Glosario de ajedrez

Este glosario de ajedrez explica los términos de uso común en el ajedrez , en orden alfabético. Algunos de estos términos tienen sus propias páginas, como fork y pin . Para obtener una lista de piezas de ajedrez poco ortodoxas, consulte Pieza de ajedrez de hadas ; para obtener una lista de términos específicos de problemas de ajedrez , consulte Glosario de problemas de ajedrez ; para obtener una lista de las líneas iniciales con nombre , consulte Lista de aperturas de ajedrez ; para obtener una lista de juegos relacionados con el ajedrez, consulte Lista de variantes de ajedrez .

A

pin absoluto: Un alfiler contra el rey se llama absoluto ya que la pieza clavada no puede moverse legalmente fuera de la línea de ataque (ya que moverla expondría al rey a jaquear ). ^[1] Cfr. pin relativo .
activo: Describe una pieza que amenaza una cantidad de casillas, o que tiene varias casillas disponibles para su próximo movimiento. También puede describir un estilo de juego agresivo. ^[2] Antónimo: pasivo .
aplazamiento: Suspensión de una partida de ajedrez con la intención de terminarla más tarde. Alguna vez fue muy común en la competencia de alto nivel, a menudo ocurre poco después del primer control de tiempo , pero se ha abandonado principalmente debido a la llegada del análisis por computadora. ^[3] Véase también movimiento sellado .
adjudicación: Una forma de decidir el resultado de una partida inconclusa. Un director del torneo, o un jugador imparcial y fuerte, evaluará la posición final y asignará una victoria, un empate o una derrota asumiendo la mejor jugada de ambos jugadores. ^[4]
ajustar: Consulte la regla de tocar y mover . Ajustar la posición de una pieza en su cuadrado sin necesidad de moverla. Un jugador puede hacer esto solo en su turno, y primero debe decir "Me ajusto", o el equivalente francés J'adoube . ^[5]
peón avanzado: Un peón que está en la mitad del tablero del oponente (el quinto rango o más). Un peón avanzado puede ser débil si está demasiado extendido , carece de apoyo y es difícil de defender, o fuerte si aprieta al enemigo al limitar la movilidad . Un peón pasado avanzado que amenaza con ascender puede ser especialmente fuerte. ^[6]
ventaja: Una mejor posición con posibilidades de ganar el juego. Los factores de evaluación pueden incluir espacio , tiempo , material y amenazas . ^[2]
El arma de Alekhine: Una forma especial de batería en la que una reina respalda dos torres en la misma fila . ^[7]
notación algebraica: La forma estándar de registrar los movimientos de una partida de ajedrez, utilizando coordenadas alfanuméricas para los cuadrados. ^[8]
aficionado: Cualquier jugador cuya ocupación principal no sea el ajedrez. ^[9] La distinción entre profesional y aficionado no es muy importante en el ajedrez, ya que los aficionados pueden ganar premios, aceptar cuotas de participación y ganar cualquier título, incluido el de Campeón del Mundo . ^[9]^[10] En el siglo XIX, "Aficionado" se usaba a veces en las puntuaciones de los juegos publicados para ocultar el nombre del jugador perdedor en un concurso de Maestro contra Aficionado. Se pensó que era descortés usar el nombre de un jugador sin permiso, y el profesional no quería arriesgarse a perder un cliente. ^[10] Véase también NN .
