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Un rickshaw automático en Sri Lanka

Un rickshaw automático es una versión motorizada del rickshaw tirado o del rickshaw ciclista. La mayoría tienen tres ruedas y no se inclinan. Son conocidos por muchos términos en varios países, incluidos auto, auto / auto rickshaw, baby taxi, pigeon, bajaj, chand gari, lapa, tuk-tuk, Keke-napep, 3wheel, pragya, bao-bao , tukxi , tig o saqajamad. .

El rickshaw automático es una forma común de transporte urbano, tanto como vehículo de alquiler como para uso privado, en muchos países del mundo. Son especialmente comunes en países con climas tropicales o subtropicales , ya que generalmente no están completamente cerrados, y en muchos países en desarrollo porque son relativamente económicos de poseer y operar.

Hay muchos diseños diferentes de rickshaw automáticos. El tipo más común se caracteriza por un cuerpo de chapa o bastidor abierto que descansa sobre tres ruedas; un techo de lona con cortinas laterales abatibles; una pequeña cabina en la parte delantera para el conductor (en India, el auto- wallah o tuktuK-wallah ), con controles en el manillar ; y un espacio de carga, pasajeros o de doble propósito en la parte trasera. Otro tipo común es una motocicleta que tiene un sidecar expandido o, con menos frecuencia, empuja o tira de un compartimiento de pasajeros. A partir de 2019, Bajaj Auto de Pune , India , es el fabricante de rickshaw de automóviles más grande del mundo, vendiendo 780.000 unidades durante el año fiscal. [1]

Origen [ editar ]

Daihatsu Midget Modelo DKA

En la década de 1930, Japón, que era el país más industrializado del este de Asia en ese momento, alentó el desarrollo de vehículos motorizados, incluidos vehículos de tres ruedas menos costosos basados ​​en motocicletas. El Mazda-Go , un "camión" abierto de 3 ruedas lanzado en 1931, [2] a menudo se considera el primero de los que se convirtieron en rickshaws automáticos. Más tarde esa década, el Ministerio de Correos y Telecomunicaciones de Japón distribuyó alrededor de 20.000 vehículos de tres ruedas usados ​​en el sudeste asiático como parte de los esfuerzos para expandir su influencia en la región. [3] [4] [5] [6]Se hicieron populares en algunas áreas, especialmente en Tailandia, que desarrolló la fabricación y el diseño locales después de que el gobierno japonés aboliera la licencia de vehículos de tres ruedas en Japón en 1965. [7]

La producción en el sudeste asiático comenzó a partir de la producción desmontable del Daihatsu Midget , que se introdujo en 1959. [8] Una excepción es el triciclo filipino modificado de forma autóctona , que se origina en la motocicleta Rikuo Tipo 97 con sidecar, introducido en las islas en 1941 por el Ejército Imperial Japonés durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. [9]

En Europa, a Corradino D'Ascanio , diseñador de aviones de Piaggio e inventor de la Vespa , se le ocurrió la idea de construir un vehículo comercial ligero de tres ruedas para impulsar la reconstrucción económica de Italia de la posguerra . El Piaggio Ape siguió su ejemplo en 1947.

Variaciones regionales [ editar ]

África y Oriente Medio [ editar ]

Egipto [ editar ]

Localmente llamado "toktok", el rickshaw se utiliza para proporcionar transporte en la mayor parte de Egipto.

Israel (Gaza) [ editar ]

Junto con el reciente auge de las instalaciones recreativas en Gaza para los residentes locales, los carros tirados por burros casi han sido desplazados por los tuk-tuks en 2010. Debido a la prohibición de Egipto e Israel sobre la importación de la mayoría de los vehículos motorizados, los tuk-tuks han tuvo que pasar de contrabando en partes a través de la red de túneles que conectan Gaza con Egipto . [10]

Madagascar [ editar ]

