RT (anteriormente Russia Today ) es una red de televisión internacional controlada por el estado ruso [1] financiada por el presupuesto fiscal federal del gobierno ruso . [15] [16] Opera canales de televisión de pago dirigidos a audiencias fuera de Rusia, además de proporcionar contenido de Internet en inglés, español, francés, alemán, árabe y ruso.
 | |
| Tipo | Medios estatales , [1] canal de noticias , propaganda [2] |
|---|---|
| País | Rusia |
| Área de transmisión | Mundial |
| Eslogan | Pregunta más |
| Sede | Moscú , rusia |
| Programación | |
| Idioma (s) | Canal de noticias: inglés , francés , árabe y español Canal de documentales : inglés, francés, ruso Plataformas online: alemán [3] |
| Formato de imagen | 1080i ( HDTV ) (reducido a 16: 9 480i / 576i para la alimentación SDTV ) |
| Propiedad | |
| Dueño | ANO "TV-Novosti" [4] |
| Canales hermanos |
|
| Historia | |
| Lanzado | 10 de diciembre de 2005 (registrado el 6 de abril de 2005) [10] [11] |
| Nombres anteriores | Rusia hoy (2005-2009) |
| Enlaces | |
| Sitio web | www |
| Disponibilidad | |
| Terrestre | |
| Oqaab (Afganistán) | Canal 47 |
| Televisión digital terrestre (Estados Unidos) | Canal 10.1 ( Carolina, Puerto Rico ) Canal 31.5 (Cortez, Colorado) Canal 36.1 ( Mayagüez, Puerto Rico ) |
| Satélite | |
| Hot Bird 13 ° E (Europa, Oriente Medio y África del Norte) | 12476 H 29900 3/4 (HD) 11240 V 27500 3/4 (SD) |
| Astra 19,2 ° E (Europa) | 11377 V 22000 2/3 (HD) 11068 V 22000 5/6 (SD) |
| Astra 5 ° E (Escandinavia) | 11996 H 27500 3/4 (SD) |
| Astra 5 ° E (África subsahariana) | 12015 V 29950 3/4 (SD) |
| Hispasat 30 ° W (Europa) | 12092 V 27500 3/4 (SD) |
| Azerspace-2 45 ° E (África Occidental) | 11590 V 30000? (DAKOTA DEL SUR) |
| Al Jah 1 52.5 ° E (Medio Oriente y África del Norte) | 11977 H 27500 7/8 (HD) |
| ABS 2A 75 ° E (Rusia) | 11605 V 43200 7/8 (SD) |
| MEASAT-3a 91.4 ° E (Sur de Asia, Oceanía y África) | 4120 H 30000 5/6 (HD) |
| AsiaSat 7 105.5 ° E (Asia y Oceanía) | 3760 H 26000 7/8 (SD) |
| Streaming de medios | |
| Transmisión en vivo oficial | RT News, RT America, RT UK, RT Documentary On Air , RT Árabe, RT Español |
RT es una marca de TV-Novosti, una "organización autónoma sin fines de lucro" fundada por la agencia de noticias estatal rusa RIA Novosti en abril de 2005. [10] [17] Durante la crisis económica de diciembre de 2008, el gobierno ruso , encabezada por el primer ministro Vladimir Putin , incluyó a ANO "TV-Novosti" en su lista de organizaciones centrales de importancia estratégica para Rusia . [18] [19] [20] RT funciona como un servicio multilingüe con canales en cinco idiomas: el canal original en inglés se lanzó en 2005, el canal en árabe en 2007, el español en 2009, el alemán en 2014 y el francés en 2017. RT America (desde 2010), [21] RT UK (desde 2014) y otros canales regionales también producen contenido local. RT es la empresa matriz de la agencia de vídeo Ruptly , [5] [6] [7], propietaria del canal de vídeo Redfish y de la empresa de medios digitales Maffick . [8] [9]
RT ha sido descrito como un importante medio de propaganda para el gobierno ruso y su política exterior . [2] Académicos, verificadores de hechos y reporteros de noticias (incluidos algunos reporteros actuales y anteriores de RT) han identificado a RT como un proveedor de desinformación [42] y teorías de conspiración . [48] El regulador de medios del Reino Unido, Ofcom, ha encontrado repetidamente que RT infringió sus reglas de imparcialidad, incluidos varios casos en los que RT transmitió contenido "materialmente engañoso". [55] La editora en jefe de RT, Margarita Simonyan, comparó el canal con el Ministerio de Defensa y afirmó que estaba "librando una guerra de información y con todo el mundo occidental". [16] [56] En septiembre de 2017, se ordenó a RT America registrarse como " agente extranjero " en el Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos en virtud de la Ley de Registro de Agentes Extranjeros . [57] La RT está prohibida en Ucrania desde 2014, [58] y en Letonia [59] y Lituania [60] desde 2020.
Historia
Fundación
La creación de RT fue parte de un esfuerzo de relaciones públicas más amplio del gobierno ruso en 2005 para mejorar la imagen de Rusia en el exterior. [61] RT fue concebido por el ex ministro de medios Mikhail Lesin [62] y el portavoz de prensa del presidente ruso Vladimir Putin , Aleksei Gromov. [63] En el momento de la fundación de RT, la directora de RIA Novosti , Svetlana Mironyuk, declaró: "Desafortunadamente, en el nivel de conciencia de masas en Occidente, Rusia está asociada con tres palabras: comunismo, nieve y pobreza", y agregó "nos gustaría para presentar un panorama más completo de la vida en nuestro país ”. [62] RT está registrada como una organización autónoma sin fines de lucro [4] [64] financiada por el presupuesto federal de Rusia a través de la Agencia Federal de Prensa y Comunicaciones Masivas de la Federación de Rusia . [sesenta y cinco]
En 2005, RIA Novosti ayudó a establecer ANO TV-Novosti (o "TV-News de organización autónoma sin fines de lucro") para servir como la organización matriz del canal planificado. ANO TV-Novosti se registró el 6 de abril de 2005 [10] y Sergey Frolov fue nombrado director general . [66]
El canal se lanzó como Russia Today el 10 de diciembre de 2005. En su lanzamiento, el canal empleaba a 300 periodistas, incluidos aproximadamente 70 de fuera de Rusia. [61] Russia Today nombró a Margarita Simonyan como su editora en jefe; reclutó a periodistas extranjeros como presentadores y consultores. [62] Simonyan declaró que la intención del canal era tener un "formato profesional" similar a la BBC y Euronews que "reflejaría la opinión de Rusia sobre el mundo" y presentaría una "imagen más equilibrada" de Rusia. [67]
Simonyan, de solo 25 años en el momento de ser contratada por el canal, era una ex reportera de la piscina del Kremlin que había trabajado en periodismo desde que tenía 18. Le dijo al New York Times que después de la caída de la Unión Soviética , muchos jóvenes nuevos Se contrató a periodistas, lo que resultó en un grupo de personal mucho más joven que otras organizaciones de noticias. [68] El periodista Danny Schechter (quien ha aparecido como invitado en RT) [69] declaró que, habiendo sido parte del personal de lanzamiento en CNN , veía a RT como otro "canal de jóvenes sin experiencia, pero muy entusiasmados con Que estan haciendo ellos". [70] Poco después del lanzamiento del canal, James Painter escribió que RT y canales de noticias similares como France 24 y TeleSUR se veían a sí mismos como "contrahegemónicos", ofreciendo una visión y contenido noticioso diferente de los de los medios occidentales como CNN y el BBC . [71]
Desarrollo y expansión
RT lanzó varios canales nuevos en los años siguientes: el canal en árabe Rusiya Al-Yaum en 2007, el canal en español RT Actualidad en 2009, RT America, que se centra en los Estados Unidos, en 2010 y el canal RT Documentary en 2011. [21]
En agosto de 2007, Russia Today se convirtió en el primer canal de televisión en informar en directo desde el Polo Norte (con una duración de cinco minutos y 41 segundos). Una tripulación de RT participó en la expedición polar rusa Arktika 2007 , dirigida por Artur Chilingarov en el rompehielos Akademik Fyodorov . [72] [73] El 31 de diciembre de 2007, las transmisiones de RT de las celebraciones de Año Nuevo en Moscú y San Petersburgo se transmitieron en las horas previas al evento de Año Nuevo en Times Square de la ciudad de Nueva York . [73]
Russia Today llamó la atención en todo el mundo por su cobertura de la guerra de Osetia del Sur de 2008 . [73] [74] [75] RT nombró a Georgia como el agresor [75] contra los gobiernos separatistas de Osetia del Sur y Abjasia , que estaban protegidos por tropas rusas. [76] RT vio esto como el incidente que mostró sus habilidades de recopilación de noticias al mundo. [29] Margarita Simonyan declaró: "Éramos los únicos entre los medios de comunicación en idioma inglés que estaban dando la otra cara de la historia: la versión surosetia de la historia". [74]
En 2009, Russia Today pasó a llamarse "RT", que los académicos de la Universidad George Washington, Jack Nassetta y Kimberly Gross, describieron como un "[intento] de deshacerse de la afiliación estatal". [36] Simonyan dijo que la compañía no había cambiado de nombre, pero que el logotipo corporativo de la compañía se cambió para atraer a más espectadores: "¿quién está interesado en ver noticias de Rusia todo el día?" [21]
A principios de 2010, RT dio a conocer una campaña publicitaria muy controvertida llamada "Question More", que fue creada para el canal por McCann Erickson, con sede en Gran Bretaña . [31] Uno de los anuncios presentados como parte de la campaña mostraba al presidente estadounidense Barack Obama transformándose en el líder iraní Mahmoud Ahmadinejad y preguntaba: "¿Quién representa la mayor amenaza nuclear?" El anuncio fue prohibido en los aeropuertos estadounidenses. Otro mostraba a un soldado occidental "fusionándose" con un combatiente talibán y preguntaba: "¿El terror sólo lo infligen terroristas?" [77] Uno de los anuncios en vallas publicitarias de 2010 de RT ganó los premios británicos de publicidad nacional en periódicos como "Anuncio del mes". [78]
RT es uno de los varios canales internacionales que desafían la cobertura noticiosa global de los medios estadounidenses. [79] En 2010, Walter Isaacson , presidente de la Junta de Gobernadores de Radiodifusión del gobierno de EE. UU. , Que dirige Voice of America , Radio Free Europe y Radio Free Asia , pidió más dinero para invertir en los programas porque "no podemos permitirnos estar fuera comunicada por nuestros enemigos", mencionando específicamente a Rusia Hoy en día, Irán 's Press TV y de china televisión central de china (CCTV) en la siguiente frase. Más tarde explicó que en realidad se estaba refiriendo a "enemigos" en Afganistán , no a los países que mencionó. [80] En 2011, la secretaria de Estado Hillary Clinton declaró que Estados Unidos estaba "perdiendo la guerra de la información" en el extranjero frente a canales extranjeros como RT, Al Jazeera y China Central Television [81] y que estaban suplantando a Voice of America. [82] [83]