análisis: El estudio de un juego o una posición, con el fin de evaluar la calidad de los movimientos y varios otros aspectos del juego o posición. Al final de un juego, los jugadores a menudo harán un análisis del juego. Cf. post-mortem . ^[2]
anotación: Comentarios escritos sobre un juego o una posición utilizando palabras, símbolos de ajedrez o notación . ^[2]
compañero anunciado: Una práctica, común en el siglo XIX, por la cual un jugador anunciaba una secuencia de movimientos, que ellos creían que constituían la mejor jugada por ambos lados, que conducía a un jaque mate forzado para el jugador anunciante en un número específico de movimientos (por ejemplo, "mate en cinco"). ^[11]
antiposicional: Un movimiento o un plan que no está de acuerdo con los principios del juego posicional . ^[12] Antiposicional se usa para describir movimientos que son parte de un plan incorrecto en lugar de un error cometido al intentar seguir un plan correcto. Los movimientos antiposicionales son a menudo movimientos de peones ; dado que los peones no pueden retroceder para volver a las casillas que les quedan, su avance puede crear debilidades irreparables. ^[13]
Antisiciliano: Una variación inicial que usan las blancas contra la Defensa Siciliana (1.e4 c5) que no es el plan más común de 2.Cf3 seguido de 3.d4 cxd4 4.Cxd4 (la Siciliana Abierta). Algunos Antisicilianos incluyen la Variación Alapin (2.c3), Variación Moscú (2.Cf3 d6 3.Ab5 +), Variación Rossolimo (2.Cf3 Cc6 3.Ab5), Grand Prix Attack (2.Cc3 Cc6 3.f4 g6 4.Cf3 Ag7 y ahora 5.Ac4 o 5.Ab5), Siciliana cerrada (2.Cc3 seguida de g3 y Ag2), Gambito Smith-Morra (2.d4 cxd4 3.c3) y Gambito de alas (2.b4) . ^[14]
Compañero árabe: Un jaque mate que ocurre cuando el caballo y la torre atrapan al rey contrario en una esquina. ^[15]
árbitro: Ver Árbitro Internacional .
Juego de Armageddon: Un juego que está garantizado para producir un resultado decisivo, porque si hay empate se dicta una victoria para las negras. En compensación por esto, las blancas tienen más tiempo en el reloj. A menudo, las blancas reciben cinco minutos y las negras cuatro. Este formato se usa típicamente en desempates de playoffs cuando los juegos relámpago más cortos no han resuelto el empate. ^[dieciséis]
enroque artificial: Se refiere a una maniobra de varios movimientos separados por el rey y por una torre donde terminan como si hubieran enrocado . También conocido como enroque a mano . ^[17]
ataque: Una acción agresiva sobre una parte del tablero de ajedrez, o amenazar con la captura de una pieza o peón. ^[18] Ver también contraataque , ataque descubierto , ataque doble , ataque de apareamiento y ataque de minorías . Antónimo: defensa .
atracción: Un tipo de señuelo que implica el sacrificio de una pieza menor o mayor en una casilla junto al rey enemigo, lo que obliga al rey a abandonar la defensa de otra casilla. Por ejemplo (ver diagrama), la dama negra se ha interpuesto para bloquear un jaque de la dama blanca, y las blancas pueden jaquear al rey desde la dirección opuesta para ganar la dama. ^[19]
autómata: Un autómata es una máquina autónoma. En el ajedrez, se refiere a máquinas de juego de ajedrez que de hecho eran engaños y estaban bajo el control de jugadores humanos ocultos. Los autómatas despertaron un gran interés en los siglos XVIII y XIX e inspiraron los primeros pensamientos sobre la posibilidad de la inteligencia artificial . Con mucho, el "autómata" jugador de ajedrez más famoso fue El Turco , cuyo secreto del control humano se mantuvo durante mucho tiempo. El primer autómata verdadero El Ajedrecista fue creado por Leonardo Torres y Quevedo .

B

B: Símbolo utilizado para el alfil al registrar movimientos de ajedrez en inglés. ^[20]
rango de atrás: La primera fila de un jugador (aquella en la que las piezas se encuentran en la posición inicial); La segunda fila de las blancas es la octava fila de las negras y viceversa. ^[21] También llamado primer rango o rango local .
compañero de rango: Un jaque mate entregado por una torre o una reina a lo largo de una fila trasera desde la cual el rey emparejado no puede moverse porque está bloqueado por piezas amigas (generalmente peones) o casillas bajo ataque en la segunda fila. ^[21] También llamado compañero de back-row .
debilidad de rango secundario: A situation in which a player is under threat of a back-rank mate and, having no time/option to create an escape for the king, must constantly watch and defend against that threat, for example by keeping a rook on the back rank.^[21]
backward pawn: A pawn that is behind a pawn of the same color on an adjacent file and that cannot be advanced with the support of another pawn.^[22]
bad bishop: A bishop that is hemmed in by the player's own pawns.^[23] See also good bishop.
bare king: Una posición en la que un rey es el único hombre de su color en el tablero. ^[24]
Ajedrez vasco: Una competición de ajedrez en la que los jugadores juegan simultáneamente dos juegos en dos tableros, cada uno con blancas en uno y negras en el otro. Hay un reloj en ambos tableros. Elimina la bonificación en los minijuegos de jugar primero con las blancas. El ajedrez vasco se jugó por primera vez en el Festival de Ajedrez de Donostia 2012 en el País Vasco , España. ^[25] También llamado Sistema Vasco .
batería: Doblar torres en una fila o colocar un alfil y una reina en diagonal. ^[18] En los problemas de ajedrez, la batería se refiere a una disposición de dos piezas en línea con el rey enemigo en una fila, fila o diagonal de modo que si la pieza del medio se mueve, un jaque descubierto (o una amenaza que no sea un jaque) será entregado. ^[26]
BCF: Federación Británica de Ajedrez, el nombre anterior de la Federación Inglesa de Ajedrez . ^[27] Véase ECF .