En Madagascar, los rickshaws impulsados ​​por el hombre son una forma común de transporte en varias ciudades, especialmente Antsirabe . Se les conoce como "ramillete" de pousse-pousse , que significa empujar-empujar . Los rickshaws de bicicletas despegaron desde 2006 en varias ciudades planas como Toamasina y reemplazaron la mayor parte del ramillete, y ahora están amenazados por los rickshaws de automóviles, introducidos en 2009. Las capitales provinciales como Toamasina, Mahajanga, Toliara y Antsiranana se están convirtiendo en ellos rápidamente. [ cita requerida ] Se les conoce como "bajaji" en el norte y "tuk-tuk" o "tik-tik" en el este, y ahora tienen licencia para operar como taxis. [ cita requerida ]Todavía no se les permite una licencia de operación en la congestionada y más contaminada capital nacional, Antananarivo. [ cita requerida ] [11] [12] [13]

Nigeria [ editar ]

Vista aérea de la congestión de autorickshaw desde un puente peatonal en Uyo, en el sudeste de Nigeria

El rickshaw automático se utiliza para proporcionar transporte en ciudades de todo Nigeria. Sin embargo, la popularidad y el uso varían en todo el país. En Lagos, por ejemplo, el "keke" ( yoruba para bicicleta) está regulado y el transporte por las carreteras del estado está prohibido. [14]

Sudáfrica [ editar ]

Tuk-Tuk en Hermanus , Sudáfrica (2014)

Los tuk-tuks, introducidos en Durban [15] a fines de la década de 1980, gozaron de una popularidad creciente en los últimos años, particularmente en Gauteng . [16] En Ciudad del Cabo se utilizan para entregar comestibles y, más recientemente, para transportar turistas. [17] [18]

Rickshaw en Omdurman ( Sudán )

Sudán [ editar ]

Los rickshaws, conocidos como "Raksha" en Sudán, son el medio de transporte más común seguido por el autobús en la capital, Jartum .

Tanzania [ editar ]

Los rickshaws se conocen localmente como "bajaji" y son un medio de transporte común en Dar es Salaam . [19]

Uganda [ editar ]

Una empresa de entrega local llamada Sokowatch en 2020 comenzó un proyecto piloto utilizando tuk-tuks eléctricos para reducir la contaminación. [20]

Zimbabwe [ editar ]

Hende Moto eléctrico 3 ruedas Zimbabwe

Hende Moto Taxi se introdujo por primera vez en Zimbabwe como el primer automóvil fabricado por una empresa zimbabuense de fabricación de vehículos de tres ruedas Hende Moto Pvt Ltd, Hende Moto Engine en una carrocería de fibra de vidrio Safari. El primer Hende Moto Taxi se introdujo en Kwekwe en agosto de 2019, Zimbabwe y, posteriormente, la ciudad de Victoria Falls quedó en segundo lugar y, por último, en Harare 2019. Hende Moto también es el fabricante del primer vehículo eléctrico de tres ruedas para pasajeros fabricado en Zimbabwe. Funciona con una batería de iones de litio que tiene un alcance de 70 millas con una carga de 6 horas.

Asia meridional [ editar ]

Afganistán [ editar ]

Un tuk-tuk en Herat

Los rickshaws de automóviles son muy comunes en la ciudad de Jalalabad , en el este de Afganistán , donde se decoran popularmente con arte y colores. [21] También son populares en la ciudad norteña de Kunduz . [22]

Bangladesh [ editar ]

"GNC" en Dhaka
Ver también: Arte en rickshaw en Bangladesh

Los rickshaws (llamados localmente "taxis para bebés" y más recientemente "GNC" debido a su fuente de combustible, gas natural comprimido) son uno de los modos de transporte más populares en Bangladesh principalmente debido a su tamaño y velocidad. Se adaptan mejor a calles estrechas y concurridas y, por lo tanto, son el principal medio para cubrir distancias más largas dentro de las áreas urbanas. [23]

Los motores de dos tiempos han sido identificados como una de las principales fuentes de contaminación del aire en Dhaka . Así, desde enero de 2003, los rickshaws de automóviles tradicionales fueron prohibidos en la capital; sólo se permitió operar dentro de los límites de la ciudad a los nuevos modelos propulsados ​​por gas natural (GNC). Todos los GNC están pintados de verde para indicar que los vehículos son ecológicos y que cada uno tiene un medidor incorporado. [24]