Desde 2012
A principios de 2012, poco después de su nombramiento como embajador de Estados Unidos en Rusia , Michael McFaul desafió a Margarita Simonyan [84] en Twitter sobre las acusaciones de RT [85] de que había enviado a la figura de la oposición rusa Alexei Navalny a estudiar en la Universidad de Yale . [84] [85] Según RT, McFaul se refería a un comentario en un artículo del politólogo Igor Panarin , que RT había especificado que eran las opiniones del autor. [86] [87] McFaul luego aceptó una entrevista de Sophie Shevardnadze en RT sobre este y otros temas y reafirmó que la administración Obama quería un "reinicio" en las relaciones con Rusia. [88] [89]
El 17 de abril de 2012, RT estrenó World Tomorrow , un programa de entrevistas de noticias presentado por el fundador de WikiLeaks , Julian Assange . El primer invitado del programa fue el líder de Hezbollah , Hassan Nasrallah . [90] [91] [92] La entrevista fue noticia mundial ya que Nasrallah rara vez da entrevistas a los medios occidentales. [93] Los comentaristas describieron esto como un "golpe". [94] [95] WikiLeaks describió el programa como "una serie de conversaciones en profundidad con actores políticos clave, pensadores y revolucionarios de todo el mundo". [96] Afirmó que el programa es "producido de forma independiente y Assange tiene el control"; WikiLeaks ofrece una "licencia para difusores, únicamente". [97]
Assange dijo que RT permitió a sus invitados discutir cosas que "no podrían decir en una cadena de televisión convencional". [98] La compañía de producción de Assange hizo el programa y Assange tenía el control editorial total. Assange dijo que, si Wikileaks hubiera publicado grandes cantidades de datos comprometedores sobre Rusia, su relación con RT podría no haber sido tan cómoda. [93] En agosto de ese año, RT sufrió un ataque de denegación de servicio . Algunas personas vincularon el ataque a la conexión de RT con Assange, y otras a un veredicto judicial inminente relacionado con Pussy Riot . [99]
El 23 de octubre de 2012, RT, junto con Al Jazeera y C-SPAN , transmitieron el debate de terceros de la Fundación de Elecciones Libres e Iguales entre cuatro candidatos de terceros a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos. [100] [101] El 5 de noviembre, RT transmitió los dos candidatos que fueron votados como ganadores de ese debate, el candidato del Partido Libertario , el gobernador Gary Johnson, y la candidata del Partido Verde , Jill Stein , del estudio de RT en Washington, DC . [102] [103] [104]
En mayo de 2013, RT anunció que el ex presentador de CNN, Larry King , presentaría un nuevo programa de entrevistas en RT. King dijo en un anuncio en RT: "Prefiero hacer preguntas a las personas en posiciones de poder, en lugar de hablar en su nombre". [105] [106] Como parte del trato, King también llevaría su serie de Hulu Larry King Now a RT. El 13 de junio de 2013, RT emitió una transmisión por televisión preliminar del nuevo programa de la noche del jueves, Politicking , de King , en el que se hablaba de la filtración de Edward Snowden del programa de vigilancia PRISM . [107]
Vladimir Putin visitó el nuevo centro de transmisión de RT en junio de 2013 y declaró: "Cuando diseñamos este proyecto en 2005, teníamos la intención de presentar a otro jugador fuerte en la escena internacional, un jugador que no solo proporcionaría una cobertura imparcial de los eventos en Rusia. pero también intentar, permítanme enfatizar, quiero decir, tratar de romper el monopolio anglosajón de los flujos de información global ... Queríamos traer un canal de noticias absolutamente independiente al ámbito de las noticias. Ciertamente, el canal está financiado por el gobierno , por lo que no puede evitar reflejar la posición oficial del gobierno ruso sobre los eventos en nuestro país y en el resto del mundo de una forma u otra. Pero me gustaría subrayar una vez más que nunca pretendimos este canal, RT, como ningún otro. de la apologética de la línea política rusa, ya sea nacional o extranjera ". [108] [15]
A principios de octubre de 2014, RT anunció el lanzamiento de un canal de noticias dedicado, RT UK , dirigido al público británico. El nuevo canal comenzó a funcionar el 30 de octubre de 2014. [109]
En 2018, parte del personal de RT inició un nuevo proyecto de medios, Redfish.media, que se posicionó como "periodismo de base". [110] [8] El sitio web fue criticado por el activista Musa Okwonga por entrevistarlo engañosamente y luego distribuirlo a través de canales de RT mientras ocultaba su afiliación real. [111] Otro proyecto de RT similar es In the NOW , iniciado en 2018. [112] El 15 de febrero de 2019, Facebook bloqueó temporalmente la página In the NOW , diciendo que aunque no requiere que las páginas revelen quién las financia, había suspendió la página para que los espectadores no "sean engañados acerca de quién está detrás de ellos". Anissa Naouai , directora ejecutiva de Maffick , que publicó la página, describió el bloqueo como "discriminación sin precedentes" y dijo que Facebook no pidió a otros canales que declaren su empresa matriz y afiliaciones financieras. En febrero de 2019, la mayoría de las acciones de Maffick estaban controladas por Ruptly , una subsidiaria de RT, y Naouai poseía el 49% restante. Facebook desbloqueó la página el 25 de febrero de 2019; Naouai dijo que la compañía había accedido a hacerlo una vez que la página fuera actualizada para incluir información sobre el financiamiento y la administración de In the NOW . Agregó que este requisito no se ha aplicado a ninguna otra página de Facebook. In the NOW también tiene un canal activo en YouTube y publica regularmente videos de Soapbox , un canal propiedad de Maffick. [113] [114] [9] [115]
En febrero de 2021, Matt Campo del Boletín de los Científicos Atómicos informó que la RT se había creado una cuenta en Gab , una red social conocida por su extrema derecha base de usuarios, justo antes del comienzo del ex presidente de Estados Unidos , Donald Trump 's segundo juicio político . [116] Field señaló que RT había publicado varios artículos en su cuenta de Gab, incluido uno que criticaba al Proyecto Lincoln , una organización dirigida por republicanos anti-Trump . [116]
Según un estudio de 2021, los espectadores expuestos a RT se volvieron más propensos a "apoyar a Estados Unidos que se retira de su papel como líder global cooperativo entre 10 y 20 puntos porcentuales. Este efecto es sólido en todas las medidas, se da en todos los partidos y persiste incluso cuando revelamos que RT está financiado por el gobierno ruso. RT no tiene ningún efecto en las opiniones de los estadounidenses sobre la política nacional o el gobierno ruso ". [117]
En su libro de 2021 sobre tácticas autoritarias para construir una imagen positiva de sus regímenes, Michael Dukalskis escribe que "RT generalmente no ensalza las virtudes de Rusia directamente y, en cambio, se centra en presentar una imagen negativa de Estados Unidos y" Occidente ". Presenta a Rusia como un "desvalido global" para Estados Unidos y fomenta teorías de conspiración sobre este último y critica la influencia estadounidense en el exterior ". [46]
Organización
La agencia de noticias estatal RIA Novosti , que fundó RT en 2005, es una de las más grandes de Rusia. Su ex presidenta fue Svetlana Mironyuk , quien modernizó la agencia después de ser nombrada en 2003. [118] [119] [120] RIA Novosti declaró que ayudó a establecer RT, pero "no es ni patrocinador ni patrocinador de Russia Today". [21] Mikhail Seslavinsky, a cargo de la Agencia Federal de Prensa y Comunicaciones Masivas de la Federación de Rusia , afirmó en 2005 que "Russia Today vendrá como una empresa independiente". [121] Según la legislación rusa, RT es una organización independiente. [64]
En 2007, RT estableció oficinas en el mismo edificio que RIA Novosti, después de que la Unión de Periodistas de Rusia se viera obligada a desalojarlas. [122] En 2012, Anna Kachkayeva, decana de comunicación con los medios en la Escuela Superior de Economía de Moscú , declaró que las dos organizaciones "comparten el mismo techo" porque están ubicadas en el mismo edificio, pero en "financiación, política editorial, gestión y personal, son dos organizaciones independientes cuyas operaciones diarias no están interconectadas de ninguna manera ”. [64] En 2008, Simonyan señaló que más de 50 jóvenes periodistas de RT habían pasado a ocupar posiciones en los grandes medios de comunicación occidentales. [73] En 2010, el personal de RT había aumentado a 2.000. [21]
En diciembre de 2012, RT trasladó sus estudios de producción y su sede a unas nuevas instalaciones en Moscú. La medida coincidió con la actualización de RT de toda su programación de noticias en inglés a alta definición . [123] [124] [125]
En 2013, un decreto presidencial emitido por Vladimir Putin disolvió RIA Novosti, reemplazándola con una nueva agencia de información llamada Rossiya Segodnya (traducida directamente como Russia Today ). [126] Según un informe en el sitio web de RT, la nueva agencia "no estaría relacionada de ninguna manera" con el canal de noticias de RT a pesar de la similitud con el nombre original de RT. [126] El 31 de diciembre de 2013, Margarita Simonyan, editora en jefe del canal de noticias RT, también fue nombrada editora en jefe de la nueva agencia de noticias mientras mantenía sus funciones para la cadena de televisión. [127]
Coopera RT con una serie de medios de comunicación en Rusia y en el extranjero, incluyendo los medios de comunicación privados como Izvestia , Kommersant , Trud , Nezavisimaya Gazeta , Vedomosti , Argumenty i Fakty y no ruso Asociación Internacional de Radiodifusión , Huffington Post y News.com.au . [3] [128]
Presupuesto