BCM: Abreviatura de British Chess Magazine . ^[28]
BCO: Abreviatura del libro de referencia de aperturas de 1982 Batsford Chess Openings , de Raymond Keene y Garry Kasparov . La segunda edición (1989) a menudo se llama BCO-2 . ^[29] Cfr. ECO y MCO .
mejor juego: El mejor absoluto e ideal teórico se mueve desde cualquier posición dada. ^[30]
gran peón: Un mal alfil se quedó detrás de sus propios peones y los defendió, haciendo efectivamente el trabajo de un peón. ^[31]
unir: Un agarre fuerte o dominio absoluto sobre una posición que es difícil de romper para el oponente. Un vínculo suele ser una ventaja en el espacio creado por peones avanzados . El Maróczy Bind es un ejemplo bien conocido. ^[32] Véase también apretón .
obispo
par de obispos: Se dice que el jugador con dos alfiles tiene la pareja de alfiles . Dos alfiles pueden controlar las diagonales de ambos colores. En posiciones abiertas , se considera que dos alfiles tienen ventaja sobre dos caballos , o un caballo y un alfil. ^[18] También llamados los dos obispos .
peón de alfil: O el peón del alfil . Un peón en del obispo archivo , es decir, el c-archivo o f-archivo. A veces se abrevia "BP". ^[33]
obispos en colores opuestos: O obispos de colores opuestos . Una situación en la que a un jugador solo le queda un alfil en casillas claras mientras que al otro solo le queda un alfil en casillas oscuras. En finales , esto a menudo resulta en tablas si no hay más piezas que peones, incluso si un lado tiene una ventaja material de uno, dos o incluso tres peones, ya que los alfiles controlan diferentes casillas (ver finales de alfiles de colores opuestos ). En el medio juego , sin embargo, la presencia de alfiles de colores opuestos desequilibra el juego y puede conducir a ataques de apareamiento , ya que cada alfil ataca casillas que el otro no puede cubrir. ^[34]
negro: Los cuadrados de color oscuro en el tablero de ajedrez a menudo se denominan "los cuadrados negros", aunque a menudo son de otro color oscuro. De manera similar, "las piezas negras" a veces son en realidad de algún otro color (generalmente oscuro). ^[35] Véase también blanco .
Negro: La designación del jugador que se mueve en segundo lugar, aunque las piezas ("las piezas negras") a veces son en realidad de otro color (normalmente oscuro). ^[36] Ver también ventaja de las blancas y del primer movimiento .
ajedrez ciego: Ver Kriegspiel .
ajedrez con los ojos vendados: Una forma de ajedrez en la que uno o ambos jugadores no pueden ver el tablero. ^[37]
cerdos ciegos: Un par de torres en la segunda fila del oponente se denominan "cerdos", ya que tienden a devorar peones y piezas, y "cerdos ciegos" si no pueden encontrar pareja. ^[38]
ajedrez relámpago: [del alemán : Blitz , "relámpago"] Una forma rápida de ajedrez con un límite de tiempo muy corto , generalmente tres o cinco minutos por jugador durante todo el juego. Con la llegada de los relojes de ajedrez electrónicos , el tiempo restante a menudo se incrementa en uno o dos segundos por movimiento. ^[39]
guerra relámpago: Una guerra relámpago se usa a veces para describir un ataque rápido en la casilla f7 o f2 al principio del juego. ^[40]^[41]
bloqueo: La colocación de una pieza directamente frente a un peón enemigo, donde obstruye el avance del peón y dificulta los movimientos de las otras piezas enemigas. El peón enemigo proporciona un refugio a la pieza que lo bloquea, protegiéndola así de los ataques de las piezas enemigas. Un bloqueo es más eficaz contra peones pasados o aislados. La pieza ideal para usar como bloqueador es el caballero. Esta estrategia fue formulada por Aron Nimzowitsch en 1924. ^[42]^[43]
posición bloqueada: Una posición en la que ambos bandos no pueden progresar, por lo general mediante el enclavamiento de la (s) cadena (s) de peones que dividen el espacio disponible en dos campos. ^[44] Véase también juego cerrado .
torpeza: Un movimiento muy malo, un descuido (indicado por " ?? " en notación ). ^[18]
tablero: 1. Ver tablero de ajedrez .; 2. Una tarea en ajedrez en equipo, por ejemplo, primer tablero , segundo tablero, etc.
tablero uno: Ver primer tablero .
