Ejército de la República de China

No confundir con la Fuerza Terrestre del Ejército Popular de Liberación , las fuerzas militares de la República Popular China (PRC).

Ver también: Ejército Nacional Revolucionario

Ground branch of the Republic of China Armed Forces in Taiwan

Ejército de la República de China
中華民國 陸軍 Zhōnghuá Mínguó Lùjūn ( mandarín ) Chûng-fà Mìn-koet Liu̍k-kiûn ( Hakka )
Emblema del Ejército de la República de China
Fundado	16 de junio de 1924 (como Ejército Nacional Revolucionario) 25 de diciembre de 1947 (como Ejército de la República de China) (1924-06-16)  (1947-12-25)
País	República de China
Tipo	Ejército
Papel	Guerra terrestre
Tamaño	130,000 (2019 est.)
Parte de	Fuerzas Armadas de la República de China
Guarnición / HQ	Longtan , Taoyuan , Taiwán (República de China)
Lema (s)	"忠誠 精 實"
Colores	Dorado y verde
marcha	"Himno del ejército" (chino:陸軍軍 歌; "Lùjūnjūngē"; "Liu̍k-kiûn Kiûn-kô")
Compromisos	Expedición al norte Conflicto chino-soviético (1929) Gran Marcha Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa Segunda Guerra Mundial Batalla de Baitag Bogd Guerra civil china Revolución comunista china Batalla de Guningtou Batalla de la isla Nanri Batalla de las islas Yijiangshan Guerra de Vietnam Guerra civil de Laos Guerra contra el terrorismo Intervención militar contra el EIIL [1]
Comandantes
Comandante del ejército	General Chen Pao-yu (陳寶 餘) [2]
Subcomandante del Ejército de la República de China	Teniente general Liu Te-king (劉 得 金)
Subcomandante del Ejército de la República de China	Teniente general Mo You-ming (莫 又 銘)
Insignias
Medallón
Bandera
Aeronaves voladas
Helicóptero de ataque	AH-1W , AH-64E
Helicóptero de carga	CH-47SD , UH-60M
Helicóptero de observación	OH-58D
Helicóptero de entrenamiento	TH-67A
Helicóptero utilitario	UH-60M

Ejército de la República de China
Chino tradicional	中華民國 陸軍
Chino simplificado	中华民国 陆军
Transcripciones Mandarín estándar Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Mínguó Lùjūn Bopomofo ㄓ ㄨ ㄥ ㄏ ㄨ ㄚ ˊ ㄇ ㄧ ㄣ ˊ ㄍ ㄨ ㄛ ˊ ㄌ ㄨ ˋ ㄐ ㄩ ㄣ Wade – Giles Chunghua Minkuo Luchün Tongyong Pinyin Jhōnghuá Mínguó Lùjyūn Romanización de Yale Jūnghwá Míngwó Lùjyūn IPA [ʈʂʊ́ŋxwǎ mǐnkwǒ lûtɕýn] Min del Sur POJ de Hokkien Tiong-hôa-bîn-kok Lio̍k-kun

El Ejército de la República de China ( ROCA ), también conocido retroactivamente como el Ejército de China ^[3] y extraoficialmente el Ejército de Taiwán ^[4] es la rama más grande de las Fuerzas Armadas de la República de China . Se estima que el 80% del ejército de la República de China se encuentra en Taiwán , mientras que el resto está estacionado en las islas Penghu , Kinmen , Matsu , Dongsha y Taiping .

Desde la Guerra Civil China , nunca se ha firmado ningún armisticio o tratado de paz, por lo que como línea de defensa final contra una posible invasión del Ejército Popular de Liberación (EPL), el enfoque principal es la defensa y el contraataque contra el asalto anfibio y la guerra urbana. .

Organización

General Chen Pao-yu , comandante titular del Ejército de la República de China

Comando de Logística del Ejército de la República de China

UAV del Ejército de la República de China Chung Shyang II

La fuerza operativa actual del Ejército de la República de China incluye 3 ejércitos , 5 cuerpos . En 2005, las 35 brigadas del Ejército incluyen 25 brigadas de infantería , 5 brigadas blindadas y 3 brigadas de infantería mecanizadas . ^{[5] [6] [7]} Todas las brigadas de infantería se retiraron y fueron transferidas al Comando de Reserva después de 2005.

Esta actualización refleja el orden de batalla de la ROCA al concluir el Plan de Reestructuración de Jinjing en 2008.