Cuando se estableció en 2005, ANO TV-Novosti invirtió $ 30 millones en costos de puesta en marcha para establecer RT, [129] con un presupuesto de $ 30 millones para su primer año de funcionamiento. La mitad del presupuesto de la red provino del gobierno ruso; la otra mitad provino de bancos comerciales pro-Kremlin a solicitud del gobierno. [71] Su presupuesto anual aumentó de aproximadamente $ 80 millones en 2007 a $ 380 millones en 2011, pero se redujo a $ 300 millones en 2012. [130] [2] [131] El presidente Putin prohibió la reducción de la financiación para RT el 30 de octubre de 2012 . [132]
Alrededor del 80 por ciento de los costos de RT se incurren fuera de Rusia, pagando a las redes asociadas alrededor de $ 260 millones por la distribución de sus canales en 2014. [26] [133] En 2014, RT recibió 11,87 mil millones de rublos ($ 310 millones) en fondos gubernamentales y se esperaba recibir 15,38 mil millones de rublos ($ 400 millones) en 2015. [134] (A modo de comparación, el BBC World Service Group más grande tenía un presupuesto de $ 376 millones en 2014-15. [135] ) A principios de 2015, cuando el valor del rublo se desplomó y se impuso una reducción del diez por ciento en los subsidios a los medios, se pensó que el presupuesto de RT para el año se reduciría a alrededor de $ 236 millones. [26] [133] En cambio, la financiación del gobierno se incrementó a 20,8 mil millones de rublos (alrededor de $ 300 millones) en septiembre. [136] En 2015, se esperaba que RT recibiera 19 mil millones de rublos ($ 307 millones) del gobierno ruso el año siguiente. [137]
La red
Según RT, la alimentación de la red es transportada por 22 satélites y más de 230 operadores, proporcionando un alcance de distribución a alrededor de 700 millones de hogares en más de 100 países, [138] y que RT America está disponible para 85 millones de hogares en todo Estados Unidos. [139]
Además de su principal canal en inglés RT International, RT UK y RT America , RT también opera el canal en árabe Rusiya Al-Yaum , el canal en español Actualidad RT, así como el canal de documentales RTDoc. RT mantiene 21 oficinas en 16 países, incluidas las de Washington, DC, la ciudad de Nueva York; Londres, Inglaterra; París, Francia; Delhi, India; El Cairo, Egipto y Bagdad, Irak . Emplea a más de 2.000 profesionales de los medios de comunicación en todo el mundo. [3]
| Canal | Descripción | Idioma | Lanzado |
|---|---|---|---|
| RT Internacional | El canal de noticias insignia de la red RT, cubre noticias internacionales y regionales desde una perspectiva rusa. También incluye programas de comentarios y documentales. Con sede en Moscú con presencia en Washington, Nueva York, Londres, París, Delhi, El Cairo y Bagdad y otras ciudades. [3] | inglés | 2005 |
| RT árabe | Con sede en Moscú y retransmisión 24 horas al día, 7 días a la semana. Los programas incluyen noticias, programación de largometrajes y documentales. [140] | Arábica | 2007 |
| RT español | Con sede en Moscú con oficinas en Miami, Los Ángeles, La Habana y Buenos Aires . Cubre titulares de noticias, política, deportes y programas especiales de transmisión. [141] | Español | 2009 |
| RT América | RT America tiene su sede en la oficina de RT en Washington, DC, e incluye programas presentados por periodistas estadounidenses. El canal mantiene un horario separado de programas cada día de la semana de 4:00 pm a 12:00 am , hora del este , y transmite simultáneamente RT International en todos los demás horarios. RT America se vio obligada a registrarse como agente extranjero en la División de Seguridad Nacional del Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos en virtud de la Ley de Registro de Agentes Extranjeros . [142] | inglés | 2010 |
| RT Reino Unido | RT UK tiene su sede en la oficina de Londres de RT en Millbank Tower . Incluye programas presentados por periodistas británicos. El canal ofrece cinco horas de programación por día, de lunes a jueves UK News a las 6 pm, 7 pm, 8 pm, 9 pm y 10 pm y transmite simultáneamente RT International en cualquier otro momento. Los viernes no hay boletín de noticias del Reino Unido de las 10 pm. [143] | inglés | 2014 |
| RT Documental | Un canal documental de 24 horas. La mayor parte de su programación consiste en documentales producidos por RT relacionados con Rusia. [144] | Inglés ruso | 2011 |
La fuerte caída del rublo a finales de 2014 obligó a RT a posponer los canales en alemán y francés. [135]
Además de la agencia de noticias Ruptly , RT también gestiona los siguientes sitios web: RT на русском (en ruso), [145] RT en français (francés), [146] RT Deutsch (alemán). [147]
En 2015, los canales de noticias de RT en YouTube fueron: RT (el canal principal), RT America, RT árabe, RT en español, RT Deutsch, RT French, RT UK, RT на русском y el recién lanzado RT Chinese. [26]
En septiembre de 2012, RT firmó un contrato con RRSat, con sede en Israel, para distribuir feeds de alta definición del canal en Estados Unidos, América Latina y Asia. [148] En octubre de 2012, Rusiya Al-Yaum y RT de RT se unieron a la red de alta definición Al Yah Satellite Communications ("YahLive"). [149] El 12 de julio de 2014, durante su visita a Argentina , Putin anunció que Actualidad RT transmitiría en abierto en el país, el primer canal de televisión extranjero en hacerlo allí. [150] [151] Según Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , las Autoridades Estatales de Medios de Argentina decidieron suspender RT el 11 de junio de 2016, junto con el canal de televisión venezolano TeleSur , ambos autorizados por el anterior gobierno izquierdista de Cristina Kirchner. . Oficialmente, Argentina quería dedicar la frecuencia de RT a las transmisiones nacionales. [152] RT se puso a disposición en la plataforma de televisión por suscripción australiana dominante Foxtel el 17 de febrero de 2015. [153]
Calificaciones
No se dispone de cifras fiables para la audiencia mundial de RT. [136] En los Estados Unidos, RT generalmente paga servicios de cable y satélite para transmitir su canal en paquetes de abonado. [154] En 2011, RT fue el segundo canal de noticias extranjero más visto en los Estados Unidos (después de BBC World News ), [155] y la red extranjera número uno en cinco áreas urbanas importantes de Estados Unidos en 2012. [156] También calificó bien entre los estadounidenses más jóvenes menores de 35 años y en las áreas del centro de la ciudad . [156]
En el Reino Unido, el Broadcasters 'Audience Research Board (BARB) ha incluido RT en los datos de espectadores que publica desde 2012. [136] Según sus datos, aproximadamente 2,5 millones de británicos vieron RT durante el tercer trimestre de 2012, lo que la convierte en la tercera El canal de noticias continuo más visto en Gran Bretaña, detrás de BBC News y Sky News (sin incluir Sky Sports News ). [123] [157] [158] RT pronto fue superado por Al Jazeera English , [159] y las cifras de audiencia cayeron a alrededor de 2,1 millones a finales de 2013. [160] A modo de comparación, tuvo marginalmente menos espectadores que S4C , el emisora en galés financiada por el estado , [161] o canales menores como Zing , Viva y Rishtey . [162] Según documentos internos presentados para la revisión del Kremlin, la audiencia de RT ascendió a menos del 0,1 por ciento de la audiencia televisiva de Europa, excepto en Gran Bretaña, donde la audiencia de 2013 se estimó en aproximadamente 120.000 personas por día. [154] Según los documentos filtrados, RT ocupó el puesto 175 de 278 canales en Gran Bretaña en mayo de 2013, o el quinto de ocho canales de noticias por cable. [154] En agosto de 2015, el promedio de audiencia semanal de RT había caído a alrededor de 450.000 (0,8 por ciento de la audiencia total del Reino Unido), 100.000 menos que en junio de 2012 y menos de la mitad que Al Jazeera English. [136] [163] En marzo de 2016, la visualización mensual fue de 0.04%. [164]
América Latina es la segunda área de influencia más significativa para Internet RT (rt.com). En 2013, RT ascendió a la clasificación de los 100 sitios web más vistos en siete países de América Latina. [165]
Una encuesta de Pew Research de los videos de noticias más populares en YouTube en 2011-2012 encontró que RT era la fuente principal con el 8.5 por ciento de las publicaciones, el 68 por ciento de las cuales consistía en cuentas de video en primera persona de eventos dramáticos en todo el mundo, probablemente adquiridas por la red. en lugar de creado por él. [166] [167] En 2013, RT se convirtió en el primer canal de noticias de televisión en alcanzar mil millones de visitas en YouTube. [30] En 2014, se informó que su canal principal (inglés) tenía 1,4 millones de suscriptores. [168]
En 2015, The Daily Beast informó que RT exageró enormemente su audiencia global y que sus segmentos más vistos eran sobre temas apolíticos. [169] Entre 2013 y 2015, más del 80% de la audiencia de RT fue para videos de accidentes, delitos, desastres y fenómenos naturales, como el meteorito de Chelyabinsk en 2013 , con menos del 1% de audiencia para videos políticos. [154] A finales de 2015, los 20 videos más vistos en su canal principal, con un total de 300 millones de visitas, se describieron como "desastre / novedad". De los 100 principales, solo un pequeño número podría clasificarse como político, y solo uno cubre Ucrania. [136] El video más popular del presidente ruso Putin lo muestra cantando " Blueberry Hill " en un evento benéfico de 2010 en San Petersburgo. [154] En 2017, The Washington Post analizó la popularidad de RT y concluyó que "no es muy bueno en su trabajo" como "brazo de propaganda de Moscú" debido a su relativa impopularidad. [170] RT ha cuestionado las evaluaciones de The Daily Beast y The Washington Post , diciendo que sus análisis utilizaron datos de audiencia obsoletos. [171] [172]
Un estudio realizado por el profesor Robert Orttung de la Universidad George Washington declaró que RT utiliza historias de interés humano sin contenido ideológico para atraer espectadores a sus canales. Entre enero y mayo de 2015, el canal en ruso tuvo la mayor cantidad de espectadores, con aproximadamente el doble del número del canal principal, a pesar de tener solo alrededor de un tercio del número de suscriptores. [26]
