El Ejército de Sudáfrica es la rama de guerra terrestre de la Fuerza de Defensa Nacional de Sudáfrica . Sus raíces se remontan a su formación después de la creación de la Unión de Sudáfrica en 1910. El ejército sudafricano evolucionó dentro de la tradición de la guerra fronteriza librada por las fuerzas de los Comandos Boer ( milicias ), reforzada por la desconfianza histórica de los afrikaners hacia los grandes ejércitos permanentes. . [2] Luego luchó como parte del esfuerzo británico más amplio tanto en la Primera Guerra Mundial como en la Segunda Guerra Mundial , pero luego fue aislado de su antigua Commonwealth.vínculos con la ascensión al poder del Partido Nacional en Sudáfrica en 1948. El ejército estuvo involucrado en una larga y amarga campaña de contrainsurgencia en Namibia de 1966 a 1990. También jugó un papel clave en el control de la violencia política sectaria en Sudáfrica durante finales de la década de 1980 y principios de la de 1990.
Ejército sudafricano | |
---|---|
Fundado | 1912 [a] |
País | Sudáfrica |
Tipo | Ejército |
Tamaño |
|
Parte de | Fuerza de Defensa Nacional Sudafricana |
Sede | Pretoria , Gauteng , Sudáfrica |
Compromisos | |
Comandantes | |
Ministro de Defensa y Asuntos de Veteranos | Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula |
Jefe del ejercito | Teniente General Lawrence Mbatha |
Diputada CARMY | Mayor General Mannetjies de Goede |
Sargento Mayor del Ejército | Suboficial superior Ncebakele Mtshatsheni |
Insignias | |
Sello |
El papel del Ejército cambió fundamentalmente por los trastornos de principios de la década de 1990 y, después de 1994, el Ejército pasó a formar parte de la nueva SANDF . Ahora participa cada vez más en los esfuerzos de mantenimiento de la paz en África meridional, a menudo como parte de operaciones más amplias de la Unión Africana . El Ejército está compuesto por aproximadamente 40.100 efectivos uniformados regulares, más 12.300 efectivos de la fuerza de reserva. La estructura de rango / edad del ejército, que se deterioró desesperadamente durante la década de 1990, está mejorando enormemente a través del sistema de servicio nacional voluntario de Desarrollo de Habilidades Militares (MSDS). A través de este sistema, los miembros jóvenes y sanos se incorporan a las fuerzas regulares y de reserva cada año.
Historia
After the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, General Jan Smuts, the Union's first Minister of Defence, placed a high priority on creating a unified military out of the separate armies of the union's four provinces (the British Cape Colonial Forces, and the forces of the Natal Colony, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony). The Defence Act (No. 13) of 1912 established a Union Defence Force (UDF) that included a Permanent Force (or standing army) of career soldiers, an Active Citizen Force of temporary conscripts and volunteers as well as a Cadet organisation.[3] The 1912 law also obligated all white males between seventeen and sixty years of age to serve in the military, but this was not strictly enforced as there were a large number of volunteers. Instead, half of the white males aged from 17 to 25 were drafted by lots into the ACF. For training purposes, the Union was divided into 15 military districts.[4]:2
Initially, the Permanent Force consisted of five regiments of the South African Mounted Riflemen (SAMR), each with a battery of artillery attached. Dorning says that '..the SAMR was in reality a military constabulary similar to the Cape Mounted Riflemen, tasked primarily with police work in their respective geographical areas.'[4]:3 In 1913 and 1914, the new 23,400-member Citizen Force was called on to suppress several industrial strikes on the Witwatersrand.
In accordance with the 1912 Defence Act, the Active Citizen Force was established under Brig. Gen. C.F. Beyers on 1 July 1913.[5] The authorised strength of the ACF and Coast Garrison Force was 25,155 and by 31 December actual strength stood at 23,462.
First World War
Following the British declaration of war against Germany on 4 August 1914, South Africa was an extension of the British war effort due to her status as a Dominion within the Empire. Although self-governing, South Africa, along with other Dominions such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand, were only semi-independent from Britain.[6]
General Louis Botha, the then prime minister, faced widespread Afrikaner opposition to fighting alongside Great Britain so soon after the Second Boer War, and had to quell a militarily rebellion by some of the more extremist elements before he could send an expeditionary force of some 67,000 troops to invade German South West Africa (now Namibia). The German troops stationed there eventually surrendered to the South African forces in July 1915. In 1920 South Africa received a League of Nations mandate to govern the former German colony and to prepare it for independence within a few year, however South African occupation continued, illegally, until 1990.[7]
Later, the South African Infantry Brigade, and various other supporting units such as the South African Native Labour Corps, were deployed to France in order to fight on the Western Front as the South African Overseas Expeditionary Force under British command. The 1st South African Brigade consisted of four infantry battalion sized regiments, representing men from all four provinces of the Union of South Africa, as well as Rhodesia. The 1st Regiment was from the Cape Province, the 2nd Regiment was from Natal and the Orange Free State and the 3rd Regiment was from Transvaal and Rhodesia. The 4th Regiment was called the South African Scottish and was raised from members of the Transvaal Scottish and the Cape Town Highlanders; they wore the Atholl Murray tartan. Supporting units included five batteries of heavy artillery, a field ambulance unit, a Royal Engineers signals company and a military hospital.[8]
The most costly action that the South African forces on the Western Front fought in was the Battle of Delville Wood in 1916 – of the 3,000 men from the brigade who entered the wood, only 768 emerged unscathed.[9] Another tragic loss of life for the South African forces during the war was the Mendi sinking on 21 February 1917, when the troopship Mendi – while transporting 607 members of the South African Native Labour Corps from Britain to France – was struck and cut almost in half by another ship.[10]
In addition, the war against the German and Askari forces in German East Africa also involved more than 20,000 South African troops; they fought under General Jan Smuts's command when he directed the British campaign against there in 1915. (During the war, the army was led by General Smuts, who had re-joined the army from his position as Minister of Defence on the outbreak of the war.)[11]
Coloured South Africans also saw notable action with the Cape Corps in Palestine.
