La arquitectura de Liverpool tiene sus raíces en el desarrollo de la ciudad hasta convertirse en un puerto importante del Imperio Británico . [1] Abarca una variedad de estilos arquitectónicos de los últimos 300 años, mientras que casi nada queda de sus estructuras medievales que se remontan al siglo XIII. [2] Erigido en 1716-18, se supone que Bluecoat Chambers es el edificio más antiguo que se conserva en el centro de Liverpool. [3]
Hay más de 2500 edificios catalogados en Liverpool, de los cuales 27 son de Grado I y 85 de Grado II *. [4] Ha sido descrita por English Heritage como la mejor ciudad victoriana de Inglaterra . [5] Sin embargo, debido a la negligencia, algunos de los mejores edificios catalogados de Liverpool están en el registro Heritage at Risk de English Heritage . [6] Aunque los edificios protegidos se concentran en el centro, Liverpool tiene muchos edificios de interés en sus suburbios.
De acuerdo con el papel de Liverpool como puerto comercial, muchos de sus mejores edificios se erigieron como sede de empresas navieras y compañías de seguros. La riqueza así generada llevó a la construcción de grandes edificios cívicos, diseñados para permitir a los administradores locales "dirigir la ciudad con orgullo". [7]
La importancia histórica y el valor de la arquitectura y el diseño del puerto de Liverpool se reconocieron cuando, en 2004, la UNESCO declaró grandes partes de la ciudad como Patrimonio de la Humanidad . Conocida como la Ciudad Mercantil Marítima de Liverpool , los documentos de nominación enfatizan el papel de la ciudad en el desarrollo del comercio internacional y la tecnología de atraque , [8] resumido de esta manera en el Criterio de selección iv : "Liverpool es un ejemplo sobresaliente de una ciudad portuaria mercantil mundial , que representa el desarrollo temprano del comercio mundial y las conexiones culturales en todo el Imperio Británico ". [9]
A medida que Liverpool crecía en población, absorbió ciertas áreas circundantes que ahora actúan como sus diversos distritos internos ( Clubmoor , Edge Hill , Everton , Fairfield , Garston , Kensington , Kirkdale , Knotty Ash , Norris Green , Old Swan , Toxteth , Vauxhall , Walton , Wavertree ) o suburbios periféricos ( Aigburth , Allerton , Anfield , Childwall , Croxteth , Fazakerley , Gateacre , Grassendale , Hunt's Cross , Mossley Hill , St Michael's Hamlet , West Derby , Woolton ), con una arquitectura muy variable en cada uno.
Cronología y estilos
Medieval (siglo XI - 1485)
Los orígenes de Liverpool se remontan al menos a 1192 cuando se mencionó por primera vez y el rey Juan lo convirtió en un municipio en 1207 , [10] aunque hoy no queda nada de la arquitectura medieval de la ciudad. Probablemente, el edificio más antiguo de importancia dentro de Liverpool habría sido el Castillo de Liverpool , que fue construido entre 1232 y 1235 por William de Ferrers . [1] En 1257 la mención de la capilla de St Mary del Key cerca de la orilla del agua, dio su nombre a Chapel Street. La iglesia de Nuestra Señora y San Nicolás se construyó originalmente hacia 1360, aunque nada de la estructura de la iglesia medieval sobrevive, Sir John Stanley recibió permiso en 1406 para fortificar su casa en la parte inferior de Water Street, una vez más, esto no sobrevivir. [10] Es probable que el edificio más antiguo de la ciudad sea Stanlawe Grange en Aigburth , una granja monástica que data del siglo XIII. Las modificaciones frecuentes a lo largo de su historia significan que queda poco del edificio original, aunque se cree que algunas partes del mismo datan de 1291. [11] La única iglesia medieval dentro de los límites actuales de Liverpool es la Iglesia de Todos los Santos, Childwall . El presbiterio data de del siglo XIV, y el pasillo sur y el pórtico son probablemente del siglo XV, la torre y la aguja datan de 1810 a 1811. El pasillo norte data de 1833 y fue parcialmente reconstruido entre 1900 y 1905. [12] A pesar de la falta de Muchos restos físicos de este período, la historia medieval de la ciudad todavía es evidente en los patrones de calles alrededor del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool , con las siete calles originales de la ciudad que permanecen aproximadamente en la misma posición hoy. Estos son Chapel Street, Tithebarn Street, Dale Street, Water Street, Old Hall Street, High Street y Castle Street. [10] En este período temprano de la historia de Liverpool, el comercio se limitó al comercio costero, el comercio con Irlanda y otras naciones europeas. [13]
Réplica a tamaño real del castillo de Liverpool en Rivington , nunca terminada
(1912-1925)Stanlawe Grange, Aigburth Hall Avenue, Aigburth
(siglo XIII y posteriores; Grado II *)Iglesia de Todos los Santos, Childwall
(siglos XIV, XV y XIX; Grado I)Interior, Iglesia de Todos los Santos, Childwall
(siglos XIV, XV y XIX; Grado I)
Tudor e isabelino (1485-1603)
El primer ayuntamiento de Liverpool, el ayuntamiento que solía reunirse en el salón común desde 1350, se construyó en 1515 con el legado del reverendo John Crosse, [14] y se ubicó en el bloque delimitado por High Street, Dale Street y Exchange Street. Este. El edificio fue sustituido en 1673 por un nuevo Ayuntamiento, construido en parte en el solar que ocupaba el edificio actual. Speke Hall , que se encuentra en el sur de la ciudad, es una casa solariega del siglo XVI, terminada en 1598: gran parte del edificio es anterior. [15] Es una de las pocas casas Tudor con entramado de madera que quedan en el norte de Inglaterra y se destaca por su interior victoriano . [dieciséis]
Otra gran casa solariega de este período es Croxteth Hall , la casa solariega de la familia Molyneux , iniciada en 1575. Solo un ala del edificio data de este período, y la mayor parte de la casa se completó durante los siglos XVIII y XIX. [17] Mezcla estilos como el isabelino , el estilo Queen Anne y el georgiano . [18]
La antigua escuela primaria cerca de la iglesia de St Mary, Walton-on-the-Hill, data de alrededor de 1600.
Speke Hall
(1530-1598; Grado I)El Gran Salón, Speke Hall
(c.1531; Grado I)Croxteth Hall
(1575; Grado II *)
Stuart (1603-1714)
El desarrollo del puerto comenzó a mediados del siglo XVII, con el establecimiento del comercio con las colonias americanas y las Indias Occidentales Británicas , siendo el primer cargamento registrado de América el tabaco que llegó en 1648. [10] En 1672 la Corporación de Liverpool tomó un arrendamiento de mil años del señorío de Caryll Molyneux, 3er vizconde de Molyneux para obtener el control de las tierras al este del núcleo medieval. La primera Aduana de Liverpool se construyó en 1680 al pie de Water Street. [19] Las importaciones de tabaco fueron desde prácticamente cero en 1665 a 1.75 millones de libras de peso al final del siglo 17, durante el mismo período las importaciones de azúcar pasó de 700 quintales a 11,600cwt y sal de 6.000 bushels a 300.000 quintales. [20] En 1698 Celia Fiennes describió Liverpool como una ciudad de veinticuatro calles, con "casas en su mayoría nuevas de ladrillo y piedra a la moda de Londres ... construidas altas y uniformes" . [21] Fue en este período que el primer barco de esclavos registrado que zarpó de Liverpool fue el Liverpool Merchant , zarpó el 3 de octubre de 1699 y llegó a Barbados el 18 de septiembre de 1700 con un cargamento de 220 africanos esclavizados. Con la ubicación estratégica del Liverpool en el estuario del río Mersey, y en 1710 el inicio de la construcción del primer comercial del mundo dársena conocido como Muelle Viejo , diseñado por Thomas Steers Muelle Ingeniero (1710-1750) e inaugurado en 1715, [22] lo haría Vea el comienzo del ascenso de Liverpool como una importante ciudad portuaria .
A raíz de la Guerra Civil Inglesa, el Castillo de Liverpool fue parcialmente desmantelado y dejó una ruina, finalmente fue demolido en la década de 1720. [23] El segundo ayuntamiento de Liverpool de 1673 se levantó sobre pilares de piedra que formaban una arcada que actuaba como intercambio . [24] Varios edificios de la era Stuart permanecen en Liverpool hoy, con uno de los más antiguos, Tuebrook House, una antigua granja, que data de 1615. [15] La antigua capilla de Toxteth también data de este período y probablemente se inició alrededor de 1618. El edificio se encuentra actualmente en la lista de grado I y todavía cumple su propósito original como Capilla Unitaria . [25] En 1702, el frente sur de Croxteth Hall fue creado como la fachada principal del edificio, el arquitecto no es conocido con certeza, aunque se ha sugerido al maestro albañil Henry Sephton. [26] La Capilla Unitaria en Gateacre fue construida en 1700 y modificada en 1719. [27]
Uno de los edificios restantes más notables de la época es Woolton Hall , una casa solariega catalogada de grado I ubicada en el sur de la ciudad. También construido para la familia Molyneux, el salón está concebido como una villa palladiana y construido con piedra arenisca roja de la cantera local en Woolton . [17] La fachada principal es una remodelación de c.1774-80 por Robert Adam . [28]
Construido principalmente en 1716-17, pero con adiciones casi inmediatamente necesarias, Bluecoat Chambers es el edificio más antiguo que se conserva en el centro de la ciudad de Liverpool . Diseñado al estilo Queen Anne , siguiendo la tradición de Christopher Wren , albergaba la Liverpool Blue Coat School . Después de que la escuela se mudó a un nuevo local en 1906, Bluecoat Chamber enfrentó la posibilidad de ser demolida varias veces. Tras el daño de la guerra en 1941, el edificio reconstruido fue catalogado como de grado I en 1952. [29]
Much Woolton Old School, School Lane, Woolton
(c.1610; Grado II *)Mar Brook House, West Derby Road, West Derby
(1615; Grado II *)Capilla Unitaria de Toxteth, Park Road, Toxteth
(1618; Grado I)Interior, Capilla Unitaria de Toxteth
(1618 modificada en 1774; Grado I)Escuela junto a la Capilla Unitaria de Toxteth, Park Road, Toxteth
(siglo XVII)Old Wapentake Court, Almonds Green, West Derby
(1662; Grado II *)Springwood Cottages, Brocklebank Lane, Allerton
(1684; Grado II)Home Farm, Croxteth Hall
(1687; Grado II)Capilla unitaria, Gateacre Brow, Gateacre
(1700 alterado 1719; Grado II)Croxteth Hall, frente sur
(1702; Grado II *)Woolton Hall, que muestra la fachada de c.1780 (1704; Grado I)
( grabado de 1819)Sección sobreviviente de Old Dock
(hacia 1710)Cámaras Bluecoat, School Lane
(1717; Grado I)
Elevación del jardín de Bluecoat Chambers
Georgiano (1714-1837)
La expansión de la ciudad en un puerto marítimo internacional desde el siglo XVII en adelante y el comercio transatlántico resultante, particularmente de esclavos específicamente el comercio triangular , terminó con la Ley de Comercio de Esclavos de 1807 , el principal abolicionista de Liverpool fue William Roscoe . El colapso previsto en el comercio por la abolición del comercio de esclavos no ocurrió, las cuotas de los muelles aumentaron de £ 28,365 en 1801 a £ 130,911 en 1824. [30] El crecimiento de la industria del algodón en Lancashire tuvo un gran impacto en el crecimiento de Liverpool. En 1715 las importaciones de tabaco eran de 2 millones de libras (peso) y en 1750 6,1 millones de libras, [31] Para el azúcar, la cifra es en 1715 30.000 cwt y en 1750 100.000 cwt. [31] El crecimiento en el comercio significó que se necesitaba una nueva casa de aduanas más grande, esto fue diseñado por Thomas Ripley en 1717 y abrió en 1722. [19] La población de Liverpool aumentó de aproximadamente 5.700 en 1700 a 165.000 en 1831. [32] Revoluciones en el transporte, incluida la tecnología de muelles, primero se construyó el crecimiento de canales, especialmente Mersey e Irwell Navigation (1721–34), Douglas Navigation (1720–42), Sankey Canal (1755–57) y el Canal de Leeds y Liverpool (1770–1816) inspeccionado por James Brindley , el canal de Bridgewater (1761-1762) alcanzado a través de Leeds y Liverpool y luego los ferrocarriles que comienzan con el ferrocarril de Liverpool y Manchester , el ingeniero jefe George Stephenson , construido (1826-1830), contribuiría al crecimiento de la ciudad. Cuando se completó Old Dock en 1715, el tonelaje de envío al puerto fue de 18,800, esto aumentó a 29,100 en 1752 justo antes de la apertura de Salthouse Dock , cuando George's Dock abrió en 1771 era 59,700. [20] En 1800, la cifra de transporte marítimo que utilizaba los muelles era de alrededor de 400.000 toneladas. [33] En 1825, 1,2 millones de toneladas de mercancías pasaban por el puerto. [34] Esto aseguró una demanda continua de nuevos muelles.
Los muelles creados durante el período georgiano fueron: bajo Thomas Steers Dock Engineer (1710-1750): Canning Dock en 1737 como un dique seco abierto al río. Construido bajo Henry Berry durante su mandato como ingeniero de muelles (1750–89), algunos fueron diseñados por otros ingenieros: Salthouse Dock abrió 1753; George's Dock abrió en 1771; Duke's Dock abrió en 1773 probablemente diseñado por James Brindley ; Diseñador de Manchester Dock desconocido, inaugurado en 1785 como una cuenca de marea abierta al río; King's Dock , inaugurado en 1785, se dedicaba al comercio del tabaco; [35] Queen's Dock , inaugurado en 1785, utilizado para el comercio de madera. [35] Thomas Morris Dock Engineer (1789-1799) durante su mandato: Chester Basin abrió 1795. John Foster Sr. Dock Engineer (1799-1824) consulta involucrada en 1800 William Jessop y 1809 John Rennie the Elder , [36] muelle construido debajo de él estaban: se agregaron esclusas al Manchester Dock entre 1810 y 1815 para convertirlo en un dique húmedo ; Prince's Half-Tide Dock , inaugurado en 1810; Prince's Dock , inaugurado en 1821. El ingeniero de muelles Jesse Hartley (1824–60) diseñó los siguientes muelles: Clarence Dock , inaugurado en 1830 específicamente para el uso de vapores ; [35] Canning Dock , originalmente abierto en 1737 como dique seco y solo se convirtió en un dique húmedo completo abierto en 1832 (al mismo tiempo, Old Dock se completó en 1826 y se construyó la tercera casa de aduanas en el sitio (1828-1839) para el diseño de John Foster Jr. fue bombardeado en 1941 y las ruinas demolidas en 1946); Brunswick Half Tide Dock , inaugurado en 1832; Brunswick Dock abrió 1832 utilizado para el comercio de madera; [35] Waterloo Dock , inaugurado en 1834; Victoria Dock , inaugurado en 1836; Trafalgar Dock , inaugurado en 1836. La fuerza dominante en la arquitectura de Liverpool desde finales del siglo XVIII hasta la década de 1830 fueron John Foster Sr. y John Foster Jr., muchos de sus edificios han sido demolidos; consulte Edificios georgianos demolidos a continuación para obtener más detalles.
Canal de Leeds y Liverpool, mirando al sur desde Barmouth Way Bridge, Vauxhall
(1770-1774)Puente fronterizo sobre Leeds y el canal de Liverpool, Boundary Lane, Vauxhall
(1835 ensanchado 1861; Grado II)
Edificios domésticos georgianos
Con el tiempo, la creciente riqueza de la ciudad se manifestó en una serie de elegantes casas adosadas, muchas de las cuales aún se conservan en la actualidad. La principal concentración de casas georgianas en la ciudad es Canning y áreas adyacentes, cerca de la catedral anglicana. Percy Street y Huskisson Street son dos de las calles principales. Pero Rodney Street, Duke Street, Mount Pleasant y Abercromby Square están cerca, y Great George Square es el otro lado de la catedral, hacia el oeste, en gran parte bordeada de casas georgianas. El lado oeste de Abercromby Square, el primero construido fue diseñado por John Foster Sr. en 1819. [37]
Vivienda georgiana, desde la Torre de la Catedral Anglicana
62 Mount Pleasant
(1767; Grado II)Casas adosadas georgianas
Rodney StreetRodney Street
(1784; Grado II)
Número 62, el lugar de nacimiento de Gladstone , es Grado II *Antigua escuela secundaria para niñas del Liverpool Institute, Hope Street, (construida como una casa privada)
(1785–90; Grado II)66 Mount Pleasant
(1788; Grado II)120, 122 y 124, Duke Street
(finales del siglo XVIII; Grado II)15-21 Great George Square
(1800–36; Grado II)Terraza Seymour
(1810–23; Grado II)Abercromby Square
(1819-1836; Grado II)1-6 Blackburne Terrace, Blackburne Place
(1826; Grado II)Catherine House, 96 Upper Parliament Street
(hacia 1830; Grado II)Falkner Terrace, Upper Parliament Street
(hacia 1830; Grado II)26 y 28 Huskisson Street
(década de 1830; grado II)4-16 Canning Street
(década de 1830; grado II)3-17 Percy Street
(década de 1830; grado II *)8-18 Percy Street
(década de 1830; Grado II *)20-32 Percy Street
(década de 1830; Grado II *)167 y 169 Bedford Street South
(década de 1830; grado II)Calle Huskisson
(década de 1830; grado II *)
Las viviendas georgianas se encuentran en toda la ciudad, tanto en terrazas georgianas como en casas individuales, como ejemplos de ello son las calles Shaw Everton y Hope Terrace Wavertree. Hay varias casas georgianas alrededor de la iglesia de St Mary's Edge Hill y alrededor del centro de Woolton.
135-139 Dale Street
(c. 1788; Grado II)1 Trueman Street
(1788; Grado II)Cabañas Clarke's Basin, Old Hall Street
(1800; Grado II)Hope Terrace, Prince Alfred Road, Wavertree
(1819; Grado II)19-33 Lord Nelson Street
(hacia 1820; Grado II)Shaw Street, Everton, varias de las casas enumeradas individualmente
(c.1826; Grado II)Clare Terrace, Marmaduke Street, Kensington
(hacia 1830; Grado II)3 Islington Square, Everton
(década de 1830; grado II)
También hay mansiones y villas georgianas independientes más grandes, como Allerton Hall, construida hacia 1736 para los traficantes de esclavos John Hardman y su hermano James, que es un raro ejemplo en Liverpool de arquitectura palladiana . Un raro ejemplo de una villa de comerciantes del siglo XVIII es May Place, Broad Green Road, Old Swan, que se sabe que existía en 1768. [38] La antigua rectoría de St Mary's Walton (c.1800), construida en estilo gótico. , la porte-cochère se añadió en 1830. [39] Una hermosa casa unifamiliar de finales del siglo XVIII es Olive Mount, Wavertree, construida para el tendero y comerciante de té James Swan. [40] Sudley House construida en 1824 para el comerciante de maíz Nicholas Robinson y ampliada en la década de 1880 que funciona como una casa museo histórica , aunque el arquitecto no es conocido con certeza si se ha sugerido a John Whiteside como diseñador. [41] La planta baja quemada de Allerton House (1815) por Thomas Harrison , para Jacob Fletcher cuyo padre hizo una fortuna haciendo corsario , sobrevive en el campo de golf de Allerton, el Lodge también sobrevive y es probablemente obra de Harrison. [42] Una gran mansión de 1828 es Calderstones House , construida para Joseph Need Walker, un fabricante de perdigones de plomo . [43] Bark Hill, Mossley Hill, es una villa de 1830 con un porche dórico, cerca está Holmefield, también de 1830 con un porche iónico. [44] Beaconsfield House, Beaconsfield (década de 1830) fue construida para el abogado Ambrose Lace, pero solo la Coachman's House y Stables sobreviven como 84 Beaconsfield Road en un estilo jacobethan. [45] Childwall hall (1806) una mansión gótica almenada de John Nash , construida para Bamber Gascoyne y demolida en 1949, pero la puerta de entrada sobrevive y tal vez sea obra de Nash. [46] Leyfield House, Honeys Green Lane, West Derby es una hermosa villa estucada con un porche dórico. [47] Otra hermosa villa estucada es Beechley, Harthill Road Allerton. [48]
Allerton Hall, Clarke's Gardens , Woolton Road, Allerton
(hacia 1736; Grado II *)May Place, Broad Green Road, Old Swan, Tue Brook
(existente en 1768; Grado II)Olive Mount House, Mill Lane, Wavertree
(década de 1790; Grado II)Old Rectory, St Mary's, Queen's Drive, Walton
(c.1800; Grado II)Sandheys, Mill Lane, West Derby
(principios del siglo XIX; Grado II)Lodge a Allerton u Obelisk House, Allerton Road, Allerton
(hacia 1815; Grado II)Ruinas de Allerton u Obelisk House, Allerton Golf Club
(1815; (quemado en 1944) Grado II)Casa Sudley, Mossley Hill Road, Mossley Hill
(1824; Grado II)Casa de Calderstones, Allerton
(c.1828; Grado II)Bark Hill, Mossley Hill Road, Mossley Hill
(hacia 1830; no cotizado)Holmefield, Mossley Hill Road, Mossley Hill
(hacia 1830; Grado II)Leyfield House, Honeys Green Lane, West Derby
(década de 1830; Grado II)84 Beaconsfield Road, Woolton
(década de 1830; grado II)Lodge of the demolido Childwall Hall, 48 Childwall Abbey Road
(c.1835; Grado II)Beechley, Harthill Road, Allerton
(hacia 1835; Grado II)
Monumentos y edificios públicos de Georgia
El Ayuntamiento de Liverpool fue construido en estilo palladiano entre 1749 y 1754 con un diseño de John Wood the Elder que reemplazó a un ayuntamiento anterior cercano. Fue ampliado y alterado significativamente por James Wyatt a partir de 1785. Sus suntuosos interiores también de Wyatt, son ejemplos muy respetados de la arquitectura georgiana tardía , en un refinado estilo neoclásico , el trabajo de construcción real fue supervisado por John Foster Sr., quien fue el agrimensor del Corporation of Liverpool desde 1790 hasta 1824. La bolsa de valores de la ciudad y el distrito financiero se encuentran inmediatamente detrás de este edificio, lo que muestra los estrechos vínculos entre el gobierno local y el comercio. Otros edificios públicos de la ciudad de esta época son la Liverpool Royal Institution que fue construida en 1799 como casa y local comercial para un comerciante llamado Thomas Parr y fue adaptada por Edmund Aikin en 1815, quien agregó el pórtico de orden dórico [49 ] y la estación de tren Edge Hill es una rara estación de tren pre-victoriana (1836), fue entre 1830 y 1836 la terminal original del ferrocarril de Liverpool y Manchester . [50] El Túnel de Wapping de George Stephenson fue creado (1826–29) para unir Edge Hill y el nuevo ferrocarril con los muelles del sur, inicialmente operaba con una máquina de vapor estática que transportaba vagones a través de él. John Foster Jr , sucedió a su padre como agrimensor de la Corporación de Liverpool 1824-1835 y fue responsable del diseño del cementerio de St James establecido (1827-29), diseñó varios edificios para el cementerio, incluido el Lodge, el arco de entrada, el Oratorio y Monumento Huskisson (ver la sección neoclásica a continuación para estos dos últimos) y es un Parque Histórico de Grado I. Wavertree Botanic Gardens , que se inició originalmente en la década de 1830 y es de Grado II *, el parque tiene un albergue de entrada georgiano tardío. La fachada del antiguo griego (1829) sobrevive en la calle Dale. [51] Una reliquia inusual es la Casa Fúnebre (1811) en el cementerio de Childwall de Todos los Santos. [46] Otro edificio inusual es el calabozo (1787), Shaw Street, Everton, [52] utilizado para encarcelar borrachos durante la noche para que se recuperen o alguien que espera a los magistrados, hay un segundo edificio de este tipo en la ciudad Wavertree Lock-up (1796) .
Frente sur, Ayuntamiento de Liverpool
(1749–54; Grado I), el pórtico está fechado en 1811 y la cúpula en 1802.High St, frente, Ayuntamiento de Liverpool, que muestra la extensión de 1780 a la derecha
(1749–54 & c. 1785; Grado I)
Cúpula del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool
(1802; Grado I)Esquina del gran salón de baile, Ayuntamiento de Liverpool
(terminado en 1820; Grado I)Escalera principal, Ayuntamiento de Liverpool
(terminado en 1820; Grado I)Esquina del comedor, Ayuntamiento de Liverpool
(terminado en 1820; Grado I)Pequeño salón de baile, Ayuntamiento de Liverpool
(terminado en 1820; Grado I)Frente norte, Ayuntamiento de Liverpool
(hacia 1785; Grado I)Antiguo calabozo, Shaw Street, Everton
(1787; Grado II)Bloqueo de Wavetree, Childwall road
(1796; Grado II)Casa Fúnebre, All Saints Childwall
(1811; Grado II)Royal Institution, Colquitt Street
(hacia 1799 remodelado 1814-17; Grado II)Gateway, cementerio de St. James
(1827; Grado II)Lodge, cementerio de St. James
(c.1828; Grado II)El corte detrás de la estación Edge Hill con la entrada al túnel Wapping
(1826–29; no cotizado)Puerta de entrada al cementerio judío de Deane Road, Edge Hill
(1836 Grado II)Edificio norte, estación de tren Edge Hill
(1836 Grado II *)The Lodge to Wavertree Botanic Gardens
(1836–37 Grado II *)
Detrás del Ayuntamiento está el Monumento a Nelson , fue diseñado por Matthew Cotes Wyatt y esculpido por Richard Westmacott como un monumento a Horation Nelson y presentado en 1813. [53] Westmacott también esculpió la estatua ecuestre de bronce de George III en London Road. [54] En los terrenos de Allerton Manor, una casa ahora en ruinas en Allerton Road, se encuentra un obelisco del siglo XVIII . [42]
Obelisco, Allerton Manor, Allerton Road
(siglo XVIII; Grado II)Monumento a Nelson, banderas de intercambio
(1813; grado II *)Monumento ecuestre a George III , London Road, de Richard Westmacott
(1818–22; Grado II)
Edificios comerciales georgianos
En 1786 se aprobó la Ley de Mejoras de Liverpool estipulando que £ 175,000 estarían disponibles durante tres años. Una de las consecuencias fue el ensanchamiento de Castle Street supervisado por John Foster Sr., que significó que el lado oeste de la calle tuvo que ser completamente reconstruido. sólo los números 46, 52 y 54 sobreviven de este período. [55] La casa de Thomas Parr en Colquitt Street con el almacén detrás, es un almacén del siglo XVIII poco común que se conserva. [56] En Brunswick Street se encuentra el antiguo Banco de Arthur Heywood and Sons (1798-1800), posiblemente el diseño de John Foster Sr. [57] Hay un ejemplo interesante de un edificio de posada gótico georgiano tardío en el Childwell Abbey Hotel. [46] El Union News Room (1800) en Duke Street fue diseñado por John Foster Sr. [58] La fachada del antiguo Hotel Grecian, 51-55 Dale Street sobrevive como parte de un moderno bloque de oficinas. Harrington Chambers (c.1830) es una rara supervivencia de las tiendas georgianas con pisos de oficinas arriba. [59] No 75-79 Bold Street (hacia 1833), de Joseph Franklin, es un ejemplo de la arquitectura del Renacimiento griego . [60]
Algunos de los puntos de referencia de Liverpool son conocidos principalmente por su rareza, como los túneles Williamson, que son arquitectónicamente únicos como la locura subterránea más grande del mundo.