Programación
En 2008, Heidi Brown escribió en Forbes que "el Kremlin está usando el encanto, la buena fotografía y una buena dosis de atractivo sexual para atraer a una audiencia diversa y escéptica. El resultado es entretenido e inefablemente ruso". Agregó que Russia Today ha logrado "que los extranjeros al menos consideren el punto de vista ruso, por excéntrico que sea ..." [173] Matt Field en Bulletin of Atomic Scientists describió a RT como "la aplicación de gráficos de alta calidad y valores de producción a sus historias ", a menudo centrándose" en cuestiones polarizantes que no son necesariamente las más importantes para los espectadores "y, a veces," sorprendentemente en desacuerdo con las propias opiniones del presidente ruso Vladimir Putin ". [174]
Según Tim Dowling, escribiendo en The Guardian, "la opinión marginal ocupa un lugar central" en RT. "Los informes se refuerzan habitualmente con el testimonio de expertos de los que nunca ha oído hablar, que representan a instituciones de las que nunca ha oído hablar". [175]
El show de Alyona
El Alyona Show , presentado por Alyona Minkovski , se desarrolló de 2009 a 2012 (cuando Minkovski dejó RT para unirse a The Huffington Post ). La escritora de Daily Beast , Tracy Quan, describió The Alyona Show como "uno de los vehículos más populares de RT". [176] El columnista de New Republic Jesse Zwick escribió que un periodista le dijo que Minkovski es "probablemente el mejor entrevistador de noticias por cable". [177] Benjamin R. Freed escribió en la revista de cultura de vanguardia SOMA que "The Alyona Show habla de política con un ingenio agudo". [178] David Weigel llamó al programa "un intento interno de un éxito de culto noticioso" y señaló que "sus segmentos más sustanciosos eran sobre el espionaje del gobierno, la Reserva Federal y las guerras no declaradas de Estados Unidos". [75] Minkovski se había quejado de ser caracterizada como si fuera "la chica de Putin en Washington" o como "antiamericana". [178] Después de que Minkovski argumentó que Glenn Beck "no estaba del lado de Estados Unidos. Y el hecho de que mi canal sea más honesto con el pueblo estadounidense es algo de lo que debería avergonzarse", la escritora de Columbia Journalism Review , Julia Ioffe, preguntó: "ya que ¿Cuándo defiende Russia Today las políticas de cualquier presidente estadounidense? ¿O las necesidades de información del público estadounidense, para el caso? " [29]
Adán contra el hombre
De abril a agosto de 2011, RT emitió un programa de media hora en horario estelar Adam vs. the Man , [179] [180] [181] presentado por el ex veterano de la Guerra de Irak y activista anti-guerra de alto perfil Adam Kokesh . David Weigel escribe que Kokesh defendió la función de "propaganda" de RT, diciendo: "Estamos publicando la verdad que nadie más quiere decir. Quiero decir, si quieres ponerlo en el peor resumen posible, es el gobierno ruso, que es un fraude de protección que compite contra los otros gobiernos del mundo, yendo en contra de los Estados Unidos y llamándolos por sus gilipolleces ". [75]
Mundo mañana
Al revisar el primer episodio del programa World Tomorrow de Julian Assange , The Independent señaló que Assange, que estaba bajo arresto domiciliario , fue "en gran medida deferente" al hacer algunas preguntas al líder de Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, quien estaba escondido. Sin embargo, también hizo preguntas difíciles como por qué Nasrallah no había apoyado las revueltas árabes contra los líderes sirios, cuando los había apoyado en Túnez, Yemen, Egipto y otros países. [93] La periodista del New York Times , Allesandra Stanley, escribió que "prácticamente hablando, el Sr. Assange está en la cama con el Kremlin, pero el programa del martes no publicó" y que "se comportó sorprendentemente como un entrevistador estándar de la red". [90] Douglas Lucas en Salon escribió que el acuerdo de RT "puede ser una forma rentable para que él obtenga un retweet gigantesco". [97] Glenn Greenwald , que ha sido invitado en RT, [182] escribió que RT presentando el programa de Julian Assange condujo a "una ola predecible de ataques sarcásticos y engreídos de figuras de los medios estadounidenses". [183]
Otros programas
Marcin Maczka escribe que el amplio financiamiento de RT le ha permitido a RT atraer a periodistas experimentados y utilizar la última tecnología. [130] Los presentadores y corresponsales de RT tienden a concentrarse en cuestiones mundiales controvertidas, como los escándalos financieros y bancarios, el impacto empresarial en la economía mundial y las manifestaciones occidentales. También ha transmitido puntos de vista de varios teóricos de la conspiración, incluidos neonazis, supremacistas blancos y negacionistas del Holocausto (presentados como "activistas de derechos humanos"). [184] Las noticias de Rusia son de importancia secundaria y tales informes enfatizan la modernización rusa y los logros económicos, así como la cultura rusa y los paisajes naturales, mientras minimizan los problemas sociales o la corrupción de Rusia. [68] [130]
# 1917 EN VIVO
En 2017, RT ejecutó un programa simulado de tuits en vivo con el hashtag "# 1917LIVE" para conmemorar el centenario de la Revolución Rusa . [185]
El proyecto # 1917Live tenía complementos sociales multimedia, como la transmisión en vivo de Periscope, así como videos panorámicos de realidad virtual. [186]
Programas
Los programas de características de RT incluyen (con los presentadores entre paréntesis): [187] [188]
Actual
- En contacto ( Chris Hedges )
- Renegade Inc. ( Ross Ashcroft )
- Informe Keizer ( Max Keizer con Stacy Herbert ) de RT UK
- Abogado de Estados Unidos ( Mike Papantonio )
- Entrevista (varios presentadores)
- Ir al metro ( Afshin Rattansi ) desde RT UK
- Novedades ( Sam Delaney )
- Redactado esta noche ( Lee Camp ) de RT America
- Observando a los halcones ( Tyrel Ventura , Sean Stone y Tabetha Wallace )
- SophieCo ( Sophie Shevardnadze )
- CrossTalk ( Peter Lavelle )
- Larry King ahora ( Larry King )
- Sputnik ( George Galloway ) de RT UK
- Politiqueo (Larry King)
- Noticias Vistas Hughes
- En la línea de banda con José Mourinho
- Noticias con Rick Sanchez
- El show de Alex Salmond
- Mundos aparte con Oksana Boyko [189]
- En cuestión
- Toma cruda
Anterior
- Fuera de la red ( Jesse Ventura )
- Cuenta de capital ( Lauren Lyster ) de RT America
- ¡Por qué debería preocuparte! ( Tim Kirby )
- Rompiendo el set ( Abby Martin )
- En contexto ( Peter Lavelle )
- Foco ( Aleksandr Gurnov )
- Sobre el dinero (Peter Lavelle)
- Mundo de mañana ( Julian Assange )
- Moscú Fuera ( Martyn Andrews )
- Adán contra el hombre ( Adam Kokesh )
- El show de Alyona ( Alyona Minkovski )
- The Big Picture ( Thom Hartmann ) de RT America
- Las noticias con Ed Schultz ( Ed Schultz )
- Cómo ver las noticias con Slavoj Žižek
Personal en el aire
El personal actual de RT incluye a 25 personas de RT News, 25 de RT America y 8 de RT UK. [190] Los miembros notables del personal actual y anterior de RT incluyen:
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| Vladimir Putin con periodistas
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Huéspedes
Según Jesse Zwick, RT persuade a "expertos y periodistas legítimos" para que aparezcan como invitados permitiéndoles hablar extensamente sobre temas ignorados por los grandes medios de comunicación. Con frecuencia entrevista a académicos, intelectuales y escritores progresistas y libertarios de organizaciones como The Nation , Reason , Human Events , Center for American Progress [177] y el Cato Institute [75] que critican las políticas de libertades civiles y exteriores de Estados Unidos. [177] RT también cuenta con comentaristas poco conocidos, incluidos anarquistas, antiglobalistas y activistas de izquierda. [130] El periodista Danny Schechter sostiene que una de las principales razones del éxito de RT en los Estados Unidos es que RT es "una fuerza para la diversidad" que da voz a personas "que rara vez son escuchadas en los medios de comunicación estadounidenses convencionales". [70]
Entre los invitados notables se encuentran intelectuales de think tanks como Jared Bernstein , [75] John Feffer y Lawrence Korb ; periodistas y escritores Jacob Sullum , Pepe Escobar , [177] y Brian Doherty , [191] y jefes de Estado, incluidos Rafael Correa de Ecuador , [191] y Bashar al-Assad de Siria . [192] Nigel Farage , líder del Partido de la Independencia del Reino Unido de 2010 a 2016, apareció en RT dieciocho veces entre 2010 y 2014. [161] [193]
La revista The Economist señaló que la programación de RT, aunque a veces interesante e inobjetable, y en ocasiones "rígida", también presenta "teorías de conspiración locas" que pueden considerarse "excéntricas". [194] En 2010, la periodista y bloguera Julia Ioffe describió a RT como "provocativa por el simple hecho de ser provocativa" en su elección de invitados y temas, presentando a un historiador ruso que predijo que Estados Unidos pronto se disolvería, mostrando discursos del presidente venezolano Hugo Chávez , informando sobre la falta de vivienda en Estados Unidos y entrevistando al presidente del Nuevo Partido Pantera Negra . Escribió que al intentar ofrecer "un punto de vista alternativo, se ve obligado a hablar con figuras marginales, ofensivas y, a menudo, irrelevantes". [29] [194] Uninforme del Southern Poverty Law Center de 2010declaró que RT cubrió ampliamente lasteorías de la conspiración" birther " y " New World Order " y entrevistó al organizador de la milicia Jim Stachowiak y al nacionalista blanco Jared Taylor . [184] Unartículo de Al Jazeera en inglés declaró que RT tiene una inclinación "por las historias poco convencionales y las teorías de la conspiración". [195]
El canal de noticias también ha sido criticado por su falta de objetividad en su cobertura del conflicto israelo-palestino. [196] Miko Peled , la activista por la paz israelí que ha llamado al proceso de paz "un proceso de apartheid y colonización" es un invitado frecuente en RT.