India [ editar ]

La mayoría de las ciudades ofrecen servicio de auto rickshaws, aunque los rickshaws para bicicletas también son comunes e incluso existen rickshaws tirados a mano en ciertas áreas como Kolkata . [25] : 15,57,156 Muchos gobiernos estatales han lanzado una iniciativa de servicio de rickshaw amigable para las mujeres llamado Pink Rickshaws . [26]

Los rickshaws automáticos se utilizan en ciudades y pueblos para distancias cortas; son menos aptos para largas distancias porque son lentos y los vagones están expuestos a la contaminación del aire. [25] : 57,58,110 Los rickshaws (a menudo llamados "autos") brindan un transporte económico y eficiente. Los rickshaws automotrices modernos funcionan con gas natural comprimido (GNC) y gas licuado de petróleo (GLP) debido a las regulaciones gubernamentales y son amigables con el medio ambiente en comparación con los autos de tamaño completo. [ cita requerida ] [nb 1]

Para aumentar el movimiento rápido del tráfico, no se permiten rickshaws en la parte sur de Mumbai . [27]

India es la ubicación del Rickshaw Run anual .

Hay dos tipos de rickshaws automáticos en la India. En las versiones más antiguas, los motores estaban debajo del asiento del conductor, mientras que en las versiones más nuevas, los motores están en la parte trasera. Normalmente funcionan con gasolina , GNC o diesel . La capacidad de asientos de un rickshaw normal es de cuatro, incluido el asiento del conductor. Existen rickshaws de seis plazas en diferentes partes del país, pero el modelo fue prohibido oficialmente en la ciudad de Pune el 10 de enero de 2003 por la Autoridad de Transporte Regional (RTA). [28]

Los autos a GNC en muchas ciudades (por ejemplo, Delhi, Agra) se distinguen de los autos anteriores a gasolina por una librea verde y amarilla, en contraposición a la apariencia anterior negra y amarilla. En otras ciudades (como Mumbai), la única característica distintiva es la impresión 'CNG' que se encuentra en la parte posterior o lateral del automóvil. Algunos gobiernos locales están considerando motores de cuatro tiempos en lugar de versiones de dos tiempos. [ cita requerida ]

Los fabricantes de rickshaw de automóviles en la India incluyen Bajaj Auto , Atul Auto Limited, Oculus Auto, [29] Kerala Automobiles Limited , Force Motors , Mahindra & Mahindra , Piaggio Ape , TVS Motors y Fleek Motors.

En Delhi también solía haber una variante impulsada por un motor Harley-Davidson llamado phat-phati , por el sonido que producía . La historia cuenta que poco después de la Independencia se encontró un stock de motos Harley-Davidson que habían sido utilizadas por las tropas británicas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y dejadas en un almacén militar en Delhi. Algunos conductores emprendedores compraron estas bicicletas, agregaron una caja de cambios (probablemente de un jeep Willys ), soldaron un compartimiento de pasajeros que era bueno para cuatro o seis pasajeros, y pusieron los vehículos no convencionales en las carreteras. Un fallo de 1998 de la Corte Suprema against the use of polluting vehicles finally signed the death warrant of Delhi's phat-phatis.[30][31][32][33]

As of 2018 India has about 1.5 million battery-powered, three-wheeled rickshaws on its roads. Some 11,000 new ones hit the streets each month, creating a US$1.5 billion market. Manufacturers include Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. and Kinetic Engineering. A hindrance to adoption to electric vehicles is the paucity of charging stations; India had only 425 at year-end 2017. By 2022 the number is projected to rise to 2,800.[34]

  • Auto rickshaws at Pune Railway Station

  • Auto rickshaw in Goa

  • TVS Auto rickshaw in Chennai

  • CNG green auto rickshaw in Delhi

  • An API 175 Lambretta Auto, no longer in production

Legislation[edit]