46 Castle Street
(finales del siglo XVIII; Grado II)52-54 Castle Street
(finales del siglo XVIII; Grado II)Thomas Parr House con almacén detrás, 26 Colquitt Street
1799; Grado II)Heywood's Bank, 5 Brunswick Street
(1798-1800; Grado II) uno de los primeros bancos construidos expresamenteUnion News Room, Duke Street
(1800; Grado II)Childwell Abbey Hotel, Childwell Lane
(década de 1820; grado II)Sobreviviente de la fachada del antiguo Hotel Grecian, 51-55 Dale Street
(1829; Grado II)Harrington Chambers, North John Street
(hacia 1830; Grado II)2 Islington Square, almacén que luego se usó como academia de música
(c.1830; Grado II)75-79 Bold Street
(1833; Grado II)
Iglesias georgianas
Liverpool tiene varias iglesias construidas en la era georgiana, estas son: La Iglesia de Inglaterra Iglesia de St James , construida en 1774-1775 por Cuthbert Bisbrown, tiene un presbiterio posterior y se han realizado otras modificaciones. La iglesia católica romana más antigua de la ciudad (ahora un restaurante) es la Iglesia Católica Romana de San Pedro, Liverpool (1788) construida tres años antes de la Ley de Ayuda Católica Romana de 1791 . [61] La Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad, Wavertree (1794) fue diseñada por John Hope, como una capilla anglicana y Charles Reilly agregó un nuevo presbiterio (1911) . La Iglesia Anglicana de Nuestra Señora y San Nicolás es la iglesia parroquial de Liverpool. Coloquialmente conocida como "la iglesia de los marineros", existe cerca del paseo marítimo desde 1257. El edificio actual, diseñado por Thomas Harrison , se inició en 1811 tras el catastrófico colapso de la antigua torre. Si bien la torre de Harrison todavía es original, el cuerpo principal de la iglesia ha sido reconstruido después de los daños de la Segunda Guerra Mundial . Otro ejemplo de arquitectura gótica georgiana es la Iglesia de San Lucas, Liverpool, diseñada en 1802 por John Foster Sr. y John Foster Jr. (ambos nacieron en Liverpool), fue construida en 1811-1832. St Mary's Edge Hill fue construido (1812–13) y ampliado (1825–25) arquitecto desconocido. [62] Thomas Rickman, quien comenzó su carrera como arquitecto en Liverpool, diseñó dos iglesias en la ciudad, ambas para la Iglesia de Inglaterra St George's Church, Everton en 1813-1815 con su inusual interior de hierro fundido y la Iglesia de St Michael, Aigburth en 1814 –1815 alterado en 1900 por W. & G. Audsley , ambos son ejemplos de la arquitectura del Renacimiento gótico georgiano tardío . John Slater diseñó la Iglesia Católica Romana de San Patricio, Liverpool en 1821–27 en un estilo clásico simple, también para la misma denominación es la Iglesia gótica de San Antonio, Scotland Road 1832–33 por John Broadbent, alumno de Rickman. Construida para los presbiterianos , la Iglesia de San Andrés, Liverpool por Daniel Stewart con la fachada de John Foster Jr. estuvo abandonada durante mucho tiempo, [63] [64] pero fue restaurada en 2015 como alojamiento para estudiantes. La torre de la iglesia de St Mary, Walton-on-the-Hill data de 1828 a 1832 y fue diseñada por John Broadbent. San Juan Evangelista, Knotty Ash (1834-1836) es un ejemplo del gótico georgiano. Varias iglesias parroquiales y capillas georgianas han sido demolidas en el centro de Liverpool; consulte la sección de edificios georgianos demolidos a continuación para obtener más detalles.
St James , St James Place, Toxteth
(1774-1775; Grado II *)Antiguo San Pedro, Seel Street
(1788; Grado II)Interior, St Peter's, Seel Street
(1788; Grado II)Holy Trinity, Church Road, Wavertree
(1794 alterado 1911; Grado II *)La torre de Nuestra Señora y San Nicolás
(1811–15; Grado II)Iglesia de San Lucas, esquina de Berry Street y Leece Street,
(1811–32; Grado II *)St Mary's, Edge Hill
(1812–13 y 1824–25; Grado II)St. George's, Heyworth Street, Everton
(1812–14; Grado I)St Michael's, Church Road, Aigburth
(1814–15; Grado I)St Michael's, Church Road, Aigburth interior
(1814–15; Grado I)Iglesia de San Patricio, Park Place
(1821–27; Grado II *)Interior, Iglesia de San Patricio, Park Place, Pintura de Nicaise de Keyser c.1834
(1821–27; Grado II *)Iglesia de San Andrés, Rodney Street
(1823–24; Grado II *)La torre de la iglesia de Santa María, Walton-on-the-Hill
(1828-1832; Grado II)St Anthony's, Scotland Road
(1832–33; Grado II)Altar mayor, St Anthony's, Scotland Road
(1832–33; Grado II)San Juan Evangelista, Fresno
nudoso (1834-1836; Grado II)La nave, San Juan Evangelista, Fresno
nudoso (1834-1836; Grado II)
Edificios neoclásicos del siglo XIX.
Liverpool tiene una rica tradición de arquitectura neoclásica que se extiende desde finales del período georgiano hasta el final del período victoriano. Algunos de los primeros ejemplos principales son el Lyceum de Thomas Harrison (1802), las Wellington Rooms de Edmund Aikin (1815–16; un edificio catalogado de grado II *, ahora en riesgo en una condición "muy mala" [65] ). El Oratorio usando un estilo dórico griego , por John Foster Jr. (1829), que basa el edificio en el templo de Hefesto en Atenas , también por Foster es el monumento Huskisson (1834) en St. James basado en el cementerio de la Linterna de Lisícrates , estos son ejemplos puros de la arquitectura del Renacimiento griego . [66] También es impresionante el edificio del Banco de Inglaterra de grado I construido por Charles Robert Cockerell entre 1845 y 1848 [67] (Cockerell pasó los años 1810-1815 estudiando edificios antiguos en Grecia con John Foster Jr. [68] ) y el North and South Wales Bank en Derby Square por Edward Corbett y ahora se conoce como Castle Moat House. [69] La escuela secundaria para niños del Instituto de Liverpool (1835-1837) fue diseñada por Arthur Hill Holme . [70] La Institución Médica de Liverpool (1836-7) fue diseñada por Clark Rampling . [71]
El conjunto único de edificios neoclásicos de estilo victoriano alto alrededor de William Brown Street ha sido etiquetado como el "Barrio Cultural" de la ciudad. Aquí se encuentran la Biblioteca y Museo William Brown (1857-1860), pagados por William Brown , basado en un diseño de Thomas Allom. El edificio fue modificado en ejecución por John Weightman, el topógrafo de la corporación, para ahorrar dinero; ahora alberga el Museo Mundial Liverpool y la Biblioteca Central de Liverpool , la Biblioteca Picton de Cornelius Sherlock (1875-1879) y la Galería de Arte Walker , pagada por Andrew Barclay Walker , diseñada por Sherlock y HH Vale (1874-1877) y fue ampliado por Sherlock (1882-1884) con galerías adicionales en la parte posterior. No es estrictamente un diseño neoclásico y está mucho más cerca de la arquitectura Beaux-Arts , la County Sessions House (1882-1884) de los arquitectos de Liverpool F & G Holme . [72] junto a Walker encaja con su vocabulario clásico más lúdico . Dominando el área, el magnífico St George's Hall fue construido entre 1841 y 1854 según un diseño de Harvey Lonsdale Elmes y, después de la temprana muerte de Elmes, CR Cockerell diseñó los interiores, sobre todo el gran salón y la pequeña sala de conciertos, este último fue completamente diseño de Cockerell. Sirvió una variedad de funciones cívicas, incluida la de una sala de conciertos y los tribunales de justicia de la ciudad. En alusión a la antigua SPQR romana , sus puertas están inscritas con las letras SPQL (iniciales de la frase latina Senatus PopulusQue Liverpudliensis - "el senado y el pueblo de Liverpool"). Junto con su gran arquitectura, proclama el orgullo municipal y la ambición de la ciudad a mediados del siglo XIX. También cerca se encuentran la Columna de Wellington diseñada por Andrew Lawson con una escultura de George Anderson Lawson y la Fuente Steble .
- " St George's Hall es mucho más prominente que el Royal Exchange . Desde su posición alta en Lime Street, frente a la principal estación de tren de Liverpool, el enorme edificio dominó la ciudad desde el principio. Más tarde, la limpieza del área detrás de él y la construcción de un la variedad de estructuras públicas más o menos armoniosas hacia el norte lo convirtió en el centro de uno de los espacios abiertos más impresionantes creados en la Inglaterra victoriana " Henry-Russell Hitchcock [73]
Hay algunos lugares de culto de estilo neoclásico en Liverpool, St Bride's Church, Liverpool (1829-1830) por Samuel Rowland [74] y Great George Street Congregational Church (1840-1841) por Joseph Franklin, topógrafo de Liverpool Corporation. . [74]
La oficina del muelle en el Albert Dock fue construida en (1848) con un diseño de Philip Hardwick , el pórtico y sus columnas toscanas son de hierro fundido . [75]
The Lyceum , Bold Street
(1802; Grado II *)
Primera biblioteca de préstamos de EuropaWellington Rooms , Mount Pleasant
(1816; Grado II *)El Oratorio , Cementerio de St James
(1829; Grado I)El interior del Oratorio
(1829; Grado I)El interior del Oratorio
(1829; Grado I)Monumento a William Huskisson
(1834; Grado II)
en el cementerio de St James
(1829; Grado I)Iglesia de St. Bride , Percy Street
Georgian Quarter
(1830; Grado II *)Interior, Iglesia de Santa Novia
(1830; Grado II *)Escuela secundaria para niños del Instituto de Liverpool , Mount Street
(1835–37; Grado II)Institución médica de Liverpool , Mount Pleasant
(1836–37; Grado II *)Antiguo banco de Gales del Norte y del Sur, Derby Square
(1838-1840; Grado II)Great George Street Congregational Church
(1841; Grado II), apodada The Blackie , por el arquitecto de la ciudad Joseph Franklin, [76]
y Chinese Arch (2000) - la más grande fuera de ChinaBanco de Inglaterra , Castle Street
(1846–48; Grado I)Oficina de tráfico del muelle , Albert Dock
(1848; Grado I)St. George's Hall , Lime Street
(1841–54; Grado I)
uno de los mejores edificios neoclásicos del mundoSt. George's Hall
(1841-1854; Grado I)St. George's Hall, la fachada norte
(1841–54; Grado I)Salón principal, St. George's Hall
(1841–54; Grado I)Crown Court, St. George's Hall
(1841–54; Grado I)Biblioteca y Museo William Brown, William Brown Street
(1857–60; Grado II *)Columna de Wellington, William Brown Street (1861–65; Grado II *)
Galería de arte Walker , William Brown Street
(1874–77; Grado II *)The Sculpture Gallery, Walker Art Gallery
(1874–77; Grado II *)Galería de imágenes, Walker Art Gallery
(1874–77; Grado II *)Picton Library , William Brown Street
(1875–79; Grado II *)
primera biblioteca iluminada eléctricamente en el Reino UnidoSala de lectura, Biblioteca de Picton
(1875–79; Grado II *)Casa de sesiones del condado , William Brown Street
(1882–84; Grado II *)
Victoriana (1837-1901)
Liverpool siguió creciendo durante el período victoriano de una población de 165.000 en 1831 a 685.000 en 1901. [32] Esto significó una creciente demanda de viviendas y otros edificios. Después de la apertura del ferrocarril de Liverpool a Manchester, se establecieron otros enlaces ferroviarios a Liverpool, el ferrocarril de Grand Junction dio acceso a Birmingham y Londres en 1837; Ferrocarril Chester y Birkenhead (1840) luego a Liverpool vía Steam Ferry en funcionamiento desde 1815; Ferrocarril de Lancashire y Yorkshire (1847) y Comité de Líneas de Cheshire (1873). [34] En 1880 se concedió a Liverpool el estatus de ciudad .
" Entre las grandes ciudades del mundo ... no hay otra que se dedique tan exclusivamente al comercio. Cada casa en Liverpool es una oficina de contabilidad, un almacén, una tienda o una casa que de una forma u otra es un instrumento o el resultado del comercio ..... y los habitantes son casi todos para un hombre comerciantes o sirvientes de comerciantes " Johann Georg Kohl 1844, en Las Islas Británicas y sus Habitantes [13]
Muelles y almacenes victorianos
Los muelles son fundamentales para la historia de Liverpool, eventualmente, se extenderían siete millas a lo largo del Mersey y en su punto más ancho tendrían 0.5 millas de profundidad. [77] El tráfico en los muelles pasó de 4,7 millones de toneladas en 1865 a 12,4 millones en 1900. [78] Los muelles creados durante este período son: bajo Jesse Hartley Dock Engineer (1824-1860): Coburg Dock , completado en 1840; Toxteth Dock , inaugurado en 1841, ampliado y reabierto en 1888; Canning Half Tide Dock , inaugurado en 1844; Harrington Dock , inaugurado en 1844; El Albert Dock , terminado en 1847; Collingwood Dock , inaugurado en 1848; Muelle de Salisbury , inaugurado en 1848; Stanley Dock abrió 1848; Nelson Dock , inaugurado en 1848; Bramley-Moore Dock , inaugurado en 1848 vinculado al ferrocarril de Lancashire y Yorkshire y utilizado para la exportación de carbón ; [35] Wellington Dock , inaugurado en 1851; Sandon Half Tide Dock , inaugurado en 1851; Sandon Dock , inaugurado en 1851; Wapping Dock , completado en 1852; Muelle de Huskisson , inaugurado en 1852; Muelle de Canadá , inaugurado en 1859; bajo el mando de George Fosbery Lyster Dock Engineer (1861–97): Carriers 'Dock , inaugurado en 1862; Muelle de Brocklebank , inaugurado en 1862; Muelle de Herculano , inaugurado en 1866; Langton Dock , inaugurado en 1881; Alexandra Dock , inaugurado en 1881; Hornby Dock , inaugurado en 1884.
William Allingham, escrito en 1870, describió el comercio de Liverpool: [79]
- " Aquí convergen en corrientes incesantes el algodón de América, la India, Egipto, la lana de las llanuras australianas, los colmillos de elefantes y el aceite de palma de los bosques africanos, los espermaceti de los mares árticos, el grano de las costas del Mississippi, San Lorenzo, Elba, el Loira, el Danubio, el Vístula y muchos otros arroyos, las pieles de América del Sur, el azúcar, el cobre, el tabaco, el arroz, la madera, el guano, etc., de todas las tierras que miran los ojos del sol. globo terráqueo, fardos de algodonero, lino, lana, bultos de maquinaria. cuero y ferretería inagotables, sal y jabón, carbones y hierro, cobre y estaño "
A pesar de ser el objetivo principal del Liverpool Blitz , sobrevivieron varios edificios de muelles victorianos. El más conocido es el Albert Dock (1841-1847). Diseñado por Jesse Hartley [80] y construido en hierro fundido, ladrillo y piedra, proporciona el primer sistema de almacén de muelle cerrado e incombustible del mundo. Restaurado en la década de 1980, el Albert Dock tiene la colección más grande de edificios catalogados de Grado I en Gran Bretaña. Parte del antiguo complejo del muelle es ahora el hogar del Museo Marítimo de Merseyside (un punto de anclaje de ERIH, la Ruta Europea del Patrimonio Industrial ), el Museo Internacional de la Esclavitud y la Tate Liverpool . Otras reliquias del sistema de muelle incluyen Victoria Tower y el almacén en el lado norte de Stanley Dock , y el almacén en Wapping Dock, los tres de Hartley. El Waterloo Grain Warehouse (1867) de George Fosbery Lyster en Waterloo Dock , quien también diseñó las casamatas (1881-1882) en Herculaneum Dock , utilizadas para almacenar petróleo [81] y el Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse diseñado por Anthony George Lyster , que en en el momento de su construcción en 1901, era el edificio más grande del mundo en términos de superficie y sigue siendo el edificio de ladrillos más grande del mundo. Otros restos del sistema de muelle victoriano son la torre (1889-1890) que trabajó maquinaria hidráulica para que Toxteth Dock sobreviva, ahora conocida como Bradbury House, The Pilotage Building (1883) junto a Canning Half Tide Dock probablemente fue diseñado por John Arthur Berrington. [82] El almacén en 45-51 Greenland Street (finales del siglo XIX) es un superviviente de un almacén que no forma parte de los muelles, [83] otro almacén justo fuera de los muelles es el gran Clarence Warehouse probablemente diseñado por AH Holme. [84]
Muelles de la puerta del muelle de Waterloo, de Hartley
(década de 1830; grado II)El sur de las dos cabañas del portero, Brunswick Half Tide Dock
(hacia 1832; Grado II)Almacén de Clarence, (almacén de té aduanero), Great Howard Street
(década de 1840; grado II)Última esclusa en Leeds y Liverpool Canal, que une el canal con Stanley Dock
(década de 1840; grado II)Victoria Tower, Collingwood Dock
(1848; Grado II)Almacén norte, Stanley Dock
(1852-1854; Grado II *)Piermaster's House, Albert Dock
(1852–53; Grado II)Albergue del portero, Wapping Dock (con torre hidráulica al fondo)
(ambos de 1856; Grado II)Almacén, muelle de Wapping
(1856; Grado II *)El almacén de cereales Waterloo Dock
(1867; Grado II)Casa de bombas, Albert Dock
(década de 1870; Grado II)Pump House, Langton Dock
(1879; Grado II)Casamatas, Herclaneum Dock
(1881–82; Grado II)Casa del motor hidráulico, muelle Bramley-Moore
(1883; Grado II)Edificio de practicaje, Canning Island
(1883; no cotizado)Transit Shed, Toxteth Dock, convertido en oficinas hacia 1994
(1883–89; no cotizado)Antigua estación hidráulica de Bradbury House para el muelle de Toxteth
(1889–90; Grado II)El antiguo depósito de aduanas de los muelles de Toxteth, Sefton Street
(1890; grado II)Almacén, 45 - 51 Greenland Street
(finales del siglo XIX; Grado II)Tabaquería Stanley Dock
(1900–01; Grado II)
Edificios de oficinas y bancos victorianos
En el corazón del Liverpool del siglo XIX estaba el comercio , los muelles eran superados solo por el puerto de Londres , y se necesitaban provisiones para viviendas de bancos para financiar empresas, compañías de seguros y negocios involucrados en el comercio y el transporte marítimo , estas actividades se basaban en el centro de la ciudad y estaban alojados en grandes edificios. [85] Los bancos victorianos y los edificios de oficinas se concentran particularmente en Dale Street y Castle Street. Los abogados y contadores favorecieron a Cook Street, Harrington Street, North y South John Street para sus oficinas. [86] Una ley de mejora en 1826 por la Corporación de Liverpool, [87] supervisó la creación de una nueva calle, St George's Crescent en el centro de Liverpool y la ampliación de las calles Lord Street y North y South John. Victoria Street se creó en 1868 y la mayoría de sus elegantes edificios victorianos sobreviven. [88] Exchange Flags detrás del Ayuntamiento era el centro del comercio de algodón, los comerciantes de algodón tenían su sede en las calles circundantes, las oficinas que sobrevivieron utilizadas por los comerciantes de algodón incluyen el edificio Albany en Old Hall Street, Berey's Buildings, Bixteth Street y Mason's Building en Exchange Street East, en 1896, el comercio de algodón se trasladó al interior de los edificios de Brown, donde ahora se encuentra la antigua sede de Martin Bank. [89] La primera casa de cambio de maíz de Liverpool se abrió en 1808 en Brunswick Street, diseñada por John Foster Sr., fue reconstruida en el mismo sitio en 1853-1864 según los diseños de JA Picton pero fue destruida en los bombardeos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, oficinas de Corn Merchants estaban en el área inmediata, pero en gran parte han sido demolidos. [89] Las compañías navieras generalmente estaban ubicadas cerca del paseo marítimo y los muelles, [90] los principales edificios de las compañías navieras que se conservan son Mersey House y Albion House. A partir de la década de 1840 , la arquitectura de estilo Palazzo se hizo popular para los edificios bancarios y de oficinas. Las ciudades comerciales de la Italia del Renacimiento atraen a los comerciantes de Liverpool, especialmente a Venecia, la que alguna vez fue una gran ciudad comercial marítima. [91]
Bancos victorianos
Los edificios bancarios de mayor interés arquitectónico son: The Royal Bank, 18 Queen Avenue, frente a Dale Street, de Samuel Rowland; [92] North & South Wales Bank (1838-1840) (ahora Castle Moat House), Derby Square, por Edward Corbett (ver Neoclásico arriba para la ilustración); Banco de Inglaterra (1846-1848), Castle Street, de Charles Robert Cockerell ; [93] La antigua sede del Liverpool Savings Bank (1861) de William Culshaw; [94] The Alliance Bank (1868), 62 Castle Street, por Lucy & Littler; [95] Liverpool Union Bank (c.1870), ahora Halifax House, Brunswick Street, probablemente por John Cunningham , ampliado por George Enoch Grayson ; [96] Antiguo Banco de Liverpool (1882), Victoria Street de George Enoch Grayson; [97] Antiguo Union Bank of Liverpool (1885), 43 a 47 Bold Street, de George Enoch Grayson; Adelphi Bank (c.1891-92), Castle Street, por WD Caröe ; [93] Leyland & Bullin's Bank; 36 Castle Street, antiguo Banco Leyland y Bullens (1895), de Grayson y Ould ; [93] Parr's Bank (ahora Nat West Bank) (1898-1901), Castle Street, por Richard Norman Shaw , ejecución supervisada por Willink & Thicknesse. [98]
Antiguo The Royal Bank, 18 Queen Avenue, frente a Dale Street
(c.1837-38; Grado II *)Antiguo banco del distrito de Manchester y Liverpool, 3 Water Street
(década de 1860; modificado 1883 Grado II)Antiguo Banco de Ahorros de Liverpool, Bold Street
(1861; no cotizado)Antiguo banco mercantil y de cambio, 48-50 Castle Street
(1864; Grado II)Antiguo Alliance Bank , 60-62 Castle Street
(1868; Grado II)Interior, antiguo Alliance Bank
(1868; Grado II)Antiguo Liverpool Union Bank, ahora Halifax House, 6 Brunswick Street
(c.1870; Grado II)Antiguo banco de Liverpool, Victoria Street
(1882; Grado II)Antiguo Union Bank of Liverpool, 43 a 47 Bold Street
(1885; Grado II)Antiguo banco Adelphi, por WD Caröe
Castle Street
(1892; Grado II *)National Westminster Overseas Bank, 32-34 Castle Street
(década de 1890; grado II)Antiguo Banco de Leyland & Bullin; 36 Castle Street
(1895 extendido 1900; Grado II)Antiguo Parr's Bank, ahora National Westminster Bank , Castle Street
(1901; Grado II *)Banking Hall, antigua Parr's Bank
Castle Street
(1901; Grado II *)
Oficinas victorianas construidas especialmente para seguros y otras empresas
Los edificios erigidos por las compañías de seguros incluyen: la sede de Liverpool, Londres y Globe Building (1856-1858) por Charles Robert Cockerell; [99] El edificio Queen Insurance (1859) también para Queen Insurance Company 13 Castle Street; 19 Castle Street fue Scottish Equitable Chambers de George Enoch Grayson; antiguo edificio de previsión escocés (1874), 25 Castle Street; [100] 3-5 Castle Street fue el seguro marítimo británico y extranjero de Grayson & Ould; antiguo Guardian Assurance Building (1893), Dale Street, probablemente de Grayson & Ould; [101] Albion House (1895-1898), antigua sede de la White Star Line , diseñada por Richard Norman Shaw y James Francis Doyle . Tanto para el edificio Prudential Assurance Building como para el Pearl Assurance Building, consulte la sección sobre Alfred Waterhouse. Mersey Chambers (c.1878) fue diseñado por GE Grayson como la sede de la compañía naviera Thomas y James Harrison. 27 Castle Street (1846), construido para el abogado Ambrose Lace por Arthur Hill Holme . El crecimiento del comercio con Estados Unidos dio lugar a la construcción de Fowler's Buildings (1865-1869), Victoria Street, por James Picton, [102] Fowler's era una empresa estadounidense que importaba productos agrícolas de Estados Unidos. [103]
27 Castle Street
(1846; Grado II)Liverpool, Londres y Globe Building , 1 Dale Street
(1858; Grado II)Queen Insurance Company, 11 Dale Street
(1859; Grado II)Edificio Fowler , Victoria Street
(1865–69; Grado II *)Antiguo edificio de previsión escocés, 25 Castle Street
(1874; Grado II)Mersey Chambers, Old Church Yard
(hacia 1878; Grado II)Ex Cámaras Equitativas Escocesas, 19 Castle Street
(1878; Grado II)Antiguo edificio y sala de juegos de Queen Insurance, 13 Castle Street
(1887–88; Grado II)Antigua Compañía de Seguros Marítimos Británicos y Extranjeros, 3 & 5 Castle Street
(1888–90; Grado II)Antiguos edificios de Guardian Assurance, Dale Street
(1893; Grado II)Albion House , James Street
(1895–98; Grado II *)
Edificios de oficinas victorianos especulativos
Los edificios de oficinas erigidos especulativamente incluyen: el edificio Royal Bank (c.1837-38), Dale Street, por Samuel Rowland, el banco (ver arriba) ocupó el edificio en el patio en la parte trasera y dejó el edificio; The Temple (1864-1865), Dale Street de James Picton; [101] The Albany (1856-1858) de James Kellaway Colling y alquilado a comerciantes de algodón; [104] Edificio Hargreaves (1859), 5 Chapel Street por James Picton; [91] Berey's Buildings (1864), Bixteth Street, diseñado por William Culshaw y alquilado a comerciantes de algodón; Rigby's Buildings (1865) Dale Street, edificio de oficinas estucado con un almacén más antiguo detrás; [101] Mason's Building (hacia 1866), Exchange Street East, de John Cunningham, alquilado a comerciantes de algodón; [105] Cámaras Imperiales (hacia 1870), Calle Dale, arquitecto desconocido, de estilo gótico y con un patio en la azotea acristalada; [106] Construido como una oficina con almacén detrás, para el cervecero Peter Walker, 64 a 66 Duke Street, diseñado por John Elliot Reeve; [69] Edificios centrales, North John Street, gran edificio de oficinas para el período, por Thomas C. Clarke; [107] Princes Buildings (1882), Dale Street, de Henry Shelmerdine; [108] 12 Hanover Street (1889-1890), edificio de oficinas con almacén contiguo, de Edmund Kirby ; [109] Victoria Chambers (1893); 40-42 Castle Street, por Grayson & Ould. [95] Century Buildings (1901), Victoria Street es de Henry Hartley. [102] Audazmente gótico es Musker's Buildings (1881-1882) en Dale Street por Thomas E. Murray. [106] 25 y 27 Victoria Street (1881), de WH Picton. [102] New Zealand House (1893), 18 Water Street es de Walter Aubrey Thomas. Imperial Buildings (1879), Victoria Street son de E. & H. Shelmerdine. [110]
Antiguos edificios del Royal Bank, Dale Street
(1839; Grado II)Edificios Clarence y Marldon Chambers, North John Street
(1841; Grado II)6-10 Rumford Place, "la embajada confederada "
(década de 1840; grado II)Edificios de Melbourne, North John Street
(1854; Grado II)The Albany, Old Hall Street
(1856–58; Grado II *)Edificio Hargreaves, 5 Chapel Street
(1859; Grado II)Edificios de Berey, izquierda, Bixteth Street
(1864; Grado II)El templo, Dale Street
(1864–65; Grado II)Edificios de Rigby, 21-25 Dale Street
(1865; Grado II)Mason's Building, Exchange Street East
(c.1866; Grado II)Cámaras imperiales, Dale Street
(c.1870; Grado II)Victoria Buildings, Victoria Street (década de 1870; no cotizado)
64 y 66 Duke Street
(1876; Grado II)Edificios imperiales, Victoria Street
(1879; Grado II)Edificios de Buckley, Dale Street
(1880; Grado II)Cámaras de Westminster, 90-98 Dale Street
(1880; Grado II)25 y 27 Victoria Street
(1881; Grado II)Edificios de Musker, Dale Street
(1881-1882; Grado II)Edificios de Lisboa, 35 Victoria Street
(1882; no cotizado)Edificio Princes, Dale Street
(1882; Grado II)Union House, Victoria Street
(1882; Grado II)Los edificios Carlisle y Jerome, Victoria Street
(1883–85; Grado II)Edificios centrales, North John Street
(1884; Grado II)Minerva Chambers, Sir Thomas Street
(hacia 1885; Grado II)Edificios de la abadía, Victoria Street
(1885; Grado II)Crown Buildings, Victoria Street
(1886; Grado II)12 Hanover Street
(1889–90; Grado II)10-18 Castle Street
(década de 1890; grado II)44 Castle Street
(década de 1890; grado II)Regina House, 1 Victoria Street
(década de 1890; grado II)Casa de Nueva Zelanda, 18 Water Street
(1893; no cotizado)Victoria Chambers, 40-42 Castle Street
(1893; Grado II)Edificio de oficinas, 6-8 Castle Street
(1897; Grado II)The Century Building, Victoria Street
(1901; no cotizado)
Edificios de oficinas de Peter Ellis
Peter Ellis fue un oscuro arquitecto e ingeniero civil que, sin embargo, diseñó el pionero Oriel Chambers (1864) [111] en Water Street como "uno de los primeros edificios de oficinas revestidos con muros cortina acristalados " [9] en la parte trasera. patio. Muy adelantado a su tiempo, el edificio fue severamente criticado en The Builder del 16 de junio de 1866 como una "gran aglomeración de burbujas de vidrio plano que sobresalen", un "gran aborto" sin ninguna cualidad estética. [112] Con toda probabilidad, sin embargo, fue estudiado por el joven John Wellborn Root, quien pasó algún tiempo en Liverpool para escapar de la Guerra Civil estadounidense justo cuando el edificio de Ellis estaba terminado. Root llevó algunas de las ideas de Ellis a Estados Unidos, donde más tarde se convirtió en un importante arquitecto de la Escuela de Arquitectura de Chicago . Oriel Chambers, por lo tanto, jugó un papel importante en el desarrollo del rascacielos . El único otro edificio conocido de Ellis, 16 Cook Street , Liverpool, data de 1866 [113] y también cuenta con un muro cortina en su patio trasero.
