settlers' 'price tag' violence". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu on Tuesday condemned alleged violence carried out by far-Right activists in the past week under the guise of the so-called "price tag" reprisal policy, saying the whole concept was completely unacceptable.
- ^ Ethan Bronner, Amid Statehood Bid, Tensions Simmer in West Bank, in The New York Times, 23 September 2011.
- ^ Raanan Ben-Zur, 'Suspect arrested in Tuba Zangaria mosque arson,' in Ynet, 6 October 2011.
- ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (14 December 2009). "Chief Rabbi: Palestinian Mosque Burning Harkens to Kristallnacht". Haaretz. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ "AFP: Islamic Conference condemns mosque desecration". Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Ethan Bronner, Amid Statehood Bid, Tensions Simmer in West Bank, The New York Times, 23 September 2011, p.1:"The settler leadership has fiercely condemned "price tag," saying it does not represent the vast majority of their community".
- ^ Nadav Shragai, 'The new policy of the settlers: "price tag" on any evacuation of the army', (Hebrew) in Haaretz, 3 October 2008:"The settlers' establishment and the vast majority of the Yesha Rabbis express reservations about it."
- ^ Eli Ashkenazi, Amos Harel and DPA Israel Police on high alert as clashes ensue following mosque arson in Haaretz, 4 October 2011.
- ^ David Khalfa, 'After the Gaza Withdrawal: The Settler’s Struggle Over the Meaning of the Israeli National Identity,’ in Elisabeth Marteu (ed.) Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel: Mobilisation around the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Palgrave Macmillan 2009 pp.27-51 p.42: These radical settlers, about a few hundred people, launched a new tactic called euphemistically "price tag".'
- ^ United Nations Report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, United Nations General Assembly 65th Session,Supplement No.35 2010 p.10)
- ^ Byman, Daniel (2011). "Section IV. Jewish Terrorism". A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism. Oxford University Press/Saban Center, Brookings Institution. p. 290. ISBN 9780199830459.
Radicals espouse a "price tag" doctrine
- ^ Miriam Fendius Elman, Oded Haklai, Hendrik Spruyt 'Democracy and Peacemaking in Protracted Conflicts:The Israeli Case,’ Miriam Fendius Elman, Oded Haklai, Hendrik Spruyt (eds.) Democracy and Conflict Resolution: The Dilemmas of Israel's Peacemaking, Syracuse University Press, 2014 pp.1-26, pp.16-17 n,16: 'settlement supports have been successful in recent years by threatening violent resistance to settlement dismantlement and by resorting to vigilante tactics to prevent further disengagement (e.g., the "price tag campaign" whereby attempts to evacuate illegal settlements have been met with the destruction of Palestinian property and the targeting of Palestinian civilians.)’
- ^ Michael Karpin, Imperfect Compromise: A New Consensus Among Israelis and Palestinians, Potomac Books, 2013 p.26.
- ^ Eli Ashkenazi,'Vandals scrawl 'Death to Arabs' on window of Druze business in northern Israel,' Haaretz 7 May 2014.
- ^ Nir Hasson, ‘Jerusalem Christians are latest targets in recent spate of 'price tag' attacks,’ at Haaretz, 21 February 2012.'The attack on the Narkis Street Baptist Congregation marks the latest in a series of price tag attacks that have targeted Muslim, Christian and left-wing institutions in the capital over the last two months. But police believe most of the vandalism is not the work of an organized group; rather, they say, the spray-painted slogans are largely copycat actions carried out by lone individuals. The original price tag attacks, in contrast, were thought to be the work of a group of settlers seeking to set a "price tag" on house demolitions in the settlements via retaliatory attacks on Palestinians and/or Israeli soldiers. ‘
- ^ Nir Hasson/Associated Press, 'Monastery near Jerusalem defaced in suspected 'price tag' attack,' at Haaretz 21 August 2013.'Dr. Gadi Gvaryahu, Chairman of the Bright Tag organization working to deter violent "price tag" attacks against Palestinians, said in of the attack: "The violation of the monastery is directly linked to attacks against over twenty Christian and Muslim places of worship in the last three years. The attackers seek to cause unrest between the various religions in Israel and bring about bloodshed".’