With a population of roughly 6 million, between 1914 - 1918, over 250,000 South Africans of all races voluntarily served their country. Thousands more served in the British Army directly, with over 3,000 joining the British Royal Flying Corps and over 100 volunteering for the Royal Navy. More than 146,000 whites, 83,000 black Africans and 2,500 Coloureds and Asians also served in either German South-West Africa, East Africa, the Middle East, or on the Western Front in Europe. Suffering roughly 19,000 casualties, over 7,000 South Africans were killed, and nearly 12,000 were wounded during the course of the war.[12] Eight South Africans won the Victoria Cross for gallantry, the Empire’s highest and prestigious military medal. The Battle of Delville Wood and the sinking of the SS Mendi being the greatest single incidents of loss of life.
Interwar period
Wartime casualties and post-war demobilisation weakened the UDF. New legislation in 1922 re-established conscription for white males[13] over the age of 21 for four years of military training and service and re-constituted the Permanent Force. UDF troops assumed internal security tasks in South Africa and quelled several revolts against South African domination in South-West Africa. South Africans suffered high casualties, especially in 1922, when an independent group of Khoikhoi – known as the Bondelswarts-Herero for the black bands that they wore into battle – led one of numerous revolts; in 1925, when a mixed-race population – the Basters – demanded cultural autonomy and political independence; and in 1932, when the Ovambo (Ambo) population along the border with Angola demanded an end to South African domination. During the Rand strike of 1922, 14,000 members of the ACF and certain A class reservists were called up.[14]
Expenditure cuts saw the UDF as a whole reduced. The last remaining regiment of the South Africa Mounted Riflemen was disbanded on 31 March 1926 and the number of military districts was reduced from 16 to six on 1 April 1926. The Brigade HQ of the SA Field Artillery was also disbanded.[14] In 1933 the six military districts were redesignated Commands.[4]:9 As a result of its conscription policies, the UDF increased its active-duty forces to 56,000 by the late 1930s; 100,000 men also belonged to the National Riflemen's Reserve, which provided weapons training and practice.
Second World War
During World War II, the South African Army fought in the East African, North African and Italian campaigns. In 1939, the army at home in South Africa was divided between a number of regional commands.[15] These included Cape Command (with its headquarters at the Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town), Orange Free State Command, Natal Command, Witwatersrand Command (5th and 9th Brigades plus the Transvaal Horse Artillery), Robert's Heights and Transvaal Command (HQ Robert's Heights) and Eastern Province Command at East London.
With the declaration of war in September 1939, the South African Army numbered only 5,353 regulars,[16] with an additional 14,631 men of the Active Citizen Force (ACF) which gave peace time training to volunteers and in time of war would form the main body of the army. Pre-war plans did not anticipate that the army would fight outside southern Africa and it was trained and equipped only for bush warfare.
One of the problems to continuously face South Africa during the war was the shortage of available men. Due to its racial policies it would only consider arming men of European descent which limited the available pool of men aged between 20 and 40 to around 320,000. In addition the declaration of war on Germany had the support of only a narrow majority in the South African parliament and was far from universally popular. Indeed, there was a significant minority actively opposed to the war and under these conditions conscription was never an option. The expansion of the army and its deployment overseas depended entirely on volunteers.
The 1st South African Infantry Division took part in several actions in East Africa in 1940, North Africa in 1941 and 1942, including the Second Battle of El Alamein, before being withdrawn to South Africa.
The 2nd South African Infantry Division also took part in a number of actions in North Africa during 1942, but on 21 June 1942 two complete infantry brigades of the division as well as most of the supporting units were captured at the fall of Tobruk.
The 3rd South African Infantry Division never took an active part in any battles but instead organised and trained the South African home defence forces, performed garrison duties and supplied replacements for the South African 1st Infantry Division and the South African 2nd Infantry Division. However, one of this division's constituent brigades – 7th South African Infantry Battalion in Phalaborwa – did take part in the invasion of Madagascar in 1942.
The 6th South African Armoured Division fought in numerous actions in Italy from 1944 to 1945.
Of the 334,000 men volunteered for full time service in the South African Army during the war (including some 211,000 whites, 77,000 blacks and 46,000 Cape Coloureds and Asians), about 9,000 were killed in action, though the Commonwealth War Graves Commission has records of 11,023 known South African war dead during World War II.[17]
Post-war period
Wartime expansion was again followed by rapid demobilisation after World War II. By then, a century of Anglo-Boer clashes followed by decades of growing British influence in South Africa had fuelled Afrikaner resentment. Resurgent Afrikaner nationalism was an important factor in the growth of the National Party (NP) as the 1948 elections approached. After the narrow election victory by the NP in 1948, the government began the steady Afrikanerisation of the military; it expanded military service obligations and enforced conscription laws more strictly. Most UDF conscripts underwent three months of Citizen Force training in their first year of service, and an additional three weeks of training each year for four years after that.
In 1948, the new Minister of Defence, Frans Erasmus, aimed ' to level the playing-fields' within the Union Defence Force, which was strongly British-oriented in usages, structures, uniforms and nomenclature.[18] This developed from an attempt at affirmative action into a 'politically tinged purge'.
The various Commando units, previously 'Skietverenigings', were later classified as Type A, B or C independent Commandos and continued as single-battalion or small independent units. As part of the post-war reorganisation, the Defence Rifle Associations were disbanded in 1948 and replaced by a new Commando organisation with a strength of 90,000 men.[19] At the same time, the Afrikaans-oriented single-battalion regiments founded in 1934 underwent at least one change of name and sometimes more. An early victim was the renowned Middellandse Regiment, which became Regiment Gideon Scheepers in 1954.
