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La École des Beaux-Arts de París, iniciada por François Debret y luego terminada por Félix Duban . Esta institución dio su nombre al estilo Beaux-Arts
Edificios de bellas artes en la Universidad de California, Berkeley , diseñados por John Galen Howard

Beaux-Arts arquitectura ( / ˌ b oʊ z ɑr / ; Francés:  [bozaʁ] ) fue el académico estilo arquitectónico enseñado en las Escuela de Bellas Artes en París , sobre todo a partir de la década de 1830 hasta el final del siglo 19. Se basó en los principios del neoclasicismo francés , pero también incorporó el gótico y el renacimiento.elementos, y materiales modernos utilizados, como hierro y vidrio. Fue un estilo importante en Francia hasta finales del siglo XIX. También tuvo una fuerte influencia en la arquitectura en los Estados Unidos debido a los muchos arquitectos estadounidenses prominentes que estudiaron en la École des Beaux-Arts, incluidos Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham y Louis Sullivan . [1] : 76

Historia [ editar ]

El estilo Beaux-Arts evolucionó a partir del clasicismo francés del estilo Luis XIV , y luego el neoclasicismo francés comenzando con el estilo Luis XV y el estilo Luis XVI . Los estilos arquitectónicos franceses antes de la Revolución Francesa fueron gobernados por la Académie royale d'architecture (1671-1793), luego, después de la Revolución Francesa, por la sección de Arquitectura de la Académie des Beaux-Arts . La Academia celebró el concurso para el Gran Premio de Roma de arquitectura, que ofreció a los ganadores del premio la oportunidad de estudiar la arquitectura clásica de la antigüedad en Roma. [2]

El neoclasicismo formal del antiguo régimen fue desafiado por cuatro profesores de la Academia, Joseph-Louis Duc , Félix Duban , Henri Labrouste y Léon Vaudoyer , que habían estudiado en la Academia Francesa de Roma a finales de la década de 1820. Querían romper con la estricta formalidad del estilo antiguo introduciendo nuevos modelos de arquitectura de la Edad Media y el Renacimiento. Su objetivo era crear un auténtico estilo francés basado en modelos franceses. Su labor se vio favorecida a partir de 1837 por la creación de la Comisión de Monumentos Históricos, encabezada por el escritor e historiador Prosper Mérimée , y por el gran interés por la Edad Media suscitado por la publicación en 1831 deEl jorobado de Notre-Dame de Victor Hugo. Su intención declarada era "imprimir en nuestra arquitectura un carácter verdaderamente nacional". [3]

El estilo denominado Beaux-Arts en inglés alcanzó la cúspide de su desarrollo durante el Segundo Imperio (1852-1870) y la Tercera República que siguió. El estilo de instrucción que produjo la arquitectura Beaux-Arts continuó sin mayores interrupciones hasta 1968. [2]

El estilo Beaux-Arts influyó mucho en la arquitectura de los Estados Unidos en el período de 1880 a 1920. [4] En contraste, muchos arquitectos europeos del período 1860-1914 fuera de Francia gravitaron lejos de Beaux-Arts y hacia sus propios académicos nacionales. centros. Debido a la política cultural de finales del siglo XIX, los arquitectos británicos del clasicismo imperial siguieron un curso algo más independiente, un desarrollo que culminó en los edificios gubernamentales de Sir Edwin Lutyens en Nueva Delhi . [ cita requerida ]

Entrenamiento [ editar ]

La formación de Bellas Artes hizo hincapié en los ejemplos principales de la arquitectura imperial romana entre Augusto y los emperadores de Sévera , el Renacimiento italiano y los modelos barrocos franceses e italianos especialmente, pero la formación podría aplicarse a una gama más amplia de modelos: fachadas de palacios florentinos del Quattrocento o Gótico tardío francés . Los arquitectos estadounidenses de la generación Beaux-Arts a menudo volvían a los modelos griegos , que tenían una fuerte historia local en el Renacimiento griego estadounidense. de principios del siglo XIX. Por primera vez, los repertorios de fotografías complementaron meticulosos dibujos a escala y representaciones de detalles in situ.

