Esta es una lista parcial e incompleta de los incendios forestales de California . California tiene condiciones de clima seco, ventoso y, a menudo, caluroso desde la primavera hasta fines del otoño que pueden producir incendios forestales de moderados a severos. Antes de 1800, cuando el área era mucho más boscosa y la ecología mucho más resistente, 4,4 millones de acres (1,8 millones de hectáreas) de bosques y matorrales ardían anualmente. [1] El área terrestre de California asciende a 99,813,760 o aproximadamente 100 millones de acres, por lo que desde 2000, el área que se quema anualmente ha oscilado entre 90,000 acres, o 0.09%, y 1,590,000 acres, o 1.59% de la tierra total de California. [2] Durante la temporada de incendios forestales 2020 solamente, más de 8.100 incendios contribuyeron a la quema de casi 4,5 millones de acres de tierra.
Los incendios forestales en California se están volviendo más peligrosos debido a la acumulación de leña en los bosques, una mayor población y mayores líneas de transmisión y distribución de electricidad. [3] [4] [5] Los contribuyentes de Estados Unidos pagan alrededor de US $ 3 mil millones al año para combatir incendios forestales, y los grandes incendios pueden generar miles de millones de dólares en pérdidas de propiedad. [6] A veces, estos incendios forestales son avivados o agravados por vientos fuertes y secos, conocidos como vientos Diablo cuando ocurren en la parte norte del estado y vientos de Santa Ana cuando ocurren en el sur . Sin embargo, desde una perspectiva histórica, se ha estimado que antes de 1850, alrededor de 4.5 millones de acres (17,000 km²) ardían anualmente, en incendios que duraron meses, con un pico de actividad de incendios forestales aproximadamente cada 30 años, cuando hasta 11.8 millones de acres ( 47.753 km³) de tierra incendiada. [7] [8] Las temporadas de incendios forestales mucho más extensas en el pasado se pueden atribuir a la política de los nativos californianos que establecían regularmente quemas controladas y permitían que los incendios naturales siguieran su curso, lo que evitaba que los devastadores incendios forestales invadieran el estado. [7]
Más de 350.000 personas en California viven en ciudades ubicadas completamente dentro de zonas consideradas de muy alto riesgo de incendio. En total, más de 2,7 millones de personas viven en "zonas de muy alto riesgo de incendio", que también incluyen áreas de menor riesgo. [9]
Las cuatro fuentes de ignición más comunes de los grandes incendios forestales de California desde 1980 han sido equipos que generan chispas (motosierras, amoladoras, podadoras, etc.), líneas eléctricas aéreas, pirómanos y rayos. [10]
Los incendios forestales más grandes
Estos son los 20 incendios forestales más grandes en California desde 1932 (cuando se comenzaron a mantener registros precisos), según el Departamento de Silvicultura y Protección contra Incendios de California (CAL FIRE). [11] Lista: "Los 20 incendios forestales más grandes de California" (PDF), http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/# del sistema federal de incidentes de incendios.
Nota: El área quemada y la posición en la lista están sujetas a cambios.