Generally rickshaw fares are controlled by the government,[35] however auto (and taxi) driver unions frequently go on strike demanding fare hikes. They have also gone on strike multiple times in Delhi to protest against the government and High Court's 2012 order to install GPS systems, and even though GPS installation in public transport was made mandatory in 2015, as of 2017 compliance remains very low.[36][37][38]

Nepal[edit]

Auto rickshaws were a popular mode of transport in Nepal during the 1980s and 1990s, until the government banned the movement of 600 such vehicles in the early 2000s.[39] The earliest auto rickshaws running in Kathmandu were manufactured by Bajaj Auto.[citation needed]

Nepal has been a popular destination for the Rickshaw Run. The 2009 Fall Run took place in Goa, India and ended in Pokhara, Nepal.[40]

Pakistan[edit]

Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transport in Pakistani towns[41] and are mainly used for travelling short distances within cities. One of the major manufacturers of auto rickshaws is Piaggio. The government is taking measures to convert all gasoline powered auto rickshaws to cleaner CNG rickshaws by 2015 in all the major cities of Pakistan by issuing easy loans through commercial banks. Environment Canada is implementing pilot projects in Lahore, Karachi, and Quetta with engine technology developed in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada that uses CNG instead of gasoline in the two-stroke engines, in an effort to combat environmental pollution and noise levels.[citation needed]

In many cities in Pakistan, there are also motorcycle rickshaws, usually called "chand gari" (moon car) or "chingchi", after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd who first introduced these to the market.[citation needed]

There are many rickshaw manufacturers in Pakistan. Lahore is the hub of CNG auto rickshaw manufacturing. Manufacturers include: New Asia automobile Pvt, Ltd; AECO Export Company; STAHLCO Motors; Global Sources; Parhiyar Automobiles; Global Ledsys Technologies; Siwa Industries; Prime Punjab Automobiles; Murshid Farm Industries; Sazgar Automobiles; NTN Enterprises; and Imperial Engineering Company.

  • Chingchee in Pakistan

  • Auto rickshaw, Karachi

  • Auto rickshaw, Karachi

  • Auto rickshaw, Lahore

Sri Lanka[edit]

Trishaw in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka

Auto rickshaws, commonly known as Three-wheelers, tuk-tuks (Sinhala: ටුක් ටුක්, pronounced [ṭuk ṭuk]) or trishaws can be found on all roads in Sri Lanka from the curvy roads in the hill country to the congested roads of Colombo transporting locals, foreigners, or freight about. Sri Lankan three-wheelers are of the style of the light Phnom Penh-type. Most of the three-wheelers in Sri Lanka are a slightly modified Indian Bajaj model, imported from India though there are few manufactured locally and increasingly imports from other countries in the region and other brands of three-wheelers such as Piaggio Ape. As of mid-2018, a new gasoline powered tuk-tuk typically costs around US$4,300, while a newly introduced Chinese electric model cost around US$5,900.[42] Since 2008, the Sri Lankan government has banned the import of all 2-stroke gasoline engines, due to environmental concerns.[42] Ones imported to the island now are four-stroke engines. Most three-wheelers are available as hired vehicles, with few being used to haul goods or as private company or advertising vehicles. Bajaj enjoys a virtual monopoly in the island, with its agent being David Pieries Motor Co, Ltd.[43] A few three-wheelers in Sri Lanka have distance meters. In the capital city it is becoming more and more common. The vast majority of fares are negotiated between the passenger and driver. There are 1.2 million trishaw's in Sri Lanka and most are on financial loans.