La formación en Bellas Artes hizo un gran uso de agrafes , cierres que unen un detalle arquitectónico con otro; a la interpenetración de formas, hábito barroco; a la " arquitectura parlante " ( arquitectura parlante ) en la que la supuesta adecuación del simbolismo podría llevarse a extremos de mentalidad literal.

La capacitación en Bellas Artes enfatizó la producción de bocetos conceptuales rápidos, dibujos de presentación en perspectiva altamente terminados, mucha atención al programa y detalles informados. Las consideraciones del sitio incluyeron el contexto social y urbano. [5]

Todos los arquitectos en formación pasaron por las etapas obligatorias (estudio de modelos antiguos, construcción de analos , análisis que reproducen modelos griegos o romanos, estudios de "bolsillo" y otros pasos convencionales) en la larga competencia por los pocos lugares deseables en la Académie de France à Roma (ubicada en la Villa Medici ) con los requisitos tradicionales de enviar a intervalos los dibujos de presentación llamados envois de Rome .

Características [ editar ]

  • Decoración del edificio Beaux-Arts con imágenes de las diosas romanas Pomona y Diana . Nótese el naturalismo de las posturas y la oxidación canalizada de la mampostería.

  • Alternando hombres y mujeres mascarons decorar piedras angulares en el ayuntamiento de San Francisco

La arquitectura Beaux-Arts dependía de la decoración escultórica a lo largo de líneas modernas conservadoras, empleando fórmulas barrocas y rococó francesas e italianas combinadas con un acabado impresionista y realismo. En la fachada que se muestra arriba, Diana se agarra a la cornisa en la que se sienta en una acción natural típica de la integración Beaux-Arts de la escultura con la arquitectura.

Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep cornices, swags and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices.

Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included:

  • Flat roof[4]
  • Rusticated and raised first story[4]
  • Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases—to utilitarian ones
  • Arched windows[4]
  • Arched and pedimented doors[4]
  • Classical details:[4] references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to eclecticism; fluently in a number of "manners"
  • Symmetry[4]
  • Statuary,[4] sculpture (bas-relief panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building
  • Classical architectural details:[4] balustrades, pilasters, festoons, cartouches, acroteria, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (agrafes), brackets and supporting consoles
  • Subtle polychromy

Beaux-Arts architecture by country[edit]

Europe[edit]

Belgium[edit]

  • Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren

  • Main triumphal arch with one of the two side buildings of the Cinquantenaire, Brussels

  • Overview from the Royal Palace of Laeken, Brussels

  • Panoramic view of the Royal Galleries of Ostend

  • Herenhuis Vandenbroeck at the Avenue Molière and Avenue Brugmann.

Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, but the complexes and triumphal arch of the Cinquantenaire in Brussels and expansions of the Palace of Laeken in Brussels and Royal Galleries of Ostend also carry the Beaux-Arts style, created by the French architect Charles Girault. Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels at the Molière Avenue. As an old student of the École des Beaux-Arts and as a designer of the Petit Palais, Girault was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of Alphonse Balat, he became the new and favourite architect of Leopold II of Belgium. Since Leopold was the grandson of Louis Philippe I of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown.

Beaux-Arts buildings in Belgium[edit]

  • 1782: Palace of Laeken, Brussels (extensions)
  • 1880: Cinquantenaire, Brussels (complexes and triumphal arch)
  • 1898: Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren
  • 1902 - 1906: Royal Galleries of Ostend, Ostend (extensions)
  • 1908: Avenue Molière 177-179 / Avenue Brugmann 176-178, Brussels (a combination of Art Nouveau, Beaux-Arts and Eclecticism)
  • 1909: Avenue Molière 193, Brussels
  • 1910: Avenue Molière 128, Brussels
  • 1910: Avenue Molière 130, Brussels
  • 1910: Avenue Molière 132, Brussels
  • 1910: Avenue Molière 207, Brussels
  • 1912: Avenue Molière 519, Brussels
  • 1912: Avenue Molière 305, Brussels