Nombre | condado | Hectáreas | Hectáreas | Fecha de inicio | Estructuras | Fallecidos | Notas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Complejo de agosto | Glenn , Lago , Mendocino , Tehama , Trinidad | 1.032.649 | 417,898 | Agosto de 2020 | 923 | 1 | |
Complejo Mendocino | Mendocino , Lago , Colusa , Glenn | 459,123 | 185.800 | Julio de 2018 | 280 | 1 | |
Complejo de rayos SCU | Santa Clara , Alameda , Contra Costa , San Joaquín , Merced , Stanislaus | 396,624 | 160,508 | Agosto de 2020 | 222 | 0 | |
Cala | Fresno , Madera | 379,895 | 153,738 | Septiembre de 2020 | 856 | 0 | El incendio forestal de fuente única más grande en la historia de California |
Complejo de rayos LNU | Colusa , Lago , Napa , Sonoma , Solano , Yolo | 363,220 | 146,990 | Agosto de 2020 | 1,491 | 5 | |
Complejo Norte | Plumas , Butte | 318,935 | 129.068 | Agosto de 2020 | 2,352 | 15 | |
Thomas | Ventura , Santa Bárbara | 281,893 | 114,078 | Diciembre de 2017 | 1.063 | 23 | Las muertes (2 directas, 21 indirectas) atribuidas al incendio incluyen 1 bombero y 1 civil directamente, 21 muertes en deslizamientos de tierra posteriores , y 2 nunca se recuperaron. [12] |
Cedro | San Diego | 273,246 | 110.579 | Octubre de 2003 | 2.820 | 15 | |
Prisa | Lassen | 271,911 | 110,038 | Agosto 2012 | 1 | 0 | Este incendio quemó 43,666 acres (17,671.0 ha) adicionales en Nevada , para un total de 315,577 acres (127,709.5 ha). [13] [14] |
Borde | Tuolumne | 257,314 | 104,131 | Agosto 2013 | 112 | 0 | |
Zaca | santa Bárbara | 240,207 | 97,208 | Julio de 2007 | 1 | 0 | |
Carr | Shasta , Trinidad | 229,651 | 92,936 | Julio de 2018 | 1,604 | 8 | |
Matilija | Ventura | 220.000 | 89.000 | Septiembre de 1932 | 0 | 0 | |
Bruja | San Diego | 197,990 | 80,120 | Octubre de 2007 | 1,650 | 2 | |
Complejo de teatro de Klamath | Siskiyou | 192.038 | 77,715 | June 2008 | 0 | 2 | |
Marble Cone | Monterey | 177,866 | 71,980 | July 1977 | 0 | 0 | |
Laguna | San Diego | 175,425 | 70,992 | September 1970 | 382 | 8 | |
SQF Complex | Tulare, Inyo | 174,178 | 70,487 | August 2020 | 228 | 0 | |
Basin Complex | Monterey | 162,818 | 65,890 | June 2008 | 58 | 0 | |
Day | Ventura | 162,702 | 65,843 | September 2006 | 11 | 0 |
Los incendios forestales más letales
A list of the 20 deadliest wildfires, according to CAL FIRE, can be found at "Top 20 Deadliest California Wildfires" (PDF).
Note: Number of deaths and position in the list are subject to change.
Name | County | Acres | Hectares | Start date | Structures | Deaths | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Camp[15][16][17] | Butte | 153,336 | 62,050 | November 2018 | 18,804 | 85 | 51 identified from Paradise, 11 from Magalia, 7 from Concow, 1 from Chico, remaining not publicly identified as of February 2019 |
Griffith Park | Los Angeles | 47 | 19 | October 1933 | 0 | 29 | Deaths were RFC workers fighting the fire |
Tunnel | Alameda | 1,600 | 650 | October 1991 | 2,900 | 25 | |
Tubbs | Napa, Sonoma | 36,807 | 14,895 | October 2017 | 5,643 | 22 | |
Rattlesnake | Glenn | 1,340 | 540 | July 1953 | 0 | 15 | All deaths were firefighters trying to outrun the fire |
Cedar | San Diego | 273,246 | 110,579 | October 2003 | 2,820 | 15 | |
North Complex | Plumas, Butte | 318,935 | 129,068 | August 2020 | 2,352 | 15 | |
Loop Fire | Los Angeles | 2,028 | 821 | November 1966 | 0 | 12 | |
Hauser Creek | San Diego | 13,145 | 5,320 | October 1943 | 0 | 11 | |
Inaja | San Diego | 43,904 | 17,767 | November 1956 | 0 | 11 | |
Iron Alps Complex | Trinity | 105,855 | 42,838 | August 2008 | 10 | 10 | |
Redwood Valley Complex | Mendocino | 36,523 | 14,780 | October 2017 | 544 | 9 | |
Canyon | Los Angeles | 22,197 | 8,983 | August 1968 | 0 | 8 | |
Harris | San Diego | 90,440 | 36,600 | October 2007 | 548 | 8 | |
Carr | Shasta, Trinity | 229,651 | 92,936 | July 2018 | 1,604 | 8 | |
Hacienda | Los Angeles | 1,150 | 470 | September 1955 | 0 | 6 | |
Decker | Riverside | 1,425 | 577 | August 1959 | 1 | 6 | |
Old | San Bernardino | 91,281 | 36,940 | October 2003 | 1,003 | 6 | |
Atlas | Napa, Solano | 51,624 | 20,891 | October 2017 | 781 | 6 | |
Laguna | San Diego | 175,425 | 70,992 | September 1970 | 382 | 5 | |
Esperanza | Riverside | 40,200 | 16,300 | October 2006 | 54 | 5 | |
LNU Lightning Complex | Colusa, Lake, Napa, Sonoma, Solano, Yolo | 363,220 | 146,990 | August 2020 | 1,491 | 6 |
Los incendios forestales más destructivos
A list of the 20 most destructive wildfires, according to CAL FIRE, can be found at: "Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires" (PDF).