Southeast Asia[edit]

  • Tuktuks and palmyra palms on the Mekong bank in Thakhek, Laos

  • Tuk-tuk taxi sidecar in Laos

  • Tuk-tuk, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Cambodia[edit]

In Cambodia, the term tuk-tuk (Khmer: ទុកទុក) refers may refer to a three-wheeled vehicle or to a passenger-carrying remorque pulled by a motorcycle. It is a widely used form of transportation in the capital of Phnom Penh and for visitors touring the Angkor temples in Siem Reap. Some have four wheels and is composed of a motorcycle (which leans) and trailer (which does not). Cambodian cities have a much lower volume of automobile traffic than Thai cities, and tuk-tuks are still the most common form of urban transport. There are more than 6,000 tuk-tuks in Phnom Penh, according to the Independent Democracy of Informal Economy Association (IDEA), a union that represents tuk-tuk drivers among other members.[44]

Indonesia[edit]

In Indonesia, auto rickshaws are popular in Jakarta as Bajay, Java, Medan and Gorontalo as Bentor, and some parts of Sulawesi and other places in the country. In Jakarta, the auto rickshaws are called Bajay or Bajaj and they are the same to as the ones in India but are colored blue (for the ones which use Compressed natural gas) and orange (for the ones which use normal gasoline fuel).[45] The blue ones are imported from India with the brand of Bajaj and TVS and the orange ones are the old design from 1990 and are not powered by gas like the blue ones, yet the government is increasing units of the blue Bajays and is step by step decreasing the orange bajays.[45] The Bajaj is one of the most popular modes of transportation in the city. Outside of Jakarta, the bentor-style auto rickshaw is ubiquitous, with the passenger cabin mounted as a sidecar (like in Medan) or in-front (like the ones in some parts of Sulawesi) to a motorcycle.

  • Bentor in North Sumatra

  • Bentor in Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi

  • Gasoline fuelled Bajaj in Jakarta

  • CNG fuelled Bajaj in Jakarta.

Philippines[edit]

Main article: Motorized tricycle (Philippines)
See also: Cycle rickshaw § Philippines

In the Philippines, a similar mode of public transport is the "tricycle" (Filipino: traysikel; Cebuano: traysikol).[46] Unlike auto rickshaws, however, it has a motorcycle with a sidecar configuration and a different origin. The exact date of its appearance in the Philippines is unknown, but it started appearing after World War 2, roughly at the same time as the appearance of the jeepney. It is most likely derived from the Rikuo Type 97 military motorcycle used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines starting at 1941. The motorcycle was essentially a licensed copy of a Harley-Davidson with a sidecar.[9] However, there is also another hypothesis which places the origin of the tricycle to the similarly built "trisikad", a human-powered cycle rickshaw built in the same configuration as the tricycle. However, the provenance of the trisikad is also unknown. Prior to the tricycles and trisikad, the most common means of mass public transport in the Philippines is a carriage pulled by horses or carabaos known as the kalesa (calesa or carromata in Philippine Spanish).[47] The pulled rickshaw never gained acceptance in the Philippines. Americans tried to introduce it in the early 20th century, but it was strongly opposed by local Filipinos who viewed it as an undignified mode of transport that turned humans into "beasts".[48]

The design and configuration of tricycles vary widely from place to place, but tends towards rough standardization within each municipality. The usual design is a passenger or cargo sidecar fitted to a motorbike, usually on the right of the motorbike. It is rare to find one with a left sidecar. A larger variant of the tricycle with the motorcycle in the center enclosed by a passenger cab with two side benches is known as a "motorela." It is found in the islands of Mindanao, Camiguin, and Bohol.[49] Another notable variant are the tricycles of the Batanes Islands which have cabs made from wood and roofed with thatched cogon grass.[50] In Pagadian City, tricycles are also uniquely built with the passenger cab slanting upwards, due to the city's streets that run along steep hills.[51]

Tricycles can carry three passengers or more in the sidecar, one or two pillion passengers behind the driver, and even a few on the roof of the sidecar. Tricycles are one of the main contributors to air pollution in the Philippines,[52][53] which account for 45% of all volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions[54] since majority of them employ two-stroke engines. However, some local governments are working towards phasing out two-stroke tricycles for ones with cleaner four-stroke engines.[52][55]

Tuk-Tuks have now been accepted as Three-Wheeled Vehicles by the Land Transportation Office (Philippines) as distinct from tricycles and are now seen in Philippine streets. Electric versions are now seen especially in the city of Manila where they are called e-trikes.[56] Combustion engine tuktuks are locally distributed by TVS Motors and Bajaj Auto through dealerships[57]

