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Carrara Carara   ( emiliana )
Comune
Comune di Carrara
The area around Carrara, seen from an aircraft flying at 10,000 metres. The town is at the top of the picture, nearest to the marble quarries which are the white markings on the mountains.
El área alrededor de Carrara, vista desde un avión que volaba a 10,000 metros. La ciudad está en la parte superior de la imagen, más cerca de las canteras de mármol que son las marcas blancas en las montañas.
Coat of arms of Carrara
Escudo de armas
Donde es la ciudad de Carrara
Carrara is located in Italy
Carrara
Carrara
Ubicación de Carrara en Italia
Carrara is located in Tuscany
Carrara
Carrara
Carrara (Toscana)
Coordenadas: 44 ° 04.75′N 10 ° 06.00′E / 44.07917°N 10.10000°E / 44.07917; 10.10000 Coordenadas : 44 ° 04.75′N 10 ° 06.00′E  / 44.07917°N 10.10000°E / 44.07917; 10.10000
PaísItalia
RegiónToscana
ProvinciaMassa y Carrara (MS)
FrazioniAvenza, Bedizzano, Bergiola, Bonascola, Castelpoggio , Codena, Colonnata , Fontia, Fossola, Gragnana, Marina di Carrara , Miseglia , Nazzano, Noceto, Sorgnano, Torano
Gobierno
 • AlcaldeFrancesco De Pasquale ( Movimiento de cinco estrellas )
Área[1]
 • Total71 km 2 (27 millas cuadradas)
Elevación100 m (300 pies)
Población (30 de junio de 2016) [2]
 • Total62,923
 • Densidad890 / km 2 (2300 / millas cuadradas)
Demonym (s)Carraresi
Zona horariaUTC + 1 ( CET )
 • Verano ( DST )UTC + 2 ( CEST )
Código Postal
54033
Codigo para marcar0585
Patrona San Ceccardo
Día santoJunio ​​16

Carrara ( / k ə r ɑr ə / kə- RAR -ə , italiano:  [karraːra] ; Emilian : Carara ) es una ciudad y comuna en la Toscana , en el centro de Italia , de la provincia de Massa y Carrara , y destaca por la mármol blanco o gris azulado extraído allí. [3] Está en el río Carrione, a unos 100 kilómetros (62 millas) al oeste-noroeste de Florencia . Su lema esFortitudo mea in rota (latín: "Mi fuerza está en la rueda").

Historia [ editar ]

Vista de Carrara.

Había asentamientos conocidos en el área ya en el siglo IX aC, cuando los Apuan Ligures vivían en la región. La ciudad actual se originó en el municipio construido para albergar a los trabajadores de las canteras de mármol creadas por los romanos después de la conquista de Liguria a principios del siglo II a.C. Carrara ha estado vinculada al proceso de extracción y tallado del mármol desde la época romana. El mármol se exportaba desde el cercano puerto de Luni en la desembocadura del río Magra . [4]

A principios de la Edad Media fue posesión bizantina y luego lombarda, y luego, fue bajo los obispos de Luni quienes comenzaron a escribir la historia de la ciudad cuando el emperador Otón I se la entregó. [5] Se convirtió en una ciudad-estado a principios del siglo XIII; durante la lucha entre güelfos y gibelinos , Carrara solía pertenecer a este último partido. Los obispos la adquirieron de nuevo en 1230, y su gobierno terminó en 1313, cuando la ciudad pasó a manos de las repúblicas de Pisa , Lucca y Florencia . Posteriormente fue adquirido por Gian Galeazzo Visconti de Milán.

Después de la muerte de Filippo Maria Visconti de Milán en 1447, Carrara fue disputada por Tommaso Campofregoso , señor de Sarzana , y nuevamente por la familia Malaspina, que se trasladó aquí a la sede de su signoria en la segunda mitad del siglo XV. Carrara y Massa formaron el ducado de Massa y Carrara del siglo XV al XIX. Bajo la última Malaspina, María Teresa , que se había casado con Ercole III d'Este , pasó a formar parte del Ducado de Módena .

After the short Napoleonic rule of Elisa Bonaparte, it was given back to Modena. During the unification of Italy age, Carrara was the seat of a popular revolt led by Domenico Cucchiari, and was a center of Giuseppe Mazzini's revolutionary activity.

The Alberto Meschi monument in Carrara.
Carrara in 1911.

