 | |||
| Ciudad anfitriona | Río de janeiro , Brasil | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Lema | Un nuevo mundo ( portugués : Um mundo novo ) | ||
| Naciones | 207 [1] | ||
| Atletas | 11,238 [1] | ||
| Eventos | 306 en 28 deportes (41 disciplinas) | ||
| Apertura | 5 de agosto | ||
| Clausura | 21 de agosto | ||
| Abierto por | |||
| Caldera | |||
| Estadio | Maracaná | ||
| Verano | |||
| |||
| Invierno | |||
| |||
Los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2016 (en portugués : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ), [a] oficialmente conocidos como los Juegos de la XXXI Olimpíada (en portugués : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) y comúnmente conocidos como Río 2016 , fueron un evento internacional multideportivo celebrado del 5 al 21 de agosto de 2016 en Río de Janeiro , Brasil , con eventos preliminares en algunos deportes a partir del 3 de agosto. Río fue anunciada como la ciudad anfitriona de la 121a Sesión del COI en Copenhague, Dinamarca , el 2 de octubre de 2009.
Más de 11.000 atletas de 207 países participaron en los Juegos de 2016, incluidos los que participaron por primera vez en Kosovo , Sudán del Sur y el Equipo Olímpico de Refugiados . [2] [3] Con 306 juegos de medallas, los Juegos incluyeron 28 deportes olímpicos , incluidos rugby a siete y golf , que se agregaron al programa olímpico en 2009. Estos eventos deportivos se llevaron a cabo en 33 sedes de la ciudad anfitriona y en cinco sedes separadas en las ciudades brasileñas de São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasilia y Manaus .
Fueron los primeros Juegos Olímpicos que se celebraron en América del Sur , [4] así como los primeros que se celebraron en un país de habla portuguesa , la primera edición de verano que se realizará íntegramente en la temporada de invierno del país anfitrión , la primera desde 1968 que se realizará en América Latina , y el primero desde 2000 que se realizará en el Hemisferio Sur . [5] Estos fueron los primeros Juegos Olímpicos de Verano que tuvieron lugar bajo la presidencia del Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI) de Thomas Bach . [3]
El Estados Unidos encabezó la tabla de medallas , ganar más medallas de oro (46) y el mayor número de medallas en total (121); el equipo de EE. UU. también ganó su medalla de oro olímpica de verano número 1.000 en general. Gran Bretaña terminó en segundo lugar y se convirtió en el segundo país en la historia olímpica moderna en aumentar su recuento de medallas en la Olimpiada inmediatamente después de ser la nación anfitriona . China terminó tercero en el medallero. La nación anfitriona, Brasil, ganó siete medallas de oro, su mayor registro en cualquier Olimpiada de verano, terminando en el decimotercer lugar. Baréin , Fiji , Costa de Marfil , Jordania, Kosovo, Puerto Rico , Singapur , Tayikistán y Vietnam ganaron cada uno sus primeras medallas de oro, al igual que el grupo de Atletas Olímpicos Independientes (de Kuwait).
Proceso de licitación [ editar ]
El proceso para los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2016 se lanzó oficialmente el 16 de mayo de 2007. [6] El primer paso para cada ciudad fue presentar una solicitud inicial al Comité Olímpico Internacional antes del 13 de septiembre de 2007, confirmando su intención de postularse. Cada ciudad debía presentar los archivos oficiales de licitación completos que contenían las respuestas a un formulario del COI de 25 preguntas antes de la fecha límite del 14 de enero de 2008. El 4 de junio de 2008, se eligieron cuatro ciudades candidatas para la lista corta: Chicago , Madrid , Río de Janeiro , y Tokio , que ya había sido sede de los Juegos Olímpicos de verano de 1964 . Tres ciudades: Bakú , Doha y Praga—No logró llegar a la fase de candidatura. Doha no fue promovida, a pesar de tener una puntuación más alta que la ciudad candidata seleccionada, Río de Janeiro, debido a su propuesta de albergar los Juegos Olímpicos en octubre, fuera del calendario deportivo del COI. [7]
Nawal El Moutawakel de Marruecos encabezó la Comisión de Evaluación de 10 miembros, y también presidió la comisión de evaluación para las licitaciones de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2012 . La comisión realizó inspecciones in situ en el segundo trimestre de 2009. El 2 de septiembre, un mes antes de las elecciones, emitieron una evaluación técnica exhaustiva de los miembros del COI. [8]
Se establecieron muchas salvaguardias para evitar que las ciudades candidatas se comuniquen o influyan directamente en los 115 miembros del COI que pueden votar en las elecciones. Las ciudades no podían invitar a ningún miembro del COI a visitarlo, ni enviar nada que pudiera interpretarse como un regalo. No obstante, las ciudades candidatas invirtieron grandes sumas en sus programas de relaciones públicas y medios en un intento de influir indirectamente en los miembros del COI obteniendo apoyo nacional, así como el respaldo de los medios deportivos y de los medios internacionales en general.
En última instancia, se está comunicando con solo 115 personas y cada uno tiene personas influyentes y grupos de presión, pero todavía está hablando con no más de 1,500 personas, quizás 5,000 en el sentido más amplio. No se trata solo de publicar anuncios, sino de una campaña dirigida y planificada con mucho cuidado.
- Jon Tibbs, consultor de la oferta de Tokio [9]
La votación final se llevó a cabo en Copenhague el 2 de octubre de 2009, con Madrid y Río de Janeiro considerados favoritos para asegurar los Juegos. Chicago fue eliminada después de la primera ronda de votaciones y Tokio después de la segunda. Río de Janeiro tomó una ventaja significativa sobre Madrid, de cara a la ronda final; se mantuvo el liderazgo y Río de Janeiro fue anunciado como sede de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2016.