La editora en jefe de RT, Margarita Simonyan, le dijo a Nikolaus von Twickel de The Moscow Times que RT comenzó a crecer una vez que se volvió provocativa y que la controversia era vital para el canal. Dijo que la tarea de RT no era pulir la reputación de Moscú. [21]
Manuel Ochsenreiter, un neonazi , ha aparecido repetidamente en RT para representar el punto de vista alemán. [197] RT News también ha recibido con frecuencia a Richard B. Spencer , un supremacista blanco estadounidense que transmite sus opiniones en apoyo del presidente sirio Bashar al-Assad , [198] y ha recibido al negador del Holocausto Ryan Dawson , presentándolo como un activista de derechos humanos . [199]
Steve Bannon has stated that he has appeared on RT "probably 100 times or more".[200]
Evaluaciones y respuestas
Watchdogs and NGOs
Pascal Bonnamour, the head of the European department of Reporters Without Borders, called the newly announced network "another step of the state to control information".[201]
For much of 2015, graduate students at Columbia School of Journalism took part in the RT Watch project, monitoring RT's (US) output. Casey Michel, who worked on the project, wrote "RT ignores the inherent traits of journalism—checking sources, relaying facts, attempting honest reportage" and "you’ll find 'experts' lacking in expertise, conspiracy theories without backing, and, from time to time, outright fabrication for the sake of pushing a pro-Kremlin line".[202][203] The results were compiled in a Tumblr blog.[204]
Commentators
According to Adam Johnson in The Nation magazine, "While Russia Today toes the Kremlin’s line on foreign policy, it also provides an outlet to marginalized issues and voices stateside. RT, for example, has covered the recent prison strikes—the largest in American history—twice. So far CNN, MSNBC, NPR, and Rutenberg’s employer, The New York Times, haven’t covered them at all. RT aggressively covered Occupy Wall Street early on while the rest of corporate US media were marginalizing from afar (for this effort, RT was nominated for an Emmy Award)."[205]
In a 2005 interview with U.S. government-owned external broadcaster Voice of America, Russian-Israeli blogger Anton Nosik said the creation of RT "smacks of Soviet-style propaganda campaigns".[206]
In 2009, Luke Harding (then Moscow correspondent for The Guardian) described RT's advertising campaign in the United Kingdom as an "ambitious attempt to create a new post-Soviet global propaganda empire".[31]
RT presents itself as a liberal alternative in the United States, but in Europe appears to have become the flagship of resurgent nationalist parties.[207]
In Russia, Andrey Illarionov, former advisor to Vladimir Putin, has called the channel "the best Russian propaganda machine targeted at the outside world".[68][130] Media analyst Vasily Gatov wrote in a 2014 Moscow Times article that sharp ethical and reporting skills are not required for Russian media employees, including RT.[208]
States
European Union – Sanctions against Dmitry Kiselyov, the head of Russia's state-controlled Rossiya Segodnya and RT television presenter, have been in place since the 2014 invasion and annexation of Ukraine's Crimea. The EU Council cites Kiselyov to be a "central figure of the government propaganda supporting the deployment of Russian forces in Ukraine". Russian state-owned media outlets are not banned and continue to be available in the EU, with the exception of Latvia and Lithuania.[209][210][211]
Latvia – At the end of June 2020, after new amendments to the Law on Electronic Media were made, seven RT channels were banned in Latvia for being under the control of Dmitry Kiselyov who had been sanctioned by the European Union since 2014. Chairperson of the National Electronic Mass Media Council Ivars Āboliņš said they will be asking all EU state regulators to follow their example and restrict RT in their territory.[212][59] Kiselyov called the decision "an indicator of the level of stupidity and ignorance of the Latvian authorities, blinded by Russophobia".[213]
Ukraine – RT has been banned in Ukraine since August 2014, following the invasion and annexation of Ukrainian territory.[58]
United States – The US Department of Justice compelled RT to file paperwork under the Foreign Agents Registration Act in the United States in September 2017.[217] Previously, the United States Secretary of State John Kerry had referred to RT as a state-sponsored "propaganda bullhorn" and he continued by saying, "Russia Today [sic] network has deployed to promote president Putin's fantasy about what is playing out on the ground. They almost spend full-time devoted to this effort, to propagandize, and to distort what is happening or not happening in Ukraine."[218] RT responded that they wanted "an official response from the U.S. Department of State substantiating Mr. Kerry's claims".[219] Richard Stengel from the U.S. Department of State responded.[220] Stengel stated in his response, "RT is a distortion machine, not a news organization", concluding that "the network and its editors should not pretend that RT is anything other than another player in Russia's global disinformation campaign against the people of Ukraine and their supporters". However, Stengel supports RT's right to broadcast in the United States.[221]
Political involvement
In April 2017, during his successful run for President of France, Emmanuel Macron's campaign team banned both RT and the Sputnik news agency from campaign events. A Macron spokesperson said the two outlets showed a "systematic desire to issue fake news and false information".[222] Macron later said during a press conference that RT and Sputnik were "agencies of influence and propaganda, lying propaganda—no more, no less".[223] RT editor-in-chief Margarita Simonyan characterized Macron's remarks on RT as an attack on freedom of speech.[224]
In October 2017, Twitter banned both RT and Sputnik from advertising on their social networking service amid accusations of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, sparking an angry response from the Russian foreign ministry.[225] Twitter in August 2020 began to identify RT, along with other Russian and Chinese media outlets, as "state-affiliated media" in a prominent place at the top of their accounts on the social media platform.[226][227]
In November 2017, Alphabet chairman Eric Schmidt announced that Google will be "deranking" stories from RT and Sputnik in response to allegations about election meddling by President Putin's government, provoking an accusation of censorship from both outlets.[228]
In March 2018, John McDonnell, the Shadow Chancellor of the British Labour Party, advised fellow Labour MPs to boycott RT and said he would no longer appear on the channel. He said: "We tried to be fair with them and as long as they abide by journalistic standards that are objective that's fine but it looks as if they have gone beyond that line". A party representative said: "We are keeping the issue under review".[229]
In July 2019, the UK Foreign Office banned both RT and Sputnik from attending the Global Conference for Media Freedom in London for "their active role in spreading disinformation". The Russian Embassy called the decision "direct politically motivated discrimination", while RT responded in a statement: "It takes a particular brand of hypocrisy to advocate for freedom of press while banning inconvenient voices and slandering alternative media."[230]
Treatment of Putin and Medvedev
A 2007 article in The Christian Science Monitor stated that RT reported on the good job Putin was doing in the world and next to nothing on things like the conflict in Chechnya or the murder of government critics.[231] According to a 2010 report by The Independent, RT journalists have said that coverage of sensitive issues in Russia is allowed, but direct criticism of Vladimir Putin or President Dmitry Medvedev was not.[70] Masha Karp wrote in Standpoint magazine that contemporary Russian issues "such as the suppression of free speech and peaceful demonstrations, or the economic inefficiency and corrupt judiciary, are either ignored or their significance played down".[232] In 2008, Stephen Heyman wrote in The New York Times that in RT's Russia, "corruption is not quite a scourge but a symptom of a developing economy".[68] Speaking after the launch of RT America, Garry Kasparov said "Russia Today is an extension of the methods and approach of the state-controlled media inside Russia, applied in a bid to influence the American cable audience".[32]
Anti-Americanism and anti-Westernism
The New Republic writer James Kirchick accused the network of "often virulent anti-Americanism, worshipful portrayal of Russian leaders".[233] Edward Lucas wrote in The Economist (quoted in Al Jazeera English) that the core of RT was "anti-Westernism".[195] Julia Ioffe wrote: "Often, it seemed that Russia Today was just a way to stick it to the U.S. from behind the façade of legitimate newsgathering."[29] Shaun Walker wrote in The Independent that RT "has made a name for itself as a strident critic of US policy".[234] Allesandra Stanley wrote in The New York Times that RT is "like the Voice of America, only with more money and a zesty anti-American slant".[90] David Weigel writes that RT goes further than merely creating distrust of the United States government, to saying, in effect: "You can trust the Russians more than you can trust those bastards."[75]
Russian studies professor Stephen F. Cohen stated in 2012 that RT does a lot of stories that "reflect badly" on the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and much of Western Europe and that they are "particularly aggrieved by American sermonizing abroad". Citing that RT compares stories about Russia allowing mass protests of the 2011–2012 Russian election protests with those of U.S. authorities nationwide arresting members of the Occupy movement. Cohen states that despite the pro-Kremlin slant, "any intelligent viewer can sort this out. I doubt that many idiots find their way to RT".[177]
According to Lithuania's STRATCOM Colonel, "RT rarely takes a single, anti-Western media line on any given story. That would be too obvious. Instead, RT journalists present gaggles of competing and contradicting narratives which together create the impression that the truth is indecipherable".[235]
John Feffer, co-director of Foreign Policy in Focus says he appears on RT as well as the U.S.-funded Voice of America and Radio Free Asia, commented "I’ve been given the opportunity to talk about military expenditures in a way I haven’t been given in U.S. outlets". On the fairness issue, he said: "You're going to find blind spots in the coverage for any news organization".[177]
RT America has described journalists as "Russiagate conspiracy theorists" for covering Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report on Russian interference in the 2016 election.[236]
Airing conspiracy theories
A 2013 article in Der Spiegel said that RT "uses a chaotic mixture of conspiracy theories and crude propaganda", pointing to a program that "mutated" the Boston Marathon bombing into a U.S. government conspiracy.[30]
The launch of RT UK was the subject of much comment in the British press. In The Observer, Nick Cohen accused the channel of spreading conspiracy theories and being a "prostitution of journalism" and in The Times, Oliver Kamm called on broadcast regulator Ofcom to act against this "den of deceivers".[237]
In 2015, Peter Pomerantsev in The Guardian accused RT of disinformation and of spreading conspiracy theories.[238]
Journalists at The Daily Beast and The Washington Post have noted that RT employs Tony Gosling, an exponent of long-discredited theories concerning the alleged control of the world by Illuminati and the Czarist antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[239][240]