It was also decided to establish and maintain two complete army divisions in the UDF: namely 1 SA Infantry Division and 6 SA Armoured Division, consisting of 1, 2, 3, 12, and 13 (CF) Infantry Brigades and the (PF) 11th Armoured Brigade. The divisions were formally established with effect from 1 July 1948, but with the exception of 11 Brigade they were disbanded on 1 November 1949, mainly as a result of difficulties in obtaining volunteer recruits to man the Citizen Force brigades. The 11th Armoured Brigade was itself disbanded on 1 October 1953. In the early 1950s the Union undertook, however, to provide one armoured division for active service in the Middle East in the event of war in the region. To this end some 200 Centurion tanks were ordered, and the first were delivered in July 1952. During Exercise Oranje, conducted in 1956, the Army trialled its Centurions for the first time in a simulated nuclear war situation.
The Defence Act (No. 44) of 1957 renamed the UDF the South African Defence Force (SADF) and established within it some quick-reaction units, or Commandos, to respond to localised threats. The SADF, numbering about 20,000 in 1958, would grow to almost 80,000 in the next two decades.
In 1960 there was another wave of regimental name-changing.[18] Regiment Gideon Scheepers became Regiment Groot Karoo, and three regiments named after famous Boer generals Regiment De La Rey (given its 13 World War 2 battle honours, the most celebrated of the 1934 battalions), Regiment Louw Wepener and Regiment De Wet were inexplicably renamed Regiment Wes-Transvaal, Regiment Oos-Vrystaat and Regiment Noord-Vrystaat. After strenuous efforts, Regiment Wes-Transvaal, Regiment Oos-Vrystaat and Regiment Noord-Vrystaat regained their honoured names.
Following the declaration of the Republic of South Africa in 1961, the "Royal" title was dropped from the names of army regiments like the Natal Carbineers and the Durban Light Infantry, and the Crown removed from regimental badges.
"Border War" (1966–1989)
In the early 1960s, the military threat by the South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) and its Communist backers in South West Africa prompted the South African government to increase military service obligations and to extend periods of active duty. The Defence Act (No. 12) of 1961 authorised the minister of defence to deploy Citizen Force troops and Commandos for "riot" control, often to quell anti-apartheid demonstrations, especially when it deteriorated into mob riots with loss of life. The Defence Act (No. 85) of 1967 also expanded military obligations, requiring white male citizens to perform national service, including an initial period of training, a period of active duty, and several years in reserve status, subject to immediate call-up.
From 1966 to 1989 the SADF, with its South West African Territorial Force auxiliary, fought the counter-insurgency South African Border War against SWAPO rebels in South-West Africa (Namibia). These operations included the raising of special units such as the South African 32 Battalion. They also carried out operations in support of UNITA rebels in Angola and against the Cuban troops that supported the Angolan government.
As far as conventional formations were concerned, 7 SA Division and 17, 18 and 19 Brigades were established on 1 April 1965.[4] Difficulties with manning levels saw the disestablishment of 7 SA Division on 1 November 1967 and its replacement by the Army Task Force (HQ) and 16 Brigade.
Also during the 1970s, the SADF began accepting "non-whites" and women into the military as career soldiers, not only as temporary volunteers or reservists; however, the former served mostly, if not exclusively, in segregated units while the latter were not assigned to combat roles. By the end of the 1970s, the South African military was increasingly called upon to confront external threats and internal unrest which started escalating to armed confrontation between the South African state and the liberation forces. Principal among these armed groups was that of the ANC's Umkhonto we Sizwe, the AZAPO's Azanian People's Liberation Army and the PAC's Poqo.
In 1973 two new infantry units were established: 7 South African Infantry Battalion (Bourke's Luck) and 8 SA Infantry Battalion (Upington), as well as 11 Commando (Kimberley), which to a great extent took over the functions of the Danie Theron Combat School's training wing. In 1973 the SADF also took over responsibility for the defence of South West Africa (today Namibia) from the South African Police. During the succeeding months the Army became involved in combat operations for the first time since the Second World War, clashing with groups of SWAPO infiltrating into South West Africa.
|
|
John Keegan, World Armies, p.639
From 1 September 1972 Army Task Force Headquarters was redesignated HQ 7 South African Infantry Division.[4] Two years later, it was decided to organise the Army's conventional force into two divisions under a corps headquarters. Both were primarily reserve (Citizen Force) formations, though the division and brigade HQs were Permanent Force. The headquarters of the two divisions were established on 1 August 1974, and 8th Armoured Division was active at its headquarters at Lord's Grounds, Durban, until at least 27 September 1992.[21] 1 SA Corps itself was established in August 1974 and was active until 30 January 1977.[22] It appears from Colonel Lionel Crook's book on 71 Brigade[23] that four of the six brigades were redesignations of 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Brigades. 71 Motorised Brigade was the former 17 Brigade, 72 Brigade was the former 18 Brigade, 73 Brigade was a new formation, 81 Brigade was the former 16 Brigade, 82 Brigade was the former 19 Brigade, and 84 Brigade was new.[23]:2
In the early 1980s, the Army was restructured in order to counter all forms of insurgency while at the same time maintaining a credible conventional force. To meet these requirements, the Army was subdivided into conventional and counterinsurgency forces. The counterinsurgency forces were further divided into nine territorial commands, each of which was responsible to the Chief of the Army. This force consisted of members of the Permanent Force, Commandos, and a few selected Citizens Force units. The Citizen Force, through the 7th and 8th Divisions, provided the conventional defence force. By July 1987 the number of territorial commands was expanded to ten, and the Walvis Bay military area was often counted as an eleventh.[24] The commands were the Western Province Command (HQ Cape Town, 1959-1998); Eastern Province Command (HQ Port Elizabeth, 1959-1998); Northern Cape Command (HQ Kimberley); Orange Free State Command (HQ Bloemfontein, 1959-1998); Northern Transvaal Command (HQ Pretoria); Witwatersrand Command (HQ Johannesburg, subject of a bombing in 1987);[25] Northwestern Command (HQ Potchefstroom); Eastern Transvaal Command (HQ Nelspruit); Natal Command (Durban), and Far North Command (HQ Pietersburg, which in late 1993 and early 1994 included Regiment Hillcrest which was then part of 73 Motorised Brigade, and 73 Brigade itself). The part-time force also operated in the military area of Walvis Bay.
