El Ejército de Pakistán ( Urdu : پاکستان فوج , romanizado : Pākistān Fãuj ; pronunciado [ˈpaːkɪstaːn faːɔːdʒ] ) es la rama de servicio terrestre de las Fuerzas Armadas de Pakistán . Las raíces de su existencia moderna se remontan al ejército británico de la India que dejó de existir después de la partición del subcontinente indio , lo que resultó en el acto parlamentario que estableció el estado soberano de Pakistán (como el dominio de Pakistán ) del Reino Unido el 14 Agosto de 1947.[6] : 1–2 Según las estadísticas proporcionadas por el World Factbook de la CIA en 2021, el ejército de Pakistán cuenta con aproximadamente 650 000efectivos en servicio activo, apoyados por 550 000 de la Reserva del Ejército y la Guardia Nacional [7] [8], lo que lo convierte efectivamente el 15º ejército del mundo en términos de mano de obra. [9] [10] Los ciudadanos paquistaníes pueden alistarse para el servicio militar voluntario al cumplir los 16 años de edad, pero no pueden ser enviados al combate hasta los 18 años de acuerdo con la constitución de Pakistán . [11]
Ejército de Pakistán | |
---|---|
Fundado | 14 de Agosto de 1947 (hace 73 años, 9 meses) |
País | Pakistán |
Tipo | Ejército |
Papel | Operaciones terrestres |
Tamaño | 650.000 efectivos en servicio activo [1] 500.000 efectivos de reserva [ cita requerida ] 185.000 Guardia Nacional [2] 6.500 civiles [3] ~ 318 aviones tripulados |
Parte de | Fuerzas Armadas de Pakistán |
Guarnición | Sede general (GHQ) , acantonamiento de Rawalpindi , Punjab |
Lema (s) | Fe , piedad , Jihad por la causa de Allah [4] |
Colores | |
Aniversarios | Día de la Defensa : 6 de septiembre |
Compromisos | Ver lista:
|
Sitio web | pakistanarmy.gov.pk |
Comandantes | |
Comandante en jefe | Presidente Arif Alvi |
Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ejército | General Qamar Javed Bajwa |
Jefe de Estado Mayor | Teniente general Sahir Shamshad Mirza [5] |
Insignias | |
Bandera de guerra | |
Aeronaves voladas | |
Ataque | TAI / AgustaWestland T129B ATAK , Bell AH-1Z Viper , Bell AH-1F Cobra , Mil Mi- 35M Hind , NESCOM Burraq , CASC Rainbow |
Helicóptero | Mil Mi-17 , Mil Mi-8 , Bell UH-1 Iroquois , Bell 412 , Bell 407 , Bell 206 , Eurocopter AS550 C3 Fennec , Aérospatiale Alouette III |
Transporte | Harbin Y-12 , Cessna Citation Bravo |
El objetivo principal y la misión constitucional del Ejército de Pakistán es garantizar la seguridad nacional y la unidad nacional de Pakistán defendiéndolo contra la agresión externa o la amenaza de guerra. También puede ser requisada por el gobierno federal para responder a amenazas internas reforzando la seguridad para mantener la paz dentro de sus fronteras terrestres. [12] Durante eventos de catástrofes y emergencias nacionales e internacionales, lleva a cabo operaciones de rescate humanitario en el país y es un participante activo en las misiones de mantenimiento de la paz encomendadas por las Naciones Unidas, sobre todo jugando un papel importante en el rescate de los soldados estadounidenses atrapados que habían solicitado un Fuerza de reacción rápida durante la Operación Serpiente Gótica en Somalia. Las tropas del Ejército de Pakistán también tuvieron una presencia relativamente fuerte como parte de una coalición más grande de la ONU y la OTAN durante la Guerra de Bosnia y las Guerras Yugoslavas más importantes . : 70 [13]
El Ejército de Pakistán, un componente importante del ejército pakistaní junto con la Armada de Pakistán y la Fuerza Aérea de Pakistán , es una fuerza voluntaria que ha sido testigo de un extenso combate durante tres guerras importantes con la vecina India , varias escaramuzas fronterizas en su porosa frontera con Afganistán, así como una insurgencia de larga duración en Baluchistán, que ha estado combatiendo junto con las fuerzas de seguridad iraníes desde 1948. [14] [15] : 31 Desde la década de 1960, elementos del ejército se han desplegado repetidamente para actuar en calidad de asesores en los estados árabes durante la eventos de las guerras árabe-israelíes , así como para ayudar a la coalición liderada por Estados Unidos contra Irak en la Primera Guerra del Golfo . Otras operaciones militares notables durante la guerra global contra el terrorismo en el siglo XXI incluyeron: Zarb-e-Azb , Black Thunderstorm y Rah-e-Nijat . [dieciséis]
En violación de su mandato constitucional, ha derrocado repetidamente a gobiernos civiles electos que se extralimitan en su mandato constitucional protegido de "actuar en ayuda de los gobiernos federales civiles cuando se les pide que lo hagan". [17] El ejército ha estado involucrado en la aplicación de la ley marcial contra el gobierno federal con el reclamo de restaurar la ley y el orden en el país al destituir al poder legislativo y al parlamento en múltiples ocasiones en las últimas décadas, mientras mantiene una política comercial, extranjera y política más amplia. interés en el país. Esto lo ha llevado a enfrentar acusaciones de actuar como estado dentro de otro estado . [18] [19] [20]
El Ejército de Pakistán tiene un sistema de regimiento, pero está dividido operativa y geográficamente en zonas de mando , y sus campos más básicos son los diversos cuerpos . [21] La constitución de Pakistán ordena el papel del presidente de Pakistán como el comandante en jefe civil del ejército paquistaní. [22] El Ejército de Pakistán está comandado por el Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ejército , que es por estatuto un general de rango de cuatro estrellas y un miembro de alto rango del Comité de Jefes de Estado Mayor Conjunto designado por el primer ministro y posteriormente ratificado por el presidente. [23] En enero de 2021 [actualizar], el actual Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ejército es el general Qamar Javed Bajwa , quien fue designado para el cargo el 29 de noviembre de 2016. [24] [25]
Misión
Su existencia y función constitucional están protegidas por la Constitución de Pakistán , donde su función es servir como la rama de servicio uniforme con base en tierra de las Fuerzas Armadas de Pakistán . La Constitución de Pakistán establece la rama principal de uniformes de guerra terrestre en las Fuerzas Armadas de Pakistán como sus estados:
Las Fuerzas Armadas, bajo la dirección del Gobierno Federal, defenderán a Pakistán contra la agresión externa o la amenaza de guerra y, con sujeción a la ley, actuarán en ayuda del poder civil cuando se les solicite.
- Constitución de Pakistán [26]
Historia
Orígenes tempranos
División del ejército británico de la India y la primera guerra con la India (1947-1952)
El ejército de Pakistán entró en su nacimiento moderno a partir de la división del ejército indio británico que dejó de existir como resultado de la partición de la India que resultó en la creación de Pakistán el 14 de agosto de 1947 .: 1–2 [6] Antes incluso de la La partición tuvo lugar, había planes por delante de dividir el ejército indio británico en diferentes partes basadas en la influencia religiosa y étnica en las áreas de la India. : 1–2 [6]
El 30 de junio de 1947, el Departamento de Guerra de la administración británica en la India comenzó a planificar la división de los ~ 400.000 hombres del Ejército Británico de la India, pero eso solo comenzó unas semanas antes de la partición de la India que resultó en una violenta violencia religiosa en la India . : 1–2 [6] El Comité de Reconstitución de las Fuerzas Armadas (AFRC) bajo la presidencia del mariscal de campo británico Sir Claude Auchinleck había ideado la fórmula para dividir los activos militares entre India y Pakistán con una proporción de 2: 1, respectivamente. : cont. [27]
Sir Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi , un funcionario indio que tuvo una gran influencia en asegurar que ~ 260.000 hombres fueran transferidos para formar el ejército indio, supervisó una importante división del ejército, mientras que el resto iría a Pakistán después de que el acta de independencia fuera promulgada por Reino Unido en la noche del 14 al 15 de agosto de 1947 .: 2-3 [6]
El mando y control en todos los niveles del nuevo ejército era extremadamente difícil, ya que Pakistán había recibido seis regimientos blindados, ocho de artillería y ocho de infantería en comparación con los doce regimientos blindados, cuarenta de artillería y veintiún de infantería que fueron a la India. : 155-156 [28] En total, el tamaño del nuevo ejército era de unos 150.000 hombres. : 155-156 [28] Para cubrir la vacante en los puestos de mando del nuevo ejército, alrededor de 13.500 : 2 [6] oficiales militares del ejército británico tuvieron que ser empleados en el ejército de Pakistán, que era un número bastante grande, bajo el mando del teniente general Frank Messervy , el primer comandante en jefe del ejército de Pakistán. : 70 [29]
Eminentes temores de que la India tomara el control del estado de Cachemira , las tribus armadas y los exploradores de milicias irregulares entraron en el valle de Cachemira, de mayoría musulmana, para oponerse al gobierno de Hari Singh , un hindú y el gobernante maharajá de Cachemira , en Octubre de 1947 .: cont. [30] Intentando mantener su control sobre el estado principesco , Hari Singh desplegó sus tropas para controlar los avances tribales, pero sus tropas no lograron detener el avance de las tribus hacia el valle. : 40 [31] Finalmente, Hari Singh apeló a Louis Mountbatten , el gobernador general de la India , solicitando el despliegue de las Fuerzas Armadas indias, pero el gobierno indio sostuvo que las tropas podrían ser enviadas si Hari Singh accedía a la India. : 40 [31] Hari Singh finalmente acordó ceder al gobierno indio los términos que finalmente llevaron al despliegue del ejército indio en Cachemira ; este acuerdo, sin embargo, fue impugnado por Pakistán ya que el acuerdo no incluía el consentimiento del pueblo de Cachemira . : 40 [31] Estallaron combates esporádicos entre la milicia y el ejército indio, y unidades del ejército de Pakistán al mando del general de división. Akbar Khan , finalmente se unió a la milicia en su lucha contra el ejército indio. : 40 [31]
Aunque fue el teniente general Sir Frank Messervy quien se opuso a la invasión tribal en una reunión del gabinete con el primer ministro Liaquat Ali Khan en 1947, y luego dejó el mando del ejército en 1947 : 447 [32] en opinión de los oficiales británicos. en el ejército de la India y Pakistán estarían luchando entre sí en el frente de guerra. : 417 [33] Era el teniente general. Douglas Gracey, quien, según los informes, desobedeció las órdenes directas de Muhammad Ali Jinnah , el gobernador general de Pakistán , para el despliegue de las unidades del ejército y, finalmente, emitió órdenes permanentes que impedían que las unidades del ejército de Pakistán siguieran participando en el conflicto. : 59 [34]
En 1948, cuando se hizo imperativo en Pakistán que la India estaba a punto de montar una operación a gran escala contra Pakistán, el general Gracey no se opuso al despliegue de las unidades del ejército en el conflicto contra el ejército indio. : 59 [34]
Esta insubordinación anterior del general Gracey finalmente obligó a India y Pakistán a llegar a un compromiso a través de la intervención de las Naciones Unidas , con Pakistán controlando Cachemira occidental e India controlando Cachemira oriental . : 417 [33]
Siglo XX: Actuaciones de guerra fría y conflicto
Reorganización bajo el ejército de los Estados Unidos (1952-1958)
En el momento de la partición de la India británica , el mariscal de campo británico (Reino Unido), Sir Claude Auchinleck, favoreció la transferencia de las divisiones de infantería al ejército de Pakistán, incluidas las 7 , 8 y 9 . : 55 [35] En 1948, los oficiales del ejército británico en el Ejército de Pakistán establecieron y levantaron las divisiones de infantería 10 , 12 y 14 , y la 14 se estableció en Bengala Oriental . : 55 [35] En 1950, la 15ª División de Infantería se creó con la ayuda del Ejército de los Estados Unidos , seguida por el establecimiento de la 15ª División de Lanceros en Sialkot. : 36 [36] La dependencia de los Estados Unidos aumentó aún más por parte del ejército de Pakistán a pesar de que tenía preocupaciones preocupantes para los políticos del país. : 36 [36] Entre 1950 y 54, el Ejército de Pakistán levantó seis regimientos blindados más bajo la dirección del Ejército de los Estados Unidos: entre ellos, el 4º de caballería, el 12º de caballería , el 15º de lanceros y el 20º de lanceros . : 36 [36]
Después del incidente que involucró la desobediencia de Gracey, hubo una fuerte creencia de que se debería nombrar un comandante nativo del ejército de Pakistán, lo que resultó en que el Gobierno de Pakistán rechazara el reemplazo del General Gracey por parte de la Junta del Ejército Británico tras su reemplazo, en 1951. : 34 [37] Finalmente, el primer ministro Liaquat Ali Khan aprobó el documento de promoción de Maj-Gen. Iftikhar Khan como el primer comandante en jefe nativo , un graduado del Imperial Defense College en Inglaterra , pero murió en un accidente de aviación en ruta a Pakistán desde el Reino Unido . [38]
Después de la muerte de Maj-Gen. Iftikhar , había cuatro generales de alto rango en el ejército en la carrera de ascenso, pero el más joven, el general de división. Ayub Khan , cuyo nombre no estaba incluido en la lista de ascensos, fue elevado a la promoción que resultó en un cabildeo proporcionado por Iskandar Mirza, el secretario de Defensa en la administración de Ali Khan . [39] Una tradición de nombramientos basada en el favoritismo y la calificación que todavía se practica por los primeros ministros civiles en Pakistán. [39] Ayub fue ascendido al rango interino de general completo para comandar el ejército mientras sus predecesores Frank Messervy y Douglas Gracey estaban cumpliendo el deber de comandante en jefe del Ejército de Pakistán en el rango interino de general, el país vecino de la India. Los primeros comandantes en jefe eran los mismos en este contexto.