Oriel Chambers , Water Street
(1864; Grado I)Detalle de ventanas, Oriel Chambers
(1864; Grado I)16 Cook Street
(1866; Grado II *)
Edificios victorianos al por menor y al por mayor
A medida que Liverpool se expandió, los edificios comerciales crecieron en grandeza para satisfacer la creciente demanda en una ciudad cada vez más próspera. Los edificios comerciales victorianos se encuentran entre otros en Church Street, Victoria Street, Lord Street y Bold Street e incluyen: 14-16 Bold Street, construido (1848) para John Cripps, Shawl Merchant y fabricante; [114] Lewis Hornblower construyó 25 Church Street (1858) para los trabajadores metalúrgicos de arte y el negocio de galvanoplastia de Elkington ; [115] Compton House (1866-1867), Church Street, construido para JR Jeffrey por Thomas Haigh & Company, es uno de los primeros grandes almacenes construidos especialmente en el mundo; [109] Ex marchantes de arte de Agnew (1877), 1 Castle Street; [116] Antigua joyería de Robert & Jones en 2 Castle Street (1882), en un estilo francés de principios del siglo XVI; [93] Fruit Exchange (c.1888), Victoria Street, construido como un depósito de mercancías, convertido para cambio en 1923; [117] 92 Bold Street (década de 1890), es un ejemplo tardío de la arquitectura del Renacimiento griego , atribuido a W. & G. Audsley ; [94] 58 Bold Street (c.1900), es un ejemplo inusual de una tienda de movimiento de Artes y Oficios , atribuida a T. Myddleton Shallcross. [118] El comercio al por mayor está representado por Commercial Saleroom Buildings (1879), Victoria Street, de James F. Doyle, utilizado para subastas al por mayor de frutas importadas. [86] Los arcos audaces, el gótico italiano 81-89 Lord Street de Walter Aubrey Thomas es un gran edificio, también en Lord Street está Venice Chambers, de Edmund Kirkby. [119]
14 y 16 Bold Street
(1848; Grado II)25 Church Street, construido para el negocio de Electroplate de Elkington
(c.1858; Grado II)Compton House, Church Street
(1866–67; Grado II)
Primera tienda departamental especialmente construida en el Reino UnidoEx marchantes de arte de Agnew, 1 Castle Street
(1877; Grado II)Edificios comerciales Saleroom, Victoria Street
(1879; Grado II)Antigua joyería de Robert & Jones, 2 Castle Street
(1882; Grado II)Cámaras de Venecia, Lord Street
(1882; Grado II)Fruit Exchange, Victoria Street
(c.1888; Grado II)92 Bold Street
(década de 1890; grado II)69 Church Street
(década de 1890; grado II)58 Bold Street
(c.1900; Grado II)81-89 Lord Street
(1901; Grado II)
Edificios victorianos para salud, educación y asistencia social
En una época anterior a la seguridad social o al Servicio Nacional de Salud , cualquier prestación de atención médica o social dependía de la caridad o tenía que pagarse de forma privada, incluso la educación anterior a la Ley de Educación Primaria de 1870 era tan dependiente. La élite adinerada de Liverpool y la clase cómoda debajo de ellos crearon instituciones y las apoyaron a través de donaciones. Por ejemplo, Andrew Barclay Walker no solo pagó por la Walker Art Gallery con una donación de £ 50,000 (más de £ 5,000,000 en 2019), sino que también contribuyó a la fundación de la universidad, al igual que Henry Tate y George Holt . Tanto William Pickles Hartley como William Rathbone donaron un tercio de sus ingresos a obras de caridad. [120] Consulte la sección Alfred Waterhouse a continuación para ver los edificios diseñados por él, como Royal Infirmary, University of Liverpool, Turner Memorial Home y Seaman's Orphanage. Liverpool tenía muchos ejemplos de edificios victorianos creados para proporcionar salud, atención social y educación.
Escuelas, colegios y bibliotecas victorianas
Los edificios educativos notables de la época son Liverpool Collegiate School , (1840–43) en un estilo gótico Tudor por Harvey Lonsdale Elmes . Otros edificios institucionales incluyen Blackburne House, construido en 1788 y ampliamente remodelado (1874–76) por WI Mason en el estilo del Segundo Imperio francés , se convirtió en Blackburne House Girls 'School (1844). La antigua Royal School for the Blind , Hardman Street, (1849-1851) en estilo clásico de AH Holme (ahora un edificio de la unión de oficios), un nuevo edificio para la escuela abrió sus puertas en 1899 en Wavertree. Un ejemplo de una escuela de juntas , anteriormente Arnot Street School , Walton, es una escuela de educación posterior a 1870 y fue diseñada por Edmund Kirby (1884 extendida a 1894), otras escuelas de juntas sobrevivientes son, Chatsworth School (1874), Edge Hill, diseñada por Thomas Mellard Reade , [121] quien también diseñó Granby Street School (1880), Toxteth. [122] Liverpool College of Art diseñado por Thomas Cook e inaugurado en 1883 con la arquitectura de estilo Queen Anne . [123] Al final del período, se construyó la Facultad de Tecnología y Ampliación del Museo según los diseños de Edward William Mountford , finalizada (1901). La primera biblioteca sucursal en la ciudad fue Kensington Library 1890, ampliada en 1897, Edge Hill por el agrimensor de la ciudad de Liverpool Thomas Shelmerdine , [124] quien también diseñó la Biblioteca Everton , construida en 1896, también diseñada por Shelmerdine es el Instituto Técnico, Picton Road , Wavertree. [125] La antigua escuela de St Austin (1860), Aigburth Road proporcionó educación primaria para la población católica romana local de Aigburth. [126] Henry Clutton diseñó una extensión importante (1877) del St Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool para que la Iglesia Católica Romana proporcionara educación a los seguidores de la Iglesia. El antiguo Gordon Working Lads 'Institute (1886) de David Walker, en un estilo renacentista del norte, proporcionó educación técnica para la clase trabajadora, y contuvo aulas, gimnasio y sala de conciertos, fue pagado por el comerciante y armador William Cliff. [127] El equivalente para las niñas fue el Bankhall Girls 'Institute (1889), Stanley Road, Kirkdale, este fue financiado por Thomas Worthington Cookson, comerciante y armador. [128] La iglesia católica construyó la Escuela de San Vicente para Ciegos (1899), Yew Tree Lane, West Derby. [129]
Antigua escuela universitaria de Liverpool, Shaw Street, Everton
(1840–43; Grado II *)Antiguo Colegio Real para Ciegos, Liverpool, Hardman Street
(1849–51; Grado II)Antigua escuela católica romana de St Austin, Aigburth Road, Aigburth
(1860; Grado II)Antigua escuela para niñas de Blackburne House, Hope Street
(remodelada de 1874 a 1876; Grado II)Escalera principal, Escuela para niñas Blackburne House, Hope Street
(remodelada de 1874 a 1876; Grado II)Ex Chatsworth School, ahora Smithdown Primary School, Chatsworth Drive, Edge Hill
(1874; no incluido en la lista)El antiguo St Francis Xaviers College ahora forma parte de Liverpool Hope University, Salisbury Road
(1877 Grado II)Escuelas de Granby Street, Toxteth
(1880; no cotizado)Liverpool College of Art, Hope Street
(1883; Grado II)Escuela primaria de Arnot Street, Walton
(1884 ampliada 1894; Grado II)Antiguo Instituto Gordan Working Lads, Stanley Road, Kirkdale
(1886; Grado II)Antiguo Instituto de Niñas de Bankhall, Stanley Road, Kirkdale
(1889; no cotizado)Biblioteca de Kensington, Edge Hill
(1890 ampliada a 1897; Grado II)Biblioteca Everton, Beacon Lane
(1896; Grado II)The Royal School for the Blind, Church Road, Wavertree
(1898–99; no incluido en la lista)Instituto Técnico, Picton Road, Wavertree
(1898–99; Grado II)Escuela de San Vicente para Ciegos, Yew Tree Lane, West Derby
(1899; no incluido en la lista)Extensión del Museo y Escuela Técnica Central , William Brown Street
(1901; Grado II *)
Hospitales y edificios victorianos para la atención social
Los edificios para el cuidado de la salud y las provisiones sociales incluyen, el Adult Deaf and Dumb Institute ahora, Merseyside Center for the Deaf por EH Banner en un gótico de ladrillo rojo; la casa de marineros de Liverpool, ahora demolida , brinda hospitalidad y una cama para pasar la noche a los marineros que visitan la ciudad. Los hospitales fundados en el período incluyen Liverpool Maternity Hospital ; fundada en 1741, la Liverpool Royal Infirmary experimentó una gran expansión a fines de la década de 1880. Los locos fueron atendidos en el asilo de locos ahora demolido , Rainhill Hospital (1846-1851) diseñado por Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, a las afueras de la ciudad. Workshop for the Outdoor Blind (1870), Cornwallis Street, diseñado por GT Redmayne, proporcionó empleo a los ciegos, que fabricaban cestas, tapetes y cepillos. [130] El edificio de la YMCA , Mount Pleasant fue construido (1874–77), diseñado en estilo gótico por HH Vale, contenía un gimnasio, sala de lectura, biblioteca, sala de conferencias y aulas. Church House (1885), Hanover Street por Walter Aubrey Thomas construida para albergar el Instituto Central de la Misión Mersey a Seaman y una taberna de templanza ; [131] El antiguo Eye and Ear Hospital (1878-1880), Myrtle Street por CO Ellison, en un antiguo estilo inglés, [123] también en Myrtle Street y por CO Ellison es el antiguo refugio para niños indigentes (1888-1889 ). [132] El antiguo Hospital Homeopático de Liverpool (1887) fue diseñado por F & G Holme en el estilo arquitectónico del Renacimiento francés . [133] El Instituto de Florencia (1889) es el club de niños construido especialmente para niños más antiguo que se conserva en Gran Bretaña, probablemente diseñado por HW Keef, pagado por el comerciante Bernard Hall. [134] El Instituto Gordon Smith para Marineros (1899) de James Strong de Walker & Strong, en Paradise Street, fue creado para proporcionar a los marineros una biblioteca, sala de lectura y salón de actos. [135] El antiguo hospital de ojos y oídos, 3-5 Myrtle Street, fue diseñado por CO Ellsion. El antiguo Walton Workhouse (1864-1868) fue diseñado por William Culshaw. [39] El complejo New Hall (1887-1889), Longmoor Lane, Fazakerley, diseñado por Charles H. Lancaster, fue construido como cabañas para albergar a niños desfavorecidos, el grupo de cabañas termina en una sala monumental con torre de reloj. [136]
Antiguo asilo de trabajo de Walton, Rice Lane, Walton
(remodelado de 1864 a 1868; grado II)Taller para ciegos al aire libre, Cornwallis Street
(1870; no cotizado)YMCA, Mount Pleasant
(1874–77; Grado II)Antiguo hospital de ojos y oídos, 3-5 Myrtle Street
(1878–80; Grado II)Church House, Hanover Street
(1885; Grado II)The Adult Deaf and Dumb Institute, Park Way
(1886-1887; Grado II)Antiguo Hospital Homeopático Hahnemann, Hope Street
(1887; Grado II)New Hall, Longmoor Lane, Fazakerley
(1887–89; Grado II)Antiguo hogar de acogida para niños indigentes, Myrtle Street
(1888–89; Grado II)El Instituto de Florencia, Mill Street, Toxteth
(1889; Grado II)
(1889; Grado II)Chancery House, antiguo Instituto Gordon Smith para Marineros, Paradise Street
(1899; Grado II)
Edificios públicos victorianos
Muchos edificios públicos de la época sobreviven en el centro de Liverpool. El principal edificio público de mediados de la era victoriana fue Municipal Buildings (ahora un hotel) iniciado en 1860 por el topógrafo de Liverpool Corporation John Weightman (que no debe confundirse con su casi contemporáneo John Gray Weightman ), y terminado en 1866 por su sucesor como el topógrafo ER Robson, quien enmendó el diseño. El estilo es una mezcla de arquitectura italiana y renacimiento francés , este último estilo es evidente en los elaborados techos del edificio. El edificio funciona como oficinas municipales para albergar a la creciente mano de obra municipal. La mayoría de los grandes edificios públicos en el centro de Liverpool eran de estilo neoclásico , por lo que se tratan en la sección dedicada arriba. Weightman también diseñó el Main Bridewell y los Magistrates 'Courts. Henry Tanner diseñó la antigua Oficina General de Correos (1894-1897), que se ha conservado parcialmente, en Victoria Street . [97] Sobrevive las antiguas oficinas del Departamento de Educación de la ciudad (1897-1898), Sir Thomas Street de Charles E. Deacon. Se construyó la estación de policía de Old Bridewell, Campbell Square (1861). [137] Thomas Shelmerdine diseñó la Estación Central de Bomberos que se inauguró en 1897, también a finales del siglo XIX remodeló la cámara del consejo en el Ayuntamiento.
Main Bridewell, Cheapside
(1857–59; Grado II *)Tribunales de ex magistrados, Dale Street
(1857-1859; Grado II)Edificios municipales , Dale Street
(1860–66; Grado II *)Pasillo, edificios municipales, Dale Street
(1860–66; Grado II *)Estación de policía de Old Bridewell, Campbell Square
(1861; Grado II)Antiguo edificio de la oficina general de correos, Victoria St (pisos superiores bombardeados en blitz)
(1894–97; no incluido en la lista)Antigua estación central de bomberos, Hatton Garden
(1897; Grado II)Antiguas oficinas de educación de la ciudad, Sir Thomas Street
(1897–98; Grado II)The Council Chamber, Ayuntamiento de Liverpool
(1899-1900; Grado I)
Varios edificios públicos victorianos sobreviven en los suburbios. John Weightman diseñó Walton Gaol que se construyó entre 1848 y 1855, la puerta de entrada y la capilla son de estilo neo-normando . También en Walton se encuentran las antiguas Oficinas de la Junta Escolar (c.1890) de Edmund Kirkby. Las oficinas públicas en Toxteth (1865-1866) son de estilo italiano por Thomas Layland. [138] La Cruz, West Derby Village, fue diseñada por William Eden Nesfield y tallada por James Forsyth . [139] La torre del reloj de Picton de 1884 fue diseñada y pagada por James Picton como un monumento a su esposa. [140] Hay varias antiguas comisarías de policía victorianas alrededor de la ciudad, incluida la de Lark Lane (1885) de FU Holme; [141] Rice Lane, Walton; Old Swan, Derby Road, Tue Brook ahora son pisos; en Durning Road, Edge Hill es una estación combinada de policía y bomberos, de mediados del siglo XIX, de estilo gótico Tudor; [121] La antigua estación de policía y bomberos, Westminster Road, Kirkdale, por el topógrafo de la ciudad Thomas Shelmerdine. [127] El Gregson Memorial Institute, Garmoyle Road, Wavertree, era una biblioteca y museo con fondos privados diseñado por AP Fry, las colecciones se han dispersado. [125]
Antigua comisaría de bomberos y policía, Durning Road, Edge Hill
(mediados del siglo XIX; no cotizado)The Cross, West Derby Village
(c.1861-70; Grado II)Oficinas públicas Toxteth, High Park Street
(1865–66; Grado II)Antiguo Ayuntamiento de Wavertree, High Street (Wavertree se convirtió en parte de Liverpool en 1895)
(1872; Grado II)Picton Clock Tower, High Street, Wavertree
(1884; Grado II)Old Police Station, Lark Lane, Sefton Park
(1885; no cotizado)Antigua estación de policía y bomberos, Westminster Road, Kirkdale
(1885; Grado II)Antigua comisaría de Old Swan, Derby Road, Tue Brook
(finales del siglo XIX; no cotizado)Antigua comisaría de Rice Lane, Rice Lane, Walton
(finales del siglo XIX; no figura en la lista)Antiguas oficinas de la Junta Escolar, Arnot Street, Walton
(c.1890; Grado II)Gregson Memorial Institute, Garmoyle Road, Wavertree
(hacia 1895; Grado II)
Alfred Waterhouse
Nacido en Stone Hill, Liverpool el 19 de julio de 1830, pero se crió en Aigburth , el arquitecto Alfred Waterhouse estableció su estudio de arquitectura primero en Manchester en 1854 y desde 1865 en Londres. Logró fama nacional por un gran número de edificios, en su mayoría institucionales, comerciales y educativos en toda Inglaterra, siendo sus edificios más conocidos el Ayuntamiento de Manchester y el Museo de Historia Natural de Londres . También diseñó varias estructuras para su ciudad natal. [142] La inclusión de la Universidad de Liverpool 's Victoria Building , terminado en (1889-1892). El uso de Waterhouse de llamativos ladrillos rojos y terracota Burmantofts como materiales de construcción para su exterior y azulejos en el interior inspiró a Edgar Allison Peers , un profesor de español en Liverpool, a acuñar el término " Red Brick University " y luego aplicarlo colectivamente a seis instituciones recientemente fundadas de educación superior en algunas de las principales ciudades industriales de Inglaterra. [143] Waterhouse diseñó otros edificios para la universidad, incluidos los Laboratorios Químicos (1884-1887); Walker Engineering Block (1887-1891), Gossage Chemical Laboratories (1895-1897), Medical School (1895-1897), Thompson Yates Laboratories (1895-1898) y un trabajo final para la universidad fue un trabajo conjunto con su hijo Paul Waterhouse para la Facultad de Medicina, el Edificio Whelan (1899-1904) que albergaba el Departamento de Anatomía. Otros complejos importantes de Waterhouse son el Liverpool Royal Infirmary (1886–92) y el Newsham Park Hospital (1870–75) construido como The Liverpool Seamen's Orphan Institution. Waterhouse también diseñó el Great North Western Hotel (1871) en estilo renacentista francés , que servía a la estación de tren de Liverpool Lime Street. También diseñó Prudential Assurance Building, Liverpool (1885-1886), diseñó varios edificios de oficinas para la compañía The Prudential Assurance en toda Gran Bretaña con el mismo estilo. También diseñó el edificio Pearl Assurance, ahora conocido como St John's House. Una comisión más pequeña fue Turner Home, Liverpool . Waterhouse también diseñó tres grandes casas góticas en la ciudad: la primera es New Heys (1861-1865) para el abogado WG Bateson, Allerton Road; luego Allerton Priory (1866-1875) y su entrada Lodge para el propietario de la mina John Grant Morris y Mossley Hill House (1869-72), Park Avenue, para el corredor general Lloyd Rayner, ahora es parte del Mossley Hill Hospital.