| Ciudad | NOC | La ronda 1 | La ronda 2 | Ronda 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rio de Janeiro |  Brasil | 26 | 46 | 66 |
| Madrid |  España | 28 | 29 | 32 |
| Tokio |  Japón | 22 | 20 | - |
| Chicago |  Estados Unidos | 18 | - | - |
Desarrollo y preparación [ editar ]
El 26 de junio de 2011, se informó en AroundTheRings.com que Roderlei Generali, director de operaciones del Comité Organizador de los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro, dimitió apenas un año después de asumir el cargo en ROOC. Esto se produjo solo cinco meses después de que CCO Flávio Pestana renunciara por razones personales. [11] Pestana se retiró más tarde durante los Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 2012 , y Renato Ciuchin fue nombrado COO. [12]
Sedes e infraestructura [ editar ]
Los eventos se llevaron a cabo en dieciocho sedes existentes, nueve sedes nuevas construidas específicamente para los Juegos y siete sedes temporales. [13]
Cada evento se llevó a cabo en uno de los cuatro grupos olímpicos segregados geográficamente: Barra , Copacabana , Deodoro y Maracanã, como se hizo para los Juegos Panamericanos de 2007 . [14] [15] Varias de las sedes estaban ubicadas en el Parque Olímpico de Barra Cluster. [13] Casi la mitad de los atletas pudieron llegar a sus sedes en menos de 10 minutos, y casi el 75 por ciento pudo hacerlo en menos de 25 minutos. De las 34 sedes de competencia, ocho se sometieron a algunas obras permanentes, siete fueron totalmente temporales y nueve se construyeron como sedes heredadas permanentes. [dieciséis]
La sede más grande de los Juegos en términos de capacidad de asientos fue el Estadio Maracaná de 74.738 asientos , que sirvió como sede de ceremonias y sede de las finales de fútbol. [13] El segundo estadio más grande era el Estádio Olímpico João Havelange , con capacidad para 60.000 asientos , que albergaba eventos de atletismo. [13] Se decía que la aldea de los atletas era la más grande de la historia olímpica. Los accesorios incluyeron alrededor de 80.000 sillas, 70.000 mesas, 29.000 colchones, 60.000 perchas, 6.000 televisores y 10.000 teléfonos inteligentes. [17]
Parque Olímpico [ editar ]
El Parque Olímpico de Barra es un grupo de nueve recintos deportivos en Barra da Tijuca , en la zona oeste de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. El sitio fue ocupado anteriormente por el Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet , también conocido como circuito de Fórmula Uno Jacarepaguá. [18]
Las nueve sedes dentro del Parque Olímpico fueron: [19] [20]
- Carioca Arena 1 - baloncesto (capacidad: 16.000)
- Carioca Arena 2 - lucha libre, judo (capacidad: 10,000)
- Carioca Arena 3 - esgrima, taekwondo (capacidad: 10,000)
- Future Arena - balonmano (capacidad: 12.000)
- Centro Acuático Maria Lenk - buceo, natación sincronizada, waterpolo (capacidad: 5,000)
- Estadio Olímpico Acuático : natación, play-offs de waterpolo (capacidad: 15.000)
- Olympic Tennis Center - tenis (capacidad: 10,000 cancha principal)
- Rio Olympic Arena - gimnasia (capacidad: 12.000)
- Velódromo Olímpico de Río - ciclismo en pista (capacidad: 5,000)
Fútbol [ editar ]
Además del Estádio Olímpico João Havelange y Maracanã y en Río de Janeiro, se jugaron partidos de fútbol en cinco sedes de las ciudades de São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasilia y Manaus .
Estadio Maracaná
Río de Janeiro , RJEstadio Olímpico de
Río de Janeiro , RJArena da Amazônia
Manaus , AMArena Corinthians
São Paulo , SPArena Fonte Nova
Salvador , BAEstádio Nacional
Brasilia , DFMineirão
Belo Horizonte , MG
Renovación urbana [ editar ]
El centro histórico de Río se sometió a un proyecto de revitalización de la ribera urbana conocido como Porto Maravilha , que cubre un área de 5 km 2 (1,9 millas cuadradas). El proyecto tenía como objetivo remodelar el área del puerto, aumentando el atractivo del centro de la ciudad y mejorando la posición competitiva de Río en la economía global. [21]
La renovación urbana involucró 700 km (430 millas) de redes públicas para suministro de agua, saneamiento, drenaje, electricidad, gas y telecomunicaciones; 4 km (2,5 millas) de túneles; 70 km (43 millas) de carreteras; 650 km 2 (250 millas cuadradas) de aceras; 17 km (11 millas) de carril bici; 15.000 árboles; tres plantas de tratamiento de saneamiento. Como parte de esta renovación, se construyó un nuevo tranvía desde el aeropuerto Santos Dumont hasta Rodoviária Novo Rio, cuya inauguración está prevista para abril de 2016 [22].
Los Juegos requirieron más de 200 kilómetros de vallas de seguridad. Se utilizó un almacén de 15.000 metros cuadrados en Barra da Tijuca para ensamblar y suministrar el mobiliario y accesorios para la Villa Olímpica. El segundo almacén de 90.000 metros cuadrados en Duque de Caxias, cerca de las vías de acceso a las sedes, contenía todo el equipamiento necesario para los eventos deportivos. [17]
Medallas [ editar ]
Las medallas fueron producidas por la Casa da Moeda do Brasil (la ceca brasileña ). El diseño de la medalla se dio a conocer el 15 de junio de 2016. Fueron diseñados para ser respetuosos con el medio ambiente utilizando materiales reciclados; las medallas de bronce y plata contenían un 30% de materiales reciclados. Las medallas de oro se produjeron utilizando oro extraído y extraído de acuerdo con un conjunto de criterios de sostenibilidad, como ser extraído sin el uso de mercurio. Las medallas cuentan con un diseño de corona en la parte delantera y, de acuerdo con la tradición, el anverso presenta a Nike , la diosa griega de la victoria. Cada medalla iba acompañada de una caja de madera. Los medallistas también recibieron un trofeo en forma del emblema de los Juegos. [23] [24]
En mayo de 2017, un artículo de Associated Press reveló que más de 100 atletas que habían ganado medallas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río informaron que sus medallas mostraban algún daño, incluidos puntos negros, descamación o degradación de la superficie. Los funcionarios de Río se ofrecieron a reemplazar cualquier medalla defectuosa y encontraron problemas entre el 6 y el 7 por ciento de todos los premiados. [25]
Relevo de la antorcha [ editar ]
La llama olímpica se encendió el 21 de abril de 2016 en el Templo de Hera en Olimpia , el inicio tradicional de la fase griega del relevo de la antorcha. La llama fue entregada a los organizadores brasileños en una ceremonia en el Estadio Panatenaico de Atenas el 27 de abril. Se hizo una breve escala en Suiza para visitar la sede del COI y el Museo Olímpico de Lausana , así como la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas en Ginebra . [26]
El relevo de la antorcha comenzó su viaje alrededor de Brasil el 3 de mayo en la capital Brasilia . La llama visitó más de 300 ciudades brasileñas, incluidas las 26 capitales de estado y el Distrito Federal de Brasil . [27] El relevo terminó en Río de Janeiro el 5 de agosto cuando se utilizó la llama para encender el caldero olímpico durante la ceremonia de apertura .