Compañero de Boden: Boden's Mate, named for Samuel Boden, is a checkmate pattern in which the king, usually having castled queenside, is checkmated by two crisscrossing bishops. Immediately prior to delivering the mate, the winning side typically plays a queen sacrifice on c3 or c6 to set up the mating position.^[45]
book draw: An endgame position known to be a draw with perfect play. Historically this was established by reference to chess endgame literature, but in simplified positions computer analysis in an endgame tablebase can be used.^[46]
book move: Un movimiento de apertura que se encuentra en los libros de referencia estándar sobre teoría de aperturas . Se dice que un juego está "en el libro" cuando ambos jugadores están jugando movimientos que se encuentran en las referencias iniciales. Se dice que un juego está "fuera de libro" cuando los jugadores han llegado al final de las variaciones analizadas en los libros de apertura, o si uno de los jugadores se desvía con una novedad (o un error ). ^[47]
libro ganar: Una posición de final que se sabe que es una victoria con un juego perfecto . Históricamente, esto se estableció por referencia a la literatura de finales de ajedrez , pero en posiciones simplificadas (actualmente siete piezas o menos) se puede usar el análisis por computadora en una base de tabla de finales de juego . ^[48]
pausa: Una jugada que gana espacio y por tanto libertad de movimiento, o la apertura de una posición bloqueada por el avance o captura de un peón . ^[49]
descubrimiento: Penetración de la posición del oponente o destrucción de la defensa, a menudo mediante un sacrificio . ^[18]
brevedad: [principalmente británicos] Ver miniatura .
brilliancy: A game that contains a spectacular, deep and beautiful strategic idea, combination, or original plan.^[49]
brilliancy prize: A prize awarded at some tournaments for the best brilliancy played in the tournament.^[50]
Bronstein delay: A time control method with time delay, invented by David Bronstein. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the clock waits for the delay period before starting to subtract from the player's remaining time.^[51]
bughouse chess: A popular chess variant played with teams of two or more.^[52]
building a bridge: Hacer un camino para un rey en el final del juego al proporcionar una cubierta protectora contra los jaques de las piezas de línea . Un ejemplo conocido es el cargo de Lucena . ^[53]
ajedrez de bala: Cada lado tiene un minuto para hacer todos sus movimientos. ^[54]
busto: Una refutación de una apertura , una línea de apertura, una táctica o un análisis previamente publicado. ^[55]^[56]
adiós: A tournament round in which a player does not have a game, usually because there are an odd number of players. A bye is normally scored as a win (1 point), although in some tournaments a player is permitted to choose to take a bye (usually in the first or last round) and score it as a draw (½ point).^[56]

C

Caïssa: Known as the goddess or muse of chess, whose name is taken from a nymph in a 1763 poem, Caïssa or The Game at Chess, by Sir William Jones.^[57]
calculate: To plan mentally a series of moves and consider possible responses, without actually moving the pieces.^[18]
Maestro candidato: Un título de ajedrez clasificado por debajo de FIDE Master . ^[58] Abr. CM .