During this same period, the Engineers and Signals were grouped into the first of the 'type' formations, the South African Army Engineer Formation (in 1982) and the South African Army Signals Formation (in 1984). Both these formations were made directly responsible to Chief of Army.
In 1984 Northern Transvaal Command was subdivided and Eastern Transvaal Command (Nelspruit) and Far North Command (Pietersburg) formed. The two new Commands were regarded as theatres and as such also had responsibility for conventional operations (and units) within their areas.[26] For example, Far North Command had 73 Motorised Brigade within its area. Southern Cape Command may have been disbanded, and Northern Cape Command established, in 1986.[27] In 1989 the RLI became the conventional reserve for Far North Command. The area of responsibility of each commands followed the boundaries of the Economic Development Regions.[28] Before the dissolution of the territorial commands General Derrick Mgwebi is also reported to have headed Mpumalanga Command.
During the 1980s, the legal requirements for national service were to register for service at age sixteen and to report for duty when called up, which usually occurred at some time after a man's eighteenth birthday or on leaving school.[3] National service obligations could be fulfilled by active-duty military service for two years and by serving in the reserves, generally for ten or twelve years. Reservists generally underwent fifty days per year of active duty or training, after their initial period of service. The system was for the most part that the National Service requirement was for 720 days (two years) and subsequent reserve duty was a further 720 days. The reserve duty was broken up depending on the needs of the units and of the individual concerned. This generally worked out as a ninety-day "operational" commitment one year, followed the next year by a thirty-day commitment in addition to any courses, parades or admin evenings that might be required. Members of the Reserve were able to volunteer for further duty in addition to that mandated. This additional, voluntary, service was recognised with the award of the Emblem for Voluntary Service (EVS) (now the Badge for Reserve Voluntary Service (BRVS)) for five years of voluntary service over and above the mandated commitment. The requirements for national service changed several times during the 1980s and the early 1990s in response to national security needs, and they were suspended in 1993.
Post-1994
From the early 1990s (after 1992) to 1 April 1997, the SA Army maintained three 'small' divisions, the 7th (HQ Johannesburg), 8th (HQ Durban) and 9th (HQ Cape Town).[29] They consisted of a reconnaissance battalion, two anti-aircraft defence battalions (AA guns), two battalions of artillery (G-5s and G-6s), a battalion of 127 mm MRLs, an engineer battalion, two battalions of Olifant MBTs, two battalions mounted in Ratel ICVs, and finally two battalions mounted in Buffel APCs. They were all amalgamated into the 7th South African Division on 1 April 1997, and became the 73rd, 74th and 75th Brigades respectively.[30]
On 1 April 1997 Regiment Louw Wepener (Bethlehem), Regiment De Wet (Kroonstad) and Regiment Dan Pienaar (Bloemfontein) were absorbed into Regiment Bloemspruit.
7th Division was disbanded on 1 April 1999 and all army battalions were assigned to 'type' formations, in accordance with the recommendations of the South African Defence Review 1998.[31] The 'type' formation force structure was implemented in accordance with the recommendations of auditing firm Deloitte and Touche, who were contracted to draw up a plan to make the SA Army more economically efficient. The Deloitte and Touche plan had the army separate its combat forces into 'silo' style formations for armour, infantry, artillery, and engineers. Deane-Peter Baker of the South African Institute for Security Studies said that the D&T plan, while alleviating, to an extent, the mistrust of the new South African leadership of the remaining apartheid-era South African Defence Force personnel in middle management positions, reduced the combat effectiveness of the Army, and was seen by 2011 as a mistake.[32] Another mistaken decision was the decision to limit the force design of the SANDF to rely on short logistic lines for highly mechanised mobile forces in defence of national territory, as it causes many supply issues during modern foreign deployments. This is one of the major problems of the army and various solutions are being considered by the government to better equip forces deployed in out-of-area force projection operations.[33]
Though non-white personnel did serve as unarmed labourers with the army in both World Wars, a number of non-whites were employed in segregated units during the Border War, and a number of units were completely desegregated, it was not until 1994 – when South Africa achieved full democracy – that the army as a whole was made open to all races. Today the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) has racial quotas to make sure that White, Black, Coloured, and Indian South Africans are proportionately represented in the armed forces.[34]
During 2006 the Army released its ARMY VISION 2020 guidelines document, in a fresh attempt to reassess the 1998 structures which had proved wanting. The army planned a return to a division based structure, from the previous structure where units are simply provided as needed to the two active brigades. In many respects the plan was an attempt to undo the effects of the Deloitte and Touche-inspired force design that came into effect in 2001.[32] The new plan was to create two divisions and a special operations brigade to conduct mountain, jungle, airborne and amphibious operations. Specialised training would have had to be carried out, as and when funds become available. A works regiment was also to have been created, to help with the maintenance of army and Defence Force buildings and infrastructure. However the plan was not implemented, and appeared to stall until the issue of the 2014 South African Defence Review. With the release of that review in mid-2014 it appears possible that the 2006 planning may be reinvigorated.
Concerns have been raised as to the operational capabilities of the army given the high proportion of the army's budget spent on salaries (around 80%) and low amounts budgeted for capital (5%) and operational (15%) capacity.[35] In addition to the large ratio of officers to soldiers, critical skills shortages, high average age of service personnel (48 years), and low proportion that are medically fit enough to be readily deployable (about 10% of personnel).[35]
Peacekeeping and other operations
The post-1994 South African Army has been extensively involved in peacekeeping operations under United Nations and African Union command in other African countries such as the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS), the United Nations Operation in Burundi(ONUB) and the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), and is doing well with these challenges, despite some pitfalls and budget cuts.