- ^ Ahiya Raved, 'Fire heavily damages Church of Loaves and Fishes on Sea of Galilee,' Ynet 18 June 2015. According to Rabbis for Human Rights states that 43 such hate crime attacks have been made against churches, mosques and monasteries in Israel, the West Bank and East Jerusalem since 2009.
- ^ Amos Harel, Revital Hovel, Jack Khoury,'Security sources: 100 followers of racist rabbi are behind hate crimes,' Haaretz 8 May 2014.
- ^ Ron Ben-Tovim 'Stop Calling Hate Crimes 'price Tag Attacks' It's Offensive,' Haaretz 5 August 2015.
- ^ a b Ori Nir, '"Price Tag" Terrorism Crosses the Green Line,', in Peace Now, 4 October 2011
- ^ a b Friedman, Uri. The 'Price Tag' Menace: Vigilante Israeli Settler Attacks Spread. October 2011
- ^ Yaniv Kubovich, Eli Ashkenazi. Police brace for Israeli Arab revenge attacks following mosque torching. Haaretz. "Price tag attacks are revenge actions by Jewish extremists, usually against Palestinians, following terror attacks or state demolitions in settlements or outposts."
- ^ Haaretz Service and Chaim Levinson 'Palestinian stabbed in Hebron Hills in suspected 'price tag' attack,' in Haaretz, 21 March 2011. "Some of these so-called 'price tag' attacks have been in response to Palestinian attacks on Jews, while others have been in response to government actions taken to curtail of settlement activities."
- ^ Hasson, Nir; Cohen, Gili (31 May 2013). "Jerusalem's Dormition Church suffers suspected 'price tag' attack". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ However, the Associated Press calculates the number of such attacks through all of the Holy Land at 17 over the three-year period, 2011-2013. Associated Press, 'Attack on Jerusalem graves unnerves Christians,' at Ynet
- ^ "Behind 'Price Tag' Attacks and the Israeli Extremist Movement". NBC News. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ Gideon Levi, 'Not sacred, not stolen,' at Haaretz, 7 September 2012
- ^ Haaretz editorial, 'A governmental price tag attack,' at Haaretz 24 September 2013.
- ^ Daniel Byman, A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism, Oxford University Press, 2011 p.290.
- ^ Byman, 2011 p.290-1
- ^ Amos Harel, ANALYSIS: The extreme right has sought to establish a 'balance of terror', in Haaretz, 3 November 2008.
- ^ "המתנחלים אחרי יצהר: נקבע "תג מחיר" לפינויים". 25 July 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2017 – via Ynet.
- ^ "להפסיק לגנות ולהתחיל לבנות - דעות". Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Haaretz Editorial, 'Defeat settler terror', Haaretz, 27 October 2008.
- ^ a b OCHA, 1 November 2009.
- ^ Yoav Zitun and Itay Blumenthal, 'Six Border Policemen hurt, IDF post destroyed in settlers' rampage near Yitzhar,' Ynet 8 April 2014:'The Border Policemen had begun to demolish illegal structures at the settlement when local residents began throwing stones at the troops. Two police officers required medical attention. Settlers at Yitzhar slammed the demolition as a "price tag" attack carried out by the military in revenge for attacks on Israeli security personnel in recent days.'
- ^ Price Tag blocking intersections throughout the West Bank and Israel
- ^ Sheera Frenkel (21 July 2009). "Israeli settlers burn olive groves in 'price tag' retaliation attack". The Times. UK.
- ^ "The West Bank : Villagers v settlers". The Economist. September 2011.
By night, activists exact what they call "price-tags", for instance by defiling mosques, in the hope of provoking a conflict which the well-armed settlers feel sure they could win.
- ^ "נקמה במכוניות בירושלים: "נקפיא גם אתכם"". 8 December 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2017 – via Ynet.