France[edit]

  • The Conservatoire national des arts et métiers by Léon Vaudoyer (1838–67)

  • The Sainte-Geneviève Library by Henri Labrouste (1844–50)

  • Interior of the Sainte-Geneviève Library by Henri Labrouste (1844–50)

  • Museum of Natural History, Paris by Louis-Jules André (1877–1889)

  • The Grand Palais. Paris (1897–1900)

The Beaux-Arts style in France in the 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the École des Beaux-Arts, architects; Joseph-Louis Duc, Félix Duban, Henri Labrouste and Léon Vaudoyer, who had first studied Roman and Greek architecture at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic architectural styles, including French architecture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about a variety of architectural styles at the École des Beaux-Arts, and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the Sainte-Geneviève Library (1844–50), Duc designed the new Palais de Justice and Court of Cassation on the Île-de-la-Cité (1852–68), Vaudroyer designed the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (1838–67), and Duban designed the new buildings of the École des Beaux-Arts. Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris.[6]

Germany[edit]

  • Bode Museum, Berlin

  • Laeiszhalle, Hamburg

  • Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg

Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style was well received, along with Baroque Revival architecture. The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of Prussia during the German Empire. The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the Bode Museum in Berlin, and the Laeiszhalle and Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg in Hamburg.

Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany[edit]

  • 1898 - 1904: Bode Museum, Berlin
  • 1904 - 1908: Laeiszhalle, Hamburg
  • 1950(?): Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg

Hungary[edit]

  • Budapest-Nyugati Pályaudvar, Budapest

Beaux-Arts buildings in Hungary[edit]

  • 1875 - 1877: Budapest Nyugati railway station, Budapest

Italy[edit]

  • Hotel Excelsior, Naples

Beaux-Arts buildings in Italy[edit]

  • 1908: Hotel Excelsior, Naples

Netherlands[edit]

  • Plan C, Rotterdam

  • Blauwbrug, Amsterdam

  • Hogesluis, Amsterdam

  • Regentessebrug, Rotterdam

  • City hall, Rotterdam

  • Former General Post Office, Rotterdam

  • Peace Palace, The Hague

Compared to other countries like France and Germany, the Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of Rotterdam, Amsterdam and The Hague.

Beaux-Arts buildings in the Netherlands[edit]

  • 1880 - 1889: Plan C, Rotterdam (destroyed during the German bombing of Rotterdam in 1940)
  • 1883: Blauwbrug, Amsterdam
  • 1883: Hogesluis, Amsterdam
  • 1898: Regentessebrug, Rotterdam
  • 1914 - 1920: City hall of Rotterdam (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored)
  • 1915 - 1923: Former General Post Office of Rotterdam (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored)
  • 1907 - 1913: Peace Palace, The Hague

Portugal[edit]

  • Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, Lisbon

  • Edifício de Gaveto, Lisbon

  • Instituto Central da Assistência Nacional aos Tuberculosos, Lisbon

  • Sede da Ordem dos Engenheiros, Lisbon

Beaux-Arts buildings in Portugal[edit]

  • 1909 - 1911: Building on Rua Alexandre Herculano, Lisbon
  • 1912: Headquarters of the Orders of Engineers, Lisbon
  • 1913: Gaveto Building, Lisbon
  • Central Institute of National Assistance to Tuberculosis portugal, Lisbon

Spain[edit]

  • Estación del Norte, Madrid (renamed the Estación de Príncipe Pío after renovation in 1995)

  • Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid

  • Casino de Madrid

  • Edificio Metrópolis, Madrid

  • Casa Reynot, Madrid

  • Gran Vía 24, Madrid

  • Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid

  • Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete, Madrid

  • Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid

  • Calle Mayor 6, Madrid

  • Spanish Navy Headquarters, Madrid

Beaux-Arts buildings in Spain[edit]