Note: Number of destroyed structures and position in the list are subject to change.
Name | County | Acres | Hectares | Start date | Structures | Deaths | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Camp[15][16][17] | Butte | 153,336 | 62,050 | November 2018 | 18,804 | 85 | Town of Paradise destroyed[18] |
Tubbs | Napa, Sonoma | 36,807 | 14,895 | October 2017 | 5,643 | 22 | |
Tunnel | Alameda | 1,600 | 650 | October 1991 | 2,900 | 25 | |
Cedar | San Diego | 273,246 | 110,579 | October 2003 | 2,820 | 15 | |
North Complex | Plumas, Butte | 318,935 | 129,068 | August 2020 | 2,352 | 15 | Town of Berry Creek mostly destroyed[19][20] |
Valley | Lake, Napa, Sonoma | 76,067 | 30,783 | September 2015 | 1,955 | 4 | |
Witch | San Diego | 197,900 | 80,100 | October 2007 | 1,650 | 6 | |
Woolsey | Ventura, Los Angeles | 96,949 | 39,234 | November 2018 | 1,643 | 3 | |
Carr | Shasta, Trinity | 229,651 | 92,936 | July 2018 | 1,604 | 8 | |
Glass | Napa, Sonoma | 67,484 | 27,310 | September 2020 | 1,520 | 0 | |
LNU Lightning Complex | Colusa, Lake, Napa, Sonoma, Solano, Yolo | 363,220 | 146,990 | August 2020 | 1,491 | 5 | |
CZU Lightning Complex | Santa Cruz, San Mateo | 86,509 | 35,009 | August 2020 | 1,490 | 1 | |
Nuns | Sonoma | 54,382 | 22,008 | October 2017 | 1,355 | 3 | |
Thomas | Ventura, Santa Barbara | 281,893 | 114,078 | December 2017 | 1,063 | 23 | 2 direct, 21 indirect deaths were caused by the Montecito mudslides |
Old | San Bernardino | 91,281 | 36,940 | October 2003 | 1,003 | 6 | |
Jones | Shasta | 26,200 | 10,600 | October 1999 | 954 | 1 | |
August Complex | Glenn, Lake, Mendocino, Tehama, Trinity | 1,032,649 | 417,898 | August 2020 | 935 | 1 | |
Butte | Amador, Calaveras | 70,868 | 28,679 | September 2015 | 921 | 2 | |
Creek | Fresno, Madera | 379,729 | 153,671 | September 2020 | 856 | 0 | Town of Big Creek mostly destroyed |
Atlas | Napa, Solano | 51,624 | 20,891 | October 2017 | 783 | 6 |
Antes del 2000
- Santiago Canyon Fire (1889). Burned approximately 300,000 acres (120,000 ha).
- Berkeley Fire (1923). Destroyed 640 structures, including 584 homes.
- Griffith Park Fire (1933). Official death toll was 29 firefighters, but may have killed up to 58.
- Rattlesnake Fire (1953). 15 firefighters were killed in this arsonist's fire.
- Bel Air Fire (1961). 484 homes were destroyed; 112 injuries.
- Laguna Fire (1970). 382 homes burned, killing eight people.
- Painted Cave Fire (1990). 1 death and 430 buildings burned in this arson fire near Santa Barbara.