New Heys, New Heys Drive, Allerton
(1861–65; Grado II)Priorato de Allerton
(1866-1875; Grado II *)Lodge en Allerton Priory, Allerton Road, Allerton
(1867–70; Grado II)Casa Mossley Hill, Park Avenue
(1868–69; Grado II)Great North Western Hotel
Lime Street
(1868–71; Grado II)Institución para huérfanos de los marineros de Liverpool , Orphan Drive, Fairfield
(1870–75; Grado II)Turner Memorial Home, Dingle Lane, Toxteth
(1881–83; Grado II)Frente al jardín, Turner Memorial Home, Dingle Lane, Toxteth
(1881–83; Grado II)Lodge, Turner Memorial Home, Dingle Lane, Toxteth
(1884; Grado II)Edificio Prudential, Dale Street
(1885–86; Grado II)Edificio principal, Royal Infirmary, Pembroke Place
(1886–92; Grado II)Royal Infirmary, Pembroke Place
(1886–92; Grado II)Antigua capilla, Royal Infirmary, Pembroke Place
(1886–92; Grado II)Walker Engineering Laboratory, Universidad de Liverpool
(1887–91; no incluido en la lista)Zócalo de la estatua de Alexander Balfour, escultura de Albert Bruce-Joy , St John's Gardens
(1889; Grado II)Victoria Building
University of Liverpool
(1889–92; Grado II)Hall de entrada, Victoria Building
University of Liverpool
(1889–92; Grado II)Hall de entrada, Victoria Building
University of Liverpool
(1889–92; Grado II)Corridor, Victoria Building
University of Liverpool
(1889–92; Grado II)Escalera principal, Victoria Building
University of Liverpool
(1889–92; Grado II)Sala de conferencias, Victoria Building
University of Liverpool
(1889–92; Grado II)Ex Laboratorios Thompson Yates, Universidad de Liverpool
(1895–1898; no incluido en la lista)Stairwell, edificio Thompson Yates, Universidad de Liverpool
(1895–1898; no cotizado)Antiguo edificio Pearl Assurance, St. John's Lane
(1896–1898; Grado II)Whelan Building, Universidad de Liverpool, trabajo conjunto con Paul Waterhouse
(1899-1904; no cotizado)1904 Anatomy Lecture Theatre, Whelan Building, trabajo conjunto con Paul Waterhouse
(1899-1904; no cotizado)
Lugares de culto victorianos
A medida que Liverpool crecía, crecía la necesidad de nuevos lugares de culto, las iglesias georgianas se concentraban principalmente en el centro de la ciudad. Los nuevos suburbios que se extienden más allá de ese centro, dan como resultado un importante programa de construcción de lugares de culto. [144] Las áreas de Princes Park y Sefton Park vieron la construcción de algunos de los mejores lugares de culto en Liverpool. En Prince's Road en el extremo norte: Iglesia Ortodoxa Griega de San Nicolás construida para la pequeña pero rica comunidad griega de la ciudad, cuyos ricos derivan en gran parte del transporte marítimo; [145] Iglesia Presbiteriana de Gales (1865-1867), la población de la ciudad nacida en Gales era de 20.000 en 1870 y aumentaba a 80.000 en 1891, gran parte de su riqueza provenía de la especulación inmobiliaria; [146] la sinagoga Princes Road fue construida para la comunidad judía ortodoxa ; y la Iglesia de Santa Margarita de Antioquía tiene uno de los interiores más elaborados de cualquiera de las iglesias de la ciudad. [147] Cerca de Sefton Park, la iglesia anglicana de Saint Agnes y Saint Pancras, Ullet Road; la Iglesia Católica Romana de Santa Clara, Arundel Avenue; [148] Iglesia Unitaria de Ullet Road ; la Iglesia Anglicana de Cristo, Linnet Lane.
Ciertas iglesias fueron construidas para atender a las áreas más pobres de la ciudad, St Clement, Beaumont Street, Toxteth, que era Low Church Anglican; [149] y para las congregaciones católicas romanas St Alban's, Athol Street, Vauxhall (1849), ahora utilizado como centro de escalada, Our Lady of Reconciliation (1859-1860), Eldon Street, Vauxhall; San Silvestre (1889), Silvester Street, Vauxhall; All Souls '(1870 demolido en 1967), Collingwood Street, Kirkdale, St Briget's Bevington Hill, Vauxhall (1870 demolido en 1967). Estos atendían a una población de clase trabajadora católica en gran parte irlandesa, que había emigrado a la ciudad y se había congregado en el suburbio norteño de Vauxhall a raíz de la Gran Hambruna . [150]
A fines del siglo XIX, Liverpool era una ciudad cosmopolita, había muchas comunidades de inmigrantes, muchos marineros que pasaban por el puerto, incluidos nativos de África Occidental y el Lejano Oriente, Chinatown data de la década de 1860, no muchos han dejado rastros de sus lugares a menudo temporales de Adoración. [151] Una excepción notable es la Iglesia Gustav Adolf (1883), Park Lane. A mediados de la década de 1850, más de 50.000 marineros suecos visitaban la ciudad anualmente, la iglesia fue construida para ellos. [152] Esta era vio el establecimiento en 1889 de lo que se cree que es la primera mezquita de Gran Bretaña, en gran parte para los británicos convertidos al Islam , el Instituto Musulmán de Liverpool en No. 8 Brougham Terrace, West Derby Road. [145]
Iglesias victorianas inconformistas, capillas, sinagogas e iglesia ortodoxa griega
Los lugares de culto más destacados de la ciudad victoriana de Liverpool incluyen la Iglesia Ortodoxa Griega de San Nicolás, construida en el estilo arquitectónico neobizantino 1864-1870 Diseño original William Hardie Hay (1813-1901) y James Murdoch Hay (1823-1915), construido por Henry Sumners de Culshaw y Sumners ; Antigua Capilla Victoria (1878-1880), para los calvinistas galeses, Crosshall Street por WH Picton, ahora utilizada como Tribunal de Menores; [153] WD Carøe 's Adolf Gustav Iglesia (Iglesia del sueco gente de mar, que recuerda a estilos nórdicos). Buenos ejemplos de iglesias inconformistas de estilo gótico son la Iglesia Presbiteriana de Gales, de los arquitectos W. & G. Audsley , con sede en Liverpool ; Ullet Road Unitarian Church y biblioteca de (1896-1899) y el claustro y el Church Hall (c.1901), ambos de Thomas Worthington y Percy Worthington , las vidrieras son principalmente de William Morris y Edward Burne-Jones , las pinturas murales en la sacristía y la biblioteca adyacente son de Gerald Moira , en el claustro hay memoriales de una iglesia más antigua que incluye un busto de William Roscoe por John Gibson , [154] muchas de las familias más ricas de Liverpool eran miembros de la congregación e incluían a los Holt, los Tates , los Roscoes, los Rathbones y los Brunner. [155] Con una comunidad judía desde mediados del siglo XVIII, Liverpool tiene varias sinagogas. El grado que enumeré Princes Road Synagogue , por W. & G. Audsley en el estilo Moorish Revival es arquitectónicamente el más importante. [156] y costó casi £ 15,000 [146] Otras dos sinagogas ortodoxas se encuentran en el distrito de Allerton y Childwall , donde reside una importante comunidad judía. [157] Hay varias capillas de estilo clásico en Liverpool, incluida la pequeña Capilla Bautista Particular, Everton (1847) arquitecto desconocido, convertida en apartamentos en 2005 [158] y la Old Welsh Chapel, de Oliver y Lamb de Newcastle, ahora Chatham Building University de Liverpool. [159]
La antigua Capilla Bautista Particular, Shaw Street, Everton
(1847; Grado II)Antigua capilla galesa antigua, ahora Edificio Chatham,
Universidad Chatham Street de Liverpool
(1861; Grado II)Iglesia Ortodoxa Griega de San Nicolás , Princes Road
(1864-1870; Grado II)Interior, Iglesia Ortodoxa Griega de San Nicolás
(1864-1870; Grado II)Iglesia Presbiteriana de Gales, Princes Road
(1865–67; Grado II)Sinagoga de Princes Road
(1872-1874; Grado I)Interior de la sinagoga de Princes Road
(1872-1874; Grado I)Antigua Capilla Victoria, Crosshall Street
(1878–80; Grado II)Iglesia Gustav Adolf , Park Lane
(1883; Grado II *)
Iglesia sueca más antigua fuera de SueciaInterior, Iglesia Gustav Adolf
(1883; Grado II *)Iglesia Unitaria de Ullet Road
(1896–99; Grado I)Interior, Iglesia Unitaria de Ullet Road
(1896–99; Grado I)Salón de la Iglesia, Iglesia Unitaria de Ullet Road
(c.1901; Grado I)
Iglesias parroquiales anglicanas
Durante el siglo XIX, tres generaciones de la familia Horsfall tuvieron una gran influencia en la construcción de iglesias anglicanas en Liverpool. Charles Horsfall, un comerciante y corredor de bolsa, fue uno de los fundadores de St George's Everton, sus hijos construyeron Christ Church (1848) (destruida por el bombardeo de 1941), Great Homer Street, Everton, en su memoria. Su hijo Robert y su nieto Douglas se convirtieron en firmes defensores del Movimiento de Oxford . [160] Robert Horsfall pagó por St Margaret's of Antioch, [147] Douglas Horsfall pagó por la Iglesia de St Agnes y St Pancras, costó £ 28,000. [161]
Muchos suburbios de Liverpool tienen iglesias del Renacimiento gótico , las que pertenecen a la Iglesia de Inglaterra incluyen: Iglesia de San Clemente, Liverpool por Arthur y George Yates Williams; [162] Holy Trinity, Walton Breck, presentado por John Hay; [163] Iglesia de Santa María, West Derby de George Gilbert Scott ; Iglesia de San Juan Bautista de George Frederick Bodley ; Christ Church, Toxteth Park por Culshaw y Sumners ; Iglesia de Santa Margarita de Antioquía por George Edmund Street ; Iglesia de San Mateo y Santiago, Mossley Hill por Paley y Austin ; Iglesia de Todos los Santos, discurso de John Loughborough Pearson ; Church of All Hallows, Allerton de George Enoch Grayson , la mayoría de las vidrieras son de la firma de William Morris , algunas con los diseños de Edward Burne-Jones ; [164] Iglesia de San Miguel, Garston de Thomas D. Barry & Son; [165] Iglesia de St Agnes y St Pancras, Toxteth Park por John Loughborough Pearson ; St Cyprian's Durning Road, Edge Hill es de Henry Sumners; [166] Iglesia de San Pedro, Woolton, Liverpool por Grayson y Ould ; Iglesia de St. Dunstan de Charles Aldridge y Charles Deacon.
Un ejemplo de la arquitectura del Renacimiento románico es la iglesia parroquial de St Anne, los arquitectos Cunningham y Holme de Aigburth . La ahora redundante Christ Church (1870), Kensington, Edge Hill de W & G Audsley es de ladrillo rojo en un estilo románico italiano. [166]
Iglesia de Santa Ana, Aigburth Road, Aigburth
(1836–37; Grado II *)El interior del presbiterio, Iglesia de Santa Ana, Aigburth
(1834-1837; Grado II *)St Clement, Beaumont Street, Toxteth
(1840–41; Grado II *)Interior, St Clement, Beaumont Street, Toxteth
(1840–41; Grado II *)Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad, Walton Breck, Anfield
(1845–47; Grado II)Iglesia de Santa María, West Derby
(1853–56; Grado II *)Iglesia de San Juan Bautista, Tuebrook
(1867–70; Grado I)Interior, Iglesia de San Juan Bautista, West Derby Road, Tuebrook
(1867–70; Grado I)Christ Church, Linnet Lane, Toxteth Park
(1867–71; Grado II)Iglesia de Santa Margarita de Antioquía, Prince's Road, Toxteth
(1868–69; Grado II *)Interior, Iglesia de Santa Margarita de Antioquía, Princes Road
(1868–69; Grado II *)Christ Church, Kensington, Edge Hill
(1870; Grado II)Iglesia de San Mateo y Santiago, Rose Lane, Mossley Hill
(1870-1880; Grado II *)Iglesia de Todos los Santos, Speke
(1872-1875; Grado II)All Hallows, Allerton
(1872–76; Grado I)Interior, All Hallows, Allerton
(1872–76; Grado I)St Michael's, Earp Street, Garston
(1875–77; Grado II)Iglesia de San Cipriano, Durning Road, Edge Hill
(1879–81; Grado II)Iglesia de St Agnes y St Pancras, Ullet Road, Toxteth Park
(1883–85; Grado I)Iglesia de St Agnes y St Pancras, Toxteth Park, interior
(1883–85; Grado I)Iglesia de San Pedro, Church Road, Woolton
(1886–87; Grado II *)Iglesia de St Dunstan, Earle Road, Edge Hill
(1886–89; Grado II *)
Iglesias católicas romanas
Las iglesias parroquiales de estilo gótico que son católicas incluyen: la iglesia de St Oswald, Old Swan (1840–42) de Augustus Pugin , el interior reconstruido (1951–57) por Adrian Gilbert Scott en un idioma moderno, la torre y la aguja de Pugin sobreviven, el Convento de la Misericordia asociado es casi con certeza también de Pugin; [167] La Iglesia de San Francisco Javier , Everton, de Joseph John Scoles es una de las iglesias católicas más importantes de la ciudad; La iglesia de Santa Ana, Edge Hill de Charles Francis Hansom posteriormente modificada por Pugin & Pugin; Iglesia de San Vicente de Paúl, Liverpool , por EW Pugin ; Nuestra Señora de la Reconciliación por EW Pugin ; Iglesia de San Silvestre, Vauxhall de Pugin & Pugin ; Our Lady of Mount Carmel RC Church (1876–78), Toxteth fue diseñada por el arquitecto de Liverpool James O'Byrne; [168] Iglesia del Sagrado Corazón (1885-1886), Hall Lane, Everton, por George Goldie , Charles Edwin Child y Edward Goldie , con un altar mayor de Pugin & Pugin; [169] Iglesia de St Clare, Liverpool (1888-1890) de Leonard Stokes , costó 7.834 libras esterlinas pagadas por los hermanos y corredores de algodón Francis & James Reynolds, el tríptico del altar mayor fue pintado por Robert Anning Bell y la escultura en relieve por George Frampton . [170] Un ejemplo de una iglesia de estilo italiano es la Iglesia de Santa Brígida , Wavertree de EA Heffer. Monasterio del obispo Eton , capilla comenzó en 1851, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin y Edward Welby Pugin terminaron 1858, el altar mayor de 1866 fue diseñado por John Francis Bentley . [171]
Iglesia de St Oswald, St Oswald's Street, Old Swan, Tue Brook
(1840–42; Grado II)St Francis Xavier, Salisbury Street, Everton
(1842-1887; Grado II *)Interior, San Francisco Javier, Salisbury Street, Everton
(1842-1887; Grado II *)Convento de la Misericordia, St Oswald's Street, Old Swan, Tue Brook
(hacia 1845; Grado II)St Anne's, Overbury Street, Edge Hill
(1843-6 ampliado 1888-89; Grado II)Monasterio del obispo Eton , Woolton Road, Childwall
(1851–58; Grado II *)Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Anunciación, Obispo Eton , Woolton Road, Childwall
(1851–58; Grado II *)Iglesia de San Vicente de Paúl, St James Street
(1856-1857; Grado II *)Nuestra Señora de la Reconciliación, Eldon Street, Vauxhall
(1859–60 Grado II)St Bridget, Bagot Street, Wavertree
(1868–72; Grado II *)Retablo de mosaico de Salviati (1866), St Bridget, Bagot Street, Wavertree
(1868–72; Grado II *)Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Monte Carmelo, High Park Street, Toxteth
(1876–68; Grado II)La Nave mirando hacia el este, Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Monte Carmelo, High Park Street, Toxteth
(1876–68; Grado II)Iglesia del Sagrado Corazón, Hall Lane, Everton
(1885–86; Grado II)Altar mayor, Iglesia del Sagrado Corazón, Hall Lane, Everton
(1885–86; Grado II)St Sylvester's, Silvester Street, Vauxhall
(1888-1889)Iglesia de Santa Clara, Arundel Avenue, Sefton Park
(1888–90; Grado I)Interior, Iglesia de Santa Clara, Arundel Avenue, Sefton Park
(1888–90; Grado I)Rerdos and High Altar, St Clare's Church, Arundel Avenue, Sefton Park
(1890; Grado I)
Transporte e infraestructura victoriana
Liverpool Corporation Waterworks, fundada en (1847), supervisó el suministro de agua potable y la eliminación de alcantarillado de la ciudad. James Newlands fue designado en 1847 como ingeniero municipal y diseñó la red de alcantarillado integrada de la ciudad, que se cree que es la primera del mundo. La torre de agua de Everton y las obras se completaron en 1857 con un diseño de Thomas Duncan, designado en 1846 como ingeniero de agua de la ciudad que trabaja para Newlands, es un ejemplo notable de infraestructura victoriana y estaba conectado a los entonces nuevos embalses de Rivington . [172] La ciudad en constante crecimiento resultó en una mayor demanda de agua y entre 1881 y 1888 la Corporación creó el lago Vyrnwy en Gales, el costo fue de más de £ 2 millones (casi un cuarto de billón de £ en 2019) , los ingenieros responsables del proyecto fueron el ingeniero municipal George Deacon y Thomas Hawksley . En una era en la que la iluminación de gas se usaba tanto para el alumbrado público como cada vez más a lo largo del período para iluminar los hogares y, a partir de la década de 1880, las estufas de gas comenzaron a ser comunes. La fábrica de gas se convirtió en algo esencial para la vida cotidiana, Liverpool Gas Company 1845–1956 operó la fábrica de gas ahora demolida en Garston .
Everton Water Tower, Everton Waterworks, Margaret Street
(1857; Grado II)Edificio Sur, Everton Waterworks, Margaret Street
(1857; Grado II)Soporte de gas, Garston Gasworks
(1891; demolido en 2015)Torre de agua, Reservoir Road, Woolton
(c.1900; Grado II)
La estación de tren de Liverpool Lime Street se inauguró en 1836 como la terminal del ferrocarril de Liverpool y Manchester , inicialmente con un techo de madera de John Cunningham y Arthur Hill Holme, la fachada clásica era de John Foster Jr .; en 1846-1850 fue reconstruido por William Tite con un cobertizo de tren con techo de hierro de 153 pies de ancho por Richard Turner . Este a su vez fue reemplazado por el techo actual (1867) por William Baker y F. Stevenson, con una luz de 200 pies, este fue brevemente el techo más ancho del mundo. En 1878-79, el cobertizo del tren se duplicó con el nuevo tramo hacia el sur. del existente de EW Ives, siendo copia del anterior. [173]
El Midland Railway Warehouse, ahora el Centro Nacional de Conservación, fue construido en 1872 según los diseños de Henry Sumners de Culshaw y Sumners . La casa de máquinas, 1849, en la estación de Edge Hill fue construida para Liverpool y Manchester Railway [174] Otro sobreviviente de la era del ferrocarril victoriano es la estación de trenes Exchange , diseñada por John Hawkshaw , originalmente inaugurada en 1850 como la terminal del ferrocarril de Lancashire y Yorkshire. , el edificio actual fue construido entre 1886 y 1888 por Henry Shelmerdine. [88] La estación de tren de St Michaels para servir al norte de Aigburth, y la estación de tren de Aigburth al servidor central de Aigburth, ambas abrieron en 1864, fueron originalmente parte del ferrocarril de Garston y Liverpool y más tarde se convirtieron en parte del Comité de líneas de Cheshire . La estación de tren de Cressington que sirve al sur de Aigburth y la estación de tren de Hunts Cross , son representativas de las excelentes estaciones de trenes suburbanos construidas en 1873 para el Comité de Líneas de Cheshire. 1886 vería la creación de las primeras estaciones de trenes subterráneos de Liverpool Lista de estaciones de metro de la red Merseyrail , como parte de lo que ahora es Mersey Railway , había necesidad de estaciones de bombeo para mantener libre el túnel ferroviario (inaugurado en 1886) bajo el río Mersey de agua, el que está en el extremo del túnel de Liverpool se encuentra en la isla de Mann , ahora es redundante. Una pieza de infraestructura inusual es el Túnel de Wapping de George Stephenson con construcción entre 1826 y 1829, cuando se convirtió para su uso por trenes de vapor se construyeron varias torres de ventilación en la década de 1890. El Liverpool Overhead Railway inaugurado (1893) diseñado por Charles Douglas Fox y James Henry Greathead , demolido (1957–58), este primer ferrocarril eléctrico, en su mayor extensión se extendía a lo largo de los muelles desde la estación de tren Seaforth & Litherland hasta la estación de tren Dingle .
En una época en la que el transporte estaba dominado por los ferrocarriles, un raro ejemplo de almacén del canal (1874) se encuentra en 41 Bankhall Street, Kirkdale, utilizado para transbordar mercancías para el canal de Leeds y Liverpool. [175]
Casa de máquinas, estación Edge Hill
(1849; Grado II *)Estación de tren de St Michaels, Aigburth
(1864; no cotizado)Estación de tren de Aigburth, Aigburth
(1864; no cotizado)Estación de tren de Liverpool Lime Street
(1867–96 y 1879; Grado II)
Cobertizo de trenes, estación de tren de Liverpool Lime Street (1867–96 y 1879; grado II)Almacén de mercancías de Midland Railway, Victoria Street
(1872; Grado II)Estación de tren de Cressington, Aigburth
(1873; Grado II)Estación de tren Hunts Cross
(1873; Grado II)Canal Warehouse, 41 Bankhall Street, Kirkdale
(1874; Grado II)La antigua estación de bombeo de trenes Mersey, isla de Mann
(1881; Grado II)Antigua estación de tren de Exchange. Tithebarn Street
(1886–88; Grado II)Torre de ventilación para el túnel de Wapping, Upper Pitt Street
(década de 1890)
Cementerios y parques victorianos
El Registro Nacional de Parques Históricos del Patrimonio Inglés describe los parques victorianos de Merseyside como los "más importantes del país" en conjunto. [176] La ciudad de Liverpool tiene diez parques y cementerios listados, incluidos dos de grado I y cinco de grado II *, más que cualquier otro inglés. ciudad aparte de Londres.