  • Motorized tricycle, Dumaguete City

  • 7-passenger tricycle with large sidecar, Province of Aklan

  • Tricycle stand, Banaue Municipal Town

  • A Bajaj RE in Intramuros, Manila

Thailand[edit]

The auto rickshaw, called tuk-tuk (Thai: ตุ๊ก ๆ, pronounced [túk túk]) in Thailand, is a widely used form of urban transport in Bangkok and other Thai cities. The name is onomatopoeic, mimicking the sound of a small (often two-cycle) engine. An equivalent English term would be "putt-putt".[citation needed] It is particularly popular where traffic congestion is a major problem, such as in Bangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima. Drivers may also use their tuk-tuks to transport fresh produce or other goods around the city in absence of passengers.

Bangkok and other cities in Thailand have many tuk-tuks which are a more open variation on the Indian auto rickshaw. About 20,000 tuk-tuks are registered as taxis in Thailand.[58] Bangkok alone is reported to have 9,000 tuk-tuks.[59]

Tuk-tuk hua kob (ตุ๊ก ๆ หัวกบ; literally: frog-headed tuk tuk) is a unique tuk tuk with a cab looking like a frog's head. Only Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya and Trang have vehicles like this.[60][61]

  • Tuk-tuk in Bangkok

  • Police tuk-tuk, Chiang Mai

  • Thai northeast (Isan)-style half tuk-tuk/half songthaew, Udon Thani (it known as "skylab")

  • Tuk-tuk hua kob, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya

East Asia[edit]

China[edit]

Auto rickshaw Haikou

Various types of auto rickshaw are used around China, where they are called sān lún chē (三轮车) and sometimes sān bèng zǐ (三蹦子), meaning three wheeler or tricycle. They may be used to transport cargo or passengers in the more rural areas. However, in many urban areas the auto rickshaws for passengers are often operated illegally as they are considered unsafe and an eyesore.[62][63] They are permitted in some towns and cities, however. The Southeast Asian word tuk tuk is transliterated as dū dū chē (嘟嘟车, or beep beep car) in Chinese.[64]

Europe[edit]

France[edit]

A number of tuk-tuks (250 in 2013 according to the Paris Prefecture) are used as an alternative tourist transport system in Paris, some of them being pedal-operated with electric motor assist. They are not yet fully licensed to operate and await customers on the streets. Vélotaxis were common during the Occupation years in Paris due to fuel restrictions.[65]

Italy[edit]

An Ape C (1956–1967)

Auto rickshaws have been commonly used in Italy since the late 1940s, providing a low-cost means of transportation in the post–World War II years when the country was short of economic resources. The Piaggio Ape (Tukxi), designed by Vespa creator Corradino D'Ascanio and first manufactured in 1948 by the Italian company Piaggio, though primarily designed for carrying freight has also been widely used as an auto rickshaw. It is still extremely popular throughout the country, being particularly useful in the narrow streets found in the center of many little towns in central and southern Italy. Though it no longer has a key role in transportation, Piaggio Ape is still used as a minitaxi in some areas such as the islands of Ischia and Stromboli (on Stromboli no cars are allowed). It has recently been re-launched as a trendy-ecological means of transportation, or, relying on the role the Ape played in the history of Italian design, as a promotional tool. Since 2006 the Ape has been produced under licence in India.[citation needed]

Portugal[edit]

Tuk Tuk Taxi in Albufeira Portugal

Tuk Tuks are used in the resort city of Albufeira in the Algarve as a novel form of transport for visitors during the tourist season.

United Kingdom[edit]

Tuk Tuks & Auto Rickshaws were introduced into the UK by Tukshop in 2004. Founded by mrsteve the first shipments of Bajaj vehicles arrived in Southampton where they were assembled and modified for UK road use.