  • 1876: Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Cartagena building, Cartagena
  • 1876 - 1882: North Station, Madrid
  • 1981: Casa Resines, Valladolid
  • 1886: Gutierrez Passage, Valladolid
  • 1902: Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid
  • 1905 - 1910: Casino de Madrid
  • 1907 - 1911: Metropolis Building, Madrid
  • 1908 - 1911: Calle de Montalbán 5, Madrid
  • 1913 - 1916: Reynot House, Madrid
  • 1919 - 1924: Gran Vía 24, Madrid
  • 1920 - 1923: Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid
  • 1921 - 1923: Mansion of Tomás de Beruete, Madrid
  • 1922: Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid
  • 1924: Calle Mayor 6, Madrid
  • 1925 - 1928: Army Headquarters, Madrid

North America[edit]

Canada[edit]

  • Government Conference Centre, Ottawa

  • Alberta Legislature Building, Edmonton

  • Manitoba Legislative Building, Winnipeg

Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three prairie provinces' legislative buildings are in this style.

Beaux-Arts buildings in Canada[edit]

  • 1898: London and Lancashire Life Building, Montreal
  • 1903: Old Montreal Stock Exchange Building
  • 1905: Alden Hall, Meadville
  • 1907: Royal Alexandra Theatre, Toronto
  • 1909: Linton Apartments, Montreal
  • 1912: Sun Tower, Vancouver
  • 1912: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal
  • 1912: Government Conference Centre (originally a railway station by Ross and Macdonald), Ottawa
  • 1912: Saskatchewan Legislative Building, Regina
  • 1913: Alberta Legislative Building, Edmonton
  • 1913 - 1920: Union Station, Toronto
  • 1913 - 1931: Sun Life Building, Montreal
  • 1920: Manitoba Legislative Building, Winnipeg
  • 1920: Millennium Centre, Winnipeg
  • 1923: Commemorative Arch, Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario
  • 1923 - 1924: Bank of Nova Scotia, Ottawa
  • 1924 - 2017: Former Superior Court of Justice Building, Thunder Bay
  • 1930: Dominion Square Building, Montreal
  • 1931: Canada Life Building, Toronto
  • 1932: Mount Royal Chalet, Montreal
  • 1932: Indigenous Peoples Space, Ottawa (formerly the United States Embassy)
  • 1935: Dominion Public Building, Toronto
  • 1938 - 1946: Supreme Court of Canada Building, Ottawa
  • 1943: Hockey Hall of Fame (formerly a branch of the Bank of Montreal), Toronto

Beaux-Arts architects in Canada[edit]

  • William Sutherland Maxwell
  • John M. Lyle
  • Ross and Macdonald
  • Sproatt & Rolph
  • Pearson and Darling
  • Ernest Cormier
  • Jean-Omer Marchand fr:Jean-Omer Marchand

United States[edit]

  • Facade of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, by Richard Morris Hunt (1902)

  • Grand Central Terminal (1913), New York City

  • Low Memorial Library at Columbia University by Charles Follen McKim (1895)

  • The San Francisco War Memorial Opera House by Arthur Brown Jr. (1932)

  • The Palace of Horticulture from the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco by Arthur Brown Jr. (1915 demolished in 1916)

  • The Emory University School of Medicine on the campus of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia is one of the few examples of Beaux-Arts architecture in the American South.[7]

  • Insurance Exchange Building (1925), Long Beach, California

  • The Pantlind Hotel, now the Amway Grand Plaza Hotel in Grand Rapids, Michigan, was designed by Warren and Wetmore. When completed in 1913, the Pantlind Hotel featured one of the largest gold leaf ceilings in the world.[8]

  • United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C., designed by Cass Gilbert and completed in 1935 (July 2020)

The first American architect to attend the École des Beaux-Arts was Richard Morris Hunt, between 1846 and 1855, followed by Henry Hobson Richardson in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style (Richardsonian Romanesque) freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism.[9]

The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived City Beautiful movement in the United States.[10] Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights, a harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed.[11] The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere.[12] From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, and sculptors to work as active collaborators.