- Oakland firestorm (1991). Killed 25 people. Destroyed 2,843 single-family homes and 437 multi-family units.
- Mount Vision Fire (1995). 45 homes destroyed. Cause: illegal campfire.
- Panorama Fire (1980). 28,800 acres burned, destroying 310 homes and 67 structures, killing four people, and injuring 77 in north San Bernardino.[21] Origin of fire was near Old Waterman Canyon along Hwy. 18, same general area as origin of the Old Fire (2003), but the Panorama fire burned west of through the North Park area of San Bernardino (near California State University, San Bernardino). Both fires were arson set.
Después de 2000
Starting in 2001, the National Interagency Fire Center began keeping more accurate records on the total fire acreage burned in each state.[22]
Yearly statistics
Year | Fires | Acres | Hectares | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 7,622 | 295,026 | 119,393 | [23] |
2001 | 9,458 | 329,126 | 133,193 | [24] |
2002 | 8,328 | 969,890 | 392,500 | [25][26] |
2003 | 9,116 | 1,020,460 | 412,970 | [27][28][29] |
2004 | 8,415 | 264,988 | 107,237 | [30][31] |
2005 | 7,162 | 222,538 | 90,058 | [32][33] |
2006 | 8,202 | 736,022 | 297,858 | [34][35] |
2007 | 9,093 | 1,520,362 | 615,269 | [23][36] |
2008 | 6,255 | 1,593,690 | 644,940 | [23] |
2009 | 9,159 | 422,147 | 170,837 | [37][38] |
2010 | 6,554 | 109,529 | 44,325 | [39] |
2011 | 7,989 | 168,545 | 68,208 | [40][41] |
2012 | 7,950 | 869,599 | 351,914 | [42] |
2013 | 9,907 | 601,635 | 243,473 | [43][44] |
2014 | 7,865 | 625,540 | 253,150 | [45][46] |
2015 | 8,745 | 893,362 | 361,531 | [47] |
2016 | 6,986 | 669,534 | 270,951 | [48][49] |
2017 | 9,560 | 1,548,429 | 626,627 | [50][51] |
2018 | 8,527 | 1,975,086 | 799,289 | [52][53] |
2019 | 7,860 | 259,823 | 105,147 | [54] |
2020 | 9,639 | 4,397,809 | 1,779,730 | [55][56] |
Average | 8,304 | 928,245 | 375,647 |
A 2015 study[57] addressed whether the increase in fire risk in California is attributable to climate change.[58]
Notable fires
Note: Check primary sources for up-to-date statistics.
Name | County | Acres | Hectares | Start | Contained | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rumsey | Yolo | 39,138 | 15,839 | October 10, 2004 | October 16, 2004 | 5 structures destroyed | [59] |
Old | San Bernardino | 91,281 | 36,940 | October 21, 2003 | November 25, 2003 | 975 structures destroyed | [60] |
Simi | Ventura | 108,204 | 43,789 | October 25, 2003 | November 5, 2003 | 315 structures destroyed | [61] |
Topanga | Los Angeles | 24,175 | 9,783 | September 28, 2005 | October 6, 2005 | [62] | |
Esperanza | Riverside | 41,173 | 16,662 | October 26, 2006 | November 1, 2006 | 5 fatalities, 54 structures destroyed | [63][circular reference] |
Island | Los Angeles | 4,750 | 1,920 | May 10, 2007 | May 15, 2007 | 6 structures destroyed | [64] |
Zaca | Santa Barbara | 240,207 | 97,208 | July 4, 2007 | September 4, 2007 | 1 structure destroyed | [65] |
Witch | San Diego | 197,990 | 80,120 | October 21, 2007 | November 6, 2007 | 1,650 structures destroyed | [66] |
Harris | San Diego | 90,440 | 36,600 | October 21, 2007 | November 5, 2007 | 472 structures destroyed; 1 fatality | [67] |
Santiago | Orange | 28,400 | 11,500 | October 21, 2007 | November 9, 2007 | 24 structures destroyed | [68] |
Corral | Los Angeles | 4,901 | 1,983 | November 24, 2007 | November 27, 2007 | 86 structures destroyed | [69] |
Indians | Monterey | 81,378 | 32,933 | June 8, 2008 | July 10, 2008 | [70] | |
Basin Complex | Monterey | 162,818 | 65,890 | June 21, 2008 | July 27, 2008 | [11] | |
Sesnon | Los Angeles | 14,703 | 5,950 | October 13, 2008 | October 18, 2008 | [71] | |