movimiento candidato: Un movimiento que parece bueno tras la observación inicial de la posición y que merece un análisis más detallado. ^[59]
Partido de candidatos: Un partido eliminatorio en el Torneo de Candidatos . ^[60]
Torneo de candidatos: Un torneo organizado por la FIDE , el tercer y último ciclo clasificatorio del Campeonato Mundial de Ajedrez . Los participantes son los mejores jugadores del torneo Interzonal más posiblemente otros jugadores seleccionados en base a su calificación o desempeño en el torneo de candidatos anterior. El (los) jugador (es) mejor clasificado (s) califica (n) para el campeonato mundial. ^[61]
abrelatas: El plan de atacar un flanco de rey , a veces una posición de fianchetto , avanzando el peón h con la intención de abrir una fila cerca del rey del defensor. ^[62]
pieza tapada: A particular piece with which one player attempts to deliver checkmate. The requirement to checkmate with the capped piece constitutes a handicap. When the capped piece is a pawn, it is called a pion coiffé [from French, "capped pawn"].^[63]
capture: A move by a pawn or piece that removes from the board the opponent's pawn or piece. The capturing piece then occupies the square of the captured piece (except in the case of a capture that is done en passant).^[64]
castling: Una jugada en la que el rey y la torre se mueven al mismo tiempo. Mueve al rey del centro a un flanco donde normalmente es más seguro, y desarrolla la torre. Es la única vez que se mueven dos piezas en un turno. El enroque se puede hacer en el flanco de rey (anotado 0-0) o en el flanco de dama (0-0-0). El enroque no se puede hacer en respuesta a un jaque , ni si el rey cruzara o aterrizara en una casilla que está siendo atacada por el oponente, ni si el rey o la torre involucrada ya se han movido. ^[65]^[66]
enroque en él: Una situación en la que un lado se enreda y el resultado es que el rey corre más peligro en el destino que en la casilla inicial, ya sea inmediatamente o porque las líneas y diagonales pueden abrirse más fácilmente contra él. ^[67]
enroque largo: Enroque en el flanco de la reina ; en notación de ajedrez : 0-0-0. ^{[sesenta y cinco]}
enroque corto: Enroque en el flanco de rey ; en notación de ajedrez : 0-0. ^{[sesenta y cinco]}
juego casual: Ver juego amistoso .
categoría de un torneo: The category of a tournament is a measure of its strength based on the average FIDE rating of the participants. The category is calculated by rounding up the number: (average rating − 2250) ÷ 25. So each category covers a 25-point rating range, starting with Category 1 which spans ratings between 2251 and 2275. A Category 18 tournament has an average rating between 2676 and 2700.^[68]
CC: An abbreviation sometimes used for correspondence chess.
center: O al centro . Los cuatro cuadrados en el medio del tablero . ^[69] Véase también centro ampliado . A veces es la abreviatura de centro de peón . Un rey "en el centro" puede referirse a un rey sin enrocar en un archivo central .
archivo central: O archivo central . La lima del rey (e-file) o la lima de la reina (d-file).
peón central: O peón central . Un peón en la columna del rey (columna e) o en la columna de la reina (columna d). ^[70]
archivo central: Ver archivo central .
centralización: Moving a piece or pieces toward the center of the board, where they will not only control the center, but their influence will extend to other areas. Pieces are best placed near the center of the board, because they increase their power and maneuverability. Knights in particular benefit from being centralized.^[71] Antonym: decentralization.^[72]
central pawn: See center pawn.
cheapo: Slang for a primitive trap, often set in the hope of swindling a win or a draw from a lost position.^[73] Also called cheap shot.
check: A direct attack on the king by an enemy man. The attacked king is said to be in check. There are only three possible immediate responses to a check: capturing the attacking piece, moving the king to an unattacked square, or interposing a piece between the attacker and the king. In casual games a player usually announces "check", however this is not a requirement in tournament games.^[74]
checkmate: A position in which a player's king is in check and the player has no legal move (i.e. cannot move out of or escape the check). A player whose king is checkmated loses the game.^[75] Often shortened to mate.
chess blindness: The failure of a player to see a good move or danger that should normally be considered obvious. The term was coined by Siegbert Tarrasch. Similar to Kotov syndrome.^[76]
chessboard: The chequered board used in chess, consisting of 64 squares (eight rows by eight columns) arranged in two alternating colors, light and dark.^[77]
chess clock: A device made up of two adjacent clocks and buttons, keeping track of the total time each player takes for their moves. Immediately after moving, the player hits their button, which simultaneously stops their clock and starts their opponent's. The picture shown displays an analogue clock where the term flag fall originates. Modern clocks are digital.^[78]
chessmen: The movable figures placed on the board in a game of chess. Includes both pieces and pawns.^[79] Singular: chessman.
chess notation: See notation.
chess opening: See opening.
chess problem: Also called composition.
chess set: The thirty-two pieces required for a game, plus a chessboard.