Numerous American university campuses were designed in the Beaux-Arts, notably: Columbia University, (commissioned in 1896), designed by McKim, Mead & White; the University of California, Berkeley (commissioned in 1898), designed by John Galen Howard; the United States Naval Academy (built 1901–1908), designed by Ernest Flagg; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth; Emory University and Carnegie Mellon University (commissioned in 1908 and 1904, respectively),[13] both designed by Henry Hornbostel; and the University of Texas (commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret.

While the style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The Grand Palais in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to railroads. Chicago's Union Station, Detroit's Michigan Central Station, Jacksonville's Union Terminal, Grand Central Terminal and the original Pennsylvania Station in New York, and Washington, DC's Union Station are famous American examples of this style. Cincinnati has a number of notable Beaux-Arts style buildings, including the Hamilton County Memorial Building in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood. An ecclesiastical variant on the Beaux-Arts style is Minneapolis' Basilica of St. Mary,[14] the first basilica in the United States, which was designed by Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) and opened in 1914, and a Freemason temple variant, the Plainfield Masonic Temple, in Plainfield, New Jersey, designed by John E. Minott in 1927. The main branch of the New York Public Library is another prominent example. Another prominent U.S. example of the style is the largest academic dormitory in the world, Bancroft Hall at the abovementioned United States Naval Academy.[15] The tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion, Michigan Central Station in Detroit, was also designed in the style.[16]

Beaux-Arts architects in the United States[edit]

In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America.[17] The following individuals, students of the École des Beaux-Arts, are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States:

  • Otto Eugene Adams
  • William A. Boring
  • William W. Bosworth
  • Arthur Brown Jr.
  • Daniel Burnham
  • Carrère and Hastings
  • James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr.
  • Paul Philippe Cret
  • Edward Emmett Dougherty
  • Ernest Flagg
  • Robert W. Gibson
  • C. P. H. Gilbert
  • Cass Gilbert
  • Thomas Hastings
  • Raymond Hood
  • Henry Hornbostel
  • Richard Morris Hunt
  • Albert Kahn
  • Charles Klauder
  • Ellamae Ellis League
  • Electus D. Litchfield
  • Austin W. Lord
  • Emmanuel Louis Masqueray
  • William Rutherford Mead
  • John E. Minott
  • Julia Morgan
  • Charles Follen McKim
  • Harry B. Mulliken
  • Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison
  • Henry Orth
  • Theodore Wells Pietsch I
  • Willis Polk
  • John Russell Pope
  • Arthur Wallace Rice
  • Henry Hobson Richardson
  • Francis Palmer Smith
  • Louis Sullivan
  • Edward Lippincott Tilton
  • Evarts Tracy of Tracy and Swartwout
  • Horace Trumbauer
  • Enock Hill Turnock
  • Whitney Warren
  • Stanford White

Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White, which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings.[18]

South America[edit]

Argentina[edit]

  • Palacio de Aguas Corrientes, Buenos Aires

  • Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires

  • Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires

  • Kirchner Cultural Centre, Buenos Aires

  • Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán

From 1880 the so-called Generation of '80 came to power in Argentine politics. These were admirers of France as a model republic, particularly with regard to culture and aesthetic tastes. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s.[19]

Beaux-Arts buildings in Argentina[edit]

  • 1877 - 1894: Palacio de Aguas Corrientes, Buenos Aires
  • 1889 - 1908: Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires
  • 1889: Pabellón Argentino [es] (Argentine pavilion from the 1889 Paris Exposition Universelle), taken down and reconstructed in Buenos Aires (demolished in 1932)
  • 1890: Estación Mar del Plata Sud [es], Mar del Plata (the train station was closed in 1949, and was later damaged by fire. Although it was renovated, it is today much less adorned)
  • 1894 - 1898: Buenos Aires House of Culture, Buenos Aires
  • 1898 - 1906: Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires
  • 1908 - 1910: Club Mar del Plata [es], Mar del Plata (burned down in 1961)
  • 1908 - 1928: Kirchner Cultural Centre, Buenos Aires
  • 1926 - 1931: Buenos Aires City Legislature Palace, Buenos Aires
  • 1908 - 1910: Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán
  • 1924 - 1929: Estrugamou Building, Buenos Aires