Voluntarios [ editar ]
Los voluntarios no remunerados realizaron una variedad de tareas antes y durante los Juegos. Se estableció un objetivo de 50.000 voluntarios ya en 2012. Se recibieron más de 240.000 solicitudes cuando se realizó el reclutamiento en 2014. La ropa que usaron los voluntarios incluyó polos amarillos y chaquetas, pantalones beige, calcetines blancos y zapatillas de deporte verdes, que recopilados del Centro de Acreditación y Distribución Uniforme. Los voluntarios también llevaron insignias de acreditación con fotografía que se asignaron a los oficiales, atletas, miembros de la familia y medios de comunicación, lo que les permitió acceder a lugares y edificios específicos alrededor del sitio. [28] Muchos voluntarios renunciaron a sus funciones debido a las largas horas de trabajo y la insuficiencia de las comidas gratuitas. [29]
Venta de entradas [ editar ]
Los precios de las entradas se anunciaron el 16 de septiembre de 2014, todos los cuales se vendieron en reales brasileños (BRL). Se vendieron un total de 7,5 millones de entradas, con precios que iban desde 40 BRL para muchos eventos hasta 4.600 BRL para los asientos más caros en la ceremonia de apertura. Aproximadamente 3,8 millones de estos boletos estaban disponibles por BRL 70 o menos. [30] [31]
Sostenibilidad [ editar ]
Como un aspecto de su oferta, el comité organizador de Río planeó enfocarse en la sustentabilidad y la protección ambiental como un tema de los Juegos de 2016, y luego los denominó "Juegos Verdes para un Planeta Azul". [32] Como proyectos heredados, los organizadores tenían la intención de introducir una gama más amplia de opciones de transporte público, actualizar la infraestructura de las favelas para proporcionar un mejor transporte y acceso a los servicios públicos, actualizar el sistema de alcantarillado de Río para remediar el nivel de contaminación en la Bahía de Guanabara , [ 32] [33]y plantar 24 millones de plántulas para compensar las emisiones de carbono esperadas de los Juegos. Sin embargo, algunos de estos proyectos sufrieron retrasos o se enfrentaron a déficits económicos, lo que llevó a algunos críticos a creer que Río no podría lograrlos. [32] [34]
El enfoque en la protección del medio ambiente también influyó en la implementación de ciertos protocolos olímpicos. Para reducir las emisiones, el caldero olímpico fue diseñado para ser más pequeño que las iteraciones anteriores, utilizando una escultura cinética para mejorar su apariencia en lugar de un cuerpo de llamas más grande. [35] Las medallas de bronce y plata, así como las cintas en todas las medallas, fueron diseñadas para incorporar materiales reciclados. [23] [24]
A los atletas no se les obsequiaron flores durante las ceremonias de entrega de medallas, como había sido la tradición en Olimpiadas anteriores (aunque todavía se usaban exhibiciones florales como parte de la organización de las presentaciones de medallas). Los organizadores consideraron que la práctica era un desperdicio porque las flores a menudo se tiraban y "tendrían dificultades para sobrevivir en el clima tropical brasileño" si se las guardaba. Los podios se diseñaron con materiales que podrían reciclarse para fabricar muebles. [24] [36]
El Future Arena , sede de las competencias de balonmano, fue diseñado como una estructura modular temporal cuyos componentes podrían reconstruirse después de los Juegos para construir escuelas. [37] Sin embargo, a noviembre de 2017, la arena sigue en pie debido a la falta de fondos para desmantelarla y a la falta de asignación de fondos para hacerlo en el presupuesto de 2018. [38]
Partes de la ceremonia de apertura se dedicaron al tema del cambio climático . [39]
Los Juegos [ editar ]
Ceremonia de apertura [ editar ]
La ceremonia inaugural tuvo lugar en el Estadio Maracaná el 5 de agosto de 2016, dirigida por Fernando Meirelles , Daniela Thomas y Andrucha Waddington . [40] La ceremonia destacó aspectos de la historia y la cultura brasileñas y contó con un segmento narrado por Fernanda Montenegro y Judi Dench con un llamado a la conservación del medio ambiente y la prevención del calentamiento global . [39] [41] La multitud en el estadio fue de 60.000 y el evento fue transmitido a una audiencia global estimada de tres mil millones. [4]
La ceremonia incluyó la presentación inaugural del Laurel Olímpico , un honor otorgado por el COI a aquellos que han logrado "logros significativos en educación, cultura, desarrollo y paz a través del deporte"; el trofeo fue otorgado al atleta keniano Kipchoge Keino . [42] Los Juegos fueron inaugurados oficialmente por el presidente interino de Brasil, Michel Temer . [43]
El caldero olímpico fue iluminado por el corredor de larga distancia Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima , [4] el medallista de bronce masculino de maratón en los Juegos Olímpicos de 2004 , quien también había recibido la medalla Pierre de Coubertin del COI por deportividad después de ser atacado por un espectador y perder su ventaja. en la carrera. [40] [44] Originalmente se esperaba que el caldero fuera encendido por el futbolista brasileño Pelé , pero se negó a participar debido a problemas de salud. [41] [45] [46]
Tras la ceremonia inaugural, Jorge Gomes, un deportista brasileño de 14 años que había escapado de la pobreza para entrenar como corredor, encendió un caldero público frente a la Iglesia de Candelária . [47] [48]
Deportes [ editar ]
El programa de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2016 incluyó 28 deportes que abarcan 306 eventos. El número de eventos en cada disciplina se indica entre paréntesis.
| Programa de deportes olímpicos de verano de 2016 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Buceo (8)
Natación (34)
Natación sincronizada (2)
Waterpolo (2)
Atletismo (47)
Bádminton (5)
Baloncesto (2)
Boxeo (13)
Canotaje
Ciclismo ( competidores )
Ecuestre
Esgrima (10)
Hockey sobre césped (2)
Fútbol (2)
Golf (2)
Gimnasia
Balonmano (2)
Judo (14)
Pentatlón moderno (2)
Remo (14)
Rugby a siete (2)
Vela (10)
Tiro (15)
Tenis de mesa (4)
Taekwondo (8)
Tenis (5)
Triatlón (2)
Vóleibol
Halterofilia (15)
LuchaNuevos deportes [ editar ]
En abril de 2008, el COI comenzó a aceptar solicitudes para la introducción de dos nuevos deportes en el programa olímpico. El béisbol y el softbol (que se eliminaron en 2005), el kárate , el squash , el golf , los deportes sobre ruedas y el rugby solicitaron ser incluidos en el programa. Se hicieron presentaciones formales ante la junta ejecutiva del COI en junio de 2009. [49]
En agosto, la junta ejecutiva dio inicialmente su aprobación al rugby a siete —una versión del rugby union para siete jugadores— por mayoría de votos; El béisbol / sóftbol, los deportes de patinaje y el squash fueron eliminados de la contienda, dejando el golf, el kárate y el rugby a siete en la carrera. La votación final se llevó a cabo el 9 de octubre de 2009, el día de clausura de la 121ª reunión del COI. En esta sesión se implementó un nuevo sistema de votación: un deporte ahora solo necesita una mayoría simple del comité completo del COI para su aprobación en lugar de la mayoría de dos tercios requerida anteriormente. [50] [51]
La 121a Sesión del COI decidió agregar el rugby a siete y el golf al programa olímpico de Río 2016. [52] El recuento del rugby fue de 81 a favor, con ocho en contra, [53] y el golf fue aprobado por 63 votos contra 26. [54] Ninguno de estos dos deportes es nuevo en los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano; el rugby se presentó por última vez en 1924 y el golf en 1904 .
