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Módulo de aterrizaje Beresheet
Beresheet model on Habima Square 20190222 01.jpg
Modelo de tamaño completo del módulo de aterrizaje Beresheet Moon
NombresGorrión (2011-2018)
Tipo de misiónDemostrador de tecnología
Operador  Industrias aeroespaciales de Israel [1] y SpaceIL
ID COSPAR2019-09B
SATCAT no.44049
Sitio webwww .spaceil .com
Duración de la misiónFinal: 48 días, 17 horas, 38 minutos
Propiedades de la nave espacial
AstronaveBeresheet [2]
Tipo de nave espacialMódulo de aterrizaje lunar
FabricanteSpaceIL e Israel Aerospace Industries [3]
Masa de lanzamiento585 kg (1290 libras)
Secado masivo150 kg (330 libras)
Dimensionesdiámetro: 2 m (6,6 pies); altura: 1,5 m [4]
Inicio de la misión
Fecha de lanzamiento22 de febrero de 2019 1:45 UTC [5] [6]
CoheteFalcon 9 B5
Sitio de lanzamientoCCAFS SLC-40
ContratistaSpaceX
Fin de la misión
DisposiciónDestruido al impactar en la superficie de la Luna.
Destruido11 de abril de 2019, 19:23 UTC (2019-04-11UTC19:24) 
Módulo de aterrizaje lunar
Fecha de aterrizajeCaptura lunar: 4 de abril de 2019
Aterrizaje: 11 de abril de 2019 (falla) [7]
Lugar de aterrizajeMare Serenitatis [8]
Instrumentos
magnetómetro
matriz de retrorreflectores láser
 

Beresheet ( hebreo : בְּרֵאשִׁית , "Bərēšīṯ", "Al principio"; Libro del Génesis ) fue un demostrador de un pequeño módulo de aterrizaje lunar robótico y una sonda lunar operada por SpaceIL e Israel Aerospace Industries . Sus objetivos incluían inspirar a los jóvenes y promover carreras en ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas ( STEM ), y aterrizar su magnetómetro , cápsula del tiempo y retrorreflector láser en la Luna. Los giroscopios del módulo de aterrizaje fallaron el 11 de abril de 2019, lo que provocó que el motor principal se apagara, lo que provocó que el módulo de aterrizaje se estrellara en la Luna. [9] Su posición de reposo final es 32.5956 ° N, 19.3496 ° E. [10]

El módulo de aterrizaje se conocía anteriormente como Sparrow y pasó a llamarse oficialmente Beresheet en diciembre de 2018. [11] Su masa neta era de 150 kg (330 lb); cuando se alimenta en el lanzamiento, su masa era de 585 kg (1290 lb). Se había comparado con una lavadora, ya que tenía aproximadamente la altura de una a 1,5 m (4 pies 11 pulgadas) y era similar en ancho a los grandes electrodomésticos. [12] Usó siete estaciones terrestres para la comunicación Tierra-módulo de aterrizaje. [13] Su centro de control de misión estaba en Israel Aerospace Industries en Yehud , Israel.

The Beresheet was the first non-governmental mission to land (albeit destructively) on the Moon, the first Israeli mission to land on the Moon, and the first ride-share mission to land on the Moon.[14]

Planning and construction[edit]

Beresheet was co-developed by SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) with support from Israel Space Agency and Morris Kahn, its major financier. It represented the first privately initiated Moon mission and was stimulated by the Google Lunar X Prize.[15] SpaceIL and IAI constructed the vehicle[16][3] and was supported by the Israel Space Agency.[17] The time window for participation in the Lunar X Prize closed before the launch. After the mission, Lunar X Prize awarded a US$1 million award to SpaceIL to support a second mission.[18]

The costs for the project, including launch, were about US$100 million.[19] The government of Israel's commitment to the project was stated to be 10% in July 2018.[20] However, in 2019 just before the launch, SpaceIL told media that the overall budget was about $90 million, and only about $2 million of that came from the Israeli government.[21]