Russia Today has broadcast stories about microchips being implanted into office workers in EU to make them more "submissive"; about "majority" of Europeans supporting Russian annexation of Crimea; EU preparing "a form of genocide" against Russians; in Germany it falsely reported about a kidnapping of a Russian girl; that "NATO planned to store nuclear weapons in Eastern Europe"; that Hillary Clinton fell ill; it has also on many occasions misrepresented or invented statements from European leaders.[241][242][243][244]
A report by RAND called the RT strategy "a firehose of falsehood", where fake stories are distributed in "high-volume and multichanneel, rapid, continuous, and repetitive" with no regard to consistency, where the high volume makes them difficult to counter.[245]
In response to accusations of spreading fake news RT started its own FakeCheck project. The Poynter Institute conducted a content analysis of FakeCheck and concluded it "mixes some legitimate debunks with other scantily sourced or dubiously framed 'fact checks.'"[246]
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
RT, particularly the former RT presenter Abby Martin, has been accused of being anti-Israel and pro-Palestinian by The Algemeiner and Israel National News.[247][248] Israeli foreign minister Avigdor Lieberman made a complaint[clarification needed] to Putin at their official meeting in 2012.[249]
Other responses to RT's news coverage
2008–2012
During the 2008 South Ossetia War, RT correspondent William Dunbar resigned after the network refused to let him report on Russian airstrikes of civilian targets, stating, "any issue where there is a Kremlin line, RT is sure to toe it".[250] According to Variety, sources at RT confirmed that Dunbar had resigned, saying that it was not over bias. One senior RT journalist told the magazine, "the Russian coverage I have seen has been much better than much of the Western coverage... Russian news coverage is largely pro-Russia, but that is to be expected."[251]
Shaun Walker, the Moscow correspondent for The Independent, said that RT had "instructed reporters not to report from Georgian villages within South Ossetia that had been ethnically cleansed".[77] Julia Ioffe wrote that an RT journalist whose reporting deviated from "the Kremlin line that Georgians were slaughtering unarmed Ossetians" was reprimanded.[29] Human Rights Watch said that RT's claim of 2,000 South Ossetian casualties was exaggerated.[252][253]
In 2012, Jesse Zwick of The New Republic criticized RT, stating it held that "civilian casualties in Syria are minimal, foreign intervention would be disastrous, and any humanitarian appeals from Western nations are a thin veil for a NATO-backed move to isolate Iran, China, and Russia". He wrote that RT wants to "make the United States look out of line for lecturing Russia".[177] Zwick also wrote that RT provided a "disproportionate amount of time" to covering libertarian Republican Ron Paul during his 2012 presidential campaign. Writing after her 2014 on-air resignation, Liz Wahl suggested the reason for this "wasn't his message of freedom and liberty but his non-interventionist stance and consistent criticism of U.S. foreign policy. His message fit RT's narrative that the United States is a huge bully."[254] In a June 2011 broadcast of Adam vs. the Man, host Adam Kokesh endorsed fundraising for Paul, leading to a complaint to the Federal Election Commission charging a political contribution had been made by a foreign corporation. Kokesh said his cancellation in August was related to Paul's aide Jesse Benton rather than the complaint.[181]
In September 2012, UK broadcast regulator Ofcom found that two Libyan dispatches broadcast by RT's Lizzie Phelan in a year earlier were in breach of its code on accuracy and impartiality. The following November, RT was again found in breach of impartiality rules in relation to its coverage of the Syrian conflict.[255] An August 2013 story concerning unverified reports of the killing of 450 Kurdish civilians near the Turkey-Syria border was also found to have breached Ofcom's rules.[256] That December, Ofcom found RT in breach of its standards in relation to the impartiality of a documentary entitled "Syrian Diary" broadcast the previous March.[257] Speaking in 2014 former RT reporter Sara Firth said that there had previously been examples of senior editorial interference, and that she had been pulled out of Syria after some "very heated discussions" about the channel's coverage.[40]
2014
On 4 March 2014, Breaking The Set host Abby Martin, speaking directly to her viewing audience during the show's closing statement, said that even though she works for RT, she is against Russia's intervention in Ukraine. She said that "what Russia did is wrong", as she is against intervention by any nation into other countries' affairs.[258] Later, Martin asserted that RT still supports her despite her differences of opinion with the Russian government.[259] RTs press office suggested that Martin would be sent to Crimea and responded to accusations of propaganda, stating "the charges of propaganda tend to pop up every time a news outlet, particularly RT, dares to show the side of events that does not fit the mainstream narrative, regardless of the realities on the ground. This happened in Georgia, this is happening in Ukraine".[260] Glenn Greenwald said that American media elites love to mock Russian media, especially RT, as being a source of shameless pro-Putin propaganda, where free expression is strictly barred. Agreeing the "network has a strong pro-Russian bias", he suggested that Martin's action "remarkably demonstrated what 'journalistic independence' means".[261]
On 5 March 2014, RT Washington, D.C. bureau anchor Liz Wahl resigned on air, blaming RT for propaganda. Wahl stated that what "broke" her was that RT censored a question from her interview with Ron Paul about "Russia's intervention in Ukraine". In response, RT released a statement: "When a journalist disagrees with the editorial position of his or her organization, the usual course of action is to address those grievances with the editor, and, if they cannot be resolved, to quit like a professional. But when someone makes a big public show of a personal decision, it is nothing more than a self-promotional stunt. We wish Liz the best of luck on her chosen path".[262] In a March 2014 Politico article, Wahl stated: "For about two and a half years. I’d looked the other way as the network smeared America for the sake of making the Kremlin look better by comparison, while it sugarcoated atrocities by one brutal dictator after another."[254]
When asked about a clip of her interviewing a guest on RT by Brian Stelter, host of CNN's Reliable Sources, Wahl responded,
They get these extreme voices on that have this kind of hostile toward the West viewpoints towards the world, very extremist. These are the people that they have on. And when I was on the anchor desk, they would instruct you to egg on these guests and try to get them, you know, rallied up, to really fire off their anti-American talking points. Listen, I'm all about exposing government corruption. I'm all about being critical of the government. But this is different. This is promoting the foreign policy of somebody that has just invaded a country, has invaded the country and is then lying about it, is using the media as a tool to fulfill his foreign policy interests. And RT is part of Putin's propaganda network and it's very, very troubling in the wake of what is going on in Ukraine today.[41]
The New York Times op-ed columnist Nicholas Kristof commented on CNN's Piers Morgan Live about Wahl's and Martin's initial actions, "admire their outspokenness but, you know, at the end of the day, RT is a Russian propaganda arm, and I don't think it's going to matter very much to the geopolitical consequences here".[263]
Former RT Moscow anchor Stacy Bivens, and other former RT journalists speaking under anonymity according to BuzzFeed, said they regretted working for the network, citing their dislike of the network's use of propaganda. Bivens, for example, was explicitly asked to go to Germany and procure a story proving that "Germany is a failed state". When she rejected, other reporters were sent instead.[264]
Steve Bloomfield, the foreign editor of Monocle wrote that RT's "coverage of Ukraine could not have been kinder to Moscow if Vladimir Putin had chosen the running order himself. While Putin kept up the pretence that there were no Russian troops in Crimea, so too did RT. The storming of government buildings across eastern Ukraine has been portrayed as the understandable actions of peace-loving protesters who fear "chaos" in Kiev".[265]
After the July 2014 crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, RT rushed to blame others for the plane's shoot-down in Ukraine amid accusations by Ukrainian fighters of Russian involvement in the crash.[266] Speaking of RT's coverage, Sarah Oates, professor of journalism at the University of Maryland said: "But if you’re going to engage in propaganda, you have to do it well. They have completely embarrassed themselves."[267]
Sara Firth, a London-based correspondent with RT resigned in protest over the network's coverage of the MH17 disaster. Shortly before resigning, she tweeted, "RT style guide Rule 1: It is ALWAYS * Ukraine's fault (* add name as applicable)". She told the Guardian: "I walked into the newsroom and there was an eyewitness account making allegations [against Ukraine] and analysis, if you can call it, from our correspondent in the studio. It was just appalling, in a situation like that where there are families waiting to be informed and a devastating loss of life." She also noted that "There is bias against Russia but you don’t counter wrong by doing even more wrong" and stated "I have always said it's better to have RT than to not have that perspective, but actually with a story like this and the way they misreport it, it's quite dangerous, I don’t want to be party to it."[40] In follow-up interview she said: "In Ukraine, you’re taking a very small part of a much wider story, totally omitted the context of the story, and so what you wind up with on air is outright misinformation." Calling RT "mass information manipulation" Firth said: "they have a very clear idea in their mind of what they’re trying to prove". She also stated that "The worst-kept secret is that RT is blatant propaganda. I’m one in a very long line of people who have left for the same reason."[267]
The following November, RT was again found in breach of Ofcom's impartiality rules. This time in relation to its coverage of the Ukraine crisis, specifically events leading up to the annexation by Russia of Crimea.[268] For repeated breaches of its due impartially rules, Ofcom put RT management "on notice that any future breaches of the due impartiality rules may result in further regulatory action, including consideration of a statutory sanction".[51]
2015–2016
In January 2015, Ofcom found RT (and the BBC) not in breach of rules on generally accepted standards following a complaint about the use of graphic imagery of bodies at the MH17 crash site.[269][270]
Following the March 2015 European Council summit which concluded that action was needed to "challenge Russia's ongoing disinformation campaigns", the European External Action Service was tasked to respond.[271] European Parliament briefing notes on the situation called RT "Russia's main international media weapon".[272] The counter-propaganda strategy subsequently developed by the EastStratCom Task Force, a small group of eight officials, included launching the EU vs Disinformation website with a headline of "don't be deceived, question even more".[271][273][274]
In September 2015, Ofcom found RT in breach of the impartiality rules in its coverage of the events in Ukraine and Syria. It also upheld the complaint by the BBC that allegations made in an episode of The Truthseeker that a BBC Panorama film, Saving Syria's Children, had faked a parts of a report on a chemical weapon attack in Syria were "materially misleading".[50][275][276]