En mayo de 2012, la Federación Internacional de Vela anunció que el windsurf sería reemplazado por el kitesurf en los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016, [55] pero esta decisión se revocó en noviembre. [56]
Comités Olímpicos Nacionales participantes [ editar ]
Los 205 Comités Olímpicos Nacionales calificaron al menos a un atleta. [ citación necesitada ] Las primeras tres naciones en calificar a los atletas para los Juegos fueron Alemania, Gran Bretaña y los Países Bajos, quienes clasificaron a cuatro atletas para la doma por equipos al ganar medallas en el evento por equipos en los Juegos Ecuestres Mundiales FEI 2014 . [57]
Como país anfitrión, Brasil ha recibido la entrada automática para algunos deportes, incluidas todas las disciplinas de ciclismo, y seis lugares para eventos de levantamiento de pesas. [58] [59]
Los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2016 fueron los primeros Juegos en los que Kosovo y Sudán del Sur pudieron participar. Los levantadores de pesas búlgaros y rusos fueron excluidos de los Juegos Olímpicos de Río por numerosas infracciones antidopaje. [60] [61]
Kuwait fue prohibido en octubre de 2015 por segunda vez en cinco años debido a la interferencia del gobierno en el comité olímpico del país. [62]
Azul = Participó por primera vez en 2016.
Verde = Había participado anteriormente.
El círculo amarillo es la ciudad anfitriona ( Río de Janeiro )
| Comités Olímpicos Nacionales participantes |
|---|
|
Kiribati Número de atletas por Comité Olímpico Nacional [ editar ]
| COI | País | Atletas |
|---|---|---|
| EE.UU |  Estados Unidos | 554 |
| SOSTÉN | Brasil | 465 |
| GER |  Alemania | 425 |
| AUS |  Australia | 421 |
| CHN |  porcelana | 413 |
| FRA |  Francia | 399 |
| GBR |  Gran Bretaña | 366 |
| JPN |  Japón | 338 |
| LATA |  Canadá | 314 |
| ITA |  Italia | 309 |
| ESP |  España | 306 |
| RUS |  Rusia | 282 |
| POL |  Polonia | 243 |
| NED |  Países Bajos | 242 |
| ARG |  Argentina | 213 |
| KOR |  Corea del Sur | 205 |
| UKR |  Ucrania | 203 |
| NZL |  Nueva Zelanda | 199 |
| HUNO |  Hungría | 160 |
| SWE |  Suecia | 152 |
| COLUMNA |  Colombia | 147 |
| RSA |  Sudáfrica | 137 |
| MEX |  México | 125 |
| INDIANA |  India | 124 |
| GUARIDA |  Dinamarca | 122 |
| BLR |  Bielorrusia | 121 |
| CACHORRO |  Cuba | 120 |
| EGY |  Egipto | 120 |
| BEL |  Bélgica | 108 |
| CZE |  República Checa | 105 |
| KAZ |  Kazajstán | 104 |
| SRB |  Serbia | 104 |
| SUI |  Suiza | 104 |
| TUR |  pavo | 103 |
| ROM |  Rumania | 97 |
| GRE |  Grecia | 95 |
| POR |  Portugal | 92 |
| CONOCIDO |  Kenia | 89 |
| CRO |  Croacia | 87 |
| VEN |  Venezuela | 87 |
| IRL |  Irlanda | 77 |
| NGR |  Nigeria | 75 |
| AUT |  Austria | 71 |
| UZB |  Uzbekistan | 70 |
| MERMELADA |  Jamaica | 68 |
| LTU |  Lituania | 67 |
| ALG |  Argelia | 64 |
| IRN |  Iran | 64 |
| NI |  Noruega | 62 |
| SLO |  Eslovenia | 61 |
| TONEL |  Túnez | 61 |
| TPE |  Taipei Chino | 60 |
| AZE |  Azerbaiyán | 56 |
| ALETA |  Finlandia | 56 |
| THA |  Tailandia | 54 |
| BUL |  Bulgaria | 51 |
| FIJ |  Fiyi | 51 |
| MAR |  Marruecos | 51 |
| SVK |  Eslovaquia | 51 |
| ISR |  Israel | 48 |
| est |  Estonia | 45 |
| MGL |  Mongolia | 43 |
| CHI |  Chile | 42 |
| PUR |  Puerto Rico | 42 |
| GEO |  Georgia | 39 |
| ECU |  Ecuador | 38 |
| HKG |  Hong Kong | 38 |
| QAT |  Katar | 38 |
| BHR |  Bahréin | 35 |
| PRK |  Corea del Norte | 35 |
| ETH |  Etiopía | 34 |
| LAT |  Letonia | 34 |
| MNE |  Montenegro | 34 |
| BRAZO |  Armenia | 33 |
| MAS |  Malasia | 32 |
| TTO |  Trinidad y Tobago | 32 |
| ZIM |  Zimbabue | 31 |
| DOM |  República Dominicana | 29 |
| POR |  Perú | 29 |
| BAH |  Bahamas | 28 |
| EN UN |  Indonesia | 28 |
| HON |  Honduras | 26 |
| ANG |  Angola | 25 |
| SGP |  Singapur | 25 |
| CMR |  Camerún | 24 |
| IRQ |  Irak | 23 |
| MDA |  Moldavia | 23 |
| RIVALIZAR |  Vietnam | 23 |
| SEN |  Senegal | 22 |
| GUA |  Guatemala | 21 |
| UGA |  Uganda | 21 |
| KGZ |  Kirguistán | 19 |
| URU |  Uruguay | 17 |
| CYP |  Chipre | dieciséis |
| GHA |  Ghana | 14 |
| FI |  Filipinas | 13 |
| Emiratos Árabes Unidos |  Emiratos Árabes Unidos | 13 |
| BAR |  Barbados | 12 |
| BOL |  Bolivia | 12 |
| Bot |  Botswana | 12 |
| ERI |  Eritrea | 12 |
| CIV |  Costa de Marfil | 12 |
| Resonancia magnética |  Mauricio | 12 |
| KSA |  Arabia Saudita | 12 |
| BIH |  Bosnia y Herzegovina | 11 |
| PAR |  Paraguay | 11 |
| CGO |  República del congo | 10 |
| CRC |  Costa Rica | 10 |
| HAI |  Haití | 10 |
| LUX |  Luxemburgo | 10 |
| NAM |  Namibia | 10 |