- ^ "ירידה בהיקף "תג מחיר"". Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Human Rights Watch Separate and Unequal Israel’s Discriminatory Treatment of Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories,' Human Rights Watch, December 2010 p.99.
- ^ OCHA, 1 November 2009:"The lack of adequate law enforcement and accountability in regard to settler violence has been recurrently pointed out, since the early 1980s, by official commissions appointed by the Israeli authorities, as well as by human rights organizations.."
- ^ Levinson, Chaim; Harel, Amos (27 September 2011). "Shin Bet urges Israeli government to halt funding of West Bank yeshiva". Haaretz. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Oz Rosenberg and Nir Hasson, 'Another Israeli church defaced with 'price tag' graffiti,' at Haaretz, 3 October 2012.
- ^ Gili Cohen 'Activists hand out fliers promoting 'price tag' attacks at IDF center,' at Haaretz, 3 December 2012.
- ^ a b c Uri Misgav, 'The occupation is one big 'price tag’ attack and we're all paying the price,' at Haaretz 10 January 2014.
- ^ Byman, Daniel; Sachs, Natan (14 August 2012). "The Rise of Settler Terrorism: The West Bank's Other Violent Extremists". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 19 August 2012.
To be clear, arson and the destruction of trees do not belong in the same category as suicide bombings, and using the word "terrorism" to describe such vandalism risks moral equivalency. Yet "terrorism" is defined not only by the act itself but also by its purpose: to produce a psychological effect, terror, as a means of advancing a political agenda. This definition fits the aim of extremist settlers, who often scrawl the Hebrew words for "price tag" at the scene of the crime -- a message to their targets that they will exact a price for any act that they oppose. Such attacks target innocent Palestinians in response to and as a deterrent against Palestinian terrorism and target Palestinians, pro-peace Israelis, and Israeli soldiers alike for supposedly anti-settlement measures taken by the Israeli government. By seeking to frighten a rival population and intimidate a government, the extremists mimic the typical methods of terrorist groups across the globe.
- ^ Joshua Reiner, Settlers blame: Palestinians faked price-tag ,’ Walla! 22 January 2014.
- ^ a b Ronen, Gil (22 January 2014). "Photos: Arabs Stage 'Price Tags', Blame Jews".
Now, one determined resident of Samaria appears to have found a "smoking gun", documenting how local Arabs have been damaging olive trees and then reporting the incidents to authorities and the media as "price tag" attacks carried out by local Jews.
- ^ a b Ali Waked & Efrat Weiss, After fire in the mosque, a Border Policeman and Palestinian injured (Hebrew) in Ynet, 11 December 2009.
- ^ Yair Altman, 'Settlers say: we have documentation on the price tag,' (Hebrew) in Ynet, 30 October 2010.
- ^ Ali Waked,'Palestinians say 40 of their olive trees destroyed: settlers claim it is a plot,' (Hebrew) in Ynet, 23 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Arab Youths Confessed to Spraying 'Death to Arabs'". Jewish Press. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ Amichai Rubin,[1] (Hebrew) in Srugim (Knitted), 17 February 2011.A shepherd from the village of Majdal Bani Fadil near Ma'ale Efrayim blamed settlers for a fire that killed his flock.
- ^ Haaretz Service and Yaniv Kubovich,'Jaffa gang suspected of plotting to kill sheikh, blame rightists for crime,', in Haaretz, 17 May 2011.
- ^ "Farmer: Settlers burned my sheep alive". Ma'an News Agency. 18 December 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ Issacharoff, Avi. "Police question Palestinian claim settlers burned his herd of sheep". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ "Column One: Agents of influence". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ Gedalyahu, Tzvi Ben. "Leftists Caught Red-Handed: 'Burning Sheep' Libel Was Faked". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
- ^ Hartman, Ben; Lazaroff, Tovah (28 February 2013). "Palestinians may have faked price tag attack". The Jerusalem Post.
Police suspect Palestinians vandalized 6 cars in Kusra village in order to falsely claim a price tag attack by Jewish extremists.