Other operations that the Army was tasked with by government include: Operation Boleas (Lesotho), Operation Fibre (Burundi), Operation Triton (five times in the Comoros), Operation Amphibian (Rwanda), Operation Montego (Liberia), Operation Espresso (Ethiopia) , Operation Cordite (Sudan), Operation Teutonic and Operation Bulisa (both in the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Operation Pristine (Ivory Coast), Operation Vimbezela (Central African Republic) and Operation Bongane (Uganda).[36]
The most notable UN deployments since 1994 have been Operation Vimbezela (Central African Republic) and Operation Mistral, the South African contribution to the United Nations mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Central African deployment developed rapidly into a combat mission and led to the loss of 15 soldiers from 1 Parachute Battalion in Bangui. The contribution to Ops Mistral, while starting in 2009, became a completely different tasking with the contingent sent in 2013 to the United Nations Force Intervention Brigade, a ~3000-strong intervention brigade that was authorised by the United Nations Security Council on 28 March 2013 through United Nations Security Council Resolution 2098. It is the first United Nations peacekeeping unit that has been specifically tasked to carry out offensive operations against armed rebel groups operating in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, specifically those that threaten the State authority and civilian security. They can also carry out their mandate without the help of the Congolese Army. The brigade is made up of troops from Tanzania, South Africa and Malawi and has had several successes against rebel groups such as M23 militia.[36]
All Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, including South Africa, are working on establishing the SADC Standby Brigade as an element of the African Standby Force. Working towards the creation and strengthening of these regional brigades should contribute to the peace and security of the region.[33] The major challenges that the Army face today is to readdress its current force design, to balance its budget, to integrate new equipment to replace several ageing systems, and to prepare forces for the African Standby Force and African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises.[33]
Estructura
Desde la Ley de Defensa de 1912, el Ejército de Sudáfrica ha estado compuesto, en términos generales, por tres agrupaciones. El primero es el ejército permanente, también conocido desde la década de 1970 como Fuerza Permanente. Una fuerza de reserva militar también fue establecido por los términos de la Ley de 1912 y en un principio designó a la Fuerza de Ciudadanía Activa . La fuerza fue establecida el 1 de julio de 1913. [14] Otras designaciones a lo largo de los años han incluido Fuerza de Reserva Activa, Fuerza Ciudadana, Reserva Convencional y Reserva Territorial. [ cita requerida ] El plan Deloitte y Touche , así como varias políticas a lo largo de los años, se han referido a un 'Concepto de Una Fuerza' donde se supone que los reservistas y las unidades de reserva deben ser tratados en pie de igualdad con las contrapartes de la fuerza permanente. Con frecuencia este no es el caso.
Debido a la reestructuración de las Reservas, es difícil determinar el número exacto de reservas. Sin embargo, el objetivo de planificación para 2011/12 era de 12.400 reservas. [37]
El tercer grupo fue inicialmente las Asociaciones de Fusileros de Defensa, que luego se convirtieron en los Comandos , una fuerza de autodefensa rural. Había varios miles de miembros más en los comandos. Cada comando era responsable de la salvaguarda y protección de una comunidad específica (tanto rural como urbana). Sin embargo, este sistema se eliminó gradualmente entre 2003 y 2008 "debido al papel que desempeñó en la era del apartheid", según el ministro de Seguridad, Charles Nqakula . [38] La última unidad de comando, la de Harrismith en el Estado Libre, se disolvió en marzo de 2008.
Los rangos militares sudafricanos se derivan de los de las Fuerzas Armadas Británicas, y los rangos del Ejército se derivan del Ejército Británico .
La estructura de mando del Ejército de las SA es la siguiente: [39]
Direcciones
- Jefe de la Estructura de la Fuerza del Ejército de las SA: estructurar el Ejército de las SA para proporcionar el componente del Ejército de las SA de la Capacidad de Defensa Terrestre. [40]
- Jefe de Preparación de la Fuerza del Ejército de las SA - Responsable de dirigir, orquestar y controlar la preparación para el combate de las Fuerzas del Ejército de las SA
- Jefe de Servicios Corporativos del Ejército de las SA - Dirigiendo los recursos corporativos, servicios y asesoría encaminados a hacer operativa la estrategia del Ejército de las SA.
- Inspector General: brinda un servicio de auditoría interna dentro de la estrategia del Ejército.
- Jefe de las Reservas del Ejército de las SA: brindar asesoramiento especializado al Jefe del Ejército de las SA y su personal en todos los asuntos relacionados con las Reservas.
- Sargento Mayor del Ejército - Para mejorar la disciplina en el Ejército de Sudáfrica y hacer cumplir los estándares de disciplina.
Formaciones y unidades
Las dos brigadas permanentes del ejército son el Cuartel General 43 Brigada Sudafricana y el Cuartel General 46 Brigada Sudafricana . [39] Cada una de estas dos sedes está organizada para proporcionar cuatro grupos de sedes. Dos de estas unidades deberían estar disponibles para su despliegue en cualquier momento, mientras que las otras dos están de licencia y en formación.
De acuerdo con el plan de estructura de Deloitte y Touche, el ejército se reorganizó en 'formaciones' de una sola rama:
- Cuerpo Blindado Sudafricano
- Formación de infantería del ejército sudafricano
- Formación de artillería del ejército sudafricano
- Formación de artillería de defensa aérea del ejército sudafricano
- Formación de ingenieros del ejército sudafricano
- Formación de señales del ejército sudafricano
- Formación de apoyo del ejército sudafricano
- Formación de entrenamiento del ejército sudafricano
- Centro de entrenamiento de combate del ejército ( Lohatla )
Los cuerpos y ramas administrativos existentes y anteriores del ejército sudafricano se pueden ver en los cuerpos y ramas del ejército sudafricano .
Muchas unidades del Ejército se colocan de forma rutinaria bajo los nueve cuarteles generales operativos y tácticos conjuntos que el Jefe de Operaciones Conjuntas de la SANDF supervisa directamente a través de la División de Operaciones Conjuntas (IISS 2013). El general de brigada McGill Alexander asumió el cargo de oficial general al mando de la RJTF Sur en 2002, pero en 2003 se le asignó la tarea de cerrar todas las RJTF.