| SARTÉN |  Panamá | 10 |
| PUTREFACCIÓN |  Equipo olímpico de refugiados | 10 |
| SEY |  Seychelles | 10 |
| HORMIGA |  Antigua y Barbuda | 9 |
| ARU |  Aruba | 9 |
| BDI |  Burundi | 9 |
| COK |  Islas Cook | 9 |
| IOA | Atletas olímpicos independientes | 9 |
| LIB |  Líbano | 9 |
| SRI |  Sri Lanka | 9 |
| TKM |  Turkmenistán | 9 |
| BER |  islas Bermudas | 8 |
| ESA |  El Salvador | 8 |
| ISL |  Islandia | 8 |
| JOR |  Jordán | 8 |
| KOS |  Kosovo | 8 |
| LES |  Lesoto | 8 |
| PNG |  Papúa Nueva Guinea | 8 |
| RWA |  Ruanda | 8 |
| SAM |  Samoa | 8 |
| PROHIBICIÓN |  Bangladesh | 7 |
| DJI |  Djibouti | 7 |
| GRN |  Granada | 7 |
| LBA |  Libia | 7 |
| MLT |  Malta | 7 |
| MYA |  Myanmar | 7 |
| NEP |  Nepal | 7 |
| PAK |  Pakistán | 7 |
| SKN |  Saint Kitts y Nevis | 7 |
| JER |  Siria | 7 |
| TJK |  Tayikistán | 7 |
| BRONCEARSE |  Tanzania | 7 |
| TGA |  Tonga | 7 |
| ISV |  Islas Virgenes | 7 |
| ZAM |  Zambia | 7 |
| LAO |  Laos | 6 |
| AFG |  Afganistán | 6 |
| ALBA |  Albania | 6 |
| BEN |  Benin | 6 |
| LEVA |  Camboya | 6 |
| coste y flete |  República Centroafricana | 6 |
| CHARLA |  Gabón | 6 |
| CHICO |  Guayana | 6 |
| MKD |  macedonia | 6 |
| ENOJADO |  Madagascar | 6 |
| MLI |  Mali | 6 |
| MOZ |  Mozambique | 6 |
| NIG |  Níger | 6 |
| PLE |  Palestina | 6 |
| SUD |  Sudán | 6 |
| SUR |  Surinam | 6 |
| Y |  Andorra | 5 |
| REBABA |  Burkina Faso | 5 |
| CPV |  Cabo Verde | 5 |
| ISLA PEQUEÑA |  Islas Caimán | 5 |
| CHICLE |  Guam | 5 |
| GUI |  Guinea | 5 |
| GBS |  Guinea-Bissau | 5 |
| FAUCES |  Malawi | 5 |
| MHL |  Islas Marshall | 5 |
| FSM |  Estados Federados de Micronesia | 5 |
| NCA |  Nicaragua | 5 |
| PLW |  Palau | 5 |
| ACV |  Santa Lucía | 5 |
| ATAVIAR |  Para llevar | 5 |
| COMO UN |  Samoa Americana | 4 |
| IVB |  Islas Vírgenes Británicas | 4 |
| COM |  Comoras | 4 |
| BACALAO |  República Democrática del Congo | 4 |
| GAM |  Gambia | 4 |
| MDV |  Maldivas | 4 |
| OMA |  Omán | 4 |
| VIN |  San Vicente y las Granadinas | 4 |
| SMR |  San Marino | 4 |
| LES |  Sierra Leona | 4 |
| CAMIONETA |  Vanuatu | 4 |
| NEGOCIO |  Belice | 3 |
| BRU |  Brunei | 3 |
| MENTIR |  Liechtenstein | 3 |
| LUN |  Mónaco | 3 |
| STP |  Santo Tomé y Príncipe | 3 |
| SOL |  Islas Salomón | 3 |
| SSD |  Sudán del Sur | 3 |
| TLS |  Timor Oriental | 3 |
| YEM |  Yemen | 3 |
| BHU |  Bután | 2 |
| CHA |  Chad | 2 |
| DMA |  Dominica | 2 |
| GEQ |  Guinea Ecuatorial | 2 |
| LBR |  Liberia | 2 |
| MTN |  Mauritania | 2 |
| NRU |  Nauru | 2 |
| SOM |  Somalia | 2 |
| SWZ |  Swazilandia | 2 |
| TUV |  Tuvalu | 1 |
| Total | 11,237 |
Atletas refugiados [ editar ]
Debido a la crisis migratoria europea y otras razones, el COI permitió a los atletas competir como Olímpicos Independientes bajo la Bandera Olímpica . Durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano anteriores , los refugiados no fueron elegibles para competir debido a su incapacidad para representar a sus CON de origen. [63] El 2 de marzo de 2016, el COI finalizó los planes para un Equipo Olímpico de Refugiados (ROT) específico ; de 43 atletas refugiados considerados potencialmente elegibles, 10 fueron elegidos para formar el equipo. [64]
Atletas independientes [ editar ]
Debido a la suspensión del Comité Olímpico Nacional de Kuwait, a los participantes de Kuwait se les permitió participar bajo la Bandera Olímpica como Atletas Olímpicos Independientes.
En noviembre de 2015, la Asociación Internacional de Federaciones de Atletismo (IAAF) suspendió provisionalmente a Rusia de todas las competiciones internacionales de atletismo de pista y campo tras un informe de la Agencia Mundial Antidopaje (AMA) sobre un programa de dopaje en el país. [65] La IAAF anunció que permitiría a los atletas rusos individuales solicitar "elegibilidad excepcional" para participar en los Juegos como atletas "neutrales" si se verificaba de forma independiente que no se habían involucrado en el dopaje ni en el programa de dopaje ruso. [66]
El 24 de julio de 2016, el COI rechazó las recomendaciones de la IAAF y la AMA de permitir a los atletas competir de manera neutral, afirmando que la Carta Olímpica "no prevé tales 'atletas neutrales'" y que era la decisión del Comité Olímpico Nacional de cada país sobre qué atletas serían elegidos. compitiendo. [67] Como resultado, los atletas rusos compitieron bajo la bandera rusa, aunque competirían bajo una bandera neutral en los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 2018 luego de varios desarrollos con respecto a la investigación de dopaje.