Jesusita | Santa Barbara | 8,733 | 3,534 | May 5, 2009 | May 20, 2009 | 160 structures destroyed | [72] |
La Brea | Santa Barbara | 89,489 | 36,215 | August 8, 2009 | August 23, 2009 | [73] | |
Lockheed | Santa Cruz | 7,817 | 3,163 | August 12, 2009 | August 23, 2009 | 13 structures destroyed | [74] |
Station | Los Angeles | 160,577 | 64,983 | August 26, 2009 | October 16, 2009 | 209 structures destroyed; 2 fatalities | [75] |
Guiberson | Ventura | 17,500 | 7,100 | September 22, 2009 | October 1, 2009 | [76] | |
Rush | Lassen | 271,991 | 110,071 | August 12, 2012 | August 30, 2012 | 1 barn destroyed | [77] |
Springs | Ventura | 28,000 | 11,000 | May 2, 2013 | May 6, 2013 | 20 outbuildings destroyed | [78] |
Powerhouse | Los Angeles | 30,000 | 12,000 | May 30, 2013 | June 10, 2013 | 24 structures destroyed | [79] |
Mountain | Riverside | 27,531 | 11,141 | July 15, 2013 | July 21, 2013 | 23 structures destroyed | [80] |
Silver | Riverside | 20,292 | 8,212 | August 7, 2013 | August 12, 2013 | 48 structures destroyed | [81] |
Rim | Tuolumne | 257,314 | 104,131 | August 17, 2013 | October 24, 2013 | 112 structures destroyed | [82] |
Clover | Shasta | 8,073 | 3,267 | September 9, 2013 | September 15, 2013 | 68 homes destroyed; 1 fatality | [83] |
Happy Camp Complex | Siskiyou | 134,056 | 54,251 | August 14, 2014 | October 31, 2014 | 6 structures destroyed | [84] |
King | El Dorado | 97,717 | 39,545 | September 13, 2014 | October 9, 2014 | 80 structures destroyed | [85] |
Boles | Siskiyou | 516 | 209 | September 15, 2014 | October 11, 2014 | 157 structures destroyed | [86] |
Lake | San Bernardino | 31,359 | 12,691 | June 17, 2015 | August 1, 2015 | 4 structures destroyed | [87] |
North | San Bernardino | 4,250 | 1,720 | July 17, 2015 | July 21, 2015 | 7 structures destroyed | [88] |
Rocky | Lake | 69,438 | 28,101 | July 29, 2015 | August 14, 2015 | 43 structures destroyed | [89] |
Butte | Amador, Calaveras | 70,868 | 28,679 | September 9, 2015 | October 1, 2015 | 818 structures destroyed; 2 fatalities | [90] |
Valley | Lake, Napa, Sonoma | 76,067 | 30,783 | September 12, 2015 | October 15, 2015 | 1,955 structures destroyed; 4 fatalities | [91] |
Erskine | Kern | 47,864 | 19,370 | June 23, 2016 | July 11, 2016 | 309 buildings destroyed; 2 fatalities | [92] |
Sand | Los Angeles | 41,432 | 16,767 | July 22, 2016 | August 3, 2016 | 18 homes destroyed, 2 fatalities | [93] |
Soberanes | Monterey | 132,127 | 53,470 | July 22, 2016 | October 12, 2016 | 57 homes, 11 outbuildings destroyed, 1 fatality | [94] |
Chimney | San Luis Obispo | 46,344 | 18,755 | August 13, 2016 | September 6, 2016 | 68 structures destroyed | [95] |
Clayton | Lake | 3,929 | 1,590 | August 13, 2016 | August 26, 2016 | 175 structures destroyed, including a Habitat for Humanity office | [96] |
Blue Cut | San Bernardino | 37,000 | 15,000 | August 16, 2016 | August 23, 2016 | 105 homes, 213 outbuildings destroyed, 82,000+ evacuated | [97] |
Loma | Santa Clara | 4,474 | 1,811 | September 26, 2016 | October 12, 2016 | 28 structures destroyed | [98] |
Detwiler | Mariposa | 81,826 | 33,114 | July 16, 2017 | August 24, 2017 | 131 structures destroyed | [99] |
Tubbs | Sonoma | 36,807 | 14,895 | October 8, 2017 | October 31, 2017 | 5,643 structures destroyed; 22 fatalities | [100][101][102] |
Thomas | Ventura, Santa Barbara | 281,893 | 114,078 | December 4, 2017 | January 12, 2018 | 1,063 structures destroyed; 2 fatalities; 104,607 evacuated | [103][104][105][11][106] |
Lilac | San Diego | 4,100 | 1,700 | December 7, 2017 | December 16, 2017 | 157 structures destroyed; 10,000+ evacuated | [107][108] |