At the end of the 19th century Carrara became the cradle of anarchism in Italy, in particular among the quarry workers. The quarry workers, including the stone carvers, had radical beliefs that set them apart from others. Ideas from outside the city began to influence the Carrarese. Anarchism and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers. According to a New York Times article of 1894 many violent revolutionists who had been expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885 and founded the first anarchist group in Italy.[6] Carrara has remained a continuous 'hotbed' of anarchism in Italy, with several organizations located openly in the city. The Anarchist marble workers were also the driving force behind organising labour in the quarries and in the carving sheds. They were also the main protagonists of the Lunigiana revolt in January 1894.

In 1929, the municipalities of Carrara, Massa and Montignoso were merged in a single municipality, called Apuania. In 1945 the previous situation was restored.

Carrara is the birthplace of the International Federation of Anarchists (IFA), formed in 1968.

Title[edit]

As a titular Duke of Modena, the current holder of the title of "Prince of Carrara" would be Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este.

Main sights[edit]

  • Cathedral (Duomo, 12th century).
  • Ducal Palace (also Palazzo Cybo Malaspina, 16th century), now the seat of the Fine Arts Academy. Built over pre-existing Lombard fortification, it dates to the reign of Guglielmo Malaspina, becoming in 1448 the permanent seat of the dynasty. It includes two distinct edifices: the Castello Malaspiniano, dating to the 13th century, and the Renaissance palace, begun by Alberico I in the late 16th century. Under the medieval loggia are exposed several ancient Roman findings.
  • Baroque church and convent of San Francesco, built in 1623–64 by order of Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina.
  • Church of the Suffragio, begun in 1686 under design of Innocenzo Bergamini, and refurbished in the 19th century. The façade has a large marble portal in Baroque style, sculpted by Carlo Finelli and surmounted by a bas-relief with the "Madonna and the Souls of the Purgatory".
  • Palazzo Cybo-Malaspina
  • Sanctuary of the Madonna delle Grazie alla Lugnola, consecrated in 1676 and designed by Alessandro Bergamini.
  • Church of Santa Maria Assunta, at Torano. It has a 16th-century façade with a portal from 1554. The interior is on a nave and two aisles.
A Carrara marble quarry.
Façade of the Cathedral.
Palazzo Cybo Malaspina.
Carrara marble exploitation.

Economy and culture[edit]

Carrara marble has been used since the time of Ancient Rome. The Pantheon and Trajan's Column in Rome are constructed of it, and many sculptures of the Renaissance were carved from it.

In addition to the marble quarries, the city has academies of sculpture and fine arts and a museum of statuary and antiquities, and a yearly marble technology fair. The local marble is exported around the world, and marble from elsewhere is also fashioned and sculpted commercially here.

Derivation of name[edit]

Monte Sagro and nearby quarries.

The word Carrara likely comes from the pre-Roman (Celtic or Ligurian) element kar (stone), through Latin carrariae meaning 'quarries'.[7]

Twin towns - sister cities[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Carrara is twinned with:[8][9]

  • Grasse, France
  • Ingolstadt, Germany
  • Kragujevac, Serbia
  • Opole, Poland
  • Yerevan, Armenia
  • Yunfu, China

Notable people[edit]

  • Federico Bernardeschi
  • Gianluigi Buffon
  • Giorgio Chinaglia
  • Francesco Gabbani
  • Lorenzo Musetti
  • Pietro Tacca
  • Cristiano Zanetti

See also[edit]

  • Carrara marble
  • Marmifera di Carrara railway

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Istat. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Istat. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  3. ^ "Carrara and its precious white gold". www.mytravelintuscany.com. My Travel in Tuscany. 25 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  4. ^ Carrara and its environs, InterScultura
  5. ^ Haegen, Anne Mueller von der; Strasser, Ruth F. (2013). "Carrara". Art & Architecture: Tuscany. Potsdam: H.F.Ullmann Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-3-8480-0321-1.
  6. ^ A Stronghold of Anarchists, The New York Times, January 19, 1894
  7. ^ Repetti
  8. ^ "All'inaugurazione del CARMI presenti anche le delegazioni delle città gemellate con Carrara". web.comune.carrara.ms.it (in Italian). Carrara. 1 June 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  9. ^ "FESTIVAL - Yerevan Outdoor Advertising Festival". web.comune.carrara.ms.it (in Italian). Carrara. 26 October 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2019.

External links[edit]

  • Official website
  • Marble Quarry in the Massa and Carrara region
  • "Carrara" (Marble), in The Monumental News Magazine, March 1893, pp. 273-275.
  • "The Carrara Marble Industry," Scientific American Supplement, May 17, 1902, pp. 22045–22046.
  • “A Marble World” (Carrara, Italy), by E. St. John Hart, article in Pearson’s Magazine, February 1903
  • Landsat 7 photograph of Carrara marble quarries in August 2001
  • Overnight in Carrara, Italy - slideshow by The New York Times