El departamento del ejército al mando del general Ayub Khan orientó las necesidades del ejército hacia un fuerte enfoque y dependencia hacia el hardware importado adquirido de los Estados Unidos , a pesar de haberlo adquirido de la industria nacional, bajo el Grupo Asesor de Asistencia Militar adscrito a Pakistán en 1954– 56. : 36 [36] En 1953, la 6ª División de Infantería se levantó y disolvió la 6ª División en 1956 seguida de la disolución de la 9ª División de Infantería ya que la ayuda estadounidense estaba disponible sólo para una división blindada y seis divisiones de infantería. : 36 [36] Durante este tiempo, el general Ayub Khan puso a disposición un equipo de brigada de combate del ejército para desplegarlo en apoyo de las tropas de combate del ejército estadounidense en la guerra de Corea . : 270 [40]
Trabajando como ministro del gabinete en la administración de Bogra , la imparcialidad del general Ayub fue muy cuestionada por los políticos del país e impulsó la política de defensa de Pakistán hacia la dependencia de los Estados Unidos cuando el país se convirtió en el partido del CENTO y la SEATO , las medidas activas de Estados Unidos contra la expansión del comunismo global . : 60 [41] [42]
En 1956, se estableció la 1ª División Blindada en Multan, seguida de las Fuerzas Especiales en Cherat bajo la supervisión de las Fuerzas Especiales del Ejército de los EE. UU . : 55 [35] : 133 [43] Bajo el control del general Ayub , el ejército había erradicado la influencia británica pero había invitado a la expansión estadounidense y había reorganizado el Regimiento de Bengala Oriental en Bengala Oriental , el Regimiento de la Fuerza Fronteriza en el norte de Pakistán , Cachemira Regimiento en Cachemira y Frontier Corps en el oeste de Pakistán . [6] El orden de precedencia cambia de Armada-Ejército-Fuerza Aérea a Ejército-Armada-Fuerza Aérea, siendo el ejército la rama de servicio de mayor jerarquía en la estructura del ejército paquistaní. : 98 [41]
En 1957, se estableció el I Cuerpo y la sede se ubicó en Punjab. : 55 [35] Entre 1956–58, las escuelas de infantería y táctica, [44] artillería, [45] artillería, [46] blindados, [47] médicos, ingeniería, servicios, aviación, [48] y varias otras escuelas y se establecieron centros de formación con o sin la participación de Estados Unidos. : 60 [41]
Toma de posesión militar en Pakistán y segunda guerra con la India (1958-1969)
Ya en 1953, el ejército de Pakistán se involucró en la política nacional con miras a restaurar la situación de la ley y el orden cuando el gobernador general Malik Ghulam , con la aprobación del primer ministro Khawaja Nazimuddin , destituyó al gobierno estatal del primer ministro Mumtaz Daultana, por mandato popular. en Punjab en Pakistán , y declaró la ley marcial bajo el teniente general. Azam Khan y el coronel Rahimuddin Khan, quienes sofocaron con éxito la agitación religiosa en Lahore . : 17-18 [50] : 158 En 1954, el Cuerpo de Inteligencia Militar del Ejército de Pakistán envió, según se informa, el informe de inteligencia que indicaba el auge del comunismo en Pakistán Oriental durante las elecciones legislativas celebradas en Bengala Oriental . : 75 [49] A los dos meses de las elecciones, el primer ministro Mohammad Ali Bogra , con la aprobación del gobernador general Malik Ghulam , destituyó a otro gobierno estatal por mandato popular del ministro principal Fazlul Huq en Bengala Oriental en Pakistán , y declaró el gobierno del gobernador bajo Iskandar Mirza, que dependía del ejército de Pakistán para gestionar el control y la seguridad de Bengala Oriental en todos los niveles de mando. : 75 [49] Con el general Ayub Khan convirtiéndose en Ministro de Defensa bajo el Ministerio de Talentos dirigido por el Primer Ministro Bogra , la participación del ejército en la política nacional creció aún más con la implementación del controvertido programa Una Unidad , aboliendo el estatus de Cuatro Provincias , a pesar de las fuertes protestas del público y de los políticos de Pakistán Occidental. : 80 [49] Los principales fondos y gastos de defensa se centraron únicamente en el departamento del ejército de Ayub y el departamento de la fuerza aérea dirigido por el mariscal del aire Asghar Khan , dando menos prioridad a las necesidades nacionales de la Armada. [51]
De 1954 a 1958, Ayub Khan fue sometido a recibir múltiples extensiones de servicio por parte de los primeros ministros civiles que recibieron por primera vez en 1954 que extendieron su comisión hasta 1958 .: contents [52] : 232 [53]
El ejército de Pakistán bajo Ayub Khan había apoyado menos la implementación del primer conjunto de la Constitución de Pakistán que había establecido el control civil del ejército , y el ejército pasó a respaldar y apoyar completamente la primera ley marcial en el país impuesta por Presidente Iskander Mirza : el ejército luego tomó el control del poder del presidente Mirza en solo dos semanas e instaló a Ayub Khan como el segundo presidente . : 81 [49] El posterior cambio de mando dio como resultado que el general Musa Khan se convirtiera en el comandante del ejército y Ayub Khan se promocionara como controvertido rango de mariscal de campo . : 22 [54] [ fuente autoeditada? ] En 1969, la Corte Suprema revocó su decisión y anuló sus convicciones que pedían la validación de la ley marcial en 1958 .: 60 [55]
El ejército celebró el referéndum y controló estrictamente la situación política a través de las agencias de inteligencia , y prohibió las actividades políticas en el país. [56]
De 1961 a 1962, la ayuda militar continuó a Pakistán desde los Estados Unidos y establecieron el 25 ° de Caballería , seguido por el 24 ° de Caballería , 22 ° y 23 ° de Caballería. : 36 [36] En 1960–61, las Fuerzas Especiales del Ejército supuestamente participaron en la toma del control de la administración de Dir de la Nawab de Dir en Chitral en la Provincia de la Frontera Noroeste debido a las preocupaciones de la intromisión afgana en la región. [57] En 1964-65, los enfrentamientos fronterizos y las tensiones estallaron con el ejército indio con un incidente grave que tuvo lugar cerca del Rann de Kutch , seguido de la fallida acción encubierta para tomar el control del lado indio de Cachemira que resultó en una masiva represalia por parte del ejército indio el 5 de agosto de 1965. [58] En la noche del 6 de septiembre de 1965, la India abrió el frente contra Pakistán cuando el cuerpo mecanizado del ejército indio cargó hacia delante asumiendo el control del lado paquistaní del Punjab , casi llegando a Lahore . : 294 [59] En el momento del conflicto en 1965, la armería de Pakistán y el hardware de las unidades mecanizadas se importaron de los Estados Unidos, incluidos el M4 Sherman , M24 Chaffee , M36 Jackson y los tanques M47 y M48 Patton , equipados con tanques de 90 mm. pistolas. [60] En contraste, el blindaje del ejército indio tenía una tecnología obsoleta con el M4 Sherman estadounidense de uso en la guerra de Corea y el Tanque Centurión británico fabricado en la Segunda Guerra Mundial , equipado con los cañones CN-75 de fabricación francesa. [61]
A pesar de Pakistán disfruta de la ventaja numérica en tanques y artillería, así como un mejor equipo en general, : 69 [62] [63] el ejército indio penetrado con éxito las defensas de la frontera de Pakistán y conquistaron con éxito en todo 360 a 500 kilómetros cuadrados (140 a 190 millas cuadradas) [59] [64] del territorio de Punjab paquistaní en las afueras de Lahore. [65] Una importante batalla de tanques tuvo lugar en Chawinda , en la que la recién establecida Primera División Blindada pudo detener la invasión india. : 35 [66] Finalmente, la invasión india de Pakistán se detuvo cuando el ejército indio concluyó la batalla cerca de Burki . [65] [67] [ página necesaria ] [68] [69] Con los esfuerzos diplomáticos y la participación de la Unión Soviética para llevar a dos naciones a poner fin a la guerra, la administración de Ayub llegó a un compromiso con el ministerio de Shastri en India cuando ambos gobiernos firmaron y ratificó la Declaración de Tashkent . [68] [69] Según los estudios de países de la Biblioteca del Congreso realizados por la División Federal de Investigaciones de los Estados Unidos:
La guerra no fue militarmente concluyente; cada lado tenía prisioneros y un territorio perteneciente al otro. Las pérdidas fueron relativamente cuantiosas: en el lado paquistaní, veinte aviones, 200 tanques y 3.800 soldados. El ejército de Pakistán había podido resistir la presión india, pero la continuación de los combates solo habría provocado más pérdidas y una derrota final para Pakistán. La mayoría de los paquistaníes, educados en la creencia de su propia destreza marcial, se negaron a aceptar la posibilidad de la derrota militar de su país por la "India hindú" y, en cambio, se apresuraron a culpar de su fracaso en lograr sus objetivos militares a lo que consideraban la ineptitud de Ayub Khan y su gobierno. [70]
En el momento del alto el fuego declarado, según fuentes neutrales, las bajas indias ascendían a 3.000 mientras que las bajas paquistaníes eran 3800. [71] [72] [73] Pakistán perdió entre 200-300 tanques durante el conflicto e India perdió aproximadamente 150-190 tanques. . [74] [75] [se necesita una mejor fuente ]
Sin embargo, la mayoría de las evaluaciones neutrales coinciden en que India tenía ventaja sobre Pakistán cuando se declaró el alto el fuego, [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] pero la propaganda en Pakistán sobre la guerra continuó a favor del Ejército de Pakistán. [81] La guerra no fue analizada racionalmente en Pakistán, la mayor parte de la culpa recayó en el liderazgo y se dio poca importancia a las fallas de inteligencia que persistieron hasta la debacle de la tercera guerra con India en 1971. [82] No hubo acción militar. tomada por el ejército de Pakistán en Pakistán oriental contra el ejército indio permanente, y al final del ejército indio estaba en posesión de 1.920 km 2 (740 millas cuadradas) de territorio paquistaní y el ejército de Pakistán tenía 550 km 2 (210 millas cuadradas) del territorio indio. [83] La acción del Ejército de la India se restringió a la región de Punjab de ambos lados con el Ejército de la India principalmente en los fértiles sectores de Sialkot, Lahore y Cachemira, [84] [85] mientras que las ganancias de tierras paquistaníes se produjeron principalmente en los desiertos del sur frente a Sindh y en el sector de Chumb. cerca de Cachemira en el norte. [84]
Con el embargo de armas de los Estados Unidos sobre Pakistán por el tema de la guerra, el ejército se dirigió a la Unión Soviética y China para la adquisición de hardware, y evaluó correctamente que la falta de infantería jugó un papel importante en el fracaso de la armadura paquistaní para traducir. su convincente superioridad material y técnica en un gran éxito operativo o estratégico contra el ejército indio. [86] En última instancia, el alto mando del ejército estableció las divisiones de infantería 9 , 16 y 17 en 1966-68. [86] En 1966, se formó el IV Cuerpo y se estableció su cuartel general y se colocó permanentemente en Lahore, Punjab en Pakistán . [87]
El ejército siguió involucrado en los asuntos cívicos de la nación y finalmente impuso la segunda ley marcial en 1969 cuando el mandato de la constitución fue derogado por el entonces comandante del ejército, el general Yahya Khan , quien tomó el control de los asuntos cívicos de la nación después de la renuncia de El presidente Ayub Khan, dio lugar a huelgas laborales masivas instigadas por el Partido Popular de Pakistán en el oeste y la Liga Awami en el este de Pakistán . [88]
En una demanda resuelta por la Corte Suprema de Pakistán , la legalidad de la ley marcial se consideró cuestionable ya que la Corte Suprema resolvió la demanda invalidando retroactivamente la ley marcial que suspendía la Constitución y dictaminó notablemente que la asunción del poder de Yahya Khan era una "usurpación ilegal ". : 59–60 [55] A la luz del fallo de la Corte Suprema, el ejército celebró la conferencia televisada públicamente cuando el presidente Yahya Khan anunció la celebración de las elecciones generales nacionales en 1969–70. : 59–60 [55]