La época victoriana vio la creación de muchos de los mejores parques de la ciudad. Prince's Park (1842-1843; Grado II *) planeado por Joseph Paxton y James Pennethorne que cubría 110 acres (45 hectáreas), este fue un desarrollo privado del industrial local Richard Vaughan Yates, e incluyó el desarrollo de viviendas de clase media alrededor del parque, [177] Ochenta años después de su inauguración el Ayuntamiento lo adquirió. Allí se desarrolló a finales de la década de 1860 el concepto de una "cinta de parques" [178] que rodeaba el centro de Liverpool. Todos ellos fueron pagados por el Ayuntamiento: Newsham Park (1864-1868; Grado II) por Edward Kemp ; [179] Stanley Park (1870; Grado II) por Edward Kemp, los edificios para el parque fueron diseñados por el topógrafo de la corporación ER Robson; [180] Sefton Park (1867–1872; Grado I) por Édouard André & Lewis Hornblower , cubre 269 acres (109 hectáreas) [181] el edificio principal en Sefton Park es Palm House (1896) por Mackenzie & Moncur pagado por Henry Yates Thompson , [182] muchos de los edificios en Sefton Park son del topógrafo de la corporación Thomas Shelmerdine, por ejemplo, las puertas de Ullet Road. [183] También de Mackenzie & Moncur está el Conservatorio Isla Gladstone, Stanley Park. [184]
Lodge en Stanley Park, Anfield Road, Anfield
(1868; Grado II)Gates Ullet Road, Sefton Park
(1871; Grado II)Refugio occidental, Stanley Park
(c1870; Grado II)Pabellón en el extremo este de la pantalla mural, Stanley Park
(c1870; Grado II)Quiosco de música Newsham Park
(década de 1880; grado II)Lodge, Reynolds Park, Church Road, Woolton
(1883; Grado II)Puente, Stanley Park
(finales del siglo XIX; Grado II)The Palm House
Sefton Park
(1896; Grado II *)Interior de la cúpula, The Palm House Sefton Park
(1896; Grado II *)Conservatorio Isla Gladstone, Stanley Park
(1900; Grado II)
Los mejores cementerios de la arquitectura de estilo victoriano están Toxteth Park Cemetery estableció 1855-1856, arquitecto fue Thomas D Barry, Paisajismo por William Gay , [138] protegido de grado II y Anfield cementerio que se gastaba 1856-1863, que abarca 140 acres (57 hectáreas) el paisaje del cementerio está catalogado como Grado II * y fue obra de Edward Kemp , muchos de los edificios, incluidas las cabañas de entrada, la Casa Lansdowne utilizada como oficinas de registro, capillas, solo la capilla inconformista sobrevive (la capilla anglicana ha sido demolida) y las catacumbas son de los arquitectos Lucy & Littler [185] y los monumentos tienen listados individuales. Por ejemplo, el monumento de McLennan es de estilo renacentista egipcio y está catalogado como de grado II. El cementerio de Everton fue el diseño y los edificios diseñados por Thomas D. Barry and Sons. [186] El cementerio de West Derby inaugurado (1884) tiene una hermosa casa de campo de entrada, el paisaje es de grado II por William Wortley y el arquitecto fue F. Bartram Payton. [187] Uno de los primeros crematorios (1894-1896) del país se encuentra en el cementerio de Anfield, diseñado por James Rhind. [188]
Capilla Anglicana, Cementerio de Toxteth Park
(1855-1856; Grado II)The Eastern Lodge, entrada principal, Cementerio de Toxteth Park
(1856; Grado II)The Western Lodge, entrada principal, Cementerio de Toxteth Park
(1856; Grado II)Entrada de Arundel Avenue al cementerio de Toxteth Park
(1856; Grado II)Entrada principal, cementerio de Anfield
(1862; Grado II)North Lodge, cementerio de Anfield
(1862; Grado II)Priory Lodge, cementerio de Anfield
(1862; Grado II)Casa Lansdowne, cementerio de Anfield
(1862; Grado II)Vista general, Cementerio de Anfield
(1863 en adelante; Grado II *)> Entrada de Cherrz Lane, cementerio de Anfield, el ferrocarril pasa sobre la estructura
(1864; Grado II)Capilla inconformista, cementerio de Anfield
(década de 1860; grado II)Edificio de entrada de la catacumba norte, cementerio de Anfield
(década de 1860; grado II)Edificio de entrada a la catacumba sur, cementerio de Anfield
(década de 1860; grado II)Lodge y Capilla Sur, Cementerio Everton, Long Lane, Fazakerley
(1877–80; Grado II)Cemetery Lodge, West Derby Cemetery
(1884; Grado II)Monumento a McLennan, cementerio de Anfield
(1893; grado II)Crematorio, Cementerio de Anfield
(1894–96; Grado II)
Edificios victorianos para entretenimiento, deporte y ocio
En Lord Nelson Street se encuentra el antiguo Salón Socialista de la Ciencia, parte de un grupo owenita , que luego se usó como sala de conciertos. [189] El Lamb Hotel, High Sreet, Wavertree, parece georgiano pero fue construido en la década de 1850. [140] Marlborough House (1852-1853), en la esquina de Bold Street y Marlborough Road, la planta baja eran tiendas, los pisos superiores funcionaban como sala de música , de Arthur Hill Holme . [118] El teatro existente más antiguo de la ciudad es el Liverpool Playhouse , originalmente construido en 1866, remodelado en 1895 y un nuevo auditorio construido en 1911 por Stanley Davenport Adshead . [190] Los comedores de la Filarmónica en Hope Street construidos (c. 1898-1900) diseñados por Walter W. Thomas , [191] no solo tienen un exterior extravagante con herrajes de estilo Art Nouveau y una decoración interna intrincada, sino que también son dignos de mención por su ornamentación Inodoros victorianos, que se han convertido en una atracción turística por derecho propio. El antiguo Reform Club (1879) sede del Partido Liberal en Liverpool, de Edmund Kirkby, es un palacio de ladrillo rojo, [101] también en Dale Street el antiguo Conservative Club (1880-1883), centro del Partido Conservador en Liverpool, fue diseñado por F & G Holme en el estilo del Segundo Imperio Francés. [106] The Masonic Hall (1872) en Hope Street de Danson & Davies, al estilo de un palazzo italiano. [192] Los baños de esta época que sobreviven en la ciudad son Steble Street Baths (1874), Toxteth y Woolton Baths (1893), Quarry Street South, diseñados por Horton & Bridgford de Manchester. El pabellón de Aigburth Cricket Ground (c.1880-82) fue diseñado por Thomas Harnett Harrison. [193]
Antiguo Salón Socialista de la Ciencia, más tarde sala de conciertos, 17-19 Lord Nelson Street
(c.1840; Grado II)The Lamb Hotel, High Street, Wavertree
(década de 1850; grado II)Antiguo Music Hall Marlborough House, Bold Street, de Arthur Hill Holme
(1853; Grado II)Playhouse Theatre , Williamson Square
(1866; Grado II *)
(extensión moderna 1968)Masonic Hall, Hope Street
(1872; Grado II)Steble Street Baths, Toxteth
(1874; no cotizado)Antiguo club de reforma, 31 Dale Street
(1879; Grado II)The Mere Bank Pub, Heyworth Street, Everton
(1881; Grado II)The Arkles Pub, Arkles Lane, Anfield
(década de 1880; Grado II)Antiguo club conservador, 68 Dale Street
(1880–83; Grado II *)Pabellón, Aigburth Cricket Ground, Aigburth Road
(c.1880-82; no cotizado)The Glebe Hotel, County Road, Walton
(finales del siglo XIX; Grado II)Baños de Woolton, Quarry Street South
(1893; Grado II)Los comedores de la Filarmónica , Hope Street
(1900; Grado II *)Entrada a las habitaciones Filarmónica de cenar, las puertas de hierro son un uso poco frecuente en Liverpool del Art Nouveau estilo
(1900; Grado II *)Los baños de caballeros, los comedores de la Filarmónica
(1900; Grado II *)
Edificios industriales victorianos
Las industrias de Liverpool dependían en gran medida de las importaciones de bienes a través de los muelles, por ejemplo, azúcar para Hartley's Jam Factory. Los edificios industriales victorianos que sobrevivieron parcialmente incluyen: Heap's Rice Mill era un complejo de procesamiento y almacén de arroz, de principios de mediados del siglo XIX, con adiciones y modificaciones de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, utilizando arroz de Birmania y el sudeste asiático. La antigua fábrica de cerveza Gateacre se construyó en 1867. [194] La antigua fábrica de cerveza Higsons en Stanhope Street data de 1887 por James Redford, fue ampliada en 1902, con una atrevida decoración de ladrillo rojo y terracota en un estilo renacentista, fue construida para Robert Cain, quien también encargó los comedores de la Filarmónica y The Pub Vines. [195] La antigua Hartley's Jam Factory, construida en 1886 según los diseños de James F. Doyle para William Pickles Hartley [136] La antigua Ogden's Tobacco Factory (1900), en Boundary Lane, Everton fue diseñada por Henry Hartley. El antiguo bloque de oficinas superviviente con su torre del reloj es ahora apartamentos, el resto de la fábrica ha sido demolido y reemplazado por viviendas. [52]
Molino de arroz de Heap, Beckwith Street
(principios y mediados del siglo XIX; Grado II)Antigua fábrica de cerveza Gateacre, Gateacre Brow, Gateacre
(c.1867; Grado II)Antigua fábrica de mermeladas de Hartley, Long Lane, Fazakerley
(1886; Grado II)Antiguo comedor, Hartley's Jam Factory, Long Lane, Fazakerley
(1886; Grado II)Cervecería Higson's posterior del ex Cain, Stanhope Street
(1887 y 1902; Grado II)Bloque de oficinas, antigua fábrica de tabaco de Ogden, Boundary Lane, Everton
(1899; Grado II)Fábrica de tabaco de Ogden
(1899; demolida)
Edificios domésticos victorianos
Los suburbios de Liverpool que atraían a los ricos eran Allerton, Aigburth, Mossley Hill, West Derby y Woolton. Se desarrollaron muchas fincas de parques con puertas y refugios, incluidos Fulwood Park, Grassendale Park, Cressington Park, Sandown Park y Sandfield Park. Las calles alrededor de los parques de las ciudades, especialmente Princes y Sefton, atraían a los ricos. [196] Wavetree desarrolló viviendas para la clase media baja. Áreas como Kirkdale, Vauxhall, Everton y las áreas de Toxteth junto a los muelles fueron donde se construyeron viviendas para la clase trabajadora.
Vivienda victoriana en Canning
El área alrededor del cementerio de St James conocida como Canning se desarrolló durante el período georgiano y continuó expandiéndose a fines de la década de 1830 y 1840, aunque el estilo de los edificios es una continuación del estilo georgiano. Los edificios victorianos en esta área son Gambier Terrace, Mornington Terrace [197] y Falkner Square. Concebido por primera vez en 1831, en realidad fue construido en la década de 1840. Se sabe que William Culshaw de Culshaw and Sumners diseñó el número 29 de Falkner Square y puede haber diseñado el plaza entera; y Canning Street, que se desarrolló por primera vez en la década de 1820, vio más construcción en la década de 1850 con los números 45-55 en construcción, en un estilo italiano audaz, una desviación del estilo Regency utilizado en otras partes del área, [198] también se extendió Gambier Terrace en el 1870 en un estilo diferente. [197]
11-10 Gambier Terrace
(1837; Grade II*)Mornington Terrace
(c.1839-40; Grade II)17-24 Falkner Square
(1840s; Grade II)25-36 Falkner Square
(1840s; Grade II)37-40 Falkner Square
(1840s; Grade II)45-55 Canning Street
(1850s; Grade II)Gambier Terrace
(1870s; unlisted)
Victorian Classical, Italianate and Jacobethan houses & terraces
St Michael's Manor (also known as Springwood Manor) (1839) and its associated lodge on Woolton Road is a classical style mansion by John Cunningham.[199] There is a fine classical style house Thingwall Hall, an 18th-century building that was remodelled (c.1846-47) by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes,[200] also by Elmes are the classical Lodge on Woolton Road and the Orangery to the now demolished Allerton Tower and the Lodge to his demolished house of Druid's Cross, Allerton.[199] An Italianate stuccoed house of the 1840s is Hartfield.[43] Lowlands in West Derby is an Italianate house built by Thomas Haigh architect for himself.[201] The Gateacre Grange, Rose Brow, Gateacre, is large gabled Jacobethan house built 1866 by Cornelius Sherlock for the brewer Sir Andrew Barclay Walker, the house was extended in 1883 to the designs of Sir Ernest George and Harold Peto, converted to apartments in 2005.[202] The Jacobeathan style, Camp Hill Lodge (1868) served as an entrance to Camp Hill, once part of the Woolton Hall estate. Classical are the alterations to the lodge at Sudley House it was remodelled (1885) leaving the early elements of the earlier structure, creating a Jacobethan look probably by the architect James Rhind who extended the main house at this time.[41]
Sandown Terrace, Sandown Lane, Wavertree
(1836–46; Grade II)St Michael's Manor (Also called Springwood Manor), Woolton Road, Allerton
(1839; Grade II)Springwood Lodge, Woolton Road, Allerton
(1839; Grade II)17 Lockerby Road, Fairfield
(1840s; grade II)12 Holly Road, Fairfield
(1840s; grade II)Northern Harthill Lodge, Calderstones Road, Allerton
(1840s; grade II)Hartfield House, now part of Calderstones School, Harthill Road, Allerton
(late 1840s; Grade II)Thingwall Hall, Knotty Ash
(c.1846-47; Grade II)14 Druid's Cross Road, lodge for the demolished Druid's Cross House, Allerton
(c.1847; Grade II)Lodge to Allerton Tower, Woolton Road, Allerton
(c.1840; Grade II)The remains of The Orangery, Allerton Tower, Woolton Road, Allerton
(1847; Grade II)Oakfield, Penny Lane, Mossley Hill
(c.1850; Grade II)Lowlands, Hayman's Green, West Derby
(c.1850; Grade II)St Mary's Terrace, 45-57 Garston Old Road, Aigburth
(1852; Grade II)Oak Terrace, 3-7 Beech Street, Fairfield
(1860s; Grade II)6 Laurel Road, Fairfield
(c.1860; Grade II)Camp Hill Lodge, Hillfoot Road, Woolton
(1868; Grade II)Lodge to Sudley House, Aigburth
(1885; Grade II)
Victorian Gothic houses
There are several impressive Gothic houses around the city, both the Church of England vicarages and Roman Catholic equivalent presbyteries were often Gothic to match their churches. The style was also used to design mansions for the wealthy.
The Vicarage for St Margaret's Church (c.1869), Princes Road is by George Edmund Street.[168] Vicarage of St Matthew & St James (1873), Rose Lane, Mossley Hill, is almost certainly by the architects of the church Paley and Austin; Vicarage of St Agnes & St Pancras (1887) by Richard Norman Shaw. Vicarage of St John the Baptist (1890), Tuebrook, has some Jacobethan features, was designed by the architect of the church George Frederick Bodley.[203]
St. Joseph's Home, Childwall, originally a residential home for Roman Catholics, now a single-family residence, by Augustus Pugin (1845–47) altered by his son E. W. Pugin (1866) who remodelled the garden front;[204] also by E.W. Pugin is the presbytery (1856–57) of St Vincent de Paul,[135] and he designed the Presbytery of St Oswald's, Old Swan.[205] The presbytery (1893) of St Anne's Church, Edge Hill is by Pugin & Pugin.[124] The presbytery of St Clare's Arundel Avenue (1890) was designed by Leonard Stokes.[206] The Lodge to Crosteth Park in West Derby, is probably designed by William Eden Nesfield.[139]
Harthill Lodge, with its decorative bargeboards was an entrance to the demolished Hart Hill now it leads to Calderstones Park.[43] The Dell (1850), Beechwood Road South, Aigburth, is a stucco Tudor Gothic villa. For the three surviving Gothic-style houses by Alfred Waterhouse see the section above. Broughton Hall (1858–59), by Walter Scott, designed for merchant Gustavus C. Schaube of Hamburg, has notable interiors.[207] Holmestead, Mossley Hill was original built c.1845 by A.H. Holme but extensively remodelled and extended 1869–70 probably by Culshaw & Sumners who added the tower, there is a fine Lodge to the house of c.1845.[208] Cleveley Cottage (1865), on Allerton Road was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott for cotton merchant Joseph Leather.[43] Quarrybank House and its Lodge (1866–67) designed by Culshaw and Sumners, built for James Bland, a timber merchant, now a school.[43] Greenbank Lodge (c.1870), Geenrbank Drive was designed by André and Hornblower. Streatlam Tower (1871), 5 Princes Road, by W & G Audsley for wool merchant James Lord Bowes to house his collection of Japanese art.[209] An oddity, is The Octagon (1867), Grove Street, built by Dr J.W. Hayward, vaguely Gothic, it was built to demonstrate the designer's theories on heating and ventilation.[198]
Southern Harthill Lodge, Harthill Road, Allerton
(1840s; grade II)Saint Joseph's Home, Woolton Road, Childwall, by Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, altered by Edward Welby Pugin
(1845–47 & 1866; Grade II*)Saint Joseph's Home, Woolton Road, Childwall, Garden front showing 1866 alterations by Augustus by Edward Welby Pugin
(1845–47 & 1866; Grade II*)Lodge to Holmstead, Rose Lane, Mossley Hill
(c.1845; Grade II)The Dell, Beechwood Road South, Aigburth
(c.1850; grade II)Presbytery of St Vincent de Paul, Hardy Street
(1856–57; Grade II)Presbytery of St Oswald's, Old Swan
(1857; Grade II)Broughton Hall, Yew Tree Lane, West Derby
(1858–1859; Grade II*)Lodge to Croxteth Park, Mill Lane, West Derby
(c.1860; Grade II)Cleveley Cottage, Allerton Road
(1865; Grade II)South Lodge, Quarry Bank House, Harthill Road, Allerton
(1866–67; Grade II)Quarry Bank House, Harthill Road, Allerton
(1866–67; Grade II)The Octagon, 117 Grove Street
(1867; Grade II)Vicarage of St Margaret's, Princes Road
(c.1869; Grade II)Holmstead, North Mossley Hill Road, Mossley Hill
(built c.1845 extensively remodelled 1869–70; Grade II)Greenbank Lodge, Greenbank Drive, Sefton Park
(c.1870; Grade II)Streatlam Tower, 5 Princes Road
(1871; Grade II)Vicarage of St Matthew & St James, Rose Lane, Mossley Hill
(1873; Grade II)Vicarage of St Agnes & St Pancras, Buckingham Avenue, Sefton Park, Toxteth
(1887; Grade II*)Vicarage of St John the Baptist, Tuebrook
(1890; Grade II)Presbytery of St Clare's, Arundel Avenue, Sefton Park
(1890; Grade II)Presbytery of St Anne's, Edge Hill
(1893; Grade II)
Victorian workers housing
Workers housing include Stanley Terrace & Gordon Place, in Mossley Hill just off Bridge Road, early surviving terraces of workingmen's houses from the (1840s). Orford Street in Wavetree is lined by workers' terraced housing. In Gateacre are Church Cottages (1872), 5-8 Belle Vale Road, built in a Tudor revival style.[194] William Pickles Hartley created the Hartley's Village for workers at his factory in nearby Long Lane, started in 1888 designed by William Sugden & Son.[136]
Stanley Terrace, Mossley Hill
(1840s; Grade II)2-16 Gordon Place, Mossley Hill
(1840s; Grade II)Orford Street, Wavertree
(c.1850; Grade II)59 - 73 Barlow Lane, Kirkdale
(c.1850; Grade II)Church Cottages, 5-8 Belle Vale Road, Gateacre
(1872; Grade II)Hartley Village, Fazakerley
(c.1890; Conservation Area)
Victorian housing in Sandfield Park, West Derby
Sandfield Park, West Derby, one and half miles south of St Mary's church was one of the most prestigious Victorian housing developments in Liverpool. Developed by T.C. Molyneux from c.1845, several of the mansions have been demolished. Sandfield Tower now ruinous, is a stone built Italianate mansion of c.1845, Basil Grange (1880) is a Jacobethan mansion.[210]
Entrance Lodge to, Queen's Drive, Sandfield Park, West Derby
(c.1845; grade II)Sandfield Tower also known as Gwalia, Queen's Drive, Sandfield Park, West Derby
(c.1845; grade II)Basil Grange, Queen's Drive, Sandfield Park, West Derby
(1880; grade II)
Victorian housing in Sandown Park, Victoria Park, and other areas of Wavertree
Sandown Park is a residential estate laid out in the late 1840s designed by Cornelius Sherlock in a picturesque manner, only a few of the original early Victorian villas survive, the development was aimed at the lower middle-class.[211] Another housing development just to the south-east of Sandown Park, not a gated community, is Victoria Park, again a lower middle class community started in the 1840s but halted after five house were built, revived under a plan by William Webb that was laid out in 1862. Many of the original house have been demolished. Also in Mill Lane are four semi-detached villas from the 1840s and 1850s.[212] Sir James Picton designed Sandy Knowe (1847), Mill Lane, in a Jacobethan style as his home, converted to flats in 1975, there are several pairs of 1850s semi-detached houses in Olive Lane.[211] Thornhill and Mossfield, on Childwall Road date from the 1850s and are both Italianate villas.[212]
The Lodge, 87 Sandown Road, Sandown Park, Wavertree
(c.1850; Grade II)66 Sandown Road, Sandown Park, Wavertree
(c.1850; Grade II)69 & 71 Sandown Road, Sandown Park, Wavertree
(c.1850; Grade II)7 & 9 Shanklin Road, Sandown Park, Wavertree
(c.1850; Grade II)12 Shanklin Road, Sandown Park, Wavertree
(c.1850; Grade II)50 Shanklin Road, Sandown Park, Wavertree
(c.1850; Grade II)29 & 31 North Drive, Victoria Park, Wavertree
(1867; Grade II)33 North Drive, Victoria Park, Wavertree
(1860s; Grade II)35 North Drive, Victoria Park, Wavertree
(1860s; Grade II)18 & 20 North Drive, Victoria Park, Wavertree
(1860s; Grade II)37 & 39 North Drive, Victoria Park, Wavertree
(1860s; Grade II)Sandy Knowe, Mill Lane, Wavetree
(1847; Grade II)1 & 2 Olive Mount Villas, Mill Lane, Wavetree
(1840s; Grade II)3 & 4 Olive Mount Villas, Mill Lane, Wavetree
(1840s; Grade II)5 & 6 Olive Mount Villas, Mill Lane, Wavetree
(1850s; Grade II)7 & 8 Olive Mount Villas, Mill Lane, Wavetree
(1850s; Grade II)Bloomfield House & Eastgate, 42 & 44 Olive Lane Wavertree
(1850s; Grade II)Rooklands & Westfield, 46 & 48 Olive Lane Wavertree
(1850s; Grade II)Mossfield, Childwall Road, Wavertree
(1850s; grade II)Thornhill, Childwall Road, Wavertree
(1850s; grade II)
Victorian housing in Fulwood Park, Grassendale Park & Cressington Park, Aigburth
There are three private developments of the era in Aigburth, laid along the banks of the Mersey, Fulwood Park, the oldest development is just to the south of Sefton Park, was developed in the 1840s and 1850s with a series of stuccoed villas in leafy gardens, largely occupied by merchants.[213] Laid out 1 and half miles to the south of Fulwood Park is Grassendale Park and finally to the immediate south of Grassendale Park, is Cressington Park.[213] Otterspool Promenade links the developments.
The first was Fulwood Park, started in 1840, with a density of one house per acre, with minimum outlay of £1,500 per house (roughly £151,500 in 2019). The developers were merchants and brothers William & Alexander Smith, it consist of a single road stretching from Aigburth Road to the Mersey, the villas are typical of the era some Italianate of the 1840s & 1850s, some Gothic of the 1860s, by 1871 eighteen houses had been built. In the 20th century there was much infill development on sub-divided plots.[213]
Entrance Lodge, 1a Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)3 Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)4 Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)5A & 5B Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)Parklea, 6 Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)8 Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)The Grange, 12 Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(1860s; unlisted)Osborne House, 13 Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)15 Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)17 & 17A Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)19 Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)21 Fulwood Park, Aigburth
(c.1840; Grade II)
The second of these developments by the Aigburth Land Company of Grassendale in Aigburth on 20 acres of land by the Mersey dates from 1845 and continued developing to the end of the century. This was laid out with 4 houses per acre. The development consists of two parallel roads North Road and South Road connected by the Esplanade along the river and at the other end South Road turns to meet North Road. By 1851 there were 11 houses by 1891 there were 35. The earlier houses are of more architectural interest than the later ones. The earlier houses are stuccoed and semi-detached or detached residences.[214]
1 North Road, (acted as entrance lodge to the development), Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Arcadia, 3 North Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Ormiston, 5 North Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Norton, 10 North Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Angorfa, 14 North Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Langdale & Holt Houses, 23 & 25 North Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Wenstead & Woodside, 24 & 26 North Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)North Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Junction of North & South Roads.
Beechville, 7 South Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Monksferry House, 17 South Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Whitehouse, 22 South Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Mitford Lodge, 31 South Road, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)River Bank House 1 Esplanade (on left), Old House 28 North Road (centre) and Stapley 37 North Road (on right), The Esplanade, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)9 & 11 The Esplanade, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)Fairholme & Scarletts, 13 & 15 The Esplanade, Grassendale Park, Aigburth
(1840s; Grade II)
The third and largest of the developments was Cressington Park, developed by the Second Aigburth Land Company formed in 1846, laid out at four houses per acre. Henry Summers won a competition to plan the development, this plan was amended by a Mr Gray. There were 172 lots purchased between 1851 and 1870.[214] The layout consists of two almost parallel roads, Knowsley Road and Salisbury Road, linked halfway along their lengths by Grosvenor Road, from the centre of Grosvenor a third road Eaton Road runs parallel to the two main roads, the three roads are joined along the Mersey by Cressington Esplanade. Just within the development lies Cressington railway station, it is on Salisbury Road, fairly near the entrance lodge. Apart from the Entrance Lodge, none of the houses are listed.
Entrance Gates to Cressington Park, Aigburth
(1852; Grade II)The Lodge, Cressington Park, Aigburth Road, Aigburth
(1852; Grade II)Cressington Esplanade, Cressington Park, Aigburth
Victorian housing around Princes Park & Sefton Park
Princes Road was created in the 1840s to connect the central Liverpool area of Canning to the then-new Prince's Park, in the 1870s it was doubled in width by the addition of Princes Avenue both are separated by a grass verge lined with trees. A rare example of a boulevard in the city, the new road was lined by three-storey houses in the 1870s & 1880s.[177] The streets surrounding Prince's Park were attractive places to live and attracted much middle-class housing including, Belvidere Road, Croxteth Road, Windmere Terrace, Devonshire Road and Ullet Road, the housing largely dates from the 1850s to 1860s and beyond, Prince's Park Mansions a large terrace built 1843 to designs by Wyatt Papworth.[215] After the creation of Sefton Park in the early 1870s adjoining streets became desirable places to live, houses on the central section of Ullet Road backed onto the park, Mosseley Hill Drive on the eastern edge of the park and Aigburth Drive on the western edge of the park were all highly desirable places to live in, resulting in many large mansions being built in the 1870s & 1880s.[216] The most notable house in the area is The Towers (1874), 44 Ullet Road, a large Gothic pile, built for cotton broker Michael Belcher designed by George Ashdown Audsley. Ullet Grange (1876), for cotton broker Edward Ellis Edwards,[217] Sefton Court (1860s) extended (1889), 50 Ullet road, is an Italianate mansion, extended for shipping magnet Dashper Edward Glynn, the interior was remodelled (c.1901) in the Arts and Crafts style by Edmund Rathbone with the woodwork, metalwork and painting by Bromsgrove Guild of Applied Arts.[217] The three stuccoed Italianate house 38, 40 & 42, these last two are mirror images of each other, Ullet Road were all built in the 1860s for merchants from Greece.[217] Holt House (1874–78), Ullet Road, was built in an austere style for the cotton merchant Robert Durning Holt, he served as Lord Mayor of Liverpool (1893–93).[218] Mossley Hill Drive on the eastern edge of Sefton Park was developed in the 1880s with a series of redbrick and terracotta villas, No 1 Gledhill is by James Francis Doyle for stockbroker R.W. Elliston, No 2 was built for cotton broker A.S. Hannay probably by H. & A.P. Fry, No 6 Duffus, probably designed by F & G Holme, just round the corner in Ibbotsons Lane is the Bridge perhaps also by Doyle.[219] Mary Clark Home (1892), 93 Ullet Road, by Arthur P. Fry, was designed as accommodation for elderly single ladies.[220]
Princes Road
(1840s; unlisted)Windermere Terrace, Prince's Park
(1840s; Grade II)Parkside, Ullet Road
(1840s; Grade II)Prince's Park Mansions
(1843; Grade II)16-18 Croxteth Road
(c.1845; Grade II)Windermere House, Prince's Park
(1850s; Grade II)62-72, Devonshire Road
(1850s; Grade II)Belvidere Road
(1860s, No 17 on left is Grade II)44-74 Belvidere Road
(1860s;, Grade II)Bellerive Building, Windmere Terrace
(1860s; Grade II)14 Croxteth Road
(1860s; Grade II)12 Sefton Park Road
(1860s; Grade II)Park Mount, 38 Ullet Road
(1860s; Grade II)40 Ullet Road
(1860s; Grade II)42 Ullet Road
(1860s; Grade II)Sefton Court Mansions, 50 Ullet Road
(1860s extended (1889); Grade II)Fulwood Lodge, Aigburth Drive, architects Andre and Hornblower
(c.1870; Grade II)Prince's Lodge, Ullet Road, architects Andre and Hornblower
(c.1870; Grade II)Holt House, Ullet Road
(1874–78; Grade II)Rankin Hall, 44 Ullet Road
(1874; Grade II)Ullet Grange, 38 Ullet Road
(1876; Grade II)37 Aigburth Drive, typical of the houses lining the street
(c1870s; unlisted)Princes Avenue, Liverpool
(1870s & 1880s; unlisted)Princes Avenue, Liverpool
(1870s & 1880s; unlisted)The Bridge, Ibbotsons Lane
(c.1880; Grade II)Gledhill, 1 Mossley Drive
(1881; Grade II)2 Mossley Hill Drive
(1880s; Grade II)3 & 4 Mossley Hill Drive
(1880s; Grade II)5 Mossley Hill Drive
(1881; Grade II)Mary Clark Home, 93 Ullet Road
(1892; unlisted)
Edwardian and World War I (1901–1918)
The docks saw the increase in traffic in goods from 12.4 million tons in 1900[78] to over 19 million tons by 1914.[221] This era would see under the supervision of the borough engineer John Alexander Brodie the start of the construction Queens Drive, of what is now the A5058 road, the first Ring road in Britain, the first section was started in Walton in 1904 and completed in 1909.[39]
Edwardian office & commercial buildings
The sale of the former George's Dock in 1902 provided the basis for the development of Pier Head.[222] The ensemble of three administrative buildings eventually erected there, today constitute Liverpool's best-recognised vista. Much later (sometime around 2000) dubbed the Three Graces they are from north to south:
- Royal Liver Building (1908–11) designed by Walter Aubrey Thomas as the headquarters of the insurance company Royal Liver Assurance, surmounted by two bronze domes with a Liver Bird (the symbol of Liverpool) on each.