Tuctucs booking auto rickshaw at Brighton Marina

In 2006 a British travel writer – Antonia Bolingbroke-Kent – and her friend Jo Huxster travelled 12,561 miles (20,215 km) with an auto rickshaw from Bangkok to Brighton. With this 98 days' trip they set a Guinness World Record for the longest journey ever with an auto rickshaw.[citation needed]

Central America[edit]

Bajaj mototaxis in El Salvador

El Salvador[edit]

The mototaxi or moto is the El Salvadoran version of the auto rickshaw. These are most commonly made from the front end and engine of a motorcycle attached to a two-wheeled passenger area in back. Commercially produced models, such as the Indian Bajaj brand, are also employed.[citation needed]

Guatemala[edit]

In Guatemala tuk-tuks operate, both as taxis and private vehicles, in Guatemala City, around the island town of Flores, Peten, in the mountain city of Antigua Guatemala, and in many small towns in the mountains. In 2005 the tuk-tuks were prevalent in the Lago de Atitlán towns of Panajachel and Santiago Atitlán.

North America[edit]

Westcoaster Mailster

United States[edit]

In the 1950s and 1960s, the United States Post Office (replaced in 1971 by the United States Postal Service) used the WestCoaster Mailster, a close relative of the tuk-tuk.[66] Similar vehicles remain in limited use for parking enforcement, mall security, and other niche applications.

Cuba[edit]

In Cuba, the autorickshaws are small and look like a coconut, hence the name Cocotaxi.

Cocotaxis in Havana, Cuba

South America[edit]

Peru[edit]

In Peru, a version of this vehicle is called a motocar[67] or mototaxi.[68]

Fuel efficiency and pollution[edit]

A CNG Auto-rickshaw in New Delhi

In July 1998, the Supreme Court of India ordered the Government of Delhi to implement CNG or LPG (Autogas) fuel for all autos and for the entire bus fleet in and around the city. Delhi's air quality has improved with the switch to CNG. Initially, auto rickshaw drivers in Delhi had to wait in long queues for CNG refueling, but the situation improved following an increase in the number of CNG stations. Gradually, many state governments passed similar laws, thus shifting to CNG or LPG vehicles in most large cities to improve air quality and reduce pollution. Certain local governments are pushing for four-stroke engines instead of two-stroke ones. Typical mileage for an Indian-made auto rickshaw is around 35 kilometres per litre (99 mpg‑imp; 82 mpg‑US) of petrol. Pakistan has passed a similar law prohibiting auto rickshaws in certain areas. CNG auto rickshaws have started to appear in huge numbers in many Pakistani cities.[citation needed]

In January 2007 the Sri Lankan government also banned two-stroke trishaws to reduce air pollution. In the Philippines[69] there are projects to convert carburated two-stroke engines to direct-injected via Envirofit technology. Research has shown LPG or CNG gas direct-injection can be retrofitted to existing engines, in similar fashion to the Envirofit system.[70] In Vigan City majority of tricycles-for-hire as of 2008 are powered by motorcycles with four-stroke engines, as tricycles with two-stroke motorcycles are prevented from receiving operating permits. Direct injection is standard equipment on new machines in India.[71][72]

In March 2009 an international consortium coordinated by the International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies initiated a two-year public-private partnership of local and international stakeholders aiming at operating a fleet of 15 hydrogen-fueled three-wheeled vehicles in New Delhi's Pragati Maidan complex.[73] As of January 2011, the project was nearing completion.[citation needed]

Hydrogen internal combustion (HICV) use in three-wheelers has only recently being started to be looked into, mainly by developing countries, to decrease local pollution at an affordable cost.[74][75]

See also[edit]

  • Fuel gas-powered scooter
  • Formic acid vehicle: a type of hydrogen-based vehicle
  • Jeepney
  • Rickshaw (disambiguation)

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Typical fuel economy for an Indian-made auto rickshaw is around 35 kilometres per litre (99 mpg‑imp; 82 mpg‑US) of petrol.[citation needed]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Bajaj Auto in top gear". Fortune India.
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External links[edit]

  • The India 1000 – an article in Wired about auto rickshaw racing