Casas nacionales [ editar ]
Durante los Juegos, algunos países y continentes tuvieron una casa nacional. Estos lugares de encuentro temporal para aficionados, deportistas y otros seguidores se ubicaron a lo largo de Río de Janeiro. [68]
| Nación | Localización | Nombre |
|---|---|---|
| Casa de África | Barra da Tijuca | Casa da África |
| Australia | Centro de Convenciones de la Bolsa de Valores de Río de Janeiro | Casa da Austrália |
| Austria | Botafogo | Casa da Austria |
| Brasil | Gamboa | Casa do Brasil |
| Colombia | Centro | Casa da Colombia |
| República Checa | Barra da Tijuca | Casa da República Tcheca |
| Dinamarca | Ipanema | Pavilhão Dinamarquês |
| Finlandia | Centro | Casa da Finlândia |
| Francia | Lagoa | Clube da França |
| Alemania | Leblon | Casa de Praia da Alemanha |
| Gran Bretaña | Parque Lage, Jardim Botânico | Casa Olímpica da Grã-Bretanha |
| Hungría | Dio un | Casa da Hungría |
| Jamaica | Dio un | Casa da Jamaica |
| México | Centro | Casa do México |
| Países Bajos | Lagoa | Holland Heineken House (Casa da Holanda) |
| Portugal | Centro | Casa de Portugal |
| PyeongChang 2018 | Playa de copacabana | Casa de PyeongChang 2018 |
| Katar | Botafogo | Bayt Quatar |
| Rusia | Copacabana | Casa do Time Olímpico do Rússia |
| Eslovaquia | Barra da Tijuca | Casa Eslovaca |
| Tokio 2020 | Barra da Tijuca | Casa de Tóquio 2020 |
| Gobierno Metropolitano de Tokio | Paço Imperial | Casa do Governo Metropolitano de Tóquio |
Calendario [ editar ]
Actualmente, se basa en el calendario publicado el mismo día en que comenzó la venta de entradas, el 31 de marzo de 2015. [69]
- Todas las fechas son hora de Brasilia ( UTC – 3 )
| jefe | Ceremonia de apertura | ● | Competiciones de eventos | 1 | Eventos de medalla de oro | P.EJ | Gala de exhibición | CC | Ceremonia de clausura |
| agosto | 3er miércoles | 4to jueves | 5to viernes | 6to sábado | 7th Sun | 8th Mon | 9th Tue | 10th Wed | 11th Thu | 12th Fri | 13th Sat | 14th Sun | 15th Mon | 16th Tue | 17th Wed | 18th Thu | 19th Fri | 20th Sat | 21st Sun | Events | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceremonies | OC | CC | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||
| Aquatics | Diving | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ● | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | 46 | ||||||
| Swimming | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Artistic swimming | ● | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
| Water polo | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | |||||||
 Archery | ● | 1 | 1 | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||||
| Athletics | 3 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 47 | ||||||||||
| Badminton | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | ||||||||||
| Basketball | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Boxing | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 13 | ||||
| Canoeing | Slalom | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | 16 | ||||||||||||||
| Sprint | ● | 4 | ● | 4 | ● | 4 | |||||||||||||||
| Cycling | Road cycling | 1 | 1 | 2 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
| Track cycling | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||||||
| BMX | ● | ● | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Mountain biking | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Equestrian | ● | ● | ● | 2 | ● | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | 1 | 6 | ||||||||
| Fencing | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||||
| Field hockey | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
| Football | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
| Golf | ● | ● | ● | 1 | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Gymnastics | Artistic | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | EG | 18 | |||||||||
| Rhythmic | ● | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Trampolining | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Handball | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Judo | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 14 | |||||||||||||
| Modern pentathlon | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| Rowing | ● | ● | ● | ● | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 14 | ||||||||||||
| Rugby sevens | ● | ● | 1 | ● | ● | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||
| Sailing | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 10 | |||||||||
| Shooting | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 15 | |||||||||||
| Table tennis | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||
| Taekwondo | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||
| Tennis | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | |||||||||||
| Triathlon | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Volleyball | Beach volleyball | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||
| Indoor volleyball | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Weightlifting | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 | ||||||||||
| Wrestling | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 18 | ||||||||||||
| Daily medal events | 12 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 20 | 19 | 24 | 21 | 22 | 17 | 25 | 16 | 23 | 22 | 30 | 12 | 306 | ||||
| Cumulative total | 12 | 26 | 40 | 55 | 75 | 94 | 118 | 139 | 161 | 178 | 203 | 219 | 242 | 264 | 294 | 306 | |||||
| August | 3rd Wed | 4th Thu | 5th Fri | 6th Sat | 7th Sun | 8th Mon | 9th Tue | 10th Wed | 11th Thu | 12th Fri | 13th Sat | 14th Sun | 15th Mon | 16th Tue | 17th Wed | 18th Thu | 19th Fri | 20th Sat | 21st Sun | Events | |
Records[edit]
Twenty-seven world records and ninety-one Olympic records were set during the 2016 Summer Olympics. The records were set in archery, athletics, canoeing, cycling track, modern pentathlon, rowing, shooting, swimming and weightlifting.
Medal table[edit]
The top ten listed NOCs by the number of gold medals are listed below. Host nation Brazil finished in 13th place with a total of 19 medals (7 gold, 6 silver, and 6 bronze).
* Host nation (Brazil)
| Rank | NOC | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States (USA) | 46 | 37 | 38 | 121 |
| 2 | Great Britain (GBR) | 27 | 23 | 17 | 67 |
| 3 | China (CHN) | 26 | 18 | 26 | 70 |
| 4 | Russia (RUS) | 19 | 17 | 20 | 56 |
| 5 | Germany (GER) | 17 | 10 | 15 | 42 |
| 6 | Japan (JPN) | 12 | 8 | 21 | 41 |
| 7 | France (FRA) | 10 | 18 | 14 | 42 |
| 8 | South Korea (KOR) | 9 | 3 | 9 | 21 |
| 9 | Italy (ITA) | 8 | 12 | 8 | 28 |
| 10 | Australia (AUS) | 8 | 11 | 10 | 29 |
| 11–86 | Remaining NOCs | 125 | 150 | 181 | 456 |
| Totals (86 NOCs) | 307 | 307 | 359 | 973 | |
Podium sweeps[edit]
| Date | Sport | Event | NOC | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17 August | Athletics | Women's 100-meter hurdles | United States | Brianna Rollins | Nia Ali | Kristi Castlin |
Event scheduling[edit]
A number of events, most notably in aquatics, beach volleyball and track and field, were scheduled with sessions and matches occurring as late as 10:00 p.m. to midnight BRT. These scheduling practices were influenced primarily by United States broadcast rightsholder NBC, whose substantial rights fees are one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC, who therefore allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible (on 7 May 2014, NBC agreed to a US$7.75 billion contract extension to air the Olympics through 2032, including US$1.23 billion for Rio 2016),[70][71] as well as the main Brazilian rightsholder Rede Globo. As Brasília time is only one hour ahead of the U.S. Eastern Time Zone, certain marquee events were scheduled to occur during U.S. primetime hours (traditionally 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. ET, 9:00 p.m. to midnight BRT), allowing them to be broadcast live on the east coast as opposed to being delayed. This practice was also beneficial to Globo; a Brazilian critic noted that the network very rarely preempts its primetime telenovelas, as they are among the highest-rated programs in the country.[72][73][74][75]
Closing ceremony[edit]
The closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics was held on 21 August 2016 from 20:00 to 22:50 BRT at the Maracanã Stadium.[76] As per traditional Olympic protocol, the ceremony featured cultural presentations from both the current (Brazil) and following (Japan) host countries, as well as closing remarks by IOC president Thomas Bach, who declared the Games closed, and the Games' organizing committee leader Carlos Arthur Nuzman, the official handover of the Olympic flag from Rio de Janeiro mayor Eduardo Paes to Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike, whose city will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, and the extinguishing of the Olympic flame.[77]
The creative director for the ceremony was Rosa Magalhães.[78] Amid heavy rainfall, the ceremony began with interpretive dancers representing various landmarks in the host city. Martinho da Vila then performed a rendition of "Carinhoso" by Pixinguinha. In another segment, introducing the athletes, singer Roberta Sá channeled Carmen Miranda, the fruit-headdress-wearing, mid-century Hollywood diva who endures as a beloved camp figure. The Parade of Flags followed shortly after a choir of 27 children, representing the states of Brazil, sang the Brazilian national anthem.