chess variant: A chess-like game played using a board, pieces, or rules different from standard chess.^[80]
Chess960: Chess960 (also known as Fischer Random Chess) is a variation of the game invented and advocated by Bobby Fischer. The pieces and pawns have their normal moves, but the setup of pieces on the first rank is random, except that two rules must be followed: the king must be placed on a square between the rooks, and the bishops are placed on squares of opposite color. Black's pieces are placed opposite White's. The random setup can be established by dice toss, computer program, playing cards, or other methods. Castling may be done; the special Chess960 rules governing castling incorporate the normal castling in classic chess.^[82]^[83]
chop wood: Argot para capturar o intercambiar piezas. ^[84] Véase también madera .
clásico: 1. Un sistema de apertura orientado a formar un centro de peones completo . Las ideas clásicas fueron desafiadas por ideas hipermodernas . ^[69]; 2. Un juego que usa un control de tiempo más largo , como 40/2; lo contrario de las categorías de ajedrez rápido como rápido , blitz o bullet . ^[85]
sacrificio clásico de obispo: Ver sacrificio de regalo griego .
autorización: Retirada de una pieza de un cuadrado, fila , lima o diagonal para que otra pieza pueda usarla. A menudo implica sacrificar la pieza que desbloqueó la posición. ^[86] Ver sacrificio de liquidación .
movimiento del reloj: En un movimiento de reloj jugado , un movimiento se considera completado solo después de presionar el reloj. Por ejemplo, uno podría tocar una pieza y luego mover una pieza diferente, siempre que el jugador no haya presionado el botón del reloj. Esta forma de jugar es poco común, pero se puede ver en juegos casuales o juegos relámpago . ^[87]
Hora del reloj: Tiempo (consumido o restante) en el reloj de ajedrez , en una partida de torneo . ^[88]
closed file: A file on which White and Black each have a pawn.^[89]
closed game: A closed game has few open lines (files or diagonals). It is generally characterized by interlocking pawn chains, cramped positions with few opportunities to exchange, and extensive maneuvering behind lines. Such a game may evolve and later become an open game.^[90] See also positional play.
Closed Game: Una partida cerrada es una apertura particular que comienza con los movimientos 1.d4 d5. También se conoce como Apertura de Peón de Doble Reina o Juego de Peón de Doble Reina . ^[91] Ver también Juego abierto y Juego semiabierto .
torneo cerrado: Un torneo en el que solo pueden participar jugadores invitados o clasificados, a diferencia de un torneo abierto . También llamado torneo por invitación .
CM: Abreviatura del título de Candidate Master .
cafetería: Adjective used to describe a move, player, or style of play characterized by risky, positionally dubious play that sets traps for the opponent. The name comes from the notion that one would expect to see such play in skittles games played in a coffeehouse or similar setting, particularly in games played for stakes or blitz chess. The Blackburne Shilling Gambit is a typical example of coffeehouse play.^[92]
color: Or colour. The white or black pieces, and the white or black squares. The actual pieces and squares may be other colors, usually light and dark, but they are referred to as white and black.^[79] See White and Black in chess.
colorbound: Or colourbound. The property of a piece to access only squares of one color. In standard chess, each bishop is colorbound to either the white or black squares.
combination: A sequence of moves, including forced moves, and often involving a sacrifice, to gain an advantage.^[69]
compensation: That which is gained in return for a loss – often a positional improvement in return for loss of material. If material is sacrificed there may be a gain in development, or if a minor piece is exchanged for two or three pawns, the pawns would be the compensation.^[93]
computer move: A term for a move that seems likely to have been played by a computer rather than a human, because the move seems counterintuitive, or seems not to make immediate sense, or seems to eventually make sense, but not until far into the future of the game. Computer moves seem to be what they are: moves based on the brute force of millions of calculations, and not based on intuition, aesthetics, or emotion. A computer move would overlook a dramatic capture that might cause an opponent to resign on the spot in favor of an obscure move that may eventually turn out to be only slightly better. At one time the term was used disparagingly, but the definition has evolved as computers have improved. It is a term that is occasionally used to suggest that a player has been assisted by a computer.^[94]^[95]
connected passed pawns: Passed pawns on adjacent files. These are considered to be unusually powerful (often worth a minor piece or rook if on the sixth rank or above and not properly blockaded) because they can advance together.^[69] See also connected pawns.
connected pawns: Refers to two or more pawns of the same color on adjacent files.^[71] Cf. isolated pawns.
connected rooks: Dos torres del mismo color en la misma fila o fila sin peones ni piezas entre ellas. Las torres conectadas suelen