Se está introduciendo un nuevo tipo de unidad llamada equipo de defensa (守備 隊). Estos están formados por elementos de brigadas desactivadas bajo el mando de defensa de cada zona. La fuerza de un equipo de defensa puede variar de uno o más batallones reforzados, haciéndolo aproximadamente igual a un regimiento. El CO del equipo suele ser un coronel de pleno derecho. ^[8]

En caso de guerra, la mayor parte del alto mando se retiraría a búnkeres subterráneos, complejos de túneles y puestos de mando. ^[9]

Cuartel General del Comando del Ejército de la República de China

El CHQ del Ejército de la República de China (中華民國 國防部 陸軍 司令部) está encabezado por un general de 3 estrellas y es responsable del mando general de todos los activos del Ejército de la República de China. El Cuartel General del Ejército está subordinado al Jefe del Estado Mayor (militar), al Ministro de Defensa Nacional (civil) y al Presidente de la República de China .

Equipo de francotiradores del ejército de la República de China

Entrenamiento del 101o Batallón de reconocimiento anfibio del Ejército de la República de China durante el ejercicio de aterrizaje anfibio

Un hombre rana militar del 101o Batallón de Reconocimiento Anfibio

• Unidades Internas: Personal, Preparación y Entrenamiento de Combate, Logística, Planificación, Comunicaciones, Electrónica e Información, Asuntos Generales, Contraloría, Inspector General, Guerra Política.
• Comando de Aviación y Fuerzas Especiales (航空 特 戰 指揮部)

• 601 Brigada de Caballería Aérea (el batallón original de la fuerza especial asignado fue transferido a la 862a Brigada)
• 602 Brigada de Caballería Aérea (el batallón de fuerzas especiales original asignado fue transferido a la 862a Brigada)
• 603 Brigada de Caballería Aérea (esta es una unidad fantasma, solo existe en papel, no hay mano de obra, unidades, helicópteros asignados)
• 101o Batallón de Reconocimiento (más conocido como Sea Dragon Frogman, tiene una estación de la compañía en Kinmen, Matsu, 3 en Penghu y otras islas de primera línea)
• Comando de Fuerzas Especiales (特 戰 指揮部) A cargo de 3 centros de entrenamiento

• Centro de entrenamiento aerotransportado del ejército (大 武 營 「陸軍 空降 訓練 中心」 )
• Centro de Entrenamiento de Fuerzas Especiales del Ejército (谷 關 「陸軍 特 戰 訓練 中心」 )
• Centro de entrenamiento de invierno y montaña del ejército (武嶺 寒 訓 中心)

• Comando de operación especial

• 862 Special Operation Group (originally 862nd Special Operation Brigade, with 3rd, 4th, and 6th battalion that transferred back from aviation brigades)
• 871 Special Operation Group (units unknown)

• 6th Army Corps (第六軍團指揮部): Northern Taiwan

• Guandu Area Command
• Lanyang Area Command
• 269 Mechanized Infantry Brigade
• 542 Armor Brigade
• 584 Armor Brigade
• 21 Artillery Command
• 53 Engineer Group
• 73 Signals Group
• 33 Chemical Warfare Group

• 8th Army Corps (第八軍團指揮部): Southern Taiwan

• 333 Mechanized Infantry Brigade
• 564 Armor Brigade
• 43 Artillery Command
• 54 Engineer Group
• 75 Signals Group
• 39 Chemical Warfare Group

• 10th Army Corps (第十軍團指揮部): Central Taiwan

• 234 Mechanized Infantry Brigade (will receive CM-32 "Clouded Leopard" wheeled IFV beginning of 2011)^[10]
• 586 Armor Brigade
• 58 Artillery Command
• 52 Engineer Group
• 36 Chemical Warfare Group
• 74 Signals Group

• Hua-Tung Defense Command (花東防衛指揮部): Eastern Taiwan

• Hualien (花蓮) Defense Team
• Taitung (台東) Area Command

• Kinmen Defense Command (金門防衛指揮部)

• Jindong (金東, Kinmen East) Defense Team
• Jinshih (金西, Kinmen West) Defense Team
• Shihyu (獅嶼) Defense Team
• Artillery Group

• Penghu Defense Command (澎湖防衛指揮部)

• 1 Armored Battalion, 1 Armored Infantry Battalion, 1 Armored Cav Battalion, 1 mixed Artillery Battalion.