Bases
El Ejército Sudafricano mantiene grandes bases en las 9 provincias del país, principalmente en o alrededor de las principales ciudades y pueblos: [41] El ejército tiene 10 bases de apoyo general, aparentemente parte de la Formación de Apoyo del Ejército Sudafricano .
Cabo del Este
- La base del ejército de Grahamstown alberga el 6 Batallón de Infantería Sudafricano (Asalto Aéreo) y el Regimiento Jefe Makhanda (Asalto Aéreo).
- Port Elizabeth es el hogar del Regimiento Jefe Maqoma (Asalto Aéreo).
- La base del ejército de Mthatha es el hogar del 14º Batallón de Infantería de Sudáfrica (Infantería Motorizada).
- Port Elizabeth es el hogar del Regimiento Nelson Mandela (Infantería Ligera).
- East London es el hogar de los Buffalo Volunteer Rifles (Infantería ligera).
Estado libre
- Una de las bases más grandes del país [42] es la Base Militar de Tempe, que se encuentra en Bloemfontein y alberga 1 Regimiento de Tanques de Sudáfrica , 1 Batallón de Servicio Especial (Regimiento de Vehículos Blindados), la Escuela de Armadura de Sudáfrica (que ofrece servicios descentralizados entrenamiento para regimientos regulares y de reserva), 44 Regimiento de Paracaidistas y 1 Batallón de Infantería Sudafricano (Infantería Mecanizada). El ala de entrenamiento de paracaídas también se encuentra aquí. Bloemfontein es también el hogar del Regimiento Mangaung (Infantería Ligera), el Regimiento de Artillería General Dan Pienaar (Artillería) y el Regimiento Blindado Thaba Bosiu (Regimiento de Tanques), así como 3 Hospital Militar.
- Kroonstad es el hogar de la Escuela de Ingenieros y una Banda del Ejército.
- Belén es el hogar del 2 Regimiento de Ingenieros de Campo SAEC . [43] [44]
Gauteng
- El cuartel general del ejército se encuentra en Dequar Road, Pretoria, que también alberga el Regimiento de Artillería del Estado (Artillería) y el Regimiento Blindado de Pretoria (Regimiento de Tanques).
- Pretoria es el hogar de una gran base de servicios conjuntos llamada Thaba Tshwane , que también alberga el Colegio del Ejército de Sudáfrica, la Guardia y Banda Nacional Ceremonial, la Escuela de Policía Militar, 1 Hospital Militar, Regimiento Antiaéreo Madzhakandila (Artillería de Defensa Aérea) , Regimiento Tshwane (Infantería Motorizada) y Regimiento de Artillería Steve Biko (morteros aerotransportados). Justo al sur de Thaba Tshwane y dentro de un área separada se encuentra el Centurión del Complejo de Base Técnica, que alberga el Regimiento Bagaka , el Regimiento de Ingenieros de Paracaidistas Ukhosi , el Regimiento de Imprenta Militar, el Regimiento de Mapas y Encuestas 4 y la Formación de Ingenieros del Ejército. [45] Según se informa, también alberga el Centro de Capacitación de Servicio Técnico y unidades del SAMHS y el SAAF. La base, cuya denominación TEK puede derivarse de "Tegnies Basis Werkswinkel", está ubicada en Centurion, al sur de Pretoria. Tiene un conjunto habitacional para socios activos.
- Wallmannsthal alberga el Cuartel General de la Brigada 43 SA .
- Centurion es el hogar del 3er Batallón de Paracaidistas .
- La Base de Apoyo Conjunto en Wonderboom alberga la Escuela de Señales , 1 Regimiento de Señal, 2 Regimiento de Señal, 3 Taller de Electrónica, 4 Regimiento de Señal y 5 Regimiento de Señal.
- Varias bases del ejército en Johannesburgo albergan el 21 Batallón de Infantería Sudafricano , el Cuartel General de la 46 Brigada Sudafricana , el 6 ° Regimiento de Ingenieros de Campo, el 1 Regimiento de Construcción, el 35 ° Regimiento de Suministros de Ingeniería, la Infantería Ligera Rand (Infantería Motorizada), el Regimiento de Johannesburgo (Infantería Motorizada), el Regimiento Solomon Mahlangu (infantería motorizada), o regimiento Tambo (infantería motorizada), regimiento Andrew Mlangeni (infantería motorizada), regimiento Lenong (infantería motorizada), regimiento de artillería Sandfontein (artillería) y regimiento de caballos ligeros de Johannesburgo (regimiento de vehículos blindados) .
- Benoni es el hogar del Regimiento Antiaéreo IWombe (Artillería de Defensa Aérea).
- Springs es el hogar del Regimiento Antiaéreo de Sekhukhune (Artillería de Defensa Aérea).
- La Base del Ejército de Heidelberg alberga el Gimnasio del Ejército de Sudáfrica.
- Germiston es el hogar de los rifles Bambatha (infantería mecanizada).
- Vereeniging es el hogar del Regimiento Antiaéreo Galeshewe (Artillería de Defensa Aérea).
cabo Oeste
- Varias bases del ejército están ubicadas en Ciudad del Cabo y albergan al 9 ° Batallón de Infantería Sudafricano (Infantería Marítima), la Banda del Ejército, el Regimiento Gonnema (Infantería Mecanizada), el Regimiento General Jan Smuts (Infantería Mecanizada), el Jefe de Fusiles Langalibalele (Motorizados) Infantería), Regimiento de Artillería Nelson Mandela (Artillería), Regimiento Antiaéreo Autshumato (Artillería de Defensa Aérea), Regimiento Blindado Blaauwberg (Regimiento de Vehículos Blindados) y Regimiento de Ingenieros de Campo Ihawu . [46]
- La base del ejército de Oudtshoorn alberga la Escuela de Infantería de Sudáfrica .
Cabo Norte
- Una base del ejército se encuentra en Kimberley, que alberga la Escuela de Artillería de Defensa Aérea, el 10 Regimiento Antiaéreo (Artillería de Defensa Aérea), un depósito de entrenamiento básico para el 3 Batallón de Infantería Sudafricano, el Regimiento de Kimberley (Infantería Motorizada) y Madzhakandila Anti- Regimiento de Aeronaves (Artillería de Defensa Aérea).