- Cunard Building (1914–17) designed by William Edward Willink and Philip Coldwell Thicknesse, the former headquarters of the Cunard shipping company, it is an example of Palazzo style architecture.
- Port of Liverpool Building (1903–07) designed by Sir Arnold Thornely, F.B. Hobbs, Briggs and Wolstenholme, the home of the former Mersey Docks and Harbour Board which regulated the city's docks. The style of the building is Baroque Revival. Another building of this style is the former branch of the Bank of Liverpool Prescot Street (1904), by James F. Doyle.[223]
In front of these buildings at the water's edge are the memorials to the men of the Merchant Navy who sailed out of the port during both world wars. Memorials to the British mariners, Norwegian, Dutch and to the thousands of Chinese seamen who manned Britain's ships cluster together here. Perhaps most interesting is the Chinese memorial to the men forcibly deported from the city after the Second World War and to the families they left behind.[224]
Henry Shelmerdine designed the Produce Exchange Building (1902) in Victoria Street. Orleans House is a warehouse by Huon Arthur Matear and Frank Worthington Simon. An unusual use of Gothic for office building in the Edwardian period, is the former State Insurance Building, Dale Street by Walter Aubrey Thomas.[225]
Produce Exchange Buildings, Victoria Street
(1902; Grade II)Port of Liverpool Building
(1903–07; Grade II*)The Dome of Port of Liverpool Building
(1903–07; Grade II*)Royal Insurance Building, Dale Street
(1903; Grade II*)
Identified as the first steel-framed building in the UKCarved frieze on the theme of insurance, Royal Insurance Building, Dale Street, by C.J. Allen
(1903; Grade II*)Former branch of Bank of Liverpool, Prescot Street
(1904; Grade II)Former State Insurance Building, 14 Dale Street
(1906; Grade II)Tower Buildings
(1906–10; Grade II*)Orleans House
(1907; Grade II*)Royal Liver Building
(1908–11; Grade I)
Europe's first large reinforced concrete building, and the UK's largest clocksCunard Building
(1914–17; Grade II*)Lobby, Cunard Building
(1914–17; Grade II*)
Edwardian retail, sporting and entertainment buildings
On Renshaw Street there is the new alternative shopping centre Grand Central Hall which has not only fine external architecture but also has much to offer inside, such as the metalwork and ceiling decoration of the ground floor and the fantastic domed ceiling of Roscoe Hall. It was originally built in 1905, under the guidance of the Methodist Church, as a 2,000-seat cinema. The original organ of Roscoe Hall still remains and is a listed item itself, although recent shop additions to the hall have obscured the view somewhat. Frank Matcham, designed Liverpool Olympia in 1905.[226] The Vines public house on Lime Street is the grandest of the era, built 1907, in exuberant Edwardian baroque style, to designs by Walter W. Thomas for brewer Robert Cain.[227] A surviving department store of the era, built for Owen Owen, London Road Everton designed almost certainly by Walter W. Thomas.[228] Hanover House (1913–15), 85 Hanover Street is a row of shops with the former Neptune Theatre above, by Walter Aubrey Thomas.[131]
Designed by Liverpool born R. Frank Atkinson, The Adelphi Hotel on Ranelagh Street is the most famous hotel in Liverpool and was very popular in the days when luxury liners crossed the Atlantic when it was described as the great Cunard liner stuck in the middle of the city. Liverpool was Charles Dickens' favourite city after London, and the Adelphi (the previous building with this name) his favourite hotel in the world. A "fly-on-the-wall" TV documentary series was made on it and its staff.
Thomas Shelmerdine and engineer W.R. Court designed Picton Bathe (1904–06) in Wavertree, the design is amalgam of 17th century motifs and arts and crafts.[229] It was in this era that Archibald Leitch designed the two great football stadiums Anfield 1906–07, capacity 60,000[230] and Goodison Park 1908–1938, this became the first British football ground to have seating as well as standing on all four sides.[231]
Picton Baths, Picton Road, Wavertree
(1904–06; Grade II)Olympia Theatre, West Derby Road
(1905; Grade II*)Grand Central Hall, 35 Renshaw Street
(1905; Grade II)Crown Hotel, Skelhorne Street
(1905; Grade II)The Vines public house, 81 Lime Street
(1907; Grade II*)Lounge Bar, The Vines public house, 81 Lime Street
(1907; Grade II*)Former Owen Owen department store, London Road, Everton
(c.1910; unlisted)Hanover House (formerly Crane Building), 85 Hanover Street
(1913–15; Grade II)Adelphi Hotel, Ranelagh Place
(1914; Grade II)Interior, Adelphi Hotel
(1914; Grade II)
Edwardian public buildings and infrastructure
The Queen Victoria Monument (1902–06) in Derby Square was designed by F. M. Simpson then Roscoe Professor at the School of Architecture and Applied Art, Liverpool, the sculptor was C.J. Allen. A monument to Florence Nightingale was erected in 1913 at the northern end of Princes Road, designed by Willink & Thickness, sculpted by C.J. Allen.[232]
The former Tramway Offices (1906) (Now Richmond Hotel), for Liverpool Corporation by Thomas Shelmerdine, in neo-baroque style.[90] He also designed in the same style several branch libraries: Toxteth Library (1902)[233] Wavetree Library; the Lister Drive Library Tuebrook, Sefton Park Library (1911) in a Tudor Revival architecture style; Garston Library (1908) in an Arts and Crafts style.[165] Also Shelmerdine added the Hornby Library (completed 1906) to Liverpool Central Library in a grand Edwardian Baroque style.[234] The branch library at Walton is by Briggs, Wolstenholme & Thornley, and in a neo-classical style.[235] The former Consumption Hospital (1903–04), 70 Mount Pleasant wasdesigned by Grayson and Ould.[236] It was in this period that St John's Gardens opened 1904, next to St George's Hall was created, designed by Thomas Shelmerdine, the various statues and monuments within the gardens many by famous sculptors of the era and several are grade II listed.[237]
Queen Victoria Monument, Derby Square
(1902–06; Grade II)Toxteth Library, Windsor Street
(1902; Grade II)Wavertree Library, Picton Road
(1902–03; Grade II)Former Consumption Hospital, 70 Mount Pleasant
(1903–04; unlisted)St John's Gardens in foreground
(1904; Grade II several of the monuments are individually listed grade II)Lister Drive Carnegie Library, Tue Brook
(1904–05; Grade II)Kirkdale Post Office, Walton Road, Kirkdale
(1905; Grade II)Hornby Library, Central Library, William Brown Street
(1906; Grade II*)Former Tramway Offices, Hatton Garden
(1906; Grade II)Garston Library, St Mary's Road, Garston
(1908; Grade II)Former Wavertree telephone exchange, corner of Wellington & Lawrence Roads
(1909; unlisted)Monument to Samuel Smith, Sefton Park
(1909; Grade II)Walton Library, Rice Lane, Walton
(1910–11, unlisted)Sefton Park Library, Aigburth Road, Sefton Park
(1911; Grade II)Florence Nightingale memorial, Prince's Road, Toxteth
(1913; Grade II)
Edwardian medical, school, college and university buildings
The university built the and the Derby Building (1905) for the electronics department to designed by Willink & Thicknesse who also designed Johnston Building & George Holt Physics Laboratory (1904) with F.M. Simpson the then professor of architecture at the University of Liverpool,[238] his successor Charles Herbert Reilly, designed the Students' Union Building for the university, it was built 1910–12. It has been extended several times since. The Harrision-Hughes Engineering Laboratories followed in 1912 by Briggs, Wolstenholme & Thornely. Formerly Faculty of Arts, for the University of Liverpool, the Ashton Building dated 1913, was designed by Briggs, Wolstenholme and Thornely.[239] Former School of Hygiene and City Laboratories (1914), University of Liverpool, Mount Pleasant, by successive surveyors to Liverpool Corporation, Thomas Shelmerdine & Albert D. Jenkins.[240] Liverpool College of Art (1910) was extended with a new wing on Hope Street by Willink & Thickness.[70] The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (1913–15), Pembroke Place, was a new building.[241] Also Liverpool Infirmary was extended (1909–10) by James F. Doyle, copying the earlier style of Alfred Waterhouse.[242]
It was in this period that the Liverpool Blue Coat School was rebuilt on a new site in Wavertree, designed by Briggs, Wolstenholme and Thornely, and constructed 1903–06, in a typically Edwardian Baroque style.
Blue Coat School, Church Road, Wavertree
(1903–06; Grade II*)The Chapel, Blue Coat School, Church Road, Wavertree
(1903–06; Grade II*)Johnston Building and George Holt Building, University of Liverpool
(1904; Grade II)Derby Building, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street
(1905; unlisted)Extension to former Liverpool Infirmary, now Foresight Centre, Pembroke Place
(1909–11; unlisted)Liverpool College of Art, new wing, Hope Street
(1910; Grade II)Students' Union Building, University of Liverpool, Mount Pleasant
(1910–12; Grade II)Harrison Hughes Building, University of Liverpool
(1912; Grade II)Ashton Building, University of Liverpool
(1913; Grade II)Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place
(1913–15)Former School of Hygiene and City Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Mount Pleasant
(1914; Grade II)
Edwardian cathedrals & churches
Liverpool's wealth as a port city enabled the construction of two enormous cathedrals, both dating from the 20th century. The Anglican Cathedral (1904–78), which was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and plays host to the annual Liverpool Shakespeare Festival. The first part of the cathedral completed was the Lady Chapel opened in 1910. It has one of the longest naves, largest organs and heaviest and highest peals of bells in the world. The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral on Mount Pleasant next to Liverpool Science Park was initially planned to be even larger. Of Edwin Lutyens' gigantic original design, only the crypt (1933–41) was completed before it was abandoned. The road running between the two cathedrals is called Hope Street, a coincidence which pleases believers. Giles Gilbert Scott also designed the Church of St Paul, Liverpool for the Church of England, it was built 1913–16. A fine Roman Catholic church of the era is St Mary of the Angels, Liverpool, England, that served a Franciscan friary, (1907–10) by Pugin & Pugin it is of brick in Italian Romanesque style.[243] Also Roman Catholic is Saint Philip Neri Church designed by Matthew Honan (killed in first world war), in a Byzantine style, simplified in execution by M.J. Worthy & Alfred Rigby.[244] The Baptist church in Dovedale Road (1905–06) is uniquely for Liverpool built from flint with red brick dressings.[245]
Liverpool Anglican Cathedral
(1901–78; Grade I)
The UK's largest cathedralLiverpool Anglican Cathedral
InteriorAnglican Cathedral, High Altar & Reredos
The Lady Chapel, Anglican Cathedral
(1901–10; Grade I)Dovedale Baptist Church, Dovedale Road, Mossley Hill
(1906; Grade II)Church of St Mary of the Angels, Rose Place, Everton
(1907–10; Grade II)Church of St Paul, Derby Lane, Stoneycroft
(1913–16; Grade II*)St Philip Neri, Catherine Street
(1914–20; Grade II*)
Edwardian domestic buildings
The Eldon Grove estate, Vauxhall, was built 1910–12 as some of Liverpool's earliest municipal housing. It includes Bevington Street lined with two-storey workers housing.[246] It was in 1910 that Wavertree Garden Suburb was established by Henry Vivian, the architect in charge of designing the layout and designing the housing for the first phase was Raymond Unwin, the second phase started in 1913 and was the work of G.L. Sutcliffe, when construction ceased in 1915 360 of a planned 1,800 houses had been built.[212]
Bevington Street, Vauxhall
(1911; unlisted)Bevington Street, Eldon Grove Labourers' Dwellings
(1912; Grade II)Shops in Nook Road, Wavertree Garden Suburb
(1910–15; conservation area)Housing in Thingwall Road, Wavertree Garden Suburb
(1910–15; conservation area)
Inter-war period & World War II (1919–1945)
The Liverpool Cenotaph designed by Lionel Bailey Budden was built (1927–30) with sculpture by Herbert Tyson Smith commemorates Liverpool's dead of World War I, a total of 9068, later this extended to the dead of World War II and other conflicts. During World War II the port would see 1285 convoys of up to 50 ships and over 4,700,000 troops pass through it, over 90 acres of the docks and warehousing would be totally destroyed and another 90 acres put out of use due to enemy bombing.[247]
Inter-war transport
Innovation in transport in the era included the Liverpool–East Lancashire Road, designed by John Alexander Brodie opened in 1934 it was the first purpose-built inter-city highway in the UK. Another area of innovation was Speke Airport, it is in the south of the city, the art deco former terminal building, designed by Edward Bloomfield, who also designed the hangar 1, then at 212 feet wide by 400 feet long the world's largest.[248] The terminal in use from the 1930s to 1986, has been adapted for use as a hotel, and is now the Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Speke was the first provincial airport in the UK, opened in 1933, and its restored terminal has been described as "still the most coherent example of the first generation of purpose-built airports remaining in Europe." The terraces from which fans welcomed home the Beatles have been preserved. Another innovation in transport was the road tunnel under the River Mersey known as the Queensway Tunnel, built (1925–34).[249] Gladstone Dock was opened 1927.
Liverpool entrance to Queensway Tunnel
(1925–31; Grade II)North Lodge, Queensway Tunnel
(1925–31; Grade II)The Dock entrance to the Queensway Tunnel, with the brick New Quay Ventilation Station in the centre of the picture
(1925–31; Grade II)Ventilation Station for Queensway Tunnel, North John Street
(1925–31; Grade II)George's Dock Ventilation and Control Station for Queensway Tunnel, Pier Head
(1932; Grade II)Former Speke Airport
(1933–37; Grade II*)Former aeroplane hangar 1, Speke Airport
(1935–37; Grade II*)Former aeroplane hangar 2, Speke Airport
(1941; Grade II*)
Inter-war office, commercial & industrial buildings
Liverpool born Herbert James Rowse designed some of the most notable office buildings between the world wars, with Arnold Thornely in 1924–32 India Buildings & 1927–32 Martins Bank Building built as the headquarters of Martins Bank, also he designed Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool opened in 1939, and the architectural elements of the Queensway Tunnel 1925–31. His style is Stripped Classicism with occasional Art Deco elements. Another office complex is Exchange Flags by Gunton and Gunton, first phase completed 1939, with World War II raging the basement was adapted in 1941 to house Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches (now the Western Approaches Museum), and only completed in 1955 after construction paused during war, it replaced a Victorian building of the same name by Thomas Henry Wyatt that had been built (1864–67). A bank of the inter-war era was the former National and Provincial Bank, 7 Water street by Palmer & Holden in a classical style (1933–34). Another office building oh the period is the former Bank of British West Africa (c.1923) by Arnold.[250] The former National Bank (c.1920), James Street was designed in a restrained classical style by T Arnold Ashworth & Sons.[251] Yorkshire House (1929) in Chapel Street by T. Wainwright & Sons is a Portland stone office block.[252] At the end of Dale Street no 151 built (1932) was built for the Blackburn Assurance Company designed by William P. Hosburgh.[253] The former Co-operative building in a Moderne architecture style by Robert Threadgold in the office of A.E. Shennan, now student accommodation.[254]
An important example of industrial architecture of this era is the Mersey Match Factory (1919–21), Garston, it is the first example in the UK of flat slab concrete construction, by engineer Sven Bylander, architects Charles Mewès & Arthur Joseph Davis.[255] The Littlewoods Pools building 1938 probably designed by architect Gerald de Courcey Fraser is a striking art deco industrial building. The former Slaughterhouse, now Liverpool Meat and Fish Market (1929–31), Prescot Road, Tue Brook, was designed by the Corporation Surveyor Albert D. Jenkins.[256]
Former Mersey Match Factory, Garston
(1919–21; Grade II)Former Bank of British West Africa, 25 Water Street
(c.1923; unlisted)Former National Bank, James Street
(c.1920; unlisted)India Buildings, Water Street
(1924–32; Grade II*)The arcade in the India Buildings
(1924–32; Grade II*)Lobby, India Buildings
(1924–32; Grade II*)Former Martins Bank Building, Water Street
(1927–32; Grade II*)Yorkshire House, Chapel Street
(1929; Unlisted)Former slaughterhouse, now Liverpool Meat and Fish Market, Prescot Road, Tue Brook
(1929–31; Unlisted)151 Dale Street
(1932; Unlisted)Stairwell, 151 Dale Street
(1932; Unlisted)7 Water Street
(1933–34; Grade II)Former Co-Operative Building, London Road
(1937; Unlisted)Littlewoods Pools building, Edge Lane, Edge Hill
(1938; unlisted)Exchange Flags
(first phase opened 1939, completed after world war II 1955; Grade II)The Operations Room beneath Exchange Flags, Sept 1944
(opened 1941; Grade II)
Inter-war religious, school & university buildings
The University of Liverpool continued to expand during this era, the Jane Herdman Building for the geology department (1927–29) by Briggs & Thornely, in a Neo-georgian style.[241] The Harold Cohen Library, University of Liverpool was opened in 1938 and was designed by Harold Dod. A major school of the era is the former St Katherine's College (1927–30), by John Alan Slater (1885–1963) & Arthur Hamilton Moberly (1886–1952) of Slater & Moberly of London, now part of Hope University.[257]
Churches of the inter-war period include the Church of England All Souls Springwood by Duncan A. Campbell & Ernest H. Honeyburne and the Roman Catholic St. Matthew's, Clubmoor by Francis X. Velarde (1930). All three architects were graduates of the University of Liverpool.[258] The Church of St Christopher, Norris Green by Bernard A. Miller is built with hyperbolic arches.[259] The Art Deco, grade II* listed orthodox Greenbank Drive Synagogue (1936) in the Greenbank Park area has recently closed and is now at risk in a "poor" condition.[260] The Roman Catholic St Anthony of Padua, Queens Drive, Mossley Hill, by Anthony Ellis, is a large brick church.[245]
All Souls Church, Mather Ave, Springwood
(1925–27; Grade II)Jane Herdman Building, Brownlow Street, University of Liverpool
(1927–29; Grade II)Former St Katherine's College, Hope Park, Taggart Avenue
(1927–30; Grade II)St Matthew's, Queens Drive, Clubmoor
(1930; Grade II)Church of St Christopher, Lorenzo Drive, Norris Green
(1930–32 Grade II*)Church of St Anthony of Padua, Queens Drive, Mossley Hill
(1931–32; unlisted)Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, the crypt
(1933–41 Grade II*)Greenbank Drive Synagogue, Sefton Park
(1936; Grade II*)The interior of Greenbank Drive Synagogue
(1936; Grade II*)The Harold Cohen Library, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street
(1938; Grade II)
Inter-war, public, cultural and entertainment buildings
Arnold Thornely extended and remodelled the interior of the Walker Art Gallery (1932–31). Liverpool Empire Theatre in a classical style (1924–25) designed by W. and T. R. Milburn built from Portland stone. The private members club the Liverpool Athenaeum was rebuilt in 1924 by Harold Dod. The Royal Court Theatre is also a notable example of Art Deco design from (1938) by J.B. Hutchins, in the same style is the former Forum Cinema, that was built 1931, to designs by William R. Glen.[261] In 1931 the Liverpool Maternity Hospital was extended by Rees & Holt a new hospital the Liverpool Women's Hospital was built to replace it in 1995. The city's major concert hall the Philharmonic Hall (1936–39), designed by Herbet J. Rowse, the building has some art-deco decoration.[262] Former Women's Hospital (1932), Catherine Street, neo-Georgian by Edmund Kirkby & Sons.[123]
Liverpool Athenaeum, Church Alley
(1924; unlisted)News Room, Liverpool Athenaeum
(1924; unlisted)The Empire Theatre, Lime Street
(1924–25; Grade II)Former Liverpool Maternity Hospital, Myrtle Street
(1931; unlisted)Former Forum cinema, Lime Street
(1931; Grade II)Main Staircase, Walker Art Gallery
(1931–32; Grade II*)Former Women's Hospital (now Agnes Jones House), Catherine Street
(1932; unlisted)Philharmonic Hall, Hope Street
(1936–39; Grade II*)The auditorium, Philharmonic Hall
(1936–39; Grade II*)The Royal Court Theatre, 1 Roe Street
(1938; Grade II)The auditorium, The Royal Court Theatre
(1938; Grade II)
Inter-war domestic buildings
A notable example of interwar council housing is St. Andrew's Gardens (1935) by the then director of housing Lancelot Keay & John Hughes, now used as student accommodation.
Former Nurse's Home, Liverpool Infirmary, Pembroke Place, now Cedar House, by Edmund Kirkby and Sons
(1923; unlisted)St Andrew's Gardens, by Lancelot Keay, John Hughes
(1935; Grade II)
Post-war period and late 20th century (1945–1999)
During the World War II Liverpool was a strategic target and was subject to the heavy aerial bombing known as the Liverpool Blitz, this resulted in extensive damage and destruction both of people and buildings. The greatest architectural loss was The Custom House, the then Liverpool Museum was gutted by incendiary bombs in 1941 and the interior rebuilt 1963–69 by the city architect Ronald Bradbury. In the centre of the city the area south of Derby Square and Lord Street had been largely destroyed in the bombing.
After patchy rebuilding in the 1950s and early 1960s the Liverpool City Centre Plan was published (1965), created in consultation with Graeme Shankland & Liverpool City Planning Officer Walter Bor. This radical plan called for the demolition of two-thirds of the City Centre,[263] due to the post-war economic decline of the city little progress was made. Merseyside Development Corporation was set up in 1981, this led to Liverpool International Garden Festival to help kick start the desperately needed regeneration of the still declining city,[264] this led onto the restoration of the Albert Dock in the 1980s. The need for extra road capacity to link Liverpool to the Wirral led to the construction of the Kingsway Tunnel (1966–71). The M62 motorway constructed between 1971 and 1976 and M57 motorway 1972–74 would be a major addition to the city's transport links. The post-war period saw the construction of the city's last major dock Seaforth Dock, opened in 1971.
Post War 1950s buildings
During this decade Modern architecture made little progress in Liverpool, pre-war Stripped Classicism still being in vogue. One of the first buildings erected to replace a building destroyed in the blitz, was the department store Lewis's, erected 1947–56, designed by Gerald de Courcy Fraser. Of a similar style is Pearl Assurance House (c.1954-55), 2 Derby Square, by Alfred Shennan & Partners.[253] Continuing the pre-war Neo-Georgian style is Reliance House (1954–56) in Water Street by Morter & Dobie.[265] The interior of St Oswald's Church, Old Swan was rebuilt internally (1951–57) by Adrian Gilbert Scott.
Tate & Lyle Sugar Silo in the northern docks is a bold example of post-war industrial architecture by Tate and Lyle's Engineering Department and constructed by Cementation Ltd. Reinforced concrete with pre-stressed concrete floor with a Parabolic tunnel vault (1955–57).
Former Lewis's department store
(1947–56; Grade II)Former Blacklers Department Store, Great Charlotte Street
(bombed 1941, reopened 1953)Interior of St Oswald, Old Swan
(1951–57; grade II)Pearl Assurance House, Derby Square
(1954–55)Reliance House, Water Street
(1954–56)Tate & Lyle sugar silo
(1955–57; Grade II*)
Post War 1960s & early 1970s buildings
St. John's Shopping Centre built in stages from 1962 to 1970, designed by James A. Roberts, covering over 6 acres (2.5 hectares), it replaced John Foster Jr. St John's Market of 1822.[266] Radio City Tower (also known as St. John's Beacon) is a radio and observation tower built in 1969 and opened by Queen Elizabeth II. Standing 452 feet (138 metres) tall, it was the tallest free-standing structure in Liverpool for decades.[267]
The University of Liverpool expanded in the post-war years, William Holford, authored the 1949 plan for the expansion of university. Notable architects of the era involved include: Basil Spence who designed the Chadwick Laboratory (1957–59) and the Sydney Jones Library (1976); Maxwell Fry who designed the university's Veterinary Science Building (1958–60); Yorke Rosenberg Mardall who designed the Engineering building (1962–65) and the Computer Laboratory (1967–69); Denys Lasdun designed the University Sports Centre, Oxford Road, (1963–66); Gerald Beech, designed the Sports Pavilion Geoffrey Hughes Athletic Ground, University of Liverpool (1961–62).[268]
The Lutyens' design for the Metropolitan cathedral was estimated in 1952 to cost £27,000,000 to complete (roughly 770,000,000 in 2019), so it was decided to abandoned the design,[269] a simpler design in a modernist style by Frederick Gibberd was adopted. Constructed between (1960–1967). While this is on a smaller scale than the Lutyens' scheme, it still manages to incorporate the largest panel of stained glass in the world, by Patrick Reyntiens. This is Liverpool's most famous post-war building. Metropolitan Cathedral is colloquially also referred to as "Paddy's Wigwam" due to its shape and the vast number of Irishmen who worked on its construction and are living in the area. The Roman Catholic parish church of St Ambrose (1959–61) was designed by Alfred Bullen.[270]
The Atlantic Tower Hotel, situated on Chapel Street next to Saint Nicholas' Church and near Pier Head, opened in 1972[271] and was designed to resemble the prow of a ship to reflect Liverpool's maritime history. The Post & Echo Building in Old Hall Street opened in 1974 by Farmer & Dark. Also in Old Hall Street is Liverpool Cotton Exchange Building (1967) by Newton-Dawson, Forbes & Tate, involved the destruction of the superb Edwardian building of the same name by Matear & Simon.[272]
The Playhouse Theatre was extended (1966–68) by Hall, O'Donahue & Wilson. West Derby Library (1964) was designed by the Liverpool City Architect, Donald Bradbury.[273]
It was in 1967 that it order to save money the design for the west front of Liverpool Anglican cathedral was to be simplified, after the architect Giles Gilbert Scott died in 1960 his former office manager Frederick Thomas took over as cathedral and he produced the revised design that would be completed in 1978.[274]
Queen Elizabeth II Law Courts are an example of Brutalist architecture and was built (1973–84), designed by Farmer and Dark. Another prominent example of brutalist architecture in the city is the office building New Hall Place the work of Tripe & Wakeham, built, (1972–1976). The former bank at 4 Dale Street, by Raymond Fletcher of Bradshaw, Rowse & Harker, designed 1967 built c.1971, use bold prismatic windows to cover the facade. The Mercure Atlantic Tower Hotel (1971–73) by Victor Basil & Keith McTavish is an eleven-storey tower with convex sided triangular floor plan.[252]
St Ambrose church, Heathgate Avenue, Speke
(1959–61; Grade II)Pavilion, Geoffrey Hughes Memorial Sports Ground, Allerton
(1961–62; Grade II)Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral
(1962–67; Grade II*)Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, interior
(1962–67; Grade II*)St. John's Shopping Centre
(1962–70)West Derby Library, Queens Drive, Clubmoor
(1964)Conway Street Flats, Everton
(1964)Brompton House, Ullet Road
(1965, penthouses added 2003)St Margaret's Church, Belmont Road, Anfield
(1965)Royal Liverpool Hospital
(phase 1 1963–69 phase 2 completed 1978)Electrical Engineering & Electronics department, University of Liverpool
(1965)Liverpool entrance to Kingsway Tunnel
(1966–71)Cotton Exchange, Old Hall Street
(1967–69)Radio City Tower
(1969)Liverpool Post and Echo Building, Old Hall Street
(1970–74)Former bank, 4 Dale Street
(1971; Grade II)The Mercure Atlantic Tower Hotel, Chapel Street
(1971–73)New Hall Place, Old Hall Street
(1972–76)Queen Elizabeth II Law Courts, Derby Square
(1973–84)Sydney Jones Library, University of Liverpool, Chatham Street
(1976)
Late 20th century buildings
The largest of Liverpool's three mosques is the Al-Rahma mosque (1974) in the Toxteth area of the city.