• Matsu Defense Command (馬祖防衛指揮部)

• Beigao (北高) Area Command
• Juguang (莒光) Area Command

• Dongyin Area Command (東引地區指揮部)

• Logistics Command (後勤指揮部)
• Education, Training and Doctorine Command (教育訓練暨準則發展指揮部)
• Republic of China Military Academy, Training & Command Schools, Chemical Warfare Corps, Engineering Corps, Arsenal Development.

• Armed Force Reserve Command (後備指揮部)

• 9 active infantry brigades, 24 Reserve brigades (Activated only in time of war)

ROC Army's former Army Missile Command was transferred to ROC Air Force in 2006.

Republic of China Army Organization as of 2016

Ranks

Officers

The rank of Generalissimo was bestowed only once, to Chiang Kai-shek and currently is abolished. Since 2013, the rank of Colonel General(Full general) shall be granted only in wartime.

Equivalent NATO code	OF-10		OF-9		OF-8		OF-7		OF-6		OF-5		OF-4		OF-3		OF-2		OF-1						OF(D) & Student officer
Republic of China Army v t e	No equivalent								No equivalent
			Full general	General	Lieutenant general		Major general				Colonel		Lieutenant colonel		Major		Captain		Lieutenant		Second lieutenant		Third lieutenant		Officer cadet
			一級上將	二級上將	中將		少將				上校		中校		少校		上尉		中尉		少尉		尉		軍校生
Pinyin			Yījí Shàngjiàng	Èrjí Shàngjiàng	Zhōngjiàng		Shaojiàng				Shàngxiào		Zhōngxiào		Shàoxiào		Shàngwèi		Zhōngwèi			Shàowèi

Enlisted

Equivalent NATO code	OR-9						OR-8		OR-7		OR-6						OR-5						OR-4				OR-3		OR-2						OR-1
Republic of China Army v t e
	Master sergeant first class 一等士官長						Master sergeant second class 二等士官長		Master sergeant third class 三等士官長		Staff sergeant 上士						Sergeant 中士						Corporal 下士				Specialist 上等兵		Private first class 一等兵						Private 二等兵
Pinyin	Yīděng Shìguān zhǎng						Èrděng Shìguān zhǎng		Sānděng Shìguān zhǎng		Shàngshi						Zhōngshi						Xiàshi				Shàngděng Bīng		Yīděng Bīng						Èrděng Bīng

Training

The Republic of China Military Academy trains officers for the army in a four-year program.

History

An honor guard at the National Martyrs Shrine in Taipei

The Republic of China Army originated from Chinese National Revolutionary Army, which was founded by Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang (KMT) in 1924, when the Whampoa Military Academy was established with Soviet military assistance. Whampoa Military Academy, which was presided by Chiang Kai-shek, was tasked with the objective of training a professional Chinese revolutionary army (革命軍人) to unify China during the Warlord Era. It participated in the Northern Expedition, the Second Sino-Japanese War (during World War II) and the Chinese Civil War before withdrawing with the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949.

After 1949, the ROC Army has participated in combat operations on Kinmen and the Dachen Archipelago against the PLA in the Battle of Kuningtou, and in the First and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. In addition to these major conflicts, ROCA commandos were regularly sent to raid the Fujian and Guangdong coasts. Until the 1970s, the stated mission of the Army was to retake the mainland from the People's Republic of China. Following the lifting of martial law in 1987 and the democratization of the 1990s, the mission of the ROC Army has been shifted to the defense of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu from a PLA invasion.

With the reduction of the size of the ROC armed forces in recent years, the Army has endured the largest number of cutbacks as ROC military doctrine has begun to emphasize the importance of offshore engagement with the Navy and Air Force. Subsequent to this shift in emphasis, the ROC Navy and Air Force have taken precedence over the ROC Army in defense doctrine and weapons procurement.^[11] Recent short-term goals in the Army include acquisition and development of joint command and control systems, advanced attack helicopters and armored vehicles, Multiple Launch Rocket System and field air defense systems. The Army is also in the process of transitioning to an all volunteer force.^[7]

During the COVID-19 pandemic Army chemical warfare units were used to disinfect public areas and to do spot disinfections around known disease clusters. In January 2021 the 33rd Chemical Warfare Group was deployed to Taoyuan City to deal with a cluster of infections around a hospital there.^[12]

Equipment

Main article: List of equipment of the Republic of China Army

From the 1990s onwards, the Republic of China Army launched several upgrade programmes to replace out-dated equipment with more advanced weapons, also increasing its emphasis on forces that could be rapidly deployed and were suited for combat in Taiwan's heavily urbanized environment. Orders were placed with the United States for M60A3 Patton tanks, M109A5 "Paladin" howitzers and AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopters, as well as updating existing equipment.