- El área de entrenamiento de Lohatla y la base del ejército es el hogar del Centro de Entrenamiento de Combate del Ejército de Sudáfrica, donde se llevan a cabo grandes ejercicios de campo del ejército. También alberga el Taller de Campo 101 y la Unidad de Mantenimiento 16.
- Una base del Ejército en Upington es el hogar del 8 Batallón de Infantería de Sudáfrica (Infantería Mecanizada).
Noroeste
- La base del ejército de Potchefstroom es el hogar de la Escuela de Artillería, 4 Regimiento de Artillería (Artillería), Regimiento Móvil de Artillería (Artillería), Escuela de Inteligencia Táctica, 1 Regimiento de Inteligencia Táctica, Regimiento General de la Rey (Infantería Mecanizada), Regimiento Potchefstroom Universiteit (Artillería) y Regimiento Blindado Molapo (Regimiento de Vehículos Blindados).
- La base del ejército de Mahikeng es el hogar del 10 batallón de infantería sudafricano (infantería motorizada).
- Orkney es el hogar del Regimiento Skoonspruit (Infantería motorizada).
- La base del ejército Zeerust es el hogar del 2 batallón de infantería sudafricano (infantería motorizada). [47]
KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban es el hogar de una banda del ejército, la infantería ligera de Durban ( infantería mecanizada), el regimiento de artillería del rey Cetshwayo (artillería), los rifles montados de la reina Nandi (regimiento de tanques), los rifles montados Umvoti (regimiento de vehículos blindados), el regimiento del rey Shaka (infantería motorizada) ) y el 19º Regimiento de Ingenieros de Campo SAEC .
- Pietermaritzburg es el hogar de los carabineros Ingobamakhosi (infantería motorizada).
- La base del ejército de Mtubatuba es el hogar del 121 Batallón de Infantería de Sudáfrica (Infantería Motorizada).
- La base del ejército de Ladysmith es el hogar del 5 Batallón de Infantería de Sudáfrica . [48]
Mpumalanga
- La base del ejército de Middelburg es el hogar del 4 batallón de infantería sudafricano (infantería motorizada).
- Barberton es el hogar del Regimiento General Botha (Infantería Motorizada).
Limpopo
- La base del ejército de Polokwane alberga una banda del ejército y un regimiento de Mapungubwe (infantería motorizada).
- La base del ejército de Phalaborwa es el hogar del 7 Batallón de Infantería de Sudáfrica (Infantería Motorizada).
- La base del ejército de Thohoyandou es el hogar del 15 Batallón de Infantería de Sudáfrica (Infantería Motorizada).
El cuartel general principal del ejército sudafricano se encuentra en Salvokop, Pretoria, en el complejo de carreteras Dequar, junto con el taller de campo 102 SAOSC , la unidad de mantenimiento 17 y el Departamento de Salud Militar del Servicio de Salud Militar de Sudáfrica.
Presupuesto
Un presupuesto de aproximadamente Rand 9.98 mil millones fueron asignados para el año fiscal 2010/2011. En diciembre de 2010, se informó que la escasez de fondos estaba causando graves problemas. [49]
La gran mayoría del equipo del ejército está llegando al final de su vida útil, y algunos elementos (como el tanque de batalla principal Olifant ) datan de hace décadas.
La Fuerza de Defensa Nacional de Sudáfrica sin embargo, ha comenzado a remediar la situación con la adquisición de 238 Patria AMV vehículos de combate de infantería bajo el Hoefyster programa. Se planean otras adquisiciones y deben seguir de acuerdo con el documento de directrices: Army Vision 2020 . La SANDF ha lanzado un proyecto llamado "African Warrior" que tiene como objetivo la modernización de los equipos y armas de la SANDF. El proyecto ha tenido mucho éxito en los últimos años y el ejército sudafricano ha puesto en servicio un rifle de asalto R4 del siglo XXI . [50]
Equipo
The South African Army maintains a wide variety of military equipment.
Galería
Ver también
- South African military ranks
- List of South African military chiefs
Notas
- ^ From the law creating the Union Defence Force.
Referencias
- ^ "SANDF not meeting staffing targets". defenceweb.co.za. DefenceWeb. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "A Country Study: South Africa". The Library of Congress. 1996. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Early Development of the South African Military". Library of Congress Country Studies. 1996. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Dorning, W.A. (28 February 2012). "A concise history of the South African Defence Force (1912-1987)" (Online). Scientia Militaria - South African Journal of Military Studies. 17 (2). doi:10.5787/17-2-420. ISSN 2224-0020. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ Dorning, 3.
- ^ Stevenson, D. (David), 1954- (2005). 1914-1918 : the history of the First World War. Stevenson, D. (David), 1954-. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-190434-4. OCLC 688607944.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ James, W. Martin. (2011). A political history of the civil war in Angola, 1974-1990. New Brunswick [N.J.]: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-1506-2. OCLC 693560852.
- ^ "South African forces in the British Army". Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- ^ "South African Military History Society - Journal - The Lessons of Delville Wood". samilitaryhistory.org. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ "Africans played key, often unheralded, role in World War I". AP NEWS. 1 December 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ Farwell, Byron. The Great War in Africa, 1914-1918. New York. ISBN 0-393-30564-3. OCLC 21815763.
- ^ Great Britain. War Office (1922). Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914-1920. Robarts - University of Toronto. London H.M. Stationery Off.
- ^ Lillie, Ashley C. (2012). "The Origin and Development of the South African Army" (Online). Scientia Militaria - South African Journal of Military Studies. 12 (2). doi:10.5787/12-2-618. ISSN 2224-0020. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ^ a b c Dorning, 8.