Represión, conflicto civil en Pakistán Oriental e invasión india (1969-1971)
En 1969, el presidente Yahya Khan decidió hacer cambios administrativos en el ejército al nombrar al general Abdul Hamid Khan como Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ejército (ACOS) del Ejército de Pakistán, quien centralizó la cadena de mando en Rawalpindi en un cuartel general conocido como " Alto comando". : 32 [89] Entre 1967 y 1969, las unidades de infantería llevaron a cabo una serie de importantes ejercicios militares en la frontera de Pakistán Oriental con la India. : 114-119 [90] En 1970, la misión militar del ejército de Pakistán en Jordania supuestamente participó en el abordaje y control de la infiltración palestina en Jordania. [91] En junio de 1971, el alistamiento en el ejército había permitido al cuartel general del ejército en Rawalpindi levantar y establecer la 18a división de infantería , estacionada en Hyderabad , Sindh , para la defensa de 900 kilómetros (560 millas) desde Rahimyar Khan hasta Rann de Kutch , y reestableció la 23ª división de infantería para defender el Sector Chhamb-Dewa . [86]
En 1971, se estableció el II Cuerpo y su sede en Multan, impulsado hacia la defensa de la incursión masiva del ejército indio. [87] En diciembre de 1971, la 33ª división de infantería se estableció a partir de las reservas del ejército del II Cuerpo , seguida de la creación de la 37ª División de Infantería . [86] Según se informa, el Ejército de Pakistán ayudó a la Armada de Pakistán a establecer la rama anfibia, los Marines de Pakistán , cuyo batallón fue trasladado por aire a Pakistán Oriental junto con la 9ª División de Infantería. [92] [86] Los otros batallones de infantes de marina estaban estacionados con las tropas del ejército en las faldas de Punjab para apoyar la defensa en los eventos de la guerra con la India. [92]
La intervención en Pakistán Oriental creció aún más cuando la Operación Reflector resultó en el adelantamiento de los edificios gubernamentales, los centros de comunicación y la restricción de los políticos que se oponían al gobierno militar. : 263 [93] En un mes, los estrategas de seguridad nacional de Pakistán se dieron cuenta de su fracaso en la implementación del plan que no había anticipado la resistencia civil en el Este, y la naturaleza real de la estrategia india detrás de su apoyo a la resistencia. : 2-3 [94]
La administración de Yahya está ampliamente acusada de permitir que el ejército cometa crímenes de guerra contra los civiles en el este y de frenar las libertades civiles y los derechos humanos en Pakistán. El Comando del Este bajo el teniente general. AAK Niazi , que tenía la responsabilidad de área de la defensa del frente oriental y la responsabilidad de proteger, fue acusado de intensificar la violencia política en el este por parte de los oficiales militares, políticos y periodistas en activo en Pakistán. [95] [96] Desde las elecciones generales de 1970, el ejército había detenido a varios políticos clave, periodistas, activistas por la paz, estudiantes sindicalistas y otros miembros de la sociedad civil mientras frenaba las libertades de movimiento y expresión en Pakistán. : 112 [97] En Pakistán Oriental, el Comando Militar Oriental unificado bajo el mando del Teniente General. AAK Niazi, comenzó su compromiso con la milicia armada que tenía el apoyo terrorista directo de la India en abril de 1971, y finalmente luchó contra el ejército indio en diciembre de 1971 .: 596 [98] : 596 El ejército, junto con los marines, lanzó ofensivas terrestres en ambos frentes, pero el ejército indio se mantuvo firme e inició operaciones terrestres bien coordinadas en ambos frentes, capturando inicialmente 15.010 kilómetros cuadrados (5.795 millas cuadradas) : 239 [43] del territorio de Pakistán; esta tierra ganada por la India en los sectores de Azad Kashmir , Punjab y Sindh . : 239 [43]
En respuesta al ultimátum emitido el 16 de diciembre de 1971 por el ejército indio en el este, Lt-Gen. Niazi acordó admitir la derrota y avanzar hacia la firma de la rendición documentada con el ejército indio que puso fin de manera efectiva y unilateral a la resistencia armada y lideró la creación de Bangladesh , solo después del compromiso oficial de India que duró 13 días. [99] Se informó que el Comando del Este había entregado ~ 93.000-97.000 uniformados al ejército indio, la mayor rendición en una guerra por cualquier país después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial . [100] Las bajas infligidas al I Cuerpo, II Cuerpo e Infantes de Marina no le sentaron bien al presidente Yahya Khan, quien entregó el control del gobierno cívico a Zulfikar Ali Bhutto a través de un decreto ejecutivo. [101]
Al comentar sobre la derrota, el observador militar en el Ejército de Pakistán, Mayor AH Amin, informó que los estrategas de guerra en el ejército no habían considerado seriamente una invasión completa desde la India hasta diciembre de 1971, porque se presumía que el ejército indio no lo haría. riesgo de intervención de China o Estados Unidos, y el alto mando no se dio cuenta de que los chinos no podrían intervenir durante los meses de invierno de noviembre a diciembre, debido a los pasos nevados del Himalaya, y los estadounidenses no habían hecho ningún esfuerzo real para persuadir India contra el ataque de Pakistán Oriental. [102]
Reestructuración de las fuerzas armadas, estabilidad y restauración (1971-1977)
En enero de 1972, la administración Bhutto formó la Comisión POW para investigar el número de prisioneros de guerra retenidos por el ejército indio mientras solicitaba a la Corte Suprema de Pakistán que investigara las causas del fracaso de la guerra con India en 1971 .: 7-10 [104] La Corte Suprema formó la famosa Comisión de Investigación de Guerra (WEC) que identificó muchas fallas, fracturas y fallas dentro de la institución del departamento del ejército y presentó recomendaciones para fortalecer las fuerzas armadas en general. [6] Bajo la administración de Yahya , el ejército estaba muy desmoralizado y hubo informes no confirmados de motines de soldados contra los generales superiores del ejército en las guarniciones del Cuerpo y el Cuartel General del Ejército en Rawalpindi. : 5 [104]
Al regresar de la rápida visita a los Estados Unidos en 1971 , el presidente Bhutto descargó con fuerza y deshonra la comisión de siete generales de alto rango del ejército, a los que llamó las "waderas del ejército" (literalmente, señores de la guerra ). : 71 [105] En 1972, la dirección del ejército bajo el mando del Teniente General. Gul Hassan se abstuvo de actuar bajo la orden de la administración de Bhutto para hacer frente a las huelgas laborales en Karachi y detuvo a los líderes sindicales en Karachi, y en su lugar aconsejó al gobierno federal que utilizara el Departamento de Policía para tomar las medidas. : 7 [104]
El 2 de marzo de 1972 , el presidente Bhutto destituyó a la comisión del Teniente General. Gul Hassan como comandante del ejército, reemplazado por el teniente general. Tikka Khan, quien luego fue ascendido al rango de cuatro estrellas y designado como el primer Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ejército (COAS). : 8 [104] El ejército bajo la administración de Bhutto fue reconstruido en su estructura, mejorando su capacidad de combate, y reorganizado con el establecimiento del X Cuerpo en Punjab en 1974 , seguido por el V Cuerpo en Sindh y el XI Cuerpo en Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. en Pakistán en 1975 . [106] El acuerdo trilateral en la India, la administración Bhutto transfirió a todos los prisioneros de guerra de regreso al país, pero los militares luchan por cubrir las vacantes y empleos debido a que algunos sufren de trastorno de estrés postraumático y otras complicaciones de salud mental, mientras que otros simplemente no lo hicieron. quería seguir sirviendo en el ejército. : 19-20 [104] Bajo la administración de Bhutto, el ejército se involucró en la producción autónoma y finalmente llegó a China para establecer las industrias de materiales y metales para superar la escasez de materiales y la fabricación de la industria de armas en el país. [107]
En 1973 , la administración Bhutto destituyó al gobierno estatal en Baluchistán que resultó en otro movimiento separatista , culminando la serie de acciones del ejército en la provincia más grande del país que terminaron en 1977 .: 319 [108] Con la ayuda militar recibida de Irán, incluida la transferencia de la Campana AH-1 Cobra al Cuerpo de Aviación , : 319 [108] el conflicto llegó a su fin con el gobierno paquistaní ofreciendo las generales amnistías a los separatistas en la década de 1980. : 151 [109] : 319 : 319 [108] Sobre la cuestión del conflicto de Baloch, el ejército paquistaní siguió involucrado en la guerra civil de Omán a favor del gobierno de Omán hasta que los rebeldes fueron derrotados en 1979. [110] La Comisión de Investigación de Guerra señaló la falta de una gran estrategia conjunta entre las cuatro ramas de las fuerzas armadas durante la primera , la segunda y la tercera guerras con la India, recomendando el establecimiento del Comité de Jefes de Estado Mayor Conjunto para mantener la comunicación militar estratégica entre los servicios interservicios y el gobierno federal. gobierno, que será presidido por los jefes conjuntos nombrados por el presidente como principal asesor militar del gobierno. : 145 [111] En 1976 , el primer presidente conjunto de jefes fue nombrado del ejército con el general Muhammad Shariff asumiendo la presidencia, pero dimitió un año después. : 145 [111] En 1975 , el primer ministro Zulfikar Ali Bhutto sustituyó polémicamente al menos a siete generales superiores del ejército para ascender al teniente general. Zia-ul-Haq al rango de cuatro estrellas, nombrándolo Jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército (COAS) a pesar de las recomendaciones del ejército enviadas al gobierno federal. : 24 [104]
En la década de 1970, las formaciones de ingenieros del ejército, entre las que destaca el Cuerpo de Ingenieros , desempeñaron un papel crucial en el apoyo al programa clandestino de bombas atómicas para alcanzar su paridad y viabilidad, incluida la construcción de túneles de hierro y acero en los sitios secretos de pruebas de armas nucleares en 1977–78. : 144-145 [103]
Los pilotos de combate de la PAF y la Armada sirvieron voluntariamente en los ejércitos de las naciones árabes contra Israel en la Guerra de Yom Kippur (1973). En la guerra de 1973, uno de los pilotos de la PAF, Flt. El teniente Sattar Alvi que volaba un MiG-21 derribó un Mirage de la Fuerza Aérea israelí y fue honrado por el gobierno sirio. [112] [113] [114]
Operaciones en Oriente Medio, misiones de mantenimiento de la paz y acciones encubiertas (1977–1999)
La inestabilidad política aumentó en el país cuando la alianza conservadora se negó a aceptar la participación electoral a favor del Partido Popular de Pakistán (PPP) después de las elecciones generales celebradas en 1977 .: 25-26 [104] El ejército, bajo el mando del general Zia-ul -Haq - el jefe del ejército , comenzó a planificar la toma militar del gobierno federal bajo el primer ministro Zulfikar Bhutto , y eventualmente lideró el golpe de estado que suspendió el mandato de la Constitución en respuesta al llamado de uno de los líderes de la oposición de amenazar con llamar a otra guerra civil. : 27 [104] La injerencia militar en asuntos cívicos creció aún más cuando la ley marcial se extendió por un período infinito a pesar de sostener que las elecciones se realizarían 90 días antes. : 30–31 [104] A petición de la monarquía saudí , la administración de Zia desplegó la compañía de las fuerzas especiales para poner fin a la incautación de la Gran Mezquita en La Meca a los islamistas . : 265–280 [115]