Beaux-Arts architects in Argentina[edit]

  • Alejandro Bustillo
  • Julio Dormal
  • Gainza y Agote
  • Alejandro Christophersen
  • Edouard Le Monnier
  • León Dourge (later an exponent of rationalism)
  • Paul Pater
  • Jacques Dunant
  • Norbert Maillart
  • Carlos Thays (landscape architect)

Brazil[edit]

  • Casa Lebre, São Paulo

  • Caetano de Campos House, São Paulo

  • Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo

  • Municipal Theater of São Paulo

  • Coliseu Santista Theater, Santos

  • Tereza Toledo Lara Palace, São Paulo

  • Prates Mansions, São Paulo

  • Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro

  • Helvetia Palace, São Paulo

  • Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo

Beaux-Arts buildings in Brazil[edit]

  • 1858: Casa Lebre, São Paulo
  • 1890 - 1894: Caetano de Campos House, São Paulo
  • 1896 - 1899: Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo
  • 1903 - 1911: Municipal Theater of São Paulo
  • 1909: Coliseu Santista Theater, Santos, São Paulo
  • 1910: Tereza Toledo Lara Palace, São Paulo
  • 1911: Prates Mansions, São Paulo
  • 1922 - 1926: Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro
  • 1923: Helvetia Palace, São Paulo
  • 1926 - 1929: Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo
  • Artemis Hotel, São Paulo
  • Banco de São Paulo Building, São Paulo
  • Hôtel de La Rotisserie Sportsman, São Paulo
  • Mococa Building, São Paulo

Colombia[edit]

  • Palacio de San Francisco, Bogotá

  • Capitolio nacional, Bogotá

  • Palacio Echeverri, Bogotá

  • Casa de Nariño, Bogotá

  • Museo de la Policía, Bogotá

  • Teatro Colón, Bogotá

  • Banco Comercial de Barranquilla

  • Banco Dugand, Barranquilla

  • Antigua Aduana, Barranquilla

Peru[edit]

  • Club Nacional, Lima

  • Edificio Rímac, Lima

  • Palacio Legislativo del Perú, Lima

Beaux-Arts buildings in Peru[edit]

  • 1855: Club Nacional, Lima
  • 1906 - 1939: Legislative Palace, Lima
  • 1919 - 1924: Edificio Rímac, Lima

Africa[edit]

Mozambique[edit]

  • Mercado Municipal, Maputo

  • Banco da Beira

  • Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira

  • Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira

  • Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira

  • Palácio dos Desportos, Beira

  • Standard Bank Building, Beira

  • Tribunal da Beira

Beaux-Arts buildings in Mozambique[edit]

  • 1901?: Municipal Market, Maputo
  • 1933: Gil Vicente Theater, Maputo
  • Banco da Beira, Beira
  • Casa Ana, Beira
  • Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira
  • Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira
  • Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira
  • Palácio dos Desportos, Beira
  • Standard Bank Building, Beira
  • Tribunal da Beira

Asia[edit]

Hong Kong[edit]

  • Pedder Building, Central

  • Peak Tram Office, Victoria Peak

Beaux-Arts buildings in Hong Kong[edit]

  • 1923: Pedder Building, Central, Hong Kong
  • 1927: Peak Tram Office, 1 Lugard Road

Japan[edit]

  • Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe

  • Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo

  • Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo

Beaux-Arts buildings in Japan[edit]

  • 1918: Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe
  • 1926 - 1929: Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo
  • 1930 - 1934: Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo
  • Yokohama Yusen Building

Philippines[edit]

  • El Hogar Filipino Building, Manila

  • Regina Building, Manila

  • Luneta Hotel, Manila

  • University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Manila

  • Calvo Building, Manila

Beaux-Arts buildings in Philippines[edit]

  • 1914: El Hogar Filipino Building, Escolta, Manila
  • 1915: Regina Building, Escolta, Manila
  • 1919: Jones Bridge, Ermita and Binondo, Manila
  • 1919: Luneta Hotel, Ermita, Manila
  • 1924 - 1927: University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Sampaloc, Manila
  • 1928: Natividad Building, Escolta, Manila
  • 1938: Calvo Building, Escolta, Manila
  • Natalio Enriquez Mansion, Sariaya, Quezon

Oceania[edit]

Australia[edit]

  • Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne

  • General Post Office, Perth

  • State Savings Bank building, Sydney

  • Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane

Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s.