Along with the other ROC military branches, the ROC Army has extensive experience in the construction and utilization of tunnels and bases gained during the People's Republic of China's bombardments of Kinmen and Matsu during the Cold War and many facilities are rumoured to be located underground in undisclosed locations.

The U.S. Government announced on October 3, 2008 that it plans to sell $6.5 billion worth of arms to Taiwan ending the freeze of arms sales to Taiwan. Amongst other things, the plans include $2.532 billion worth of 30 AH-64D Apache Longbow Block III Attack helicopters with night-vision sensors, radar, 173 Stinger Block I air-to-air missiles and 1000 AGM-114L Hellfire missiles.^[13] and 182 Javelin missiles will also be available with 20 Javelin command launchers and is estimated to cost $47 million.^[14]

On January 29, 2010, US Government announced 5 notifications to US Congress for arms sales to Taiwan. Of the total 6.392 billion US dollars in the 5 announcements, ROC Army will receive 60 UH-60M and other related things for cost of 3.1 Billion.^[15]

Helicopters

ROCA AH-64E 802 and UH-60M 912 in flight over Hongchailin Camp

In July 2007 it was reported that the ROC Army would request the purchase of 30 AH-64E Apache Guardian attack helicopters from the US in the 2008 defence budget.^[16] In October 2015 it was announced that 9 AH-64E had been grounded due to oxidation of components in the helicopters' tail rotor gearboxes and comprehensive safety checks were made on all Apaches. The 2008 defense budget also listed a request for 60 UH-60M Black Hawk helicopters as a partial replacement for the UH-1Hs currently in service.^[17]

Main battle tanks

An ROCA M60A3 TTS main battle tank

As of 2019, the ROC army has 480 M60A3s, 450 CM11s (modified M48 turrets mated to M60 chassis), and 250 CM12s (CM-11 turrets mated to M48 hulls). The design and technology used in the tanks date back to the 1940s and 1950s, including their 105mm rifled gun and utilizing traditional steel armor plating rather than composite materials used in modern armored fighting vehicles. It is expected that majority of the ROC Army’s armored units would continue to be equipped with legacy tanks in upgraded form after the army acquires the newer modern tanks.^[18] As of 2015, some CM11 tanks are observed to be upgraded with explosive reactive armor around the turret and hull.^[19]

In October 2017, Taiwan announced an upgrade program for 450 M60A3s consisting of replacing the main gun with a new 120 mm weapon, as well as upgrading the ballistics computer, turret hydraulics, and other systems. Testing and evaluation are expected to be completed in 2019 and application of new features to start in 2020.^[20] However, in July 2018 the Ministry of National Defense renewed its interest in acquiring Abrams, and had set aside US$990 Million to purchase 108 M1A2s while modernization of existing M60A3s in service continues.^[21]

On June 7, 2019, Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense confirmed that Taiwan has signed a $2 billion dollar weapons deal with the Trump administration, which includes a purchase of 108 M1A2T (M1A2C export variant for Taiwan) Abrams battle tanks. Taiwanese defense officials intend to use the M1A2T Abrams battle tank to "replace Taiwan’s aging American-made M60A3 battle tanks and the Taiwanese-manufactured M48H CM11 tank".^[22][23] On July 8, 2019, The U.S. State Department has approved the sale to Taiwan of new M1A2T Abrams tanks despite People's Republic of China's (PRC) criticism and protest of the deal. The deal includes 122 M2 Chrysler Mount Machine Guns, 216 M240 machine guns, 14 M88A2 HERCULES vehicles, and 16 M1070A1 Heavy Equipment Transporters. General Dynamics Land Systems will build the tanks at Anniston Army Depot, Alabama, and at Joint Systems Manufacturing Center in Lima, Ohio. The final signing of the Letter of Offer and Acceptance (LOA) is confirmed on December 21, 2019.^[24] The tanks are the first sale of new tanks for ROC Army in decades from the US. Surplus M1A1 tanks were previously rejected by previous US administrations, including George W. Bush in 2001.^[25] Current ROC tanks are used M60A3 tanks and locally manufactured M48 tanks in which the initial variants are first produced in between the 1950s and 1960s.^[26][27][28]