El ejército del presidente Zia se debilitó debido a que se necesitaban oficiales del ejército para administrar los asuntos del gobierno cívico y los controvertidos tribunales militares que llevaban a cabo juicios de los comunistas, disidentes y las oposiciones de la administración de Zia . : 31–32 [104] En 1984–85, Pakistán perdió el control de los glaciares del norte debido a la exitosa expedición y penetración del ejército indio , y el ejército tuvo que participar en batallas difíciles durante años con el ejército indio para recuperar sus áreas. el ejército indio. : 45 [104] Preocupaciones sobre los oficiales militares y el personal del ejército necesarios para contrarrestar los nuevos avances del ejército indio en los frentes del norte en 1984, la ley marcial se levantó tras el referéndum que aprobó la presidencia de Zia y proporcionó una forma de celebrar las elecciones generales. en 1985 .: 45 [104] El control militar bajo la administración del ejército había logrado estabilizar la ley y el orden en Baluchistán a pesar de la inmigración ilegal masiva de Afganistán , y emitió las amnistías generales a separatistas y rebeldes. [116] Para abordar la contención y la seguridad afganas, el ejército estableció el XII Cuerpo en 1985 que tiene su cuartel general permanente en Quetta , que está diseñado para proporcionar defensa contra la infiltración del Ejército Nacional Afgano desde Afganistán . [117]
En 1985, Estados Unidos aprobó el paquete de ayuda militar, por valor de 4.020 millones de dólares, a Pakistán cuando aumentaron e intensificaron los combates mujaheddin con la Unión Soviética en Afganistán , y el ejército soviético comenzó a violar y atacar a los insurgentes en las áreas tribales de Pakistán. : 45–46 [104] En 1986, las tensiones con India aumentaron cuando las tropas permanentes del ejército indio se movilizaron en posición de combate en la frontera sur de Pakistán con India sin notificar el ejercicio a Pakistán antes. : 46 [104] En 1987–88, el XXX Cuerpo , con sede en el norte de Punjab, y el XXXI Cuerpo , con sede en el sur de Punjab, fueron levantados y establecidos para proporcionar defensa contra la infiltración masiva del ejército indio. [87]
Después del accidente de aviación que resultó en el fallecimiento del presidente Zia en 1988, el ejército organizó el ejercicio militar masivo con la Fuerza Aérea de Pakistán para evaluar la evaluación tecnológica de los sistemas de armas y la preparación operativa. : 57 [104] [119] En la década de 1980, el ejército de Pakistán permaneció involucrado en los asuntos de Medio Oriente , primero se desplegó en Arabia Saudita durante la Guerra Irán-Irak en 1980-1988, y luego supervisó las medidas de apoyo operativo y las acciones de combate durante la Guerra del Golfo en 1990-1991. [6]
El período 1991-1998 vio al ejército comprometido con el profesionalismo y demostró sus habilidades de combate en el teatro de Somalia (1991-1994), la Guerra de Bosnia y Serbia (en el lado bosnio de 1994-1998 [120] ) y los otros teatros de la Guerras Yugoslavas , como parte del despliegue de las Naciones Unidas. : 69–73 [121] [122] En 1998, el Cuerpo de Ingenieros del ejército jugó un papel crucial en proporcionar a la administración militar la preparación de las pruebas de armas atómicas en Baluchistán cuando los bombarderos de la fuerza aérea volaron y transportaron por aire los dispositivos atómicos . [123] El controvertido relevo del general Jehangir Karamat por parte de la administración Sharif supuestamente alteró el equilibrio de las relaciones cívico-militares con la mayoría de los menores del general. Pervez Musharraf lo reemplazó como presidente adjunto y jefe del ejército en 1999. [124]
En mayo de 1999, la infantería ligera del norte del ejército , la unidad paramilitar en ese momento, se deslizó hacia Kargil, lo que resultó en intensos combates fronterizos con el ejército indio , infligidos con numerosas bajas en ambos lados. [125] El plan mal diseñado sin una consideración significativa de los resultados de la guerra fronteriza con la India, el ejército bajo el presidente de los jefes conjuntos, el general Pervez Musharraf (también jefe del ejército en ese momento) fracasó en su desempeño de combate y sufrió con resultados similares a el plan anterior en 1965, con los observadores militares estadounidenses en el ejército de Pakistán comentando famosos a los canales de noticias en Pakistán : Kargil fue otro ejemplo de la (falta de) gran estrategia de Pakistán , repitiendo las locuras de las guerras anteriores con la India " : 200 [126] [127] [128]
Después de su encomiable actuación, el presidente de Pakistán encargó a la Infantería Ligera del Norte como regimiento regular en el ejército y su personal finalmente se convirtió en oficiales y personal alistado en el ejército en 1999. [129]
Siglo XXI: Actuaciones de guerra
Insurgencia religiosa y guerra contra el terror (2001-presente)
En octubre de 1999 , el ejército participó en otra toma militar del gobierno federal por parte de la administración Sharif cuando el Cuartel General del Ejército se negó a aceptar el relevo de la comisión del general Pervez Musharraf por su fracaso en tener éxito en el control del sector de Kargil de la India. : 142 [130] Esta controvertida toma del poder del gobierno federal fue sometida a una demanda larga y costosa entre los abogados del departamento del ejército y la antigua administración de Sharif en la Corte Suprema , con el veredicto histórico dictado en 2009 finalmente al lado y favoreció los argumentos de la administración Sharif ya que los jueces de la Corte Suprema aceptaron el hecho de que la toma del poder por parte del ejército fue de hecho una violación directa de la constitución y un incumplimiento de su mandato constitucional dado. : 119–120 : 112–115 [131] [132]
En respuesta a los ataques terroristas en Nueva York en los Estados Unidos , el ejército se unió a las acciones de combate en Afganistán con los Estados Unidos y simultáneamente participó en un enfrentamiento militar con el Ejército de la India en 2001-02. En 2004-06, los observadores militares del ejército se desplegaron para guiar al ejército de Sri Lanka a poner fin a la guerra civil con los combatientes tamiles . [133]
Para superar las crisis de gobernanza en 2004-2007, la administración de Musharraf nombró a varios oficiales del ejército en las instituciones civiles y algunos recibieron extensiones mientras que otros fueron desplegados de su servicio de combate, lo que afectó las capacidades de combate y debilitó al ejército. : 37 [134] Bajo el liderazgo del general Musharraf, las capacidades del ejército para combatir a los fanáticos talibanes y combatientes árabes afganos en Pakistán se debilitaron aún más y sufrieron graves reveses para hacerse con el control del cinturón tribal que cayó bajo el control de los árabes afganos y los combatientes uzbecos . : 37 [134] Entre 2006 y 2009, el ejército libró una serie de sangrientas batallas con los fanáticos árabes afganos y otros combatientes extranjeros, incluida la acción del ejército en una Mezquita Roja en Islamabad para controlar el fanatismo religioso . : 37 [134] Con el controvertido asesinato del político baluchi en 2006, el ejército tuvo que entablar batallas con los separatistas baluchis que luchaban por la autonomía de Baluchistán. : 37 [134]
En abril de 2007, la gran reorganización de los comandos del ejército se llevó a cabo bajo el mando del general Ahsan S. Hyatt , el vicejefe del ejército bajo el mando del general Musharraf, estableciendo los comandos sur, central y norte para "mejorar la eficiencia operativa y funcionamiento de sus fuerzas terrestres ". [135] [ Verificación fallida ] Con la renuncia del general Musharraf y el general Ashfaq Parvez Kayani como jefe del ejército , el ejército se realineó para revisar sus políticas de combate y retiró oficiales de instituciones civiles para centrarse en su misión constitucional principal de proteger y ser responsable en 2009-14. : 37 [134] [132] En 2012, hubo un grave accidente que involucró a todo el batallón de la Infantería Ligera del Norte cuando la avalancha golpeó la base del batallón en Siachen , atrapando a 135 soldados e incluidos varios oficiales del ejército. [136]
En 2013-16, la guerra de guerrillas de extrema derecha de cosecha propia con los talibanes , los árabes afganos y los combatientes de Asia central dio un giro decisivo a favor del ejército bajo la administración de Sharif , y finalmente obtuvo el control de todo el país y estableció el mandato de la constitución en las regiones sin ley afectadas. [137] A partir de su despliegue actual en 2019, el ejército siguió participando en combates fronterizos con el ejército indio mientras desplegaba sus equipos de brigada de ataque de combate en Arabia Saudita en respuesta a la intervención saudí en Yemen . [138]
Misiones de paz de la ONU
In the wake of the new world power equilibrium, a more complex security environment has emerged. It is characterized by growing national power politics
- UN Operation in Congo (ONUC) 1960–1964
- UN Security Force in New Guinea, West Irian (UNSF) 1962–1963 (14 Punjab Regiment)
- UN Yemen Observer Mission Yemen (UNYOM) 1963–1964
- UN Transition Assistance Group in Namibia (UNTAG) 1989–1990
- UN Iraq–Kuwait Observer Mission (UNIKOM) 1991–2003
- UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) 1993–1996
- UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) 1992–1993
- UN Operations in Somalia (UNOSOM) 1992–1995
- UN Protection Forces in Bosnia (UNPROFOR) 1992–1995
- UN Observer Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) 1993–1996
- UN Verification Mission in Angola (UNAVEM III) 1995–1997
- UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia (UNTAES) 1996–1997
- UN Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP) 1996–2002
- UN Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) 2001–2005
- UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) 1999-to-date
- UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) 1999-to-date
Start of operation | Name of operation | Location | Conflict | Contribution |
---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) | Democratic Republic of Congo | Second Congo War | 3,556 troops[139] |
2003 | United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) | Liberia | Second Liberian Civil War | 2,741 troops[139] |
2004 | United Nations Operation in Burundi ONUB | Burundi | Burundi Civil War | 1,185 troops[139] |
2004 | United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) | Côte d'Ivoire | Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire | 1,145 troops[139] |
2005 | United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) | Sudan | Second Sudanese Civil War | 1,542 Troops.[139] |
Staff/observers | 191 observers[139] |
- The total number of Pakistani troops serving in peacekeeping missions is 7,533, as of August 2015, which is one of the biggest number among rest of participants.[140]
Organización
Command and control structure
Leadership in the army is provided by the Minister of Defense, usually leading and controlling the direction of the department of the army from the Army Secretariat-I at the Ministry of Defense, with the Defense Secretary who is responsible for the bureaucratic affairs of the army's department.[141] The Constitution allows the President of Pakistan, an elected civilian official, to act as the civilian Commander-in-Chief while the Prime Minister, an elected civilian, to act as the Chief Executive.[142] The Chief of Army Staff, an appointed four-star rank army general, is the highest general officer who acts as the principal military adviser on the expeditionary and land/ground warfare affairs, and a senior member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee– a military body that advises and briefs the elected civilian Prime Minister and its executive cabinet on national security affairs and operational military matters under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[2]