The conversion in the Albert Dock of one of the warehouses into Tate Liverpool by James Stirling was opened in (1988), it is a rare example in Liverpool of Postmodern architecture. In the same style is Clayton Square Shopping Centre (1988–89) by Seymour Harris Partnership. The Custom and Excise Building (1991–93) by PSA Projects was created sitting over part of Queen's Dock.[275] Also in Queen's Dock is the Liverpool Watersports Centre (1993-4) by Marks Barfield. Liverpool Women's Hospital was rebuilt (1992–95) by the Percy Thomas Partnership.[276] The redevelopment of Princes Dock began in 1988, office buildings include No 8 Princes Dock, by Kingham Knight Associates.[277]
The post-war era saw major construction of public housing in Liverpool, the number of dwellings constructed were as follows: between 1961 and 1965, 11922; between 1966 and 1970, 15215; between 1971 and 1975, 11122.[278] A major housing scheme of the late 20th century was the Eldonian Village in Vauxhall, built 1987–95 on the site of Tate & Lyle's sugar refinery. The scheme is one of the largest examples of community-architecture schemes of the 1980s, the architects were Wilkinson Hindle Halsall Lloyd.[246]
Al-Rahma Mosque, Hatherley Street, Toxteth
(1974) at the left of the photo, the main building was built early 2000sHousing, Brunswick Dock
(1980s)Tate Liverpool,
(1988, Grade I, due to being in Albert Dock)Clayton Square Shopping Centre
(1988–89)Customs and Excise Building, Queen's Dock
(1991–93)Aldham Robarts Learning Resource Centre, John Moores University, Maryland Street
(1992–93)Liverpool Women's Hospital, Grove Street
(1992–95)Liverpool Water Sports Centre, Queen's Dock with Mariner's Wharf housing in the background
(1993–94)No 8 Princes Dock
(1996–97)
21st century
Liverpool's architectural schemes at the beginning of the 21st century are dominated by the city's bid to become the European Capital of Culture in 2008. This ambition led to its listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004 and also to plans for redevelopment of Mann Island, the area between Albert Dock and Pier Head. Beating off illustrious competitors like Richard Rogers, Norman Foster and Edward Cullinan, in 2002, Will Alsop won the so-called Fourth Grace competition for the site and received the go-ahead with his project The Cloud.[279] By 2004, however, the project was scrapped[280] and alternatives sought.
Eventually, the waterfront position in front of the Cunard Building was taken by the Pier Head Ferry Terminal which was the winner of the 2009 Carbuncle Cup for "the ugliest building in the United Kingdom completed in the last 12 months".[281] The Museum of Liverpool by Danish architects 3XN took another waterfront position next to the Port of Liverpool Building and opened in 2011, while Broadway Malyan filled the Fourth Grace site with their banal Mann Island Buildings (2008–12).[282] Both projects were also shortlisted for the Carbuncle Cup in 2011 and 2012 respectively. The Mann Island Buildings also gave concern regarding some protected views onto the Three Graces.[283]
Other recent buildings in the dock areas include the Echo Arena Liverpool and BT Convention Centre which officially opened on 12 January 2008 in King's Dock immediately south of Albert Dock, and West Tower (2005–07), north-east of Pier Head, which at 40 storeys is currently Liverpool's tallest building, but soon to be dwarfed by the planned skyscrapers of Liverpool Waters. Situated in the northern docks, the Liverpool Waters redevelopment led to Liverpool's recently acquired status of World Heritage Site coming under scrutiny. Consequently, in 2012, Liverpool - Maritime Mercantile City was put on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger.[284]
In recent years a number of creative architectural practices have been responsible for a number of innovative projects to revitalise the unused architectural fabric of the city. Notable, award-winning, projects include the Greenland Street Gallery for the A Foundation and the Toxteth TV building. Both of these projects were by Liverpool design practice Union North.
The largest development in central Liverpool in the 21st century is Liverpool One. In the future the Liverpool Waters scheme is a 50-year plan that promises to transform the northern docks stretching from the Pier Head to Bramley-Moore Dock. As part of the scheme Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium has been proposed.
National Oceanography Centre, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, by Architects Design Partnership
(2003)Beetham Tower, by Ian Simpson architect
(2004)Unity Buildings, Chapel Street, by Allford Hall Monaghan Morris architects
(2004–07)Liverpool One Shopping Centre, by Building Design Partnership
(2004–08)Alexandra Tower, Princes Dock, by AFL Architects
(2005–08)One Park West, by César Pelli
(2006–08)Hilton Hotel, by Squire and Partners architects
(2006–09)West Tower, Brook Street, by Aedas
(2007)North Liverpool Academy, Heyworth Street, by Atkins
(2007–09)Echo Arena, King's Dock, by WilkinsonEyre
(2008)Pier Head Ferry Terminal, by Hamilton Architects
(2009)Museum of Liverpool, Pier Head, by 3XN
(2011)Main staircase, Museum of Liverpool, by 3XN
(2011)Everyman Theatre, Hope Street, by Haworth Tompkins
(2011–2014)Mann Island Buildings, by Broadway Malyan
(2012)Staircase, Central Library, William Brown Street, by Austin-Smith:Lord
(2013)Alder Hey Children's Hospital, East Prescot Road, West Derby, by BDP Healthcare
(2015)Model of Liverpool Waters proposal for the northern docks.
Galería de vistas de la ciudad
Liverpool waterfront at sunrise
Castle Street Liverpool, Bank of England to the right, NatWest Bank to the left, Liverpool Town Hall ahead
Liverpool's inner city has Georgian terraced streets. Wellington Rooms to the right, Royal Liver Building in the distance
Water Street, Liverpool, West Africa House and India Buildings to the right, Tower Buildings, Oriel Chambers, Martins Bank and Town Hall to the left, Royal Insurance Building and Prudential Assurance Building in the distance
Victoria Street, Imperial Buildings, Midland Railway Goods Offices and General Post Office to the left, Bank of Liverpool to the right.
Victoria Street, showing Lisbon Buildings, Ashcroft Buildings and former Bank of Liverpool
from left: Royal & SunAlliance Building (1976), Mersey Tunnel entrance (1934) (Grade II), Unity Residential (2007), Atlantic Tower Hotel (1974), Unity Commercial (2007), Our Lady and St.Nicholas' Church (1814) (Grade II), Mersey Chambers (1878) (Grade II)
A variety of architectural styles are present on the Strand in Liverpool city centre
Liverpool Commercial District
Liverpool School of Architecture fundada en 1895
Liverpool has a long tradition of academic analysis in the field of architecture, being home to both the first School of Architecture officially The City of Liverpool School of Architecture and Applied Art founded 1895,[285] the school was funded by both Liverpool City Council and what was then known as the University College Liverpool.[286] The Architecture degree course was initiated in 1901.[287] The second professor in post Charles Herbert Reilly, was influenced by Beaux-Arts architecture as practised in the US,[288] that it became a full department of what became the first University Department of Civic Design in the United Kingdom.[289]
Holders of title Roscoe Professor of architecture
- Frederick Moore Simpson (1855–1928), professor (1894–1904)[290]
- Charles Herbert Reilly (1874–1948), professor (1904–33)[288]
- Lionel Bailey Budden (Born West Derby, Liverpool) (1887–1956), professor (1933–52)[291]
- Robert Gardner-Medwin (1907–95), professor (1952–73)[292]
- John Nelson Tarn (1934–2020) professor (1974–95)[293]
- David Dunster (1945–2019), professor (1995–2010)
- Robert Kronenburg, professor (2010–present)
Arquitectos representados en Liverpool
Architects, many of renown, are well represented in Liverpool, including:
Dock Engineers to the Port of Liverpool (1710–1973)
The following were the civil engineers that were appointed Dock Engineer to the Port of Liverpool, that oversaw the building of the dock system between 1710 and 1897 increasing the system from about 4 to 350 acres.[294] Gladstone Dock opened 1927 added 58 acres and the Seaforth Dock added 500 acres in 1971.
- Thomas Steers (c. 1670 – 1750), Dock Engineer (1710–50) designer of Old Dock and Salthouse Dock, and what is now Canning Dock but at this stage was a dry dock.
- Henry Berry (1719–1812, ) Dock Engineer (1750–89) designer of George's Dock (later filled in 1900 to create Pier Head), King's Dock and Queen's Dock. Duke's Dock was created in this period probably designed by James Brindley. Manchester Dock dated from this period, filled in 1928–36.
- Thomas Morris (c. 1754 – 1832), Dock Engineer (1789–99) oversaw completion of Queen's Dock.
- John Foster Sr. (1759–1827), Dock Engineer (1799–1824) oversaw the building of Prince's Dock designed by William Jessop & John Rennie the Elder, The Union Half Tide Basin and Brunswick Basin, later remodelled as part of Coburg Dock.
- Jesse Hartley (1780–1860) Dock Engineer (1824–60), designed Albert Dock, Bramley-Moore Dock, Brunswick Dock; Canada Dock, Canning Half Tide Dock, Clarence Dock, Collingwood Dock, Harrington Dock, Nelson Dock, Salisbury Dock, Sandon Dock, Stanley Dock, Trafalgar Dock, Victoria Dock, Wapping Dock, Waterloo Dock, Wellington Dock and oversaw the remodelling of Canning Dock.
- John Bernard Hartley (1814–1869) Dock Engineer (1860–61)
- George Fosbery Lyster (1821–99) Dock Engineer (1861–97), designed Alexandra Dock, Liverpool, Hornby Dock, Langton Dock; enlarged Harrington Dock, rebuilt the Herculaneum Dock, and created Coburg Dock from preexisting facilities, rebuilt Prince's Half-Tide Dock, enlarged Toxteth Dock.
- Anthony George Lyster (1852–1920), Dock Engineer (1897–1913) extended Huskisson Dock
- Thomas Monk Newell (1863–1932), Dock Engineer (1913–28), designed Gladstone Dock
- Thomas Lord Norfolk (1875–1962), Dock Engineer (1928–41)
- Leopold Leighton (1884–1964), Dock Engineer (1941–49)
- Adrian B. Porter (1899–1958), Dock Engineer (1949–58)
- John Donald Jameson Saner (1895–1962), Dock Engineer (1958–60)
- Norman Alaister Matheson (1908–66), Dock Engineer (1960–66)
- Martin Ager (1913–?), Dock Engineer (1966–73)
A notable civil engineer John Hawkshaw worked with Jesse Hartley on the docks.
Surveyors to Liverpool Corporation (from 1938 City Architect) (1786–1970)
The following held the post of Surveyor to Liverpool Corporation, that included designing buildings for the city:
- The Eyes family of Liverpool held the post for over 150 years including, John Eyes Sr. (died 1773) & John Eyes Jr.,
- Charles Eyes (c. 1754 – 1803) (Liverpool born), nephew of John Jr., Surveyor (1786–90), is best known for his 1785 map of Liverpool
- John Foster Sr. (1758–1827) (Liverpool born), Surveyor (1790–1824), designed, the now demolished Goree Warehouse & St. Luke's Church with his son.
- John Foster (1786–1846) (Liverpool born), Surveyor (1824–35), designed, with his father St. Luke's Church, The Oratory, some of his finest buildings have been demolished these are: The Custom House, the 1836 classical front to Lime Street Railway Station & St. John's Market
- Joseph Franklin (1784–1855), Surveyor (1835–1848), designer of Great George Street Congregational Church, 75-79 Bold Street
- John Weightman (1798–1883), Surveyor (1848–65), (not to be confused with his near-contemporary John Grey Weightman) designer of, Walton Gaol, the Main Bridewell and also the Municipal Buildings, Liverpool
- E.R. Robson (1836–1917), Surveyor (1865–71) oversaw completion of the Municipal Buildings, the design of which he modified.
- Thomas Shelmerdine (1845–1921), Surveyor (1871–1914), designed many buildings in the city, List of architectural works by Thomas Shelmerdine.
- Albert D. Jenkins (dates?), Surveyor (1914–1938), College of Commerce (1928–31), Tithebarn Street; former Slaughterhouse (1929–31) Prescot Road; oversaw the building of Speke Airport (1933–38)
- Sir Lancelot Keay (1883–1974) new title of City Architect (1938–48) in his prior role as director of housing for Liverpool he was co-designer of St Andrews Gardens
- Ronald Bradbury (1908–71) City Architect (1948–1970) oversaw much of the post-war housing built in Liverpool, much of which has been demolished, including the "Piggeries" in Everton, that was demolished only 22 years after being built.[295]
Borough Engineers to Liverpool Corporation (1847–1934)
- James Newlands (1813–1871) first Borough Engineer (1847–1871) (the first person in the UK to hold such a post) created Liverpool's sewer system
- George Deacon (1843–1909) Borough Engineer (1871–1880) he designed the Lake Vyrnwy scheme with Thomas Hawksley
- Thomas Anderson? Borough Engineer (1880–1890)
- Henry Percy Boulnois (1846–1927) Borough Engineer (1890–1898)
- John Alexander Brodie (1858–1934) Borough Engineer (1898–1934), started the ring road; Liverpool–East Lancashire Road; Queensway Tunnel
Architects who designed buildings in the city during the Georgian period
- Robert Adam responsible for the remodelling of Woolton Hall (1774–80)
- Edmund Aikin, who at the end of his architectural career was based in Liverpool, designed the Wellington Rooms (1815–16)
- Decimus Burton, designed the now demolished classical villa (1825) Dingle Lane, Dingle
- Sir William Chambers, designed the Theatre Royal (1772), Williamson Square, demolished.
- Thomas 'Greek' Harrison, designed The Lyceum, Liverpool (1800–02), the tower of Our Lady and St. Nicholas Church (1811) and Allerton House (1815–16) now a ruin.
- Timothy Lightoler, architect of the impressive domed parish church of St. Paul's (1763–69), St Paul's Square, demolished 1932
- John Nash, architect of the now demolished Childwall Hall (1806), the surviving gate lodge (1835) might be his work
- Clark Rampling, architect of the Liverpool Medical Institution (1835–37)
- Thomas Rickman whose early career as an architect was spent in Liverpool, designed St George's Church, Everton (1813–1815) and St Michael's Church, Aigburth (1814)
- Thomas Ripley, designed the 2nd Custom House (1717–22), long demolished
- Samuel Rowland (1789–1844), (Liverpool based) architect of St. Bride's Church (1830), the Deane Road Jewish Cemetery (c.1836) and the Royal Bank & Royal Bank Buildings (1837–38).
- George Stephenson, designed the original Liverpool and Manchester Railway (1825–30) and Wapping Tunnel (1826–29).
- John Wood, the Elder of Bath (commissioned in 1749 to design the original Public Exchange which later became the Town Hall)
- James Wyatt Town Hall extended at rear 1785, building gutted by fire 1795, added dome 1802, added the portico and designed the interior (c. 1800 – 1820).
Architects who designed buildings in the city during the Victorian period
- Thomas Allom designed the Brownlow Hill infirmary with Henry Francis Lockwood (1842–1843) and William Brown Library and Museum (1857–60), modified in execution by John Weightman.
- George Ashdown Audsley & William Audsley (Liverpool based) designed Streatlam Tower (1871), 5 Princes Road; 92 Bold Street (1890s)
- Sharpe, Paley and Austin designed the church of St Matthew and St James, Mossley Hill (1870–75)
- Thomas Denville Barry (1815 or 16 – 1905) (Liverpool based), designed the buildings for Toxteth Cemetery
- George Frederick Bodley designed Church of Saint John the Baptist, Tuebrook (1867–70)
- W.D. Caroe designed the Gustav Adolf Church (1883–84) and the Adelphi Bank (1892), Castle Street.
- Henry Clutton designed St Francis Xavier College (1876–77)
- Charles Robert Cockerell designed the Bank of England (1846–48), castle street; interiors of St George's Hall (1851–54); and the Liverpool, London and Globe Building (1856–58)
- James Kellaway Colling designed The Albany (1856–58), Old Hall Street
- Edward Corbett (1812–97) designed the North and South Wales Bank (1838–40), Derby Square
- Culshaw and Sumners (Liverpool based) designed Midland Railway goods warehouse, Victoria Street (1872)
- John Cunningham designed Lime Street Railway Station
- Charles Ernest Deacon (1844–1927) (Liverpool based) designed the former City Education Office in Sir Thomas Street
- James Francis Doyle (Liverpool born), designed Commercial Saleroom Buildings (1879); Hartley's Jam Factory (1886); Albion House (1895–98) with Richard Norman Shaw; the Royal Insurance Building (1903)
- Thomas Duncan (1804–1868) (Water Engineer to Liverpool Corporation) designed Everton Waterworks (1857)
- Peter Ellis (Liverpool born) designed Oriel Chambers (1864) Water Street and 16 Cook Street (1866)
- Christopher Obie Ellison (1832 or 3–1904) (Liverpool born) designed the Eye and Ear Hospital (1878–80); Sheltering Home for Destitute Children (1888–89)
- Harvey Lonsdale Elmes designed Liverpool Collegiate School, Shaw Street (1840–43); St George's Hall (1841–54); remodelled Thingwall Hall (1846–47) Knotty Ash; Rainhill Hospital (1846–51)
- Ernest George made additions to Gateacre Grange (1883)
- Edward Goldie joint architect with his father of Sacred Heart Church, Everton (1885–86)
- George Goldie joint architect with his son of Sacred Heart Church, Everton (1885–86)
- George Enoch Grayson (Liverpool born); List of works by Grayson and Ould
- Charles Francis Hansom designed the church of St Anne's Edge Hill (1843-6)
- Philip Hardwick designed the Dock Office at the Albert Dock (1848)
- John Hay (died 1861), (Liverpool based) Holy Trinty, Anfield
- Edward Arthur Heffer (1836–1916) (Liverpool based) designed Church of Saint Bridget, Wavertree
- Arthur Hill Holme (Liverpool born) designed Liverpool Medical Institution (1836–37) and Music Hall Marlborough House (1853)
- F & G Holme (Liverpool born), Francis Usher Holme (c. 1844 – 1913) and his uncle, George Holme (1822 or 3 – 1915) designed Conservative Club (1880–83); County Sessions House (1882–84) and Hahnemann Homoeopathic Hospital (1887)
- Lewis Hornblower designed 25 Church Street (1858); Sefton Park (1867–1872)
- Edward Kemp designed Anfield Cemetery (1856–63); Newsham Park (1864–68); Stanley Park (1870; Grade II)
- Edmund Kirby (Liverpool born) designed Reform Club (1879) Dale Street
- Charles Littler (fl. 1868) & Charles Lucy (1832–71) (Liverpool Based) designed Alliance Bank Castle St and Entrance Lodges and Chapels Anfield Cemetery
- Henry Francis Lockwood, joint architect with Thomas Allom of the now demolished Brownlow Hill infirmary (1842–43)
- Edward William Mountford designed Museum Extension and Central Technical School (1901), William Brown Street
- James O'Byrne (1835–1897), (Liverpool based) designed Our Lady of Mount Carmel church, Toxteth
- Edward Ould (Liverpool based) partner of George Enoch Grayson
- William Eden Nesfield, designed Village Cross, West Derby (1861–70)
- Wyatt Papworth designed houses and terraces around Prince's Park
- Sir Joseph Paxton involved in the design of Prince's park
- John Loughborough Pearson designed All Saints Church, Speke (1872–75) and the church of St Agnes and St Pancras (1883–85), Toxteth Park
- James Pennethorne worked with Paxton on designs for Prince's Park
- Harold Peto made additions to Gateacre Grange (1883)
- James Picton designed Hargreaves Building (1859); The Temple (1864–65); Fowler's Buildings (1865–69)
- Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin designed St Oswald's Church, Old Swan (1840) and Saint Joseph's Home, Childwell (1845–47)
- E.W. Pugin designed Bishop Eton Monastery (1851–58), Childwall; church of St Vincent de Paul and its presbytery, St James Street (1856–57); Our Lady of Reconciliation, Vauxhall (1859–60) altered Saint Joseph's Home, Childwell (1866)
- Peter Paul Pugin designed St Sylvester's, Vauxhall (1888–89)
- Thomas Mellard Reade, (Liverpool based), designed Chatsworth School (1874) and Granby Street School (1880), Toxteth
- J.J. Scholes designed the church of St Francis Xavier (1842–87), Salisbury Street, Everton
- Leonard Stokes designed St Clare's Church (1888–90), Arundel Avenue, Sefton Park
- George Gilbert Scott designed the church of St Mary's Church (1853–56), West Derby
- Richard Norman Shaw designed as joint architect Albion House (1895–98) and Parr's Bank (1901), Castle Street
- Henry Shelmerdine (1856–1935) (Liverpool born) brother of Corporation surveyor Thomas Shelmerdine, designed the Exchange Railway Station
- Cornelius Sherlock (Liverpool born) designed the Picton Library (1875–79), Walker Art Gallery (1874–77) with H. H. Vale, extended by Sherlock (1882–84)
- George Edmund Street designed the Church of St Margaret of Antioch (1868-6); Prince's Road, Toxteth
- Henry Tanner, architect of the General Post Office (1894–99)
- Walter Aubrey Thomas designed Church House (1885); New Zealand House (1893); 81–89 Lord Street, Liverpool (1891) for his Edwardian buildings see next section
- Walter W. Thomas (Liverpool Based), best known for the Philharmonic Dining Rooms
- William Tite designed now demolished offices for Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station in the late 1840s
- Henry Hill Vale (Liverpool born) Walker Art Gallery (1874–77), with Cornelius Sherlock
- Alfred Waterhouse (who was born in Liverpool, designed The Liverpool Seamen's Orphan Institution (1870–75); the Great North Western Hotel (1871); Prudential Building (1885–86) and Victoria Building University of Liverpool (1889–92) and other buildings
- Paul Waterhouse (Son of Alfred) joint architect with his father of Whelan Building, University of Liverpool (1899–1904)
- Aston Webb who designed a Chemical Factory (c.1896) on Concert Square
- Willink & Thicknesse (Liverpool based), William Edward Willink (1856–1920) & Philip Coldwell Thicknesse (1860–1920)
- Percy Worthington joint architect of Ullet Road Unitarian Church (1896–99)
- Thomas Worthington joint architect of Ullet Road Unitarian Church (1896–99)
- Thomas Henry Wyatt, designed the Exchange Buildings (1864–67) on Exchange Flags, demolished in the 1930s
Staff & graduates of Liverpool School of Architecture, who designed buildings in the city during the Edwardian and Inter-war period
- Professor Frederick Moore Simpson, designed the memorial to Queen Victoria in Derby Square[296]
- Professor Charles Herbert Reilly, designed the Students' Union Building for the University of Liverpool[297]
- Professor Lionel Bailey Budden (BA 1909, MA 1910), designed the Cenotaph in Liverpool[298]
- Professor of Design (1912–14), Stanley Davenport Adshead, redesigned the auditorium of Liverpool Playhouse[299]
- Duncan Alexander Campbell (Cert. Arch. 1906) & Ernest Hardy Honeyburne (Dip. Civic Design 1914) Church of All Souls, Springwood[258]
- Harold Alfred Dod (1890–1965) (BA 1909, MA 1910): Liverpool Athenaeum and the Harold Cohen Library, University of Liverpool[300]
- Ernest Gee (18??–19??) (Cert. Arch. 1910): municipal flats, Muirhead Avenue Clubmoor 1920s[301]
- John Hughes (1903–77) (BArch 1931): joint architect of St Andrew's Gardens[302]
- Charles Anthony Minoprio (1900–88) (BArch 1925 MA 1928) & Hugh Grevile Spencely (1908–83) (BArch 1926 Dip. Civic Design 1928) designed the extension to the School for the Blind in Hardman Street[303]
- Edgar Quiggin (1880–1950) (Cert. Arch. 1899): municipal flats, Muirhead Avenue Clubmoor 1920s[301]
- Herbert James Rowse (1887–1963) (Cert. Arch. 1907): joint architect of India Buildings,[304] Headquarters of Martins Bank,[305] architectural elements of the Queensway Tunnel and The Philharmonic Hall.[306]
- Francis Xavier Velarde (1897–1960) (Dip Arch, 1924): St Matthew's Clubmoor[307]
Architects who designed buildings in the city during the Edwardian and Inter-war period
- R. Frank Atkinson, Liverpool born, design the Adelphi Hotel
- Reginald Blomfield, Cross of Sacrifice in Anfield Cemetery
- Gerald de Courcy Fraser, probably designed the Littlewoods Pools Building and the post-war Lewis's Building, but in a pre-war style
- Arthur Joseph Davis, joint architect of the Mersey Match Factory
- John Hughes designed St Andrews Gardens
- Sir Edwin Lutyens, architect of the original design for the Metropolitan Cathedral
- Archibald Leitch designed stands at both Goodison Park & Anfield Football Ground
- Frank Matcham, architect of Liverpool Olympia
- Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, architect of Liverpool Anglican Cathedral (1901–78) and Church of St Paul, Derby Lane, Stoneycroft (1913–16)
- John Oldrid Scott designed the church of the Good Shepherd, Carr Lane, Croxteth (1902–03)
- Charles Mewès, joint architect of the Mersey Match Factory
- T Myddleton Shallcross, (Liverpool Based) (fl.1904-05)
- Raymond Unwin designed phase one of Wavertree Garden Suburb.