- ^ Ryan, David A. "Union Defence Forces 6 September 1939". World War II Armed Forces – Orders of Battle and Organizations. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ^ Wessels, Andre (June 2000). "The first two years of war: The development of the Union Defence Forces (UDF) September 1939 to September 1941". Military History Journal. 11 (5). Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ "Commonwealth War Graves Commission". cwgc.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ^ a b Steenkamp, Willem (1996). "The Multi Battalion Regiment: A Old Concept with a New Relevance". ISS. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ "A Short History of the South African Army". Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
From: South African Defence Force Review 1991
- ^ John Keegan, World Armies, p.639, cited in Lt Cdr Carl T. Orbann USN, 'South African Defense Policy,' Thesis for the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA., June 1984.
- ^ "SAMHS Newsletter". South African Military History Society. August 1992. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
DURBAN: 13th August. Evening outing to visit 8th Armoured Divs. H.Q. at Lords Grounds. Old Fort Road. To be conducted by Brigadier Frank Bestbier SD
- ^ "SACMP Corps History 1946-1988". redcap. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ a b Crook, Lionel, Col (Rtd) (1994). Greenbank, Michele (ed.). 71 Motorised Brigade: a history of the headquarters 71 Motorised Brigade and of the citizen force units under its command. Brackenfell, South Africa: L. Crook in conjunction with the South African Legion. ISBN 9780620165242. OCLC 35814757.
- ^ "SA Army/Leër". sadf.info. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.. Ten commands were listed in The SADF: A Survey : Supplement to Financial Mail, July 10, 1987, p.21
- ^ "Grosskopf recounts 1987 Wits command bombing - IOL News". iol.co.za. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ "A Short History of the South African Army". rhodesia.nl. From: South African Defence Force Review 1991. 1991. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
- ^ "Commands and Military Areas". The British and Commonwealth Military Badge Forum. 19 August 2014. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
- ^ Sass, Brig Bill (Rtd) (1993). "An Overview of the Changing South African Defence Force". South African Defence Review. Institute for Security Studies (13). Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ See Jane's Defence Weekly 20 December 1992 and, earlier, 20 July 1991. The term 'small' is used here in comparison with the 'normal' strength of a division of nine manoeuvre battalions. Divisional HQ location source http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/asr/SADR13/Sass.html Archived 16 February 2003 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "SACMP Corps History 1988–98". redcap. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ^ Engelbrecht, Leon (17 February 2010). "Fact file: 7 SA Division". defenceweb.co.za. DefenceWeb. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
- ^ a b Deane-Peter Baker, 17 October 2007: South African Army Restructuring A Critical Step Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Institute for Security Studies
- ^ a b c "The post-apartheid South African military: Transforming with the nation" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies Africa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
- ^ "Department of Defence Annual Report 2018/19" (PDF). Parliamentary Monitoring Group. pp. 161, 169. ISBN 978-0-621-47311-7.
- ^ a b Mills, Greg (30 January 2019). "The SANDF's Real Challenge: It's become a Welfare n..." Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ a b "African peacekeeping deployments show what the SANDF can do". defenceweb.co.za. DefenceWeb. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
- ^ "Department of Defence Annual Report FY11/12" (PDF). p. 31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ a b "SA Army Force Structure: Level 2" (PDF). army.mil.za. SA Army: RSA Dept of Defence. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Structure: SA Army Structure: Level 2". Army.mil.za. SA Army: RSA Dept of Defence. 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ Engelbrecht, Leon (9 February 2010). "Fact file: The SA Infantry Corps". defenceWeb.co.za. DefenceWeb. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014. and Engelbrecht, Leon (9 February 2010). "Fact file: The SA Armoured Corps". defenceWeb.co.za. DefenceWeb. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014. and Engelbrecht, Leon (9 February 2010). "Fact file: The SA Artillery". defenceWeb.co.za. DefenceWeb. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014. and Engelbrecht, Leon (9 February 2010). "Fact file: The SA Air Defence Artillery". defenceWeb.co.za. DefenceWeb. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014. and Engelbrecht, Leon (9 February 2010). "Fact file: The SA Tactical Intelligence Corps". defenceWeb.co.za. DefenceWeb. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Army Bases South Africa". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ Engelbrecht, Leon (17 June 2010). "Fact file: Regiment Bloemspruit". defenceWeb. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "SA Army Contact Us: Free State Province, South Africa". Army.mil.za. SA Army: RSA Dept of Defence. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "SA Army Contact Us: Gauteng Province, South Africa". Army.mil.za. SA Army: RSA Dept of Defence. 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "SA Army Contact Us: Western Cape Province". army.mil.za. SA Army: RSA Dept of Defence. 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "SA Army Contact Us: North West Province, South Africa". army.mil.za. SA Army: RSA Dept of Defence. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "SA Army Contact Us: KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa". army.mil.za. SA Army: RSA Dept of Defence. 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ "Lack of funds harming South African Army". Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "Denel showcases a 21st Century R4 assault rifle at AAD". DefenceWeb. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
Otras lecturas
- Frankel, Philip (2000). Soldiers in a Storm: The Armed Forces in South Africa's Democratic Transition (paper). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3747-0. LCCN 00032102. OL 6782707M.
- Hamann, Hilton (23 July 2007). Days of the Generals: The Untold Story of South Africa's Apartheid-era Military Generals (1st ed.). Struik Publishers. ISBN 978-1868723409.
- H.D. Nelson, 'South Africa: A Country Study,' U.S. Department of the Army Pamphlet 550-93, 1981 (also possibly is a 1971 edition)
- Siegfried Stander, Like the Wind, The Story of the SA Army, Saayman & Weber, Cape Town, 1985.
- Volker, WV. 2010. Army signals in South Africa: the story of the South African Corps of Signals and its antecedents. Pretoria: Veritas Books.
- Volker, WV. 2010. Signal units of the South African Corps of Signals and related signal services. Pretoria: Veritas Books.
- Vrdoljak, Mary Kathleen (1970). The history of South African regiments: A select bibliography. University of Cape Town Libraries.
- Wessels, André. "South Africa's Land Forces, 1912-2012." Journal for Contemporary History 38, no. 1 (2013): 229–254.
enlaces externos
- Official South African Army Website
- This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.