Some criticisms were made to these M1 Abrams purchases, some analysts expressed that Taiwan's terrain and some of its bridges and roads are unsuitable for the 60-tonne M1A2. However, Taiwan's current tanks have older 105-millimeter guns that may not be able to readily penetrate the frontal armor of modern People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Type 96 and Type 99 tanks, which can easily penetrate the Patton’s old-fashioned steel armor with their 125-millimeter guns. The M1A2T tank's 120-millimeter gun is capable of destroying PLA tanks without reliance on anti-tank missiles.^[29] Moreover, tanks can be used as mobile reserves for counterattacks against PLA beach landings, which was successful during Battle of Guningtou.^[30]

Infantry vehicles

The CM-32 Armoured Vehicle, currently under production (mobile-gun platform variant is shown)

CM-32 Yunpao, an 8x8 armoured personnel carrier locally manufactured, will replace ageing M113s and V-150 armoured vehicles. It is a modular vehicle platform capable of accepting various configurations for specific combat requirements. As of 2019, an IFV version of Yunpao armed with Orbital ATK 30mm Mk44 Bushmaster II cannons, CM-34, is planned for production.^[31] Production of a version with a 105-mm assault gun, which is modeled on that of the CM-11 Brave Tiger main battle tank, is also scheduled to be completed by 2023.^[32]

Air defense

Antelope air defense system

Long and medium range air defense systems are operated by the Republic of China Air Force with the Army assuming much of the SHORAD mission. The most modern air defense system of the Army is the indigenously developed Antelope.^[33]

The ROCA is in the process of fielding the Surface-to-Air TC-2 medium range air defense system.^[34] Development of a surface launched TC-2 began with the ROCN in 1994.^[35]

On June 7, 2019, Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense confirmed that Taiwan has signed a $2 billion weapons deal with the Trump administration, which includes a purchase of "250 surface-to-air Stinger missile systems."^[22] Taiwan's ROC Army already has 2,223 Stinger missile systems.

Artillery

On September 23, 2019, Defense Minister Yen De-fa (嚴德發) confirmed the Republic of China Armed Forces has requested the purchase of M109A6 Paladin self-propelled howitzers from the United States. The number planned to order is undisclosed but 100 M109A6 artillery is estimated by the media. It is important to note the latest M109 artillery in the series is currently M109A7.^[36][37]

As of 2019, the ROC Army’s current artillery in service consists of M109A2 and M109A5 systems, 8 inch M110A2 self-propelled howitzers and 155mm M114 towed howitzers. These systems have exceeded their service life with the oldest being the M114, which has been in service for 68 years, while the youngest artillery system, the M109A5, has been in service for 21 years. The last artillery system that entered service is the M109A5s, which are ordered in 1996 and taken delivery in 1998.

ROCA Self-propelled Howitzers Display at ORDC Yue Kang Road

Gallery

• Chemical Safety Persons Cleaning Truck

• ROCA Emergency Command Car

• ROCA Folding Bicycles

• ROCA Microwave Broadcasting Van

• Military equipment on a train

• ROCA Satellite Telecommunication Vehicle

• ROCA Mobile Water Filter Truck

• ROCA Engineers Motor Rubber Boat

• Mitsubishi SUVs

• MAN 35ton Heavy Transporter

• ROCA Special Assault Vehicle

• ROCA Type 97 NBC Detection Truck

• ROCA Kymco KTR125

• ROCA AH-1W

• An ROCA UH-1H 379 taking off from ROCMA Ground

• UH-60M

• Type 86 carbine

• Generator of T-82 20mm Twin Cannon

• Engineering Equitment of Center Taiwan Reserve Training Center

• LAADS Housed in S-280 Shelter on Truck

• ROCA Double-modes Infrared Biological Detector

• T4-86 Light Sterilizer with Bath Screen

• Wire dispenser

• Visitors with ROCA Officer Photoing above Engineering Bridge

• Military Light Tactical Vehicle Type B

• ROCA M88A1 RV

• CS/MPQ-90 on a truck

• Bistatic Radar Passive Receiver Systen Display at Military Academy Ground

See also

• Republic of China Army rank insignia
• Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)
• Republic of China Armed Forces
  • Republic of China Navy
    • Republic of China Marine Corps
  • Republic of China Air Force
  • Republic of China Military Police
• Orders, decorations, and medals of the Republic of China
• Political status of Taiwan
• Santikhiri, a town in Thailand settled by remnants of the 93rd Division

References

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External links

• ROC Army webpage (in English)