- Frank Worthington Simon (spent part of his career based in Liverpool) joint architect of the largely demolished Cotton Exchange and of Orleans House
- Walter Aubrey Thomas (Liverpool based), architect of the iconic Royal Liver Building on the Liverpool waterfront;
- Arnold Thornely (Liverpool based), joint architect of India Buildings and of Port of Liverpool Building
Architects who designed buildings in the city during the Post-war and late 20th century period
- Marks Barfield, Liverpool Watersports Centre
- Gerald Beech (a graduate of University of Liverpool), Sports Pavilion Geoffrey Hughes Athletic Ground, University of Liverpool (1961–62)
- Sir Frederick Gibberd architect of the Metropolitan Cathedral
- George Hall (1926–2016), (Liverpool born, graduate of University of Liverpool) extension to Liverpool Playhouse
- Maxwell Fry, born in Liscard, (a graduate of University of Liverpool), he designed the university's Veterinary Science Building (1958–60)
- William Holford, (a graduate of University of Liverpool) authored the 1949 plan for the expansion of University of Liverpool
- Denys Lasdun designed the sports centre University of Liverpool (1963–66)
- James A. Roberts Associates, designed Radio City Tower
- Richard Seifert was the designer of the now-demolished Concourse House
- Adrian Gilbert Scott, rebuilt (1951–57) apart from the tower and spire St Oswald's Church, Old Swan, Liverpool
- Basil Spence, designed the Chadwick Laboratory for the University of Liverpool (1957–59)
- James Stirling, (a graduate of University of Liverpool), designed Tate Liverpool, opened 1988
- Percy Thomas Partnership, designed the Liverpool Women's Hospital (1992–95)
- Yorke Rosenberg Mardall, designed the Engineering Building (1962–65) and the Computer Laboratory (1967–69) both for the University of Liverpool
Architects who designed buildings in the city during the 21st century
- 3XN, Museum of Liverpool
- Allford Hall Monaghan Morris, Unity Buildings
- Austin-Smith:Lord, remodelling of Liverpool Central Library
- Building Design Partnership, Liverpool One
- Broadway Malyan, Mann Island Buildings
- César Pelli, One Park West
- Haworth Tompkins, rebuilt Everyman Theatre
- Ian Simpson, (educated at Liverpool Polytechnic), Beetham Tower, Liverpool
- Squire and Partners, Hilton Hotel
- Union North, Greenland Street Gallery
- WilkinsonEyre, Liverpool Arena. Jim Eyre (architect) was a graduate of Liverpool University
Citas sobre los edificios de Liverpool
St. George's Hall
"This magnificent edifice will be a perennial monument of the energy and public spirit, in the nineteenth century, of the people of Liverpool; a place which of all the cities and towns in the British Empire is surpassed only by the metropolis in magnitude, wealth and importance; and which in the quick yet solid growth of its commercial greatness surpasses even the metropolis itself". The Illustrated London News 23rd Sept 1854[308]
"The finest building in the world" Richard Norman Shaw[309]
"The most perfect hall in the world" Charles Dickens[310]
"Worthy of ancient Athens" Queen Victoria[311]
"The finest neo-classical building in Europe" Nikolaus Pevsner
"The combination of a magnificent interior with an even grander exterior, is an achievement of which ancient Rome itself could offer no parallel, for however splendid and well organised were the interiors of the great thermae, basilicas and other structures, we have nothing to show that the exteriors of their buildings ever reached the same level of coherence and dignity. Indeed, all the remains point in the other direction. Hence the real greatness of Elmes' achievement". Charles Herbert Reilly[312]
"Judging from his numerous perspective sketches, Elmes had the ability to rapidly design a building in perspective; not only did he prepare numerous sketches of the exterior, but also perspective views of the interior of the great loggia, and various other features. His full-size details, although Classic in spirit, are essentially modern in character; every suite of mouldings received due consideration as to its placing, and its ultimate relation to the scheme as a whole. Nothing could surpass the beauty of the Neo-Grec ornament selected for terminating the dominating attic. The whole building fulfils the highest canons of the academic style, and is unsurpassed by any other modern building in Europe". Albert Richardson[313]
Docks
"In Liverpool, I beheld long China walls of masonry; vast piers of stone; and a succession of granite-rimmed docks, completely inclosed, and many of them communicating, which almost recalled to mind the great American chain of lakes: Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, Michigan and Superior. The extent and solidity of these structures seemed equal to what I had read of the old Pyramids of Egypt...In magnitude, cost and durability, the docks of Liverpool, even at the present day surpass all others in the world...For miles, you may walk along that riverside, passing dock after dock, like a chain of immense fortresses..." Herman Melville, Redburn – his first voyage, 1849
Albert Dock
"For sheer punch, there is little in the early commercial architecture of Europe to emulate it." Nikolaus Pevsner
"the construction is for eternity, not time..." George Holt, 1845[314]
Anglican Cathedral
"This is one of the great buildings of the world... The impression of vastness, strength and height no words can describe... Suddenly one sees that the greatest art of architecture, that lifts one up and turns one into a king, yet compels reverence, is the art of enclosing space." John Betjeman, BBC broadcast, 1970[315]
Oriel Chambers
"One of the most remarkable buildings of its date in Europe." Nikolaus Pevsner, South Lancashire (The Buildings of England), 1969, p. 177.
"almost unbelievably ahead of its time", Nikolaus Pevsner, Pioneers of Modern Design, 1949.
"one of the most important buildings in the world" Quentin Hughes Seaport: Architecture and Townscape of Liverpool, 1964
St. James's Cemetery
"The cemetery was made in 1825–29 inside an abandoned quarry. The choice was a stroke of genius. It makes the cemetery the most romantic in England and forms an ideal foil for the cathedral next to it." Nikolaus Pevsner, South Lancashire (The Buildings of England), 1969
The Oratory
"one of the purest monuments of the Greek Revival in England", English Heritage
Town Hall
"Among English civic buildings of its date, Liverpool Town Hall is probably only second to London's Mansion House in its richness...This is probably the grandest such suite of civic rooms in the country, an outstanding and complete example of late Georgian decoration..." Sharples, 2004
"next to those in the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, the best proportioned rooms in Europe" Prince of Wales, 1881[316]
Bank of England
"One of the masterpieces of Victorian commercial architecture, and among Cockerell's greatest works... Only three bays wide, but overwhelmingly massive and powerful." Sharples, 2004
Martins Bank
"This is the most remarkable bank interior in the country, and it would be wise for the chairmen of all the big banks to pay a visit to Liverpool in order to see it." Charles Reilly
"Rowse's masterpiece... and among the very best interwar classical buildings in the country." Sharples, 2004
India Buildings
"it would not disgrace Fifth Avenue; indeed it would sit there very happily and those who know most of modern architecture will know that this is very high praise." Charles Reilly
Princes Road Synagogue
"He who has not seen the interior of Princes Road Synagogue in Liverpool has not beheld the glory of Israel." H.A. Meek, The Synagogue, 1995
Edificios y estructuras no existentes
Structures of particular architectural note which have been demolished or removed include (note: * indicates buildings which suffered bomb-damage during the Second World War, but, in the opinion of some, could have been restored.):
Demolished medieval to Stuart buildings
Liverpool Castle, slighted after the English Civil War and demolished in the 1720s; St Peter's Church (1704), Church Street, possibly by John Moffat, served as pro-Cathedral from 1880 until the Anglican Cathedral came into use, demolished 1922.
St Peter's Church, Church Street
(1704, demolished 1922)
Demolished Georgian buildings
The Unitarian Octagon Chapel in Temple Court was built 1763 by Joseph Finney, demolished 1820; Classical styled St Paul's church (1763–69), with a central dome, St Paul's Square, by Timothy Lightoler demolished 1932; one other Georgian church was the Gothic St John's (1775–83), demolished 1898 the former churchyard is now St John's Gardens;[317] The large six-storey Duke's Warehouse (1811) on Duke's Dock, was built to house goods shipped down the Bridgewater Canal and was demolished in the 1960s.[318] Childwell Hall, by John Nash was demolished 1949; a classical villa (1825) for Joseph Yates, used to stand on the edge of the Mersey, in Dingle and was designed by Decimus Burton.[319]
Several buildings by John Foster Sr. have been demolished. Foster was involved in the design of the Borough Gaol (1786), Great Howard Street, closed in 1855 on the opening of Walton Gaol;[55] behind the Town Hall, Exchange Buildings 1803–08 was a large classical style office building possibly a joint work with James Wyatt, demolished and replaced 1864–67 by a building of the same name in French Renaissance style by Thomas Henry Wyatt, and this was in its turn was demolished and replaced by the current building in 1939.[320] The Goree Warehouses built 1810 (the previous building of this name built 1793 burnt down) next to George's Dock, six stories high, bombed during World War II the ruins were demolished in 1958.[321] The Theatre Royal, Williamson Square opened 1772, was designed by William Chambers,[322] remodelled and extended in 1802 by John Foster Sr,[323] demolished in early 1960s. Foster designed the Liverpool Corn Exchange (1807–08) in Brunswick Street,[324] it was later replaced in the 1850s by a larger building.
John Foster Jr. has been particular unlucky in that many of his finest buildings have been demolished, including the Custom House*, that was one of the largest neoclassical buildings in the city; the second Liverpool Royal Infirmary 1824, demolished 1889; The Royal School for the Blind (1807–12) its chapel designed by Foster was built 1819 in Hardman Street, the chapel was demolished in 1930; and the large St John's Market (1820–22) the building was 183 yards (167 metres) by 45 yards (41 metres), the roof supported by 116 cast-iron columns,[325] replaced by St. John's Shopping Centre; the Moorish Arch, 1831, spanned the railway tracks into Lime Street Station, demolished 1860; the 1836 facade of Lime Street Railway Station lasted about 10 years before the station was rebuilt.[173] St Michaels church (1816–1826), Pitt Street, was a grand classical church with portico and spire rising 203 feet high, costing over £35,000[326] bombed in 1941. St Georges's Church (1726–34) built on the site of Liverpool Castle by Thomas Steers, rebuilt (1819–22) by Foster, due to subsidence, classical in style, it had an impressive tower and spire[327] demolished 1897 and the Queen Victoria Memorial, Derby Square stands on the site. A third church was St Catherine's (1829–31) on the east side of Abercromby Square,[37] it was bombed during the Second World War and demolished in 1966. On the Pier Head, Foster designed George's Baths a salt-water swimming baths in classical style, opened 1828, it had separate men's and women's facilities and was the UK's first publicly owned swimming baths, they were demolished c.1907, when George's Dock was filled and the Three Graces built.[328] Foster widened Lord Street in 1826 to four times its original width, and created St George's Crescent to link the widened street to Castle Street, the Crescent was destroyed by bombing in World War II.[329]
The Octagon Chapel, Temple Court
(1763, demolished 1820)Exchange Buildings
(1803–08; demolished 1864)Childwall Hall
(1806; demolished 1949)Liverpool Corn Exchange
(1807–08; demolished 1853)The chapel, Blind Asylum, Hardman Street
(1819; demolished 1930)Second Liverpool Royal Infirmary, Brownlow Hill
(1824; demolished 1889)Custom House
(1828–38; bombed 1941, demolished 1946)Moorish Arch, Liverpool & Manchester Railway
(1831; demolished 1860)Original Lime Street Railway Station
(1836; demolished 1846–50)
Demolished Victorian & Edwardian buildings
Brownlow Hill infirmary (1842–43), by Thomas Allom & Henry Francis Lockwood demolished 1932 to make way for the Metropolitan Cathedral; Sailors' Home, John Cunningham architect, in the Jacobethan style; Central Station in the Italianate architecture style; St Margaret's Anglican church, Anfield by W. & J. Audsley, in High Victorian Gothic was demolished in the early 1960s after being burnt out by a fire in 1961; the large Gothic mansion Cleveley in Allerton (1865), by George Gilbert Scott for cotton merchant Joseph Leather was demolished in 1965; the upper floors of the General Post Office by Henry Tanner in the French Renaissance architecture style*, ;[97] the facade of the Cotton Exchange by Matear & Simon in Baroque Revival architecture style replaced in 1967–69.;[330] Overhead Railway. The Futurist Cinema (1912) was demolished in 2016; Bibby's Warehouse, Great Howard Street, the eleven storey building was Inspired by the Chicago School of Architecture and designed by W. Aubrey Thomas, the grain and processing warehouse was important enough that it continued being constructed during the Great War with completion in 1917, it was demolished in the 1980s.
Brownlow Hill infirmary
(1842–43), demolished 1932Sailor's Home (interior rebuilt after 1860 fire)
(1846–48; demolished 1973)Sailor's Home
(1846–48; demolished 1973)Tithebarn Street Station
(1850; demolished 1884)The Liverpool Gymnasium, Myrtle Street
(1865; demolished)St Margaret's, Belmont Road, Anfield
(1871–73; burnt in 1961, demolished early 1960s)Central Station (1874; demolished early 1970s)
Former General Post Office, upper floors destroyed 1941
(1894–99; unlisted)Futurist Cinema, Lime Street
(1912; demolished 2016)
Buildings never completed
In the 1920s, Liverpool's Catholic Archdiocese conceived a truly Brobdingnagian cathedral – larger than St Peter's, Rome – and commissioned the architect Edwin Lutyens to make the conception a reality.[331] It would have taken 200 years to complete. The Great Depression, the Second World War and Liverpool's subsequent economic decline meant it was never realised – only the crypt was completed – and in the 1960s Frederick Gibberd produced a different, cheap, yet innovative creation which sits atop Lutyen's crypt - Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral. The Lutyens design had a dome with an internal diameter 168 feet, from the floor of the cathedral to the top of the cross on the dome would have been 510 feet, its total length would have been 680 feet long and at its widest across the transepts it would have been 400 feet.[332]
Lutyens's Metropolitan Cathedral, showing chancel
Lutyens's Metropolitan Cathedral, showing main front
Lutyens's Metropolitan Cathedral, one of the main doors into the transept
Lutyens's Metropolitan Cathedral, lantern on top of the dome
Derelict Liverpool
Many fine buildings in Liverpool have sunk into decay, yet have not quite given up the unequal struggle against Nature, or are even being restored. Several authors have noted the Piranesian quality of such sites, which include the Williamson Tunnels, Dingle railway station,[333][334] Lower Duke Street, St. James Cemetery[335][336] and the Edge Hill cutting and tunnels.[337][338]
86-90 Duke Street, demolished 2015 and replaced by an office building
(c. 1800)Williamson tunnels (1810s-1830s)
Remnant of Peters' Building, 11 Rumford Street taken from Chapel Street (19th century)
Tunnel for Dingle railway station (1896)
Ver también
- List of public art in Liverpool
Referencias
Notes
- ^ a b Hughes (1999), p10
- ^ Hughes (1999), p11
- ^ Pollard, Richard; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2006), The Buildings of England: Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, pp. 302–304, ISBN 0-300-10910-5
- ^ "Listed buildings" (PDF). Liverpool City Council. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ "Heritage map for changing city". BBC News. 19 March 2002. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ^ Heritage at Risk register 2011 North West, pp. 66-69.
- ^ Hughes, Quentin (1999). Liverpool City of Architecture. The Bluecoat Press.
- ^ "Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City". Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
- ^ a b Nomination of Liverpool - Maritime Mercantile City for Inscription on the World Heritage List, accessed 23 March 2013.
- ^ a b c d Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p243
- ^ Hughes (1999), p19
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), pp397-398
- ^ a b Sharples & Stonard (2008), p1
- ^ Millington (1955), p3
- ^ a b Hughes (1999), p20
- ^ Cousens, Belinda Cousins (2006). Speke Hall. National Trust. p. 5.
- ^ a b Hughes (1999), p22
- ^ "The Architecture of Croxteth Hall" (PDF). Liverpool City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ a b Ritchie Noakes (1984), p22
- ^ a b Ritchie Noakes (1984), p3
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p245
- ^ Ritchie Noakes (1984), p19
- ^ Sharples (2004) p4
- ^ Sharples (2004) p6
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p472
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p407
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p431
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p509
- ^ Historic England. "Bluecoat Chambers (1292322)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
- ^ Sharples (2004) p11
- ^ a b Ritchie Noakes (1984), p6
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p10
- ^ Ritchie Noakes (1984), p4
- ^ a b Ritchie Noakes (1984), p7
- ^ a b c d e Ritchie Noakes (1984), p12
- ^ Ritchie Noakes (1984), p97
- ^ a b Hollinghurst (2009), p19
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p483
- ^ a b c Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p491
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p498
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p444
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p390
- ^ a b c d e Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p389
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p442
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p514
- ^ a b c Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p399
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p507
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p388
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p316
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), pp413-414
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p71
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p424
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p323
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p259
- ^ a b Hollinghurst (2009), p11
- ^ Giles & Hawkins (2006), p24
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p309
- ^ Sharples (2004) p206
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p328
- ^ Sharples (2004) p196
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p284
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p411
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- ^ Heritage at Risk register 2011 North West, pp. 66.
- ^ Hollinghurst (2004), p92
- ^ Hughes, Quentin (1999). Liverpool: City of Architecture. Bluecoat Press.
- ^ page 8, The Life and Work of C.R. Cockerell, David Watkin, 1974, Zwemmer Ltd, ISBN 0-302-02571-5
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p321
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p238
- ^ Sharples (2004), p213
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p300
- ^ Hitchcock (1954)p309
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p207
- ^ Sharples (2004)p111
- ^ "The Architecture of the Building". The Black-E. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ Ritchie Noakes (1984), p9
- ^ a b Ritchie Noakes (1980), p7
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p2
- ^ Ritchie Noakes (1980), p23
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p272
- ^ Sharples (2004), p112
- ^ Giles & Hawkins (2004), p30
- ^ Giles & Hawkins (2004), p39
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), pvii
- ^ a b Sharples & Stonard (2008), p23
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p33
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p164
- ^ a b Sharples & Stonard (2008), p19
- ^ a b Sharples & Stonard (2008), p28
- ^ a b Sharples & Stonard (2008), p37
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p27
- ^ a b c d Sharples (2004), p139
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p197
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p138
- ^ Sharples (2004), p135
- ^ a b c Sharples (2004), p167
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p64
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p39
- ^ Sharples (2004), p137
- ^ a b c d Sharples (2004), p146
- ^ a b c Sharples (2004), p165
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p22
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p36
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p20
- ^ a b c Sharples (2004), p147
- ^ Sharples (2004), p156
- ^ Sharples & Stonard (2008), p13
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p150
- ^ Sharples (2004), p168
- ^ Ainswoth & Jones (2013), p169
- ^ Q. Hughes, Seaport, Bluecoat Press, 1993, p.62.
- ^ Ainswoth & Jones (2013), p127
- ^ Sharples (2004) p194
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p314
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p310
- ^ Sharples (2004), p166
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p195
- ^ Sharples (2004), p154
- ^ Giles (2008), p15
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p413
- ^ Sharples (2004), p475
- ^ a b c Sharples (2004), p236
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p412
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p494
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p383
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p435
- ^ Giles (2008), p41
- ^ Giles (2008), p73
- ^ Giles (2008), p71
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p324
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p378
- ^ Sharples (2004), p237
- ^ Sharples (2004), p273
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p208
- ^ a b c Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p428
- ^ Sharples (2004), p204
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p474
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p503
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p497
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p455
- ^ Cunningham & Waterhouse (1992), p84
- ^ Peers, Edgar Allison (1943). Redbrick University.
- ^ Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p13
- ^ a b Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p77
- ^ a b Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p25
- ^ a b Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p21
- ^ Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p24
- ^ Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p36
- ^ Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p40
- ^ Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p67
- ^ Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p68
- ^ Sharples (2004), p144
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p450
- ^ Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p31
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p249
- ^ "Liverpool's Jewish heritage". Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
- ^ Sharples (2004), p261
- ^ Sharples (2004), p219
- ^ Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p20
- ^ Brown & de Figueiredo (2008), p22
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p469
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p393
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p386
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p429
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p410
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), pp480-481
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p471
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p420
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p448
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p400
- ^ Sharples (2004), p25
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p304
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p414
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p436
- ^ "Dr. Peter Brown, chair, Merseyside Civic Society" (PDF). Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p276
- ^ Layton-Jones & Lee (2008), p26
- ^ Layton-Jones & Lee (2008), p29
- ^ Layton-Jones & Lee (2008), pp. 33–34
- ^ Layton-Jones & Lee (2008), p37
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p454
- ^ Sharples (2004), p282
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p396
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p394
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- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p405
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p395
- ^ Sharples (2004), p186
- ^ Sharples (2004), p189
- ^ Sharples (2004), p234
- ^ Sharples (2004), p235
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- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p432
- ^ Sharples (2004), p271
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p250
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p242
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p374
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p391
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- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p504
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p433
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p478
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), pp400-401
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p480
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p449
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p506
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- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p505
- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p499
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- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), pp384-385
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), pp452-453
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p447
- ^ a b c Sharples (2004), p283
- ^ Sharples (2004), p284
- ^ Sharples (2004), pp290-291
- ^ Sharples (2004), p289
- ^ Ritchie Noakes (1980), p13
- ^ Deeds documenting history of Liverpool’s Three Graces discovered by antique dealer, Liverpool Echo, 25 July 2011.
- ^ Sharples (2004), p260
- ^ "Liverpool and its Chinese Seamen". Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2008.
- ^ Sharples (2004), p145
- ^ Sharples (2004), p268
- ^ Sharples (2004), p184
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p423
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p495
- ^ Inglis (2005), p86
- ^ Inglis (2005), pp100-101
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p475
- ^ Hughes (1999), p126
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p299
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p490
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- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p227
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- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p440
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p256
- ^ Ritchie Noakes (1984), p13
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), pp457-458
- ^ Sharples (2004), p161
- ^ Hughes (1999), p142
- ^ Sharples (2004), p152
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p140
- ^ a b Sharples (2004), p149
- ^ Sharples (2004), pp260-261
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p430
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p482
- ^ Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p401
- ^ a b Budden (1932), plates LXIV & LXVI
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- ^ Heritage at Risk register 2011 North West, pp. 67.
- ^ Sharples (2004), p185
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- ^ Gibberd (1968), p159
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- ^ Kennerley (1991), p180
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- ^ "BBC NEWS | England | Fourth Grace favourite revealed". news.bbc.co.uk. 6 December 2002. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ "BBC NEWS | England | Merseyside | Fourth Grace plans 'unworkable'". news.bbc.co.uk. 19 July 2004. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ [Alan Weston, http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2009/08/27/liverpool-pier-head-ferry-terminal-voted-britain-s-ugliest-building-100252-24548157/ Liverpool Pier Head Ferry Terminal voted Britain's ugliest building], Liverpool Echo, 27 August 2009.
- ^ In place of Grace, bdonline 2006 issue 09.
- ^ Ben Schofield, Liverpool’s Three Graces views blocked by Mann Island build, Liverpool Echo, 26 April 2010.
- ^ Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City, World Heritage in Danger.
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- ^ a b Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p404
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- ^ Knowles (1988), p4
- ^ The Architects' Journal, v.192, 1990, p6
- ^ Dolby, George (1887). Charles Dickens as I knew him. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22233-4.
- ^ Tytler, Sarah (1885). Life of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, Vol II.
- ^ Hemm (1949), p46
- ^ Richardson (1914), p86
- ^ Coles, Gladys Mary (1997). Both sides of the river:Merseyside in poetry and prose. Headland Publications. p. 71.
- ^ Coles, Gladys Mary (1997). Both sides of the river:Merseyside in poetry and prose. Headland Publications. p. 234.
- ^ Forwood, William Bower (1910). Recollections of a busy life. Liverpool: Henry Young & Sons.
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- ^ Harris (1970), p214
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- ^ Liverpool Wiki Archived 23 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Liverpool's Destroyed or Demolished Landmarks
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enlaces externos
- History of Georgian Liverpool
- Providing the full history on St Luke's 'Bombed Out' Church
- Archiseek - Liverpool Architecture
- Providing the full history on St Luke's 'Bombed Out' Church
- Showcasing the City of Liverpool's Buildings
- Liverpool World Heritage Website
- A Masterpiece for Merseyside Time Magazine, 13 Nov 1978
- Flickr photo set
- The Mersey Tunnel – Vintage page from 1937[permanent dead link]
- English Heritage Viewfinder 700 historical photos of Liverpool buildings
- Ward Lock Guide to Liverpool, excerpts, published 1949
- Liverpool's destroyed landmarks, from Liverpool Wiki