The single combat headquarter, the Army GHQ, is located in Rawalpindi Cantonment in Punjab in Pakistan, in the vicinity of the Joint Staff Headquarters.[2] The Chief of Army Staff controls and commands the army at all levels of operational command, and is assisted the number of Principal Staff Officers (PSOs) who are commissioned at the three-star rank generals.[2]
The military administration under the army chief operating at the Army GHQ including the appointed Principal Staff Officers:
- Chief of General Staff, under whom the Military Operations and Intelligence Directorates function.[2]
- Chief of Logistics Staff.[2]
- Quartermaster General (QMG).[2]
- Master General of Ordnance (MGO).[2]
- Engineer-in-Chief, the chief army engineer and topographer.[2]
- Judge Advocate General.[2]
- Military Secretary.[2]
- Comptroller of Civilian Personnel.[2]
In 2008, a major introduction was made in the military bureaucracy at the Army GHQ under Gene. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, when two new PSO positions were introduced: the Inspector-General of Arms and the Inspector-General Communications and IT.[143]
Personal
Commissioned officers
The commissioned army ranks and insignia authorized in the Pakistan Army are modified and patterned on the British Army's officer ranks and insignia system.[144] There are several paths of becoming the commissioned officer in the army including the admission and required graduation from the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul, Cadet Colleges or the Officer Candidate Schools (OCS i.e. Sui or Jhelum).:134[145] To become an officer in the army, the academic four-year college degree is required for the candidates to become officers in the army, and therefore they are designated by insignia unique to their staff community.:134[145]
Selection to the officer candidates is highly competitive with ~320–700 individuals are allowed to enter in the Pakistan Military Academy annually, with a small number of already graduated physicians, specialists, veterinaries and the engineers from the civilian universities are directly recruited in the administrative staff corps such as Medical Corps, Veterinary Corps, Engineering Corps, Dental Corps— and these graduated individuals are the heart of the administrative corps.:293[146] The product of a highly competitive selection process, members of the staff corps have completed twelve years of education in their respected fields (such as attending the schools and universities), and has to spend two years at the Pakistan Military Academy, with their time divided about equally between military training and academic work to bring them up to a baccalaureate education level, which includes English-language skills.:293[146] The Department of Army also offers employment to civilians in financial management, accountancy, engineering, construction, and administration, and has currently employed 6,500 civilians.[147]
The military officers in the Pakistani military seek retirement between the ages of forty-two and sixty, depending on their ranks, and often seeks employment in the federal government or the private sector where the pay scales are higher as well as the opportunity for gain considerably greater.:294[146]
Estimations by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) the Pakistan Army's combined strength of the standing army is ~815,000 including the active duty personnels from the Regular Army, Army Reserve, Army National Guard, and is additionally supported by the ~70,000 personnel from the Frontier Corps–the military provost under the command of the Pakistan Army as of 2018.[107]
Rank | O-10 | O-9 | O-8 | O-7 | O-6 | O-5 | O-4 | O-3 | O-2 | O-1 | O-1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insignia | |||||||||||
Title | Field Marshal | General | Lieutenant-General | Major-General | Brigadier | Colonel | Lieutenant-Colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second Lieutenant |
Abbreviation | FM | Gen. | Lt-Gen. | Maj-Gen. | Brig. | Col. | Lt-Col. | Maj. | Capt. | Lt. | 2nd-Lt. |
NATO Code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | OF-1 |
Rank Hierarchy | Five-star | Four-star | Three-star | Two-star | One-star |
Warrant officers
The Pakistan Army uniquely uses the junior commissioned officer (JCO) ranks, equivalent of the Warrant officers or the Limited duty officers in the United States military, inherited from the former British Indian Army introduced by the British Army in India between the enlisted and officer ranks.:134[145] The JCOs are single-track specialists with their subject of expertise in their particular part of the job and initially appointed (NS1) after risen from their enlisted ranks, receiving the promotion (SM3) from the commanding officer.:134[145]
The usage of the junior commissioned officer is the continuation of the former Viceroy's commissioned officer rank, and the JCO ranking system benefited the army since there was a large gap existed between the officers and the enlisted personnel at the time of the establishment of the new army in 1947.:134[145] Over the several years, the JCOs rank system has outlived its usefulness because the educational level of the enlisted personnel has risen and the army has more comfortably adopted the U.S. Army's ranking platform than the British.[42]:134[145] Promotion to the JCOs/WO ranks remains a powerful and influential incentive for that enlisted personnel desire not to attend the accredited four-year college.:134[145]
Insignia | |||
---|---|---|---|
Infantry/other title | Subedar-Major | Subedar | Naib Subedar |
Cavalry/armor title | Risaldar Major | Risaldar | Naib Risaldar |
Enlisted personnel
The recruiting and enlistment in the army is nationwide but the army's recruiting command maintains an ethnic balance, with those who turned away are encourage to join the either the Marines or the Air Force.:292[146] Most enlisted personnel had come from the poor and rural families with many had only rudimentary literacy skills in the past, but with the increase in the affordable education have risen to the matriculation level (12th Grade).:292[146] In the past, the army recruits had to re-educate the illiterate personnel while processing them gradually through a paternalistically run regimental training center, teaching the official language, Urdu, if necessary, and given a period of elementary education before their military training actually starts.:292[146]
In the thirty-six-week training period, they develop an attachment to the regiment they will remain with through much of their careers and begin to develop a sense of being a Pakistani rather than primarily a member of a tribe or a village.:292[146] Enlisted personnel usually serve for eighteen to twenty years, before retiring or gaining a commission, during which they participate in regular military training cycles and have the opportunity to take academic courses to help them advance.:292[146]
The noncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective regimental color chevrons on the right sleeve.:292[146] Center point of the uppermost chevron must remain 10 cm from the point of the shoulder.:292[146] The Company/battalion appointments wear the appointments badges on the right wrist.:292[146] Pay scales and incentives are greater and attractive upon enlistment including the allocation of land, free housing, and financial aid to attend the colleges and universities.:294[146] Retirement age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on the enlisted ranks that they have attained during their services.:294[146]
Pay grade | E-9 | E-8 | E-7 | E-6 | E-5 | E-4 | E-3 | E-2 | E-1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insignia | No insignia | No insignia | |||||||
Title | Battalion Havildar Major | Battalion Quartermaster Havildar | Company Havildar Major | Company Quartermaster Havildar | Havildar | Naik | Lance Naik | Sepoy | No Equivalent |
Abbreviation | BHM | BQMH | CHM | CQMH | HAV | NK | L/Nk | Sep. | NE |
NATO Code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 |
U.S. Code | SGM | MSG | SFC | SSG | SGT | CPL | PFC | PVT | – |
Recruitment and training
Prior to August 1947, the British Army's recruiting administration had recruited the enlists from the districts of the Jhelum, Rawalpindi, and Campbellpur that dominated the recruitment flows.[6] From 1947–71, the Pakistan Army was predominantly favored to recruit from Punjab and was popular in the country as the "Punjabi Army" because of heavy recruiting interests coming from the rural and poor families of villages in Punjab as well as being the most populous province of Pakistan.:149[149][150]
Even as of today, the Pakistan Army's recruiters struggle to enlist citizens and their selfless commitment to the military from the urban areas (i.e. Karachi and Peshawar) where the preference of the college education is quite popular (especially attending post-graduate schools in the United States and the English-speaking countries) as well as working in the settled private industry for lucrative salaries and benefits, while the military enlistment still comes from the most rural and remote areas of Pakistan, where commitment to the military is much greater than in the metropolitan cities.:31[14]
After 1971, the Bhutto administration introduced the Quota system and drastically reduced the officers and enlists from Punjab and gave strong preference to residents in Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and such policy continue to exists to maintain an ethnic balance in the army.:163[151] Those who are turned away are strongly encourage to join the Marines Corps or the Air Force.[6]
In 1991, the department of the army drastically reduced the size of personnel from Punjab, downsizing the army personnel to 63%, and issues acceptable medical waivers interested enlists while encouraging citizens of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh.[152] This decision has given a fair chance to every citizen of Pakistan to be part of the Pakistan Army as each district possesses a fixed percentage of seats in all branches of the Army, as per census records.[153] By 2003–05, the department of army continued its policy by drastically downsizing the personnel from Punjab to 43–70%.[153][154]
The Department of Army has relaxed its recruitment and medical standards in Sindh and Balochistan where the height requirement of 5 feet 4 inches is considered acceptable even with the enlists educational level at eighth grade is acceptable for the waiver; since the army recruiters take responsibility of providing education to 12th grade to the interested enlists from Balochistan and Sindh.:31[14] In Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa where the recruitment is popular, the height requirement remains to be at 5 feet 6 inches with minimum education of 10th grade.You must read om how to join Pakistan army.:31[14]
The army has only one bootcamp that is located in Kakul at the Pakistan Military Academy where basic training takes place. Such training usually lasts for two years until the cadets are able to meet their graduation requirements from the Academy.[148] All the recruits, enlists, and officer candidates have to attend and be trained at the PMA regardless of attending the military schools and colleges in other parts of the country.[148]
Duration wise, it is one of the longest boot camps in the country, and the boot camp training continues for two years until the cadet is being able pass out from the academy, before selecting the college to start the career of their choice in the military.[148]
Women and religion in the Pakistan Army