- ^ "Palestinian complains about 'price tag,' is arrested". Ynet. 18 March 2013.
- ^ Levinson, Chaim (28 February 2013). "Palestinians' claim that Jewish settlers set 6 cars alight was fabricated, Israel Police says". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ "Settlers blame: Palestinians faked price-tag". Walla!. 22 January 2014.
- ^ "Settlers uproot hundreds of trees near Ramallah". Ma'an News Agency. 22 January 2014.
- ^ Noam (Dabul) Dvir ,'Settler sprays 'slaughter Jews' on own car,' at Ynet, 12 July 2013.
- ^ Lappin, Yaakov; Lidman, Melanie (12 June 2012). "E. J'lem cars vandalized in suspected far-right attack". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ Chaim Levinson, 'Israel Police creates unit to fight 'price tag' attacks - but only in West Bank,' at Haaretz 26 June 2013
- ^ Chaim Levinson, Jonathan Lis,police denies provocateurs operating among settlers,' at Haaretz, 6 January 2012.
- ^ Jodi Rudoren, Khaled Abu Aker, 'West Bank Mosque Is Set Ablaze and Vandalized,', at The New York Times, 19 June 2012
- ^ Noam (Dabul) Dvir, hate crime in J'lem: Car tires slashed in Arab neighborhood,' at Ynet,24 June 2013.
- ^ Ben Hartman, 'Hilltop youth the hardest informants to recruit' The Jerusalem Post, 9 May 2014.
- ^ Stuart Winer, torched near Bethlehem in apparent hate crime,' The Times of Israel 25 February 2015.
- ^ Gancman, Lee; Gross, Judah Ari (5 January 2016). "Soldier who 'spied' for Jewish extremists gets 45 months". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ Amira Hass, ‘Israel says Palestinian price tag victims to blame for attacks,’ at Haaretz 36 December 2013
- ^ a b John Lyons,'Mosque burning in Israel fuels tensions,' in The Australian, 5 October 2011
- ^ "נתניהו: תג מחיר - עיוות של המחאה האזרחית". Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ "Israel - Rabbi Harshly Condemns Violence by Jewish Hooligans Against Arabs". Vos Iz Neias?. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Mackey, Robert (14 December 2009). "Rabbi Compares West Bank Mosque Attack to Kristallnacht". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Joel Greenberg, 'Mosque torched in northern Israel,' in The Washington Post, 3 October 2011.
- ^ , in Kobi Nahshoni, 'Rabbi Amar: Mosque arson may be blood libel,' in Ynet, 4 October 2011:'the attempt to ascribe the act to "price tag" activists is basically a "blood libel".
- ^ 'Amos Oz calls perpetrators of hate crimes 'Hebrew neo-Nazis' Haaretz 10 May 2014:'Oz said that terms like "hilltop youth" and "price tag" are "sweet names for a monster that needs to be called what it is: Hebrew neo-Nazis groups." Oz added that in his mind, perhaps the only difference between neo-Nazis around the world and perpetrators of hate crimes in Israel is that "our neo-Nazi groups enjoy the support of numerous nationalist or even racist legislators, as well as rabbis who give them what is in my view pseudo-religious justification."
- ^ Amos Oz, 'Yes, there are Hebrew neo-Nazi groups,' Ynet, 12 May 2014.
- ^ Nadav Shragai, The new policy of the settlers: "price tag" on any evacuation of the army, 3 October 2008
- ^ Haaretz Editorial, 'Defeat settler terror ' in Haaretz, 27 October 2008.
- ^ JPOST.COM STAFF, 'Danny Dayan condemns 'price tag' attack' in The Jerusalem Post, 7 September 2011.:"Chairman of the Yesha Council Danny Dayan on Wednesday vehemently condemned the "price tag" attack on the IDF base and called on the vandals responsible to turn themselves in immediately, Israel Radio reported. He continued, saying that it was time the security forces start treating instances like this one seriously and bring the perpetrators to justice."