Cost[edit]
The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimated the out-turn cost of the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics at US$4.6 billion in 2015-dollars. This figure included sports-related costs, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, of which the largest components were technology, transportation, workforce, and administration costs, while other operational costs included security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which were required to host the Games.[79]
Indirect capital costs were not included, such as for road, rail or airport infrastructure, for hotel upgrades, or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The Rio Olympics' cost of US$4.6 billion compares with costs of US$40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014, the two most expensive Olympics in history. The average cost of the Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion.[79]
Broadcasting[edit]
Olympic Broadcasting Services served as the host broadcaster for the 2016 Games. Produced from a total of seven mobile units, OBS distributed 40,000 hours of television footage and 60,000 hours of digital footage of the Games to its international rightsholders. For the first time in Olympic history, digital-oriented footage exceeded the amount of television-oriented footage. The International Broadcast Centre was constructed in the Barra da Tijuca cluster.[80] NHK and OBS once again filmed portions of the Games, including the opening ceremony and selected events, in 8K resolution video. Additionally, expanding upon a 180-degree trial at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics, 85 hours of video content were originated in 360-degree virtual reality formats.[81] In the United States, NBC offered 4K content downconverted from the 8K footage and with HDR and Dolby Atmos support, to participating television providers.[82] Owing to their expertise in domestic broadcasts of the new sports introduced in Rio, Golf Channel and Sky New Zealand staff handled the production of the golf and rugby sevens events on behalf of OBS.[80]
In August 2009, the IOC reached a deal to sell domestic broadcast rights for the 2016 Summer Olympics to Grupo Globo. Replacing Record TV, the deal covers free-to-air coverage on Rede Globo, pay TV, and digital rights to the Games. In turn, Globo sublicensed partial free-to-air rights to Rede Record, along with Rede Bandeirantes. IOC board member Richard Carrión described the agreement as "unprecedented", touting that "by working with Brazil's leading media organizations, we are confident that this represents a great deal for Olympic fans in the region. There will be a huge increase in the amount of Olympic action broadcast, both during and outside Games time, and Brazilians will have more choice of how, when and where they follow their Olympic Games."[83]
Olympic Golden Rings Awards[edit]
In November 2017, the International Olympic Committee announced the winners of the Golden rings in six categories for the best broadcast coverage of the Games. The Best Olympic Sports Production was awarded to Beach Volleyball, produced by Geoff Johnson and directed by Greg Breakell and Gary Milkis. The production for the cycling road race and Sailing came second and third. The next category was the best Olympic feature, for which TV Globo's feature entitled Esporte Espetacular finished third, and China Central Television's feature A Sequel of Love came second. The winner was NBC Olympics for their feature The Most Beautiful Thing. The third category was The Best Athlete Profile, for which RTBF Radio Télévision de la Communauté Française de Belgique collected the third place prize for their profile of Nafi Thiam. TV Globo went one better than the previous category coming second with their profile of Izaquias Queiroz. The winner of the category again was NBC, this time for their piece on Wayde van Niekerk. The Best On-Air Promotion was announced next, with the BBC Sport winning with NBC coming second this time and Bulgarian National Television finishing third. The Best Olympic Digital Service went to NBC, with ZDF-German TV and SporTV/Globosat picking up the second and third places. The Best Olympic Programme was awarded to SporTV/Globosat, while TV Globo and BBC Sport completed the podium.[84]
Marketing[edit]
Mascots[edit]
On 24 November 2014, the official mascots of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled, created by Sao Paulo-based animation company Birdo.[85] The Olympic mascot Vinicius, named after musician Vinicius de Moraes, represents Brazilian wildlife and carries design traits of cats, monkeys, and birds.[85] According to their fictional backgrounds, the mascots "were both born from the joy of Brazilians after it was announced that Rio would host the Games".[86]
Brand director Beth Lula stated that the mascots were intended to reflect the diversity of Brazil's culture and people.[87] The names of the mascots were determined by a public vote whose results were announced on 14 December 2014. The names, which reference the co-writers of the song "The Girl from Ipanema", won over two other sets of names, tallying 44 percent of 323,327 votes.[88] At the Olympic wrestling events, coaches were given plush dolls of Vinicius to throw into the ring when they wished to challenge a referee's call.[89]
Emblem[edit]
The official emblem for the 2016 Summer Olympics was designed by Brazilian agency Tatíl Design, and was unveiled on 31 December 2010, winning in a competition against 139 agencies.[90] The emblem represents three figures joined at their arms and feet, with the overall shape reflecting that of Sugarloaf Mountain. It was also designed to have a three-dimensional form, which designer Fred Gelli claimed made it the first 3D logo in the history of the Olympics.[91]
The logo has been noted as evoking Henri Matisse's painting Dance. There were also allegations by the Colorado-based Telluride Foundation that the logo had been plagiarized from its own; while also consisting of several figures linked in motion, the Telluride Foundation logo contains four figures. This is not the first time that the foundation had alleged plagiarism of its logo by a Brazilian event; in 2004, the linked figures element had been copied for the logo of Carnival celebrations in Salvador. Gelli defended the allegations, stating that the concept of figures linked in embrace was not inherently original, as it was "an ancient reference" and "in the collective unconscious". Gelli cited Dance as an influence of the logo's concept and stated that the designers had intentionally aimed to make the interpretation of the concept as dissimilar to others as possible.[92]
Concerns and controversies[edit]
The lead-up to the Rio Games was marked by a number of controversies, including: Brazil's political and economic crisis; the Zika virus epidemic; the significant pollution in the Guanabara Bay; and an ongoing doping scandal involving Russia, which affected the participation of Russian athletes in the Games. However, the Zika virus was not contracted by anyone competing in or attending the Olympics,[93] and the Games went ahead normally with no major incident.[94][95][96]
Political and economic crisis[edit]