Women have been part of the Pakistan Army since 1947, and currently there are approximately 4,000 women serving in the military.[155] In the years of 1947, '48 and '49, women were inducted into the Women's Guard Section of the National Guard and trained in medical work, welfare, and clerical positions (this was later disbanded).[156] Pakistan Army has a separate cadet course for women which is known as 'Lady Cadet Course', female cadets are trained in Pakistan Military Academy.[157] After joining, female cadets undergo a six-month basic military training at the Pakistan Military Academy like their male counterparts. The comprehensive training includes military education and development of physical efficiency skills.[158] Women wear regular military khaki uniforms.[clarification needed][158]
Pakistan is the only Muslim-majority nation which appoints women to general officer ranks, such as Major-General Shahida Malik, the first woman army officer and military physician by profession who was promoted to a two-star rank.[159] In July 2013, the Army trained female paratrooper officers for the first time.[160][161][162] In 2020 Nigar Johar became the first Lieutenant General in the army, she was from the Pakistan Army Medical Corps.[163]
The Army recruits from all religions in Pakistan including Hindus, Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Christians who have held command-level positions.[164] Religious services are provided by the Chaplain Corps for Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, and Zoroastrians.[87]
In 1993, Major-General Julian Peter was the first Christian to be appointed at the command position while Hercharn Singh became the first Sikh to be commissioned in the army. Between 1947–2000, a policy of restricting Hindus prior enlisting in the Pakistan Army was in practice until the policy was reversed by the federal government.[165] In 2006, army recruiters began recruiting Hindus into the army and people of all faith or no faith can be promoted to any rank or commanding position in the army.[166][167]
Componentes y estructura
Army components and branches
Since its organization that commenced in 1947, the army's functionality is broadly maintained in two main branches: Combat Arms and Administrative Services.:46[41]:570[168]:127[145] From 1947–71, the Pakistan Army had responsibility of maintaining the British-built Forts, till the new and modern garrisons were built in post 1971, and performs the non-combat duties such as engineering and construction.[6]
Currently, the Army's combat services are kept in active-duty personnel and reservists that operate as members of either Reserves and National Guard.[2] In addition, the workforce of the army is supported by the Frontier Corps (a paramilitary) and Rangers that performs military police duty within the state governments in Pakistan to help control and manage the law and control situation.[2]
The two main branches of the army, Combat Arms and Administrative Services, also consist of several branches and functional areas that include the army officers, junior commissioned (or warrant officers), and the enlisted personnel who are classified from their branches in their uniforms and berets.[2] In Pakistan Army, the careers are not restricted to military officials but are extended to civilian personnel and contractors who can progress in administrative branches of the army.[3]
Combat Arms | Insignia | Administrative Services | Insignia | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armoured Corps (AR) | Army Services Corps (ASC) | ||||
Air Defence Corps (AD) | Military Police (MP) | ||||
Army Aviation Corps (AVN) | Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME) | ||||
Artillery Corps (Art) | Medical Corps (AMC) | ||||
Signals Corps (Sigs) | Education Corps (AEC) | ||||
Engineers Corps (Engrs) | Remount Veterinary and Farms (RVFC) | ||||
Infantry Regiments (Inf) | Ordnance Corps (Ord) | ||||
Special Forces (SSG) | Military Intelligence Corps (MI) | ||||
Coast Guards (CG) | |||||
— | — |
Commands
The reorganization of the position standing army in 2008, the Pakistan Army now operates six tactical commands, each commanded by the GOC-in-C, with a holding three-star rank: Lieutenant-General.[106][failed verification] The each of the six tactical commands directly reports to the office of Chief of Army Staff, operating directly at the Army GHQ.[106][failed verification] Each command consists of two or more Corps– an army field formation responsible for zone within a command theater.[2][failed verification]
There are nine active Corps in the Pakistan Army, composing of mixed infantry, mechanized, armored, artillery divisions, while the Air Defense, Aviation, and the Aviation and Special Forces are organized and maintained in the separate level of their commands.[2][failed verification]
Established and organized in March 2000, the Army Strategic Forces Command is exercise its authority for responsible training in safety, weapons deployments, and activation of the atomic missile systems.[169][170][171][172][173]
Combat maneuvering organizations
In events involving the large and massive foreign invasion by the Indian Army charging towards the Pakistan-side Punjab sector, the Pakistan Army maintains the Pakistan Army Reserves as a strategic reserve component for conducting the offense and defense measures against the advancing enemy.[174]
Infantry branch
Since its establishment in 1947, the Pakistan Army has traditionally followed the British regimental system and culture, and currently there are six organized infantry regiments.[175]
In the infantry branch, there are originally six regiments are in fact the administrative military organization that are not combat field formation, and the size of the regiments are vary as their rotation and deployments including assisting the federal government in civic administration.[176]
In each of original six regiments, there are multiple battalions that are associated together to form an infantry regiment and such battalions do not fight together as one formation as they are all deployed over various formations in shape of being part of the brigade combat team (under a Brigadier), division, or a being part of much larger corps.[177]
After the independence from the Great Britain in 1947, the Pakistan Army begin to follow the U.S. Army's standing formation of their Infantry Branch, having the infantry battalion serving for a time period under a different command zone before being deployed to another command zone, usually in another sector or terrain when its tenure is over.[177]
The Infantry Regiments by seniority | Insignia | Activation Date | Commanding Regimental Center | Motto | War Cry |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Punjab Regiment | 1759 | Mardan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | Urdu: نارا-یا-حیدری یا علی (English lit. Ali the Great) | ||
Baloch Regiment | 1798 | Abbottabad, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | غازی یا شہید ( English lit. Honored or Martyr) | کی کی بلوچ (English lit. Of the Baloch) | |
Frontier Force Regiment | 1843 | Abbottabad, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | لبّیک ( English lit. Lucky) | ||
Northern Light Infantry Regiment | 1913 | Gilgit, Gilgit Baltistan | سبط قدم ( English lit. Consistent) | ||
Azad Kashmir Regiment | 1947 | Mansar, Punjab | |||
Sind Regiment | 1980 | Hyderabad, Sindh | |||
Other type of Regiments | Insignia | Activation Date | Regimental Center | Motto | War Cry |
Regiment of Artillery | 1826 | Rawalpindi, Punjab | |||
Mujahid Force Regiment | 1963 | Bhimber, Azad Kashmir | |||
Regiment of Air Defense | 1989 | Rawalpindi, Punjab |
Special operations forces
The Pakistan Army has a military division dedicated towards conducting the unconventional and asymmetric warfare operations, established with the guidance provided by the United States Army in 1956.[179] This competitive special operation force is known as the Special Services Group (Army SSG, distinguishing the Navy SSG), and is assembled in eight battalions, commanded by the Lieutenant-Colonel, with addition of three companies commanded by the Major or a Captain, depending on the availability.[180]
The special operation forces training school is located in Cherat in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan where the training and education on the philosophy of military arts and tactics take place by the army instructors.[180]
Each battalion in the Pakistan Army Special Forces is specifically trained for a specific type of operation, and each battalion is a specialist in their nature of conducting the operation.[180] Due to their distinctive service headgear, the Army SSG is colloquially known as the Maroon Berets.[180] In 2000, the Pakistan Army established the Army Strategic Forces Command that is charged with overseeing the operational readiness and various deployment of the Army SSG, Special Forces, Special Support Group, Army Rangers, and the Strategic Plans Division Force— the CBRN defense component of the department of army.[180]
Besides the Army SSG and the Special Forces (SF), the Pakistan Army has trained a specific Rangers team that is especially trained in counter tactics, and is trained for carrying out the difficult counter-terrorism operation involving the civilian hostages in Karachi, and helping the state governments in Sindh and Punjab maintaining the law and order situation intact.[181]
Implementing the counterterrorism tactics in 2004, the Army has been training the specific Army Ranger company, known as the Rangers Anti-terrorist Force (ATF), along with the Army SSG company, often conduct training with the U.S. Army Ranger in terror and infantry tactics.[181]
Filosofía militar
Combat doctrine (1947–2007)
In 1947, the Pakistan Army's war strategists developed a combat doctrine which was called "The Riposte", which featured a strategy of "offensive-defense".:310[182][183] In 1989, the first and official implementation of this strategy was refined and featured in the major military exercise, Exercise Zab-e-Momin, organized under Lt-Gen. Hamid Gul[184]– this combat doctrine was fully focused in engaging towards its primary adversary, Indian Army.:310[182]
In 1989–99, the JS HQ, working with the Army GHQ to identify several key factors considering the large conventional attacks from the better equipped and numerically advantage adversary, the Indian Army, derived the combat doctrine to assess the vulnerability of Pakistan where its vast majority of population centers as well as political and military targets lies closer to the international border with India.[185]
The national security strategists explored the controversial idea of strategic depth in form of fomenting friendly foreign relations with Afghanistan and Iran while India substantially enhancing its offensive capabilities designed in its doctrine, the Cold Start Doctrine.[185] Due to the numerical advantage of Indian Army over its small adversary, the Pakistan Army, the Pakistani national security analysts noted that any counterattack on advancing Indian Army would be very tricky and miscalculated– the ideal response of countering the attacks from the Indian ground forces would be operationalizing the battle-ranged Hatf-IA/Hatf-IB missiles.[185] The Pakistan Army Reserves, supported by the Army National Guard, and India's Territorial Army would eventually forward towards the defensive positions and fortifications in less than 24 hours.[186] However, the Corps in both nation's commands with large stockpiles of ordnance will take between 24–72 hours for logistically mobilized its combat assets after the orders are authorized; therefore, both nation's armies will be evenly matched in the first 24 hours since the Pakistani units have to travel a shorter distance to their forward positions.[186]