In an episode of The Truthseeker, named Genocide of Eastern Ukraine, they stated that the Ukrainian government was deliberately bombing civilians and had murdered and tortured journalists, as well as crucifying babies. Ukrainian army forces were accused of "ethnic cleansing" and were compared to the Nazis in World War Two. The only response to the allegations in the broadcast was in the form of a caption saying "Kiev claims it is not committing genocide, denies casualty reports", which appeared on screen for six seconds. According to Ofcom the broadcast had "little or no counterbalance or objectivity".[50]
A spokesperson for the media regulator said: "Ofcom found that RT broadcast content that was either materially misleading or not duly impartial. These are significant failings and we are therefore requiring RT to broadcast two clear statements on our decision which correct these failures."[277]
In October 2015, David J. Kramer, senior director for human rights and democracy at the McCain Institute for International Leadership, suggested that Western countries freeze RT's assets "not because of the odious things it spews" but as part of the Yukos shareholder case.[278]
A report released by the US think-tank the RAND Corporation in 2016 called RT part of "a wider Russian propaganda operation" named the "Firehose of Falsehood". The paper called "Russian faux-news propaganda channels, such as RT" insidious and that "they look like news programs, and the persons appearing on them are represented as journalists and experts, making audience members much more likely to ascribe credibility to the misinformation these sources are disseminating".[279]
In July 2016, Ofcom again found RT in breach of its impartiality rules, this time over coverage of the Turkish government's treatment of Kurdish people. Two episodes of Going Underground originally broadcast in March, included claims of attacks, atrocities and genocide against the Kurds, and that "Turkey supports ISIS" without offering adequate counterbalance. RT's representatives stated the network "finds it especially difficult to obtain pro-Turkey views for its programming" because of "political tensions between Russia and Turkey following the downing of a Russian military aircraft by Turkish warplanes in November 2015".[280][281]
In November 2016, after the US presidential election, The Washington Post reported that RT and Sputnik were "state-funded Russian information services that mimic the style and tone of independent news organizations yet sometimes include false and misleading stories in their reports" and also that "RT, Sputnik and other Russian sites used social-media accounts to amplify misleading stories already circulating online".[282] The Post was criticized by The Intercept, Fortune, and Rolling Stone for relying in part on an analysis by PropOrNot, an anonymous organization with no reputation for fact-checking.[283][284][285]
In December 2016, Ofcom found RT in breach of its impartiality rules for the 10th time since the English-language channel launched. A Crosstalk episode broadcast the previous July, contained a debate about the NATO 2016 Warsaw summit in which all members of the panel expressed critical views. RT's representatives again stated that they couldn't find anybody with alternative opinions willing to take part, and that captions with pro-NATO comments should have been added before broadcast, but the wrong text was accidentally used.[286][287]
2017–2018
On 12 January 2017, RT was accidentally broadcast for around 10 minutes on a web stream of U.S. public affairs service C-SPAN. RT stated that while it was testing its systems in preparation for the inauguration of Donald Trump, its signal was "mistakenly routed onto the primary encoder feeding C-SPAN1's signal to the internet, rather than to an unused backup".[288]
On 19 January 2017, RT stated that it had been temporarily restricted from posting media on its Facebook page until 21 January, after the service said that RT had infringed on the copyrights of Radio Liberty's Current Now TV when broadcasting a live stream of Barack Obama's final press conference as president of the United States. Current Time TV said that it had not sent any specific complaints to Facebook, and both RT and Current Now TV stated that they had obtained their feed from the Associated Press. The restriction was removed after about 20 hours, and Facebook did not say officially if this was because of a technical error or a policy issue.[289][288]
In September 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice informed RT America that it must register as a foreign agent of the Russian government. Margarita Simonyan, RT's editor-in-chief, condemned the action as an assault on freedom of speech. A spokesperson for the Russian foreign ministry threatened retaliatory measures against American journalists.[290][291]
On 13 November 2017, RT America officially registered as a "foreign agent" in the United States with the Department of Justice under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. Under the act, RT will be required to disclose financial information.[142] This move was criticized by the committee to Protect Journalists: "We're uncomfortable with governments deciding what constitutes journalism or propaganda"[292]
In December 2018, the British media regulator Ofcom ruled that seven programmes broadcast by RT between 17 March and 26 April of that year, in the wake of the Salisbury nerve agent attacks, had breached the UK's impartiality rules; the BBC reported that RT was "extremely disappointed by Ofcom's conclusions".[293][294] RT was fined £200,000 but kept its licence to broadcast in the UK.[295] RT described Ofcom's actions against it as "inappropriate and disproportionate per Ofcom’s own track record".[296]
2021
German journalist Daniel Lange employed by RT Deutsch left the station in protest against its operation to spy on Alexey Navalny while he was undergoing treatment in a hospital in Germany after being poisoned by FSB. According to Lange, the assignment had nothing to do with journalism as he was instructed in the first place to test the security of the hospital, describe number of internal checkpoints and his RT leadership clearly indicated collected information will not be used for publication. Lange also described reporting bias in the RT where he was instructed by the editor to specifically select footage showing "all the dirt in the Germany".[297]
Premios profesionales
- September 2006 – The 10th "Golden Tambourine" International Festival for Television programmes and films[298] awarded RT's documentary People of the Bering Strait in the Ethnography and Travel category
- June 2007 – The 11th "Save and Preserve" International Environmental Television Festival[299] awarded its Grand Prix to RT's Meeting with Nature series.
- September 2007 – Eurasian Academy of Television and Radio[300] awarded RT with the Prize for Professional Skilfulness
- November 2007 – RT's report on the anniversary of the Chernobyl catastrophe received a special prize from the international 2007 AIB Media Excellence Awards[301]
- April 2008 – RT's daily studio show Entertainment Today hosted by Martyn Andrews and Anya Fedorova receives a special diploma from the board of the Russian Entertainment Awards[302]
- September 2008 – Russia's TEFI to Kevin Owen in Best News Anchor category[303]
- November 2008 – Special Jury Award in the Best Creative Feature category for a Russian Glamour feature story at Media Excellence Awards in London[3]
- January 2009 – Silver World Medal from the New York Festivals, for Best News Documentary "A city of desolate mothers"[304]
- August 2010 – First nomination for an International Emmy Award in News category for its coverage of president Barack Obama's trip to Russia.[305]
- August 2012 – Second nomination for an International Emmy Award for its coverage of the international Occupy Wall Street movement.[306]
- August 2014 – Third nomination for an International Emmy Award for its coverage of the Guantanamo Bay hunger strikes.[307]
- August 2016 – Fourth nomination for an International Emmy Award for its coverage of the 70th anniversary session of the United Nations General Assembly.[308]
Ver también
- Freedom of the press in Russia
- Media of Russia
- Russia Beyond the Headlines
- Soviet Central Television
Notas explicatorias
- 1. ^ Stephen Heyman estimated that more than $100 million had been spent on the station as of May 2008. [68]
Citas
- ^ a b [12][13]:4[14]:2
- ^ a b [22][23][24][25][26]:2[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]
- ^ a b c d e "About RT (formerly corporate profile)". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ a b "Contact info". RT International. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ a b "Russia Uses State Television to Sway Opinion at Home and Abroad". Der Spiegel. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ a b "В Минске задержаны двое стрингеров видеоагентства Ruptly" [Two stringers of video agency Ruptly detained in Minsk]. Interfax (in Russian). 9 August 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
Двух стрингеров видеоагентства Ruptly задержали в Минске, сообщил владелец сервиса, телеканал RT.
[Two stringers of the Ruptly video agency were detained in Minsk, the owner of the service, RT TV channel, said.] - ^ a b Tobitt, Charlotte (11 April 2019). "RT's video agency Ruptly beats UK media to Julian Assange footage". Press Gazette. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ a b c Moore, Matthew (10 February 2018). "Company behind Grenfell YouTube film has links to Kremlin". The Times. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ a b c O'Sullivan, Donie; Griffin, Drew; Devine, Curt; Shubert, Atika (18 February 2019). "Russia is backing a viral video company aimed at American millennials". CNN. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
- ^ a b c File:ANO TV-Novosti (Federal Tax Service of Russia, Unified State Register of Legal Entities).pdf
- ^ File:ANO TV-Novosti (Federal Tax Service of Russia, Unified State Register of Legal Entities).pdf
- ^ a b Golovchenko, Yevgeniy; Hartmann, Mareike; Adler-Nissen, Rebecca (1 September 2018). "State, media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: citizen curators of digital disinformation". International Affairs. Oxford University Press. 94 (5): 975–994. doi:10.1093/ia/iiy148. ISSN 0020-5850. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
Particularly in the wake of the crisis in Ukraine that erupted in 2013–2014, the Kremlin has been accused of orchestrating disinformation campaigns against the Ukrainian government and western countries by using online trolls and state-controlled online outlets such as RT (formerly known as Russia Today), Sputnik and Life News.
- ^ a b Hellman, Maria; Wagnsson, Charlotte (3 April 2017). "How can European states respond to Russian information warfare? An analytical framework" (PDF). European Security. Taylor & Francis. 26 (2): 153–170. doi:10.1080/09662839.2017.1294162. S2CID 157635419. Retrieved 20 March 2021 – via Charles University.
- ^ a b Al-Rawi, Ahmed (12 February 2021). "How did Russian and Iranian trolls' disinformation toward Canadian issues diverge and converge?". Digital War. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/s42984-020-00029-4. ISSN 2662-1983. Retrieved 21 March 2021 – via Springer.
- ^ a b Fisher, Max (13 June 2013). "In case you weren't clear on Russia Today's relationship to Moscow, Putin clears it up". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ a b Nimmo, Ben. "Question That: RT's Military Mission". Atlantic Council-Digital Forensic Research Lab. medium.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- ^ Valery Kodachigov. Вести с эфирного фронта [News from the air front] (in Russian). Com News.ru.
- ^ "Archive of the official site of the 2008–2012 Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin". Government of Russia.