In 2014, Operation Car Wash, an investigation by the Federal Police of Brazil, uncovered unprecedented money laundering and corruption at the state-controlled oil company Petrobras. In early 2015, a series of protests against alleged corruption by the government of President Dilma Rousseff began in Brazil, triggered by revelations that numerous politicians were involved in the Petrobras affair. By early 2016, the scandal had escalated into a full-blown political crisis affecting not only President Rousseff, but also former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, resulting in widespread demonstrations involving millions of protesters,[97] both anti- and pro-Rousseff.[98][99] At the same time, Brazil faced its worst economic recession since the 1990s, raising questions about whether the country was adequately prepared to host the Olympic Games against a volatile political and economic backdrop. On 12 May 2016, President Rousseff was stripped of her powers and duties for 180 days after an impeachment vote in the Federal Senate, with Vice President Michel Temer standing in as acting president during the Games.[100]
On 5 October 2017, Brazilian Olympic Committee head Carlos Nuzman was arrested amid a money-laundering investigation into a $2 million payment that was allegedly made to secure votes for the bid to bring the Olympics to Rio. The money was believed to have been paid to former IAAF president Lamine Diack and his son Papa Massata Diack, who was a member of the IOC at the time of the alleged payment, which was three days before the vote in 2009. All three were charged with money laundering, along with the former Rio state governor Sergio Cabral (who was already in prison for money laundering offenses at the time), Brazilian businessman Arthur Soares, and ex-Brazilian Olympic Committee chief Leonardo Gryner. All six were charged with running a criminal organization, money laundering, and violating currency laws in their own native countries.[101] On 4 July 2019, it was reported that Cabral told a judge that the money paid to Diack was used to buy as many as nine votes.[102] Rio mayor Eduardo Paes was also accused of corruption and fraud in relation to the construction of a number of venues for the Games.[103][104]
Zika virus[edit]
An outbreak of the mosquito-borne Zika virus in Brazil raised fears regarding its potential impact on athletes and visitors. To prevent puddles of stagnant water that allow mosquitoes to breed, organizers announced plans to perform daily inspections of Olympic venues.[105] Zika virus transmission was also attributed to inefficient sewage treatment in the area, an issue that was also in the process of being addressed for the Games.[106]
In May 2016, a group of 150 physicians and scientists sent an open letter to the World Health Organization (WHO), calling upon them to, according to co-author Arthur Caplan, have "an open, transparent discussion of the risks of holding the Olympics as planned in Brazil". The WHO dismissed the request, stating that "cancelling or changing the location of the 2016 Olympics [would] not significantly alter the international spread of Zika virus", and that there was "no public health justification" for postponing them.[107][108][109]
Some athletes did not attend the Games because of the epidemic.[110][111] On 2 September 2016, however, the World Health Organization reported that there were no confirmed cases of Zika among athletes or visitors during the 2016 Olympics.[112]
Environmental problems[edit]
The Guanabara Bay, whose waters were used for sailing and windsurfing competitions, is heavily polluted. Among the chief causes of the pollution are uncollected trash fed into the bay via polluted rivers and slums along the coast. Pollution of the Guanabara has been a long-term issue. At the Earth Summit in 1992, officials promised they would begin to address the pollution, but previous attempts to do so have been insufficient. As an aspect of their bid for the Games, Rio once again committed to making efforts towards cleaning the bay.[113][114] However, some of these proposed initiatives have faced budgetary issues.[33] Prior to these efforts, only 17% of Rio's sewage was treated;[115] this raw sewage also leaked into the bay. Although Rio mayor Eduardo Paes stated that the city might not be able to reach its goal of having 80% of sewage treated,[116] at least 60% of sewage was treated by March 2016, with a projected goal of 65% of sewage being treated by the start of the Olympics.[117]
Security[edit]
Rio's crime problems also received renewed attention after it was awarded the 2016 Games; mayor Paes stated that the city was facing "big issues" in heightening security, but that such concerns and issues were presented to the IOC throughout the bidding process.[118]
The governor of Rio de Janeiro also highlighted the fact that London faced security problems, with a terrorist attack occurring just a day after it was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics. The estimate was that 5,000 men of the National Public Security Force and 22,000 military officers (14,800 Army; 5,900 Navy and 1,300 of the Brazilian Air Force), in addition to the fixed quota of Rio January, would act during the Olympic Games.[119]
On 21 July 2016, two weeks before the scheduled start of the Games, the Brazilian Federal Police broke up an Islamic jihadist terrorist ring by arresting 12 people.[120]
Russian doping scandal[edit]
In December 2014, media attention began growing when German broadcaster ARD reported on state-sponsored doping in Russia, comparing it to doping in East Germany. In November 2015, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) published a report and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) suspended Russia indefinitely from world track and field events. The United Kingdom Anti-Doping agency later assisted WADA with testing in Russia. In June 2016, they reported they were unable to fully carry out their work, and noted intimidation by armed Federal Security Service (FSB) agents.[121] After a Russian former lab director made allegations about the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, WADA commissioned an independent investigation led by Richard McLaren, which found corroborating evidence, concluding in a report published in July 2016 that the Ministry of Sport and the FSB had operated a "state-directed failsafe system" using a "disappearing positive [test] methodology" (DPM) from "at least late 2011 to August 2015".[122]
In response to these findings, WADA announced that RUSADA should be regarded as non-compliant with respect to the World Anti-Doping Code, and recommended that Russia be banned from competing in the 2016 Summer Olympics.[123] The IOC rejected the recommendation, stating that the IOC and each sport's international federation would make decisions on each athlete's individual basis.[124][125] A day before the opening ceremony, 278 athletes were cleared to compete under the Russian flag, while 111 were removed because of doping.[126] In contrast, the entire Kuwaiti team was banned from competing under their own flag for a non-doping related matter.[127][128] Unlike the IOC, the International Paralympic Committee voted unanimously to ban the entire Russian team from the 2016 Summer Paralympics, and suspended the Russian Paralympic Committee after it found evidence that the DPM was also in operation at the 2014 Winter Paralympics.[129]
See also[edit]
- 2016 Summer Paralympics
- Summer Olympic Games
- Olympic Games
- International Olympic Committee
- List of IOC country codes
Notes[edit]
- ^ The Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation is [ˈʒɔɡuz oˈlĩpikus dʒi veˈɾɐ̃w dʒi ˈdojz ˈmiw i dʒizeˈsejs], in Brazil's standard pronunciation.
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External links[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2016 Summer Olympics. |
 | Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2016 Summer Olympics. |
- "Rio de Janeiro 2016". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee.
- Official website
| Summer Olympics | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by London | XXXI Olympiad Rio de Janeiro 2016 | Succeeded by Tokyo |