Beaux-Arts buildings in Australia[edit]

  • 1900-1910: Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne
  • 1914 - 1923: General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth
  • 1916: Perpetual Trustee Company Limited, Hunter Street, Sydney
  • 1917: Former Mail Exchange Building, Melbourne
  • 1920: National Theatre, Melbourne
  • 1925-1928: Commonwealth Bank building, Martin Place, Sydney
  • 1926: Argus Building, La Trobe Street, Melbourne
  • 1927: Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy, Melbourne
  • 1928 - 1930: Bank of New South Wales building, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane
  • 1928: Port Authority building, Melbourne
  • 1928 Herald Weekly Times Building, Flinders Street, Melbourne
  • 1933: Commonwealth Bank building, Forrest Place, Perth

New Zealand[edit]

  • Former Auckland Railway Station, Auckland

Beaux-Arts buildings in New Zealand[edit]

  • 1928 - 1930: The Strand Station, Auckland

See also[edit]

  • Academic art
  • Second Empire architecture
  • Beaux Arts Village, Washington

References[edit]

  1. ^ Texier 2012.
  2. ^ a b Robin Middleton, ed. (1982). The Beaux-Arts and Nineteenth-century French Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson.
  3. ^ Texier 2012, p. 76.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Clues to American Architecture. Klein and Fogle. 1986. p. 38. ISBN 0-913515-18-3.
  5. ^ Arthur Drexler, ed. (1977). The Architecture of the École des Beaux-Arts. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  6. ^ Texier 2012, pp. 76–77.
  7. ^ "University Architect". campserv.emory.edu.
  8. ^ "A New Era of Historic Grandeur is Ushered in with Opening of Amway Grand Plaza, Curio Collection by Hilton". Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  9. ^ James Philip Noffsinger. The Influence of the École des Beaux-arts on the Architects of the United States (Washington DC., Catholic University of America Press, 1955).
  10. ^ Howe, Jeffery. "Beaux-Arts Architecture in America". www.bc.edu. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  11. ^ Chafee, Richard. The Architecture of the École des Beaux-Arts. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1977.
  12. ^ Jarzombek, Mark (2004). Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech. Northeastern University Press.
  13. ^ "Emory to demolish John Portman-designed Dobbs University Center". Archpaper.com. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  14. ^ "Architecture | The Basilica of Saint Mary". www.mary.org. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  15. ^ National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form [page 3]. National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior, September 1977, as recorded to the Maryland State Archives, 2 December 1992. Accessed 14 January 2016.
  16. ^ Marcus, Jonathan. "Michigan Central and the rebirth of Detroit". BBC News. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  17. ^ Beaux-arts Architecture in New York: A Photographic Guide Front Cover Courier Dover Publications, 1988 (page vii–viii)
  18. ^ Richard Guy Wilson. McKim, Mead & White, Architects (New York: Rizzoli, 1983)
  19. ^ Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture, Stephen Sennott (ed.), p. 186

Bibliography[edit]

  • Texier, Simon (2012). Paris- Panorama de l'architecture. Parigramme. ISBN 978-2-84096-667-8.a ddi

Further reading[edit]

  • Reed, Henry Hope and Edmund V. Gillon Jr. 1988. Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York: A Photographic Guide (Dover Publications: Mineola NY)
  • United States. Commission of Fine Arts. 1978, 1988 (2 vols.). Sixteenth Street Architecture (The Commission of Fine Arts: Washington, D.C.: The Commission) – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D.C. SuDoc FA 1.2: AR 2.

External links[edit]

  • New York architecture images, Beaux-Arts gallery
  • Advertisement film about the usage of the Beaux Arts style as a reference in kitchen design
  • Hallidie Building