The war doctrine of "offensive-defense" entailed Pakistan not waiting to be attacked but instead launching an offense of its own, with an offense being a limited advance along with narrow fronts aiming towards occupying enemy territory near the border to a depth of 40–50 km.[186] Pakistani national security calculated that since Indian forces will not reach their maximum strength near the border for another 48–72 hours, Pakistan might have parity or numerical superiority against India.[186] Earlier studies in "Offensive-defense" doctrine validated results of finding and keeping the enemy forces off-balance as the Indian Army engage in containing the Pakistan Army forces into its territory rather than concentrating towards launching an attack onto Pakistan's territory.[186] The strategic calculations by Pakistan Army's war strategists hoped that the Pakistan Army's soldiers would keep the Indian Army soldiers engage in fighting on the Indian territory, therefore the collateral damage being suffered by the Indian Army at most.[186] An important aspect in "offensive-defense" doctrine was to seize sizable Indian territory which gives Pakistan an issue to negotiate with India in the aftermath of a ceasefire brought about by international pressure after 3–4 weeks of fighting.[186]
Due to fortification of LoC in Kashmir and difficult terrains in Northern Punjab, the Army created the Pakistan Army Reserves in the 1990s that is concentrated in the desert terrain of Sindh-Rajasthan sector, The Army Reserve South of the Pakistan Army Reserves is grouped in several powerful field-level corps and designed to provide defensive maneuvers in case of war with the Indian Army.[186]
The limitation and constraint of the "offensive-defense" doctrine were eventually exposed by the Indian Army's performance in the Kargil war in 1999, as the Indian Army decided to take an action with full offense that forced Pakistan Army to go into full defense. Without the synergy between the Air Force, Navy, and Marines, the doctrine became redundant, and the Pakistan Army had to rely on international pressure on India to desist from an assault as it exactly happened, according to the Indian author, RSN Singh in 2011.[186][disputed ]
Threat Matrix (2010 – present)
After the failure of the "Offensive-defense" in 1999, the national security institutions engaged in critical thinking to evaluate new doctrine that would provide a comprehensive grand strategy against the infiltrating enemy forces, and development began 2010–11 for the new combat doctrine.[187] In 2013, the new combat doctrine, the Threat Matrix, was unveiled by the ISPR, that was the first time in its history that the army's national security analysts realized that Pakistan faces a real threat from within, a threat that is concentrated in areas along western borders.[187] The Threat Matrix doctrine analyze the military's comprehensive operational priorities and goes beyond in comprehensively describing both existential and non-existential threats to the country.[187]
Based on that strategy in 2013, the Pakistani military organized a four-tier joint military exercise, code-named: Exercise Azm-e-Nau, in which the aim was to update the military's "readiness strategy for dealing with the complex security threat environment."[188] The objective of such exercises is to assess tactics, procedures, and techniques, and explore joint operations strategies involving all three branches of the military: the Army, Air Force, and Navy.[188] In successive years, the Pakistani military combined all the branch-level exercises into joint warfare exercises, in which all four branches now participate, regardless of the terrain, platforms, and control of command.[188]
Actividades corporativas y comerciales
According to international news agencies and investigations by international financial regulators, the department of the army controls, manages, and runs a large number of business enterprises and conglomerates; their total revenue was estimated to be US$ 20 billion in 2007–08.[189] One of the largest real estate conglomerate that is run by the army is known as the Defense Housing Authority (DHA), as well as the Army Welfare Trust (AWT), and out 46 housing schemes directly built by the armed forces, none of the scheme is for ordinary soldiers or civilian officers and personnel employed by the army.[190]
The Fauji Foundation (lit. Military Foundation) has shares in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) and involves in manufacturing and selling processed meat, stud, and dairy farms meant for the military's own use while there are enterprises perform functions in the local civilian economy such as bakeries, security and the banking services.[189] The army factories managed by the Fauji Foundation produces such goods such as sugar, Fauji Fertilizer, brass castings, and sells its products to civilian consumers albeit at prices higher than those charged from military personnel.[153] The Pakistani military has the largest shares in the PSX and has financial stakes in commercial banking, airlines, steel businesses, cement, telecoms, petroleum and energy, education, sports, health care, and even chains of grocery shops and bakeries.[191]
Participación en la sociedad pakistaní
The Pakistan Army has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.[192] In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:
In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn.
— General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–military relations[192]
In times of national calamities and natural disasters, including the devastating earthquake in 2005 or the great floods in 2010, the army engineering corps, medical, logistical personnel, and other armed forces services have played a major role in area rehabilitation and reconstruction of cities and towns while distributing the relief goods and military rations to the affected civilians.[193] Since 1948, the army has been involved in providing power generation to affected areas, building dams, and construction of towns and cities, and conducting rescue operations for evacuations of general public and animals from endangerment.[193]
To coordinate and manage the proper relief operations, reconstructions, and rehabilitation, the federal government appoints the active-duty officers, as an external billets appointments, to lead federal agencies such as ERRA and the NDMA.[194] Besides relief activities in the country, the Pakistan Army has also engaged in other parts of the world such as coordinating and leading the relief efforts in Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka after these countries were affected by the underwater earthquake that resulted in tsunami in 2004.[195]
Educación y entrenamiento
Schooling, teachings, and institutions
The Pakistan Army offers wide range of extensive and lucrative careers in the military to young high school graduates and the college degree holders upon enlistment, and Pakistan Army operates the large number of training schools in all over the country.[196] The overall directions and management of the army training schools are supervised and controlled by the policies devised by the Education Corps, and philosophy on instructions in army schools involves in modern education with combat training.[197]
At the time of its establishment of the Pakistan Army in 1947, the Command and Staff College in Quetta was inherited to Pakistan, and is the oldest college established during the colonial period in India in 1905.[198] The British officers in the Pakistan Army had to established the wide range of schools to provide education and to train the army personnel in order to raise the dedicated and professional army.[199] The wide range of military officers in the Pakistani military were sent to attend the staff colleges in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada who were trained and excelled in courses in armory, infantry, artillery, and ordnance in 1950–1961.:293[146]
The United States eventually took over the overall training programs in the Pakistan Army under the International Military Education and Training (IMET) but the U.S. coordination with Pakistan varied along with the vicissitudes of the military relations between two countries.:12[200] In the 1980s, the army had sent ~200 army officers abroad annually, two-thirds actually decided to attend schooling in the United States but the cessation of the United States' aid to Pakistan led the suspension of the IMET, leading Pakistani military officers to choose the schooling in the United Kingdom.:294[146]
After the terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001, the IMET cooperation was again activated with army officers begin attending the schooling in the United States but the training program was again suspended in 2018 by the Trump administration, leveling accusations on supporting armed Jihadi groups in Afghanistan.[201]
During the reconstruction and reorganization of the armed forces in the 1970s, the army established more training schools as below:
Army schools and colleges | Year of establishment | School and college principal locations | Website |
---|---|---|---|
School of Armour and Mechanized Warfare | 1947 | Nowshera in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "School of Armour and Mechanized Warfare". |
School of Artillery | 1948 | Kakul in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "School of Artillery". |
School of Army Air Defense | 1941 | Karachi in Sindh | "School of Army Air Defence". |
Military College of Engineering | 1947 | Risalpur in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Military College of Engineering". |
Military College of Signals | 1947 | Rawalpindi in Punjab | "Military College of Signals". |
School of Infantry and Tactics | 1947 | Quetta in Balochistan | "School of Infantry and Tactics". |
Aviation School | 1964 | Gujranwala in Punjab | "Army Aviation School". |
Service Corps School | 1947 | Nowshera in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | "Army Service Corps School". |
Army Medical College | 1977 | Rawalpindi in Punjab | "Army Medical College". |
Ordnance College | 1980 | Karachi in Sindh | "Ordnance College". |
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering | 1957 | Rawalpindi in Punjab | "College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineeering". |
Special warfare and skills schools | Year of establishment | School and college principal locations | Website |
Special Operations School | 1956 | Cherat in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Special Operations School". |
Parachute Training School | 1964 | Kakul in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Parachute Training School". |
Corps of Military Police School | 1949 | D.I. Khan in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Corps of Military Police School". |
School of Logistics | 1974 | Murree in Punjab | "Army School of Logistics". |
School of Mountain Warfare and Physical Training | 1978 | Kakul in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa | "Army School of Mountain Warfare and Physical Training". |
High Altitude School | 1987 | Rattu in Gilgit-Baltistan | "Army High Altitude School". |
Desert Warfare School | 1987 | Chor in Sindh | "Army Desert Warfare School". |
School of Music | 1970 | Abbottabad in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | "Army School of Music". |
Dog Breeding Training Center and School | 1952 | Rawalpindi in Punjab | "Army Dog Breeding Training Centre and School". |
Veterinary School | 1947 | Sargodha in Punjab | "Army Veterinary School" (PDF). |
Higher education institutions | Year of establishment | Locations | Website |
Command and Staff College | 1905 | Quetta in Balochistan | "Command and Staff College". |
National Defense University | 1971 | Islamabad | "National Defense University". |
National University of Sciences and Technology | 1991 | Multiple campuses | "National University of Sciences and Technology". |
Sources: Army Schools and Skills Schools of Pakistan Army
The Pakistan Army's training schools are not restricted to the department of the army only but inter-services officers and personnel have been trained and educated as part of the interdepartmental cooperation.[196] The Pakistan Army takes responsibility of providing the military training and education to Pakistan Marines at their School of Infantry and Tactics, and military officers in other branches have attended and qualified psc from the Command and Staff College in Quetta.[196] Officers holding the ranks of captains, majors, lieutenants and lieutenant-commanders in marines are usually invited to attend the courses at the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be qualified as psc.:9[49]