- ^ Перечень системообразующих организаций, утвержденный Правительственной комиссией по повышению устойчивости развития российской экономики [List of systemically important institutions approved by the Government Commission on Sustainable Development of the Russian Economy] (in Russian). government.ru. Archived from the original (DOC) on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ Правительство РФ приняло перечень системообразующих организаций [The Russian government has adopted a list of backbone organizations]. RBK Group (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f von Twickel, Nikolaus (23 March 2010). "Russia Today courts viewers with controversy". Russia Beyond. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ Langdon, Kate C.; Tismaneanu, Vladimir (9 July 2019). "Russian Foreign Policy: Freedom for Whom, to Do What?". Putin's Totalitarian Democracy: Ideology, Myth, and Violence in the Twenty-First Century. Springer International. pp. 189–224. ISBN 978-3-030-20579-9. Retrieved 21 March 2021 – via Google Books.
Soviet-born British journalist Peter Pomerantsev documented the typical newsroom antics in one of Russia's largest propaganda outlets, RT News (formerly known as Russia Today). When his acquaintance composed a piece that referenced the Soviet Union’s occupation of Estonia in 1945, the writer was chewed out by his boss, who maintained the belief that Russians saved Estonia. Any other descriptions of the events of 1945 were unacceptable assaults on Russia's integrity, apparently, so the boss demanded that he amend his text.
- ^ Reire, Gunda (2015). "Euro-Atlantic values and Russia's propaganda in the Euro-Atlantic space" (PDF). Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. 13 (4). Retrieved 21 March 2021 – via Center for International Studies.
Nowadays, Russia attacks the Western value of rationality and uses the argument of "the second opinion" or plurality of opinions. The phrase "the second opinion" has even become the slogan of RT. For instance, this propaganda channel used the public opinion's contention as to the nature of the Iraq war, to sell itself as an impartial, objective media outlet in the USA. Overall, Russian propaganda involves a clash of political systems, which is more dangerous than the old-school Soviet propaganda.
- ^ Benkler, Yochai; Faris, Rob; Roberts, Hal (October 2018). "Epistemic Crisis". Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation and Radicalization in American Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 358. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-092362-4. OCLC 1045162158. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
The emphasis on disorientation appears in the literature on modern Russian propaganda, both in inward-focused applications and in its international propaganda outlets, Sputnik and RT (formerly, Russia Today). Here, the purpose is not to convince the audience of any particular truth but instead to make it impossible for people in the society subject to the propagandist’s intervention to tell truth from non-truth.
- ^ Oates, Sarah; Steiner, Sean (17 December 2018). "Projecting Power: Understanding Russian Strategic Narrative". Russia's Public Foreign Policy Narratives (PDF). Russian Analytical Digest. 229. 17. University of Bremen: Research Centre for East European Studies. pp. 2–5. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000311091. Retrieved 21 March 2021 – via ETH Zurich.
The analysis of Russian strategic narrative allows us to understand more clearly the logic in Russian propaganda found on English-language outlets such as RT and more effectively deter Russian information aggression.
- ^ a b c d e Orttung, Robert; Nelson, Elizabeth; Livshen, Anthony (8 December 2015). "Measuring RT's impact on YouTube". Information Warfare (PDF). Russian Analytical Digest. 177. University of Bremen: Research Centre for East European Studies. Retrieved 21 March 2021 – via ETH Zurich.
- ^ Ajir, Media; Vailliant, Bethany (Fall 2018). "Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory". Strategic Studies Quarterly. 12 (3): 70–89. ISSN 1936-1815. JSTOR 26481910. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
The real-world repercussions of these objectives are identified through several forms of attack. The first is through disseminating official Russian state propaganda abroad via foreign language news channels as well as Western media. Most notable is the creation of the very successful government-financed international TV news channel, Russia Today (RT).
- ^ Bicknell, Bob (11 December 2005). "Russian News, English Accent". CBS News. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Julia Ioffe (September–October 2010). "What Is Russia Today?". Columbia Journalism Review.
- ^ a b c Benjamin Bidder (13 August 2013). "Putin's Weapon in the War of Images". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ a b c Luke Harding (18 December 2009). "Russia Today launches first UK ad blitz". The Guardian. London.
- ^ a b Kramer, Andrew E (22 August 2010). "Russian Cable Station Plays to U.S." The New York Times.
- ^ "Ukraine hits back at Russian TV onslaught". BBC. 2014.
- ^ a b MacFarquhar, Neil (28 August 2016). "A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
- ^ Golovchenko, Yevgeniy (11 December 2020). "Measuring the scope of pro-Kremlin disinformation on Twitter". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. Springer Nature. 7 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1057/s41599-020-00659-9. ISSN 2662-9992. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
The impact of Russian state-controlled news outlets—which are frequent sources of pro-Kremlin disinformation—is concentrated in one, highly popular news outlet, RT. [...] When it comes to overt reach, the Russian government openly funds English-speaking outlets, such as Sputnik News and RT. These outlets serve as a frequent source of pro-Kremlin disinformation both according to scholars, fact-checkers and Western authorities (BBC, 2019; Elliot, 2019; Thornton, 2015).
- ^ a b Nassetta, Jack; Gross, Kimberly (30 October 2020). "State media warning labels can counteract the effects of foreign misinformation". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. Harvard University: Harvard Kennedy School. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-45. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Most often channels like Russia's RT and Iran's PressTV do not technically violate a platform's terms of service and so cannot be removed. However, they still play a vital role in the disinformation ecosystem. Not only do they put out disinformation through their websites and social media channels, they are key nodes in coordinated campaigns, as well. For instance, the content originally posted on RT will be reposted down a chain of websites until it appears to be an organic article on an American outlet (Nimmo, 2017).
- ^ Walker, Christopher (2016). "The Hijacking of "Soft Power"" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. Johns Hopkins University Press. 27 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0007. S2CID 31802016. Retrieved 21 March 2021 – via National Endowment for Democracy.
State or state-friendly media in Russia—Life News, NTV, Channel One Russia, and Russia 24—disseminate not just the Kremlin's narratives but also outright fakery to domestic audiences and those in the Russian-speaking space. These outlets spread the same stories via social media as well. RT, meanwhile, pushes this manipulated content out to international audiences.
- ^ LoGiurato, Brett (30 April 2014). "Russia's Propaganda Channel Just Got A Journalism Lesson From The US State Department". Business Insider. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ Crowley, Michael (1 May 2014). "Tit-for-Tat: Putin's Maddening Propaganda Trick". Time. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Plunkett, John (18 July 2014). "Russia Today reporter resigns in protest at MH17 coverage". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ a b Brian Stelter (24 March 2014). "Putin TV in Chaos". CNN.
- ^ [12][13]:4[14]:11[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]
- ^ Yablokov, Ilya (November 2015). "Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of Russia Today (RT)" (PDF). Politics. SAGE. 35 (3–4): 301–315. doi:10.1111/1467-9256.12097. S2CID 142728966. Retrieved 21 March 2021 – via University of Montenegro.
Among the conspiratorial ideas that feature in RT's broadcasts, two types are of particular interest: the first includes genuinely American conspiracy theories; and the second includes ideas of conspiracy in relations between the US and Russia. The analysis of these two types of conspiracy theories offers an opportunity to explore how they are employed to undermine US domestic and foreign policies.
- ^ Elswah, Mona; Howard, Philip N (1 October 2020). ""Anything that Causes Chaos": The Organizational Behavior of Russia Today (RT)". Journal of Communication. Oxford University Press. 70 (5): 623–645. doi:10.1093/joc/jqaa027. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Across our interviews, our respondents agreed that the goals of the channel since 2008 have been and still are as follows. First, to push the idea that Western countries have as many problems as Russia. Second, to encourage conspiracy theories about media institutions in the West in order to discredit and delegitimize them. This is clearly adherent to the channel's "Questions More" slogan. Third, to create controversy and to make people criticize the channel, because it suggests that the channel is important, an approach that would particularly help RT managers get more funding from the government.
- ^ Byford, Jovan (2011). "Introduction". Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 9–10. doi:10.1057/9780230349216. ISBN 978-1-349-32350-0. Retrieved 21 March 2021 – via Google Books.
The channel has provided the likes of Alex Jones, Webster Tarpley, David Ray Griffin and Jim Marrs with the opportunity to promote, to an international audience, their ideas about the New World Order, 9/11, the Bilderberg group or the climate change conspiracy, all while being treated with absolute deference by the channel's journalists. Embedded video clips of appearances on Russia Today have become a regular feature on the websites of American conspiracy theorists, where they are brandished as a sign of credibility and mainstream recognition.
- ^ a b Dukalskis, Alexander (2021). Making the World Safe for Dictatorship. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-752014-7.
- ^ Gray, Rosie (13 March 2014). "How The Truth Is Made At Russia Today". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ [43][44][45][46][47]
- ^ William Turvill (15 November 2012). "Ofcom rules against Russia Today over Syria conflict report". Press Gazette. Progressive Media International. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ a b c "UK regulator Ofcom backs BBC in Russian TV case". BBC News. 21 September 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ a b John Plunkett (10 November 2014). "Russia Today threatened with Ofcom sanctions due to bias". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ^ Alevtina Kuzmenkova (18 October 2016). "British Bank Closes Russian Broadcaster RT Accounts". Transitions Online. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016.
OFCOM, the British broadcast regulator, has repeatedly singled out RT for its lack of impartiality
- ^ Waterson, Jim (16 July 2018). "Alex Salmond's RT show breached Ofcom broadcasting rules". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ Pomerantsev, Peter (4 January 2015). "Inside Putin's Information War". Politico. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- ^ [49][50][51][52][53][54]
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Сейчас ни с кем не воюем. А вот в 2008 году воевали. Министерство обороны воевало с Грузией, а информационную войну вели мы, причем со всем западным миром. Ну невозможно только начинать делать оружие, когда война уже началась! Поэтому Министерство обороны сейчас ни с кем не воюет, но готово к обороне. Так и мы.
[Now we are not at war with anyone. But in 2008 they fought. The Ministry of Defence was at war with Georgia, and we were waging an information war, and with the entire Western world. Well, it's impossible just to start making weapons when the war has already begun! Therefore, the Ministry of Defence is now not at war with anyone, but is ready for defense. So are we.] - ^ Chappell, Bill (14 November 2017). "TV Company Linked To Russia's RT America Registers As Foreign Agent In U.S." NPR. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
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enlaces externos
- Official website
- RT's channel on YouTube