- ^ BBC, 'West Bank settler leader Pinhas Wallerstein resigns,' on BBC News, 11 January 2010:"In his resignation letter as secretary general of the Yesha Council, Mr Wallerstein condemned the organisation's failure to condemn the "price tag" policy employed by some settlers. Under the policy, settlers attack Palestinian villages when the government takes action against Jewish settlements. He also criticised the council for failing to condemn soldiers who refuse to carry out government orders to evacuate unauthorised settlements."
- ^ a b Elyakim Haetzni, 'Despicable Jewish revenge,', YNET, 25 October 2010.
- ^ Nathan Jeffay, Hebron Rioters Inspired by Radical Settler Leaders, The Jewish Daily Forward, 11 December 2008.
- ^ James Hider 'West Bank settlers use ‘price tag’ tactic to punish Palestinians,' in The Times, 15 October 2009.
- ^ Shragai, Nadav (4 October 2008). דניאלה וייס: השב"כ מעורב בהנחת המטען בבית שטרנהל [Daniella Weiss: Shin Bet involved in laying cargo at Beit Sternhell]. Haaretz (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Ynet, Poll: 46% in favor of 'price tag',' in Ynet 28 March 2011.
- ^ Omer-Man, Michael (10 November 2011). "88% of Jewish Israelis oppose price tag attacks". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ Yair Altman, 'Settlers: Arabs, leftists staged 'price tag' act,', in Ynet, 30 October 2010.
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- ^ a b Gil Ronen, 'Rav Druckman: 'Price Tag' Attacks are Horrible,', in Arutz Sheva, 3 October 2011.:"The Head of the Center of Bnei Akiva Yeshivas, Rav Chaim Druckman, reacted forcefully to the burning of a mosque in the Bedouin Arab village of Tuba Sunday night."All of the actions that are undertaken under the headline 'Price Tag' are horrible, shocking, anti-Jewish and anti-morality," he said."
- ^ Eli Ashkenazi, Amos Harel and DPA, 'Israel Police on high alert as clashes ensue following mosque arson,' in Haaretz, 4 October 2011.
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- ^ Akiva Novick 'Rabbis slam 'price tag' activities,', in Ynet, 19 September 2011.:Two prominent Religious Zionism rabbis have strongly condemned the "price tag" activities committed by extreme right-wing activists, and have even called on settlers – for the first time – to turn in the criminals to the army. The two are the heads of the Har Etzion Yeshiva and are among the settler public's moderate religious leaders: Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein, 78, who is considered a genius on halachic issues, and Rabbi Yaaqov Medan, 61, considered the yeshiva's most rightist leader."
- ^ Akiva Novick 'Rabbis slam 'price tag' activities,', in Ynet, 19 September 2011
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- ^ The Settler's new policy | Haaretz | 3 Oct 2008
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- ^ Levinson, Chaim (18 March 2011). "Palestinian laborer beaten in suspected 'price tag' attack". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ Leff, Barry (19 September 2011). "Price tag – a violation of Jewish values". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ "PA: Settler violence 'not random'". Ma'an News Agency. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Jawdat Ibrahim, Our 'price tag' at Ynet 24 June 2013
- ^ "US condemns 'price-tag' attacks on W. Bank mosques". The Jerusalem Post. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ United Nations, November 2011, Israeli Settler Violence in the West Bank, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory,November, 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011
- ^ Harriet Sherwood, Jewish settler attacks on Palestinians listed as 'terrorist incidents' by US, The Guardian, 19 August 2012.
enlaces externos
- Jewish extremists torch cars, desecrate mosque in Israel – published on maannews.net on 14 May 2013
- Israeli settlers vandalize IDF base in first 'price tag' act against army – published on Haaretz on 11 September 2011
- 'Price Tag': Olive trees uprooted near Hebron – published on Ynet on 29 September 2011
- Israeli settlers' council condemns 'marginal group' behind vandalism at IDF base – published on Haaretz on 7 September 2011
- Another ‘price tag’ attack hits West Bank mosque – published on euronews.net on 8 September 2011