Payload[edit]

The spacecraft carried a "time capsule" containing over 30 million pages of data, including a full copy of the English-language Wikipedia, the Wearable Rosetta disc, the PanLex database, the Torah, children's drawings, a children's book inspired by the space launch, memoirs of a Holocaust survivor, Israel's national anthem ("Hatikvah"), the Israeli flag, and a copy of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[22][23][24][5][25] At the last minute, genetic samples and tardigrades were added in epoxy resin between the digital layers.[26]

Its scientific payload included a magnetometer supplied by the Israeli Weizmann Institute of Science to measure the local magnetic field, and a laser retroreflector array supplied by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to enable precise measurements of the Earth–Moon distance.[27][28]

Propulsion[edit]

The spacecraft propulsion system was designed and built by Israel Aerospace Industries, based on monomethylhydrazine (MMH) fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) oxidizer. It featured nine engines, the main engine was the LEROS 2b liquid-propellant, restartable rocket engine which was used to reach lunar orbit, deceleration of the spacecraft, and an attempted propulsive landing.[29][30]

Launch[edit]

Trajectory on a silver medal of the 2019 International Physics Olympiad.

In October 2015, SpaceIL signed a contract for a launch from Cape Canaveral in Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 booster, via Spaceflight Industries.[20][31] It was launched on 22 February 2019 at 0145 UTC (20:45 local time on 21 February) as a secondary payload,[5][32][33] along with the telecom satellite PSN-6.[34] Beresheet was controlled by a command center in Yehud, Israel.[35]

From 24 February to 19 March, the main engine was used four times to raise the orbit, putting its apogee close to the Moon's orbital distance.[36] The spacecraft performed maneuvers so as to be successfully captured into an elliptical lunar orbit on 4 April 2019, and adjusted its flight pattern in a circular orbit around the Moon. Once it was in the correct circular orbit, it was planned to decelerate for a soft landing on the lunar surface. This was planned for 11 April 2019.[37]

Planned landing site[edit]

The planned landing site was in the north part of the Mare Serenitatis,[8] and the landing zone was about 15 km (9.3 mi) in diameter.[38]

Beresheet was planned to operate for an estimated two days on the lunar surface,[20] as it had no thermal control and was expected to quickly overheat.[39] However, its laser retroreflector was a passive device requiring no electrical power and was expected to be functional for several decades.[40]

Planned operations[edit]

The spacecraft was planned to have a short surface lifespan of about two days. Its main mission would have been to gather imagery and send it back to Earth. Additionally, the craft would have made magnetic measurements. It was also planned to reignite its main engine and perform a "hop" to another place in the Moon's surface, demonstrating relocation capability in its Moon exploration.[21]

The retroreflector onboard Beresheet was a passive device and would have continued to be usable to laser ranging measurements for decades after the spacecraft's active life ended.

NASA contribution[edit]

In addition to contributing the laser retroreflector to the mission, NASA planned to contribute space communications capabilities during the cruise phase and operations phase, even giving Beresheet time on the Deep Space Network. NASA also planned to survey Beresheet with its Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (which it did after the crash-landing). In exchange, SpaceIL would have shared its magnetic measurements with NASA.[21]

Crash-landing[edit]

Crash site of Beresheet as seen by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

On 11 April 2019, the lander crash-landed on the lunar surface. An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU2) gyroscope failed during the braking procedure on approach to the landing site, and the ground control crew was unable to reset the individual component due to a sudden loss of communications with the control network.[41] By the time communications were restored, the craft's main engine had already been inactive for an extended period. The engine was brought back online following a system-wide reset; however, the craft had already lost too much altitude to slow its descent sufficiently. The final telemetry reading indicated that at an altitude of 150 metres (490 ft) the craft was still traveling over 500 km/h (140 m/s), resulting in a total loss on impact with the lunar surface.[42][43] Prior to impact, the probe had been able to take two last photographs: a view of itself against the Moon, and a closer shot of the Moon's surface.[44]