Established in 1971, the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad is the senior and higher education learning institution that provides the advance critical thinking level and research-based strategy level education to the senior military officers in the Pakistani military.[202] The NDU in Islamabad is a significant institution of higher learning in understanding the institutional norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the "highest learning platform where the military leadership comes together for common instruction", according to thesis written by Pakistani author Aqil Shah.:8[49] Without securing their graduation from their master's program, no officer in the Pakistani military can be promoted as general in the army or air force, or admiral in the navy or marines as it is a prerequisite for their promotion to become a senior member at the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.:8–9[49]
Besides, the platform provided at the NDU in Islamabad represents a radical shift from the emphasis on operational and staff functions and the level of ranks are imposed as a qualification to attend the master's program at the NDU, usually brigadiers, air commodores, and commodores, are invited to given admission in a broad range of strategic, political, social, and economic factors as these factors affect the country's national security.:8–9[49] In this sense, the NDU becomes the critical thinking institution as its constitutes active-duty senior military officers corps' baptism into a shared ideological framework about the military's appropriate role, status, and behavior in relation to state and society, and shared values affect how these officers perceive and respond to civilian governmental decisions, policies, and political crises.:9–10[203] Admissions to the army's military engineering colleges and NDU is not restricted to military officials but the civilians can also attend and graduate from the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security.:8–9[49]
Established in 1991, the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) has now absorbed and amalgamated the existing military engineering colleges of engineering, signals, aeronautical, and medicines, and is a counterpart institution in science and technology to that of the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad.[204]
The foreign military officials and students, including from the United States, have attended the Command and Staff College in Quetta and the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad but the American instructors and observers have penned critical analysis by reporting the curriculum offered by the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be narrow focus and failure to encourage speculative thinking or to give adequate attention to less glamorous subjects, such as logistics.:293[146]:518[205]
Civil engineering and construction
Since the 1970s, the Pakistan Army's engineering formations have been involved in civil engineering of the important landmarks in the country, hydroelectricity, power generation, dams, and national freeways.[147]
The Pakistan Army builds major civil engineering landmarks in the country, including the Karakoram Highway, Skardu Airport, and the national security sites in Kahuta.[147] The Frontier Works Organization of the army, has built several infrastructures with the Corps of Engineers all over the country, and has built the communications lines in Northern Pakistan through its Special Communications Organization (SCO).[147]
The Corps of Engineers are the major civil engineering contractor and engineering consultant employed by the federal government, advising on construction management and on to improving the efficiency of construction measures in times of natural calamities.[206]
The Pakistan Army's landmark civil engineering projects included the Lyari Expressway in Karachi, Makran Coastal Highway in Balochistan, and the Khanpur Dam in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[206] Besides their infrastructure projects in Pakistan, the Pakistan Army has built several infrastructures projects in other parts of the world as part their deployment in United Nation's peacekeeping missions.[206]
Premios y honores
Service awards
Nishan-e-Haider
In military awards hierarchy, the Nishan-i-Haidar (lit. Order of Lion; Urdu: نشان حیدر) is the highest and most prestigious honor awarded posthumously for bravery and actions of valor in event of war.:220[207] The honor is a namesake of Ali and the recipients receiving this honorary title as a sign of respect: Shaheed meaning martyr.:4[208]
Since 1947–2019, there has been ten Pakistani military officers and personnel who have honored with this prestigious medal— out of which, nine have been officers and soldiers in the Pakistan Army, bestowed to those who engaged in wars with India.[209]
Order | Recipients | Rank | Regiment/Corps of the recipient | Year of conflict | War and Gallantry Ribbon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Raja Muhammad Sarwar | Captain | Punjab Regiment | Indo-Pakistani war of 1947 | |
2 | Tufail Mohammad | Major | Punjab Regiment | 1958 India-East Pakistan border skirmishes | |
3 | Raja Aziz Bhatti | Major | Punjab Regiment | Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 | |
4 | Shabbir Sharif | Major | Frontier Force Regiment | Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 | |
5 | Muhammad Hussain Janjua | Sepoy (Pvt.) | Armoured Corps | Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 | |
6 | Muhammad Akram | Major | Frontier Force Regiment | Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 | |
7 | Muhammad Mahfuz | Lance Naik (Lance Corporal) | Punjab Regiment | Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 | |
8 | Karnal Sher | Captain | Sindh Regiment | Indo-Pakistani war of 1999 | |
9 | Lalak Jan | Havildar (Sgt.) | Northern Light Infantry Regiment | Indo-Pakistani war of 1999 |
Recipient of the foreign awards
The Pakistan Army has been conferred with the foreign awards for its services provided to the foreign nations, including the honoring of two army pilots from the Aviation Corps who conducted a difficult operation in extracting the Slovenian mountaineer, Tomaz Humar, who got stranded on the western end of the 8,125-metre-high (26,657 ft) Nanga Parbat and the Slovenian President presented Lt-Col. Rashiduhlla Beg and Lt-Col. Khalid Amir with the Golden Order for Services in the country's capital, Ljubljana, for risking their lives during the rescue mission, a Pakistan Army statement said.[210]
In addition, there are numbers of the army general officers have been honored multiple times with the United States's Legion of Merit for cooperation and strengthening bilateral ties with the United States 1980s–2015.:261[211] In 2010, the Pakistan Army was awarded with a gold medal at the Exercise Cambrian Patrol held in Wales in the United Kingdom.[212][213][214]
Equipo
The equipment and weapon system of Pakistan Army is developed and manufactured by the local weapons industry and modern arms have been imported from the United States, China, United Kingdom, France, and the other countries in the European Union.[6]
The Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT), Defense Science and Technology Organization (DESTO), Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF), and the National Development Complex (NDC), Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC), Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) are the one of the major defense contractor for the Department of the Pakistan Army.[215]
The Heavy Industries Taxila designs and manufactured main battle tanks (MBT) in cooperation with the China and the Ukraine, while the fire arms and standard rifles for the army are licensed manufactured by the Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF).[215] The Chinese cooperation and further assistance with the Pakistan Army is vital in designing, vehicular construction, and material manufacturing of the main battle tanks.:xxxv[216] The standard rifle for the army is the German designed and POF manufactured Koch G3P4.[215]
The defense funding for the army was preferential, which was described as the "lion’s share", however, in light of CPEC's security demanding to secure the seaborne borders, the army financial planners significantly lowered its share in a view of strengthening the under-funded department of the navy.[217]
Uniforms
From 1947–71, the army service uniform of the Pakistan Army closely resembled to the army uniform of the British Army, but the uniform changed in preference of Sherwani.:172[145] The army service uniform in the Pakistan Army consists of the Sherwani with two front pockets, cap of a synthetic material, trousers with two pockets, with Golden Khaki colors.:222[218]
In the 1970s, the Ministry of Defense introduced the first camouflage pattern in the army combat uniform, resembling the British-styled DPM but this was changed in 1990 in favor of adopting the U.S. Woodland which continued until 2010.[219] In winter front such as in the Siachen and near the Wakhan Corridor, the Pakistan Army personnel wears the heavy winter all white military gear.[220]
As of 2011, the camouflage pattern of the brown and black BDU was issued and is worn by the officers and the army troops in their times of deployments.[221] The Pakistan Army has introduced arid camouflage patterns in uniform and resized qualification badges which are now service ribbons and no longer worn along with the ranks are now embroidered and are on the chest.[221] The name is badged on the right pocket and the left pocket displays achievement badges by Pakistan Army.[222]
Flag of Pakistan is placed over the black embroidered formation sign on the left arm and class course insignias are put up for the Goldish uniform,[221] decorations and awards[223] and the ranks.[222]
The COAS, Gen. Q.J. Bajwa: the standard Sherwani-based ceremonial uniform of the Pakistan Army
The standard army service uniform of the Pakistan Army, worn by officers and enlisted personnel
The former COAS, Gen. R. Sharif: The standard battle dress uniform of the Pakistan Army
The army service uniform of the Pakistan Army closely resembled to the army uniform of the British Army as seen and active from 1947–1970s
Deportes
The Army offers programs in many sports including boxing, field hockey, cricket, swimming, table tennis, karate, basketball, soccer, and other sports.[224]
The Army basketball program regularly provides the Pakistan national basketball team with players.[225]
Ver también
- Pakistan National Guard
- Comparative military ranks
- Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
- List of serving generals of the Pakistan Army
- Military history of Pakistan
- Pakistan Army Retribution (video game)
- Pakistan Military Academy
- Special Service Group (SSG)
- Structure of the Pakistan Army
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Otras lecturas
- Cloughley, Brian. A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections (4th ed. 2014).
- International Institute for Strategic Studies (3 February 2010). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2010. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-557-3.
- Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1947–1999. RoseDog Books. ISBN 9780805995947.
- Major Nasir Uddin (2005). Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata. Agami Prokashoni. ISBN 984-401-455-7. (A Bengali-language book about the history of Pakistan Army)
- Paul Staniland, Adnan Naseemullah & Ahsan Butt (2020) "Pakistan’s military elite." Journal of Strategic Studies, 43:1, 74-103
enlaces externos
- Official website