Ferguson | Mariposa | 96,901 | 39,214 | July 13, 2018 | August 19, 2018 | 2 firefighters killed, 19 injured | [109] |
Carr | Shasta | 229,651 | 92,936 | July 23, 2018 | August 30, 2018 | 1,604 structures destroyed; 8 fatalities | [110] |
Mendocino Complex | Mendocino, Lake, Colusa, Glenn | 459,102 | 185,792 | July 27, 2018 | September 18, 2018 | 277 structures destroyed, 1 fatality | [111] |
Camp | Butte | 153,336 | 62,050 | November 8, 2018 | November 25, 2018 | 18,804 structures destroyed, 85 fatalities | [15][16] |
Woolsey | Los Angeles, Ventura | 96,949 | 39,230 | November 8, 2018 | November 21, 2018 | 1,643 structures destroyed, 3 fatalities | [112] |
Áreas de ignición repetida
In some parts of California, fires can recur in areas with histories of fires. In Oakland, for example, fires of various size and ignition occurred in 1923, 1931, 1933, 1937, 1946, 1955, 1960, 1961, 1968, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1991, 1995, 2002, and 2008.[113][114] Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, and Los Angeles County are other examples. Orange and San Bernardino counties share a border that runs north to south through the Chino Hills State Park, with the park's landscape ranging from large green coastal sage scrub, grassland, and woodland, to areas of brown sparsely dense vegetation made drier by droughts or hot summers. The valley's grass and barren land can become easily susceptible to dry spells and drought, therefore making it a prime spot for brush fires and conflagrations, many of which have occurred since 1914. Hills and canyons have seen brush or wildfires in 1914, the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and into today.[115]
On occasion, lightning strikes from thunderstorms may also spark wildfires in areas that have seen past ignition. Examples of this are the 1999 Megram Fire, the 2008 California wildfires.[citation needed], as well as both the LNU and SCU Lightning Complex fires of 2020.
Ver también
- List of wildfires
- 2012–13 North American drought
- Wildfires in the United States
- Climate change in California
Referencias
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- ^ "California Wildfire Emission Estimates | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
- ^ BORUNDA, ALEJANDRA; ELLIOTT, KENNEDY. "See how a warmer world primed California for large fires". National Geographic. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
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- ^ "Wildfires are growing more costly". NBC News. 2014-05-14.
- ^ a b Rogers, Paul (2020-08-23). "California fires: State, feds agree to thin millions of acres of forests - New plan would last 20 years, reshaping California's landscape". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
Before the Gold Rush in 1849, large parts of California burned every few decades. Lightning fires burned for months, and native tribes burned the land, clearing out dead vegetation. ... Stephens, the UC fire scientist, estimates that before the Gold Rush, roughly 4.5 million acres a year in California burned. By the 1950s and 1960s, that was down to about 250,000 acres a year.
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enlaces externos
- Official California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) site
- CAL FIRE Blogspot: California Fire News
- California wildfires on the U.S. Forestry Incident Information System (InciWeb)
- Iawfonline.org: Infamous World Fires. Compiled by the International Association of Wildland Fire (revised May 15, 2008)
- Historical wildfire map 1950-2012