The lander's final resting position is 32.5956°N, 19.3496°E,[10] portrayed in the following LROC images:[45]

  • M1236487095L (before impact)
  • M1098722768L (before impact - 2012-08-04 - 12:31:41, line 24245, sample 4031)[46]
  • M1101080642R (before impact - 2012-08-31 - 19:29:35, line 14398, sample 1424)[47]
  • M1310536929R (after impact)

Wreckage[edit]

NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) overflew the area where Beresheet's telemetry ended, and took photos of the surface. When those photos were compared against earlier photos of the same location, one set of new features was obvious. A faint lighter line leads to a lighter halo surrounding a dark crater. A lump is visible at the head of the crater opposite the line. The light halo may either be gas associated with the craft's wreckage or fine soil particles blown outward by the impact.[48] A small NASA payload known as the Lunar Retroflector Array (LRA) is hoped to have survived the crash but may have separated from the remaining wreckage. The Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument on the LRO is pulsing laser images at the crash site in hopes of finding the LRA.[49]

In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrade micro-animals in their natural cryptobiotic state may have survived the crash and lived on the Moon for a while. On previous space missions, tardigrades were exposed to the open vacuum of space and some were able to live for a period of time.[50][51] There is no real danger they will spread across the Moon.[50]

Beresheet 2[edit]

Main article: Beresheet 2

Originally Beresheet was planned to be a one-time-only mission.[21][3] However, on 13 April 2019, Morris Kahn announced that a new mission, named Beresheet 2 would attempt a second time to land on the Moon.[52] On 25 November 2019, it was announced that Beresheet 2 would attempt to send one lander to the Moon and another to Mars.[53][54]

Intellectual property[edit]

IAI owns the intellectual property of the Beresheet design.[55] On 9 June 2019 it was announced that IAI signed an agreement with the American company Firefly Aerospace to build a lunar lander based on Beresheet.[55] Firefly Aerospace is one of several 'main contractors' for NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS), and they plan to propose a lunar lander based on Beresheet that will be called Genesis.[55][56] Genesis would be launched on another vehicle Firefly plans to build, a rocket called Beta,[56] or a Falcon 9 rocket[57] in late 2022.[58] Due to changing CLPS specifications, Firefly determined that Genesis no longer fit NASA's requirements and started work on a new lunar lander design called Blue Ghost in 2021.[59] Despite being developed by Firefly, IAI will support the Blue Ghost lunar lander development effort as per their previous agreement on Genesis.[59]

On 4 February 2021, NASA has awarded a CLPS contract to Firefly Aerospace, of Cedar Park, Texas, approximately US$93.3 million to deliver a suite of 10 science investigations and technology demonstrations to the Moon in 2023.

See also[edit]

  • List of artificial objects on the Moon
  • List of software bugs

References[edit]

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  2. ^ SpaceX Delays Launch of First Private Lunar Lander Without Explanation. Kristin Houser, Futurism. 18 December 2018.
  3. ^ a b c IAI studying follow-on opportunities for SpaceIL lunar lander. Jeff Foust, Space News. 17 September 2018.
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  5. ^ a b c Graham, William (21 February 2019). "SpaceX launches Indonesian satellite launch and Israeli moon mission". NasaSpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  6. ^ Pietrobon, Steven (8 December 2018). "United States Commercial ELV Launch Manifest". Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  7. ^ Israeli spirits soar as Moon launch countdown begins, 18 February 2019
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  46. ^ "LROC Observation M1098722768L".
  47. ^ "LROC Observation M1101080642R".
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  57. ^ Firefly Genesis Firefly Aerospace Accessed on 13 September 2019
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  59. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (4 February 2021). "Firefly wins NASA CLPS lunar lander contract". SpaceNews. Retrieved 4 February 2021.

External links[edit]

  • Official website
  • From Plutarch to Beresheet: a Short History of Lunar Exploration
  • National Geographic - First privately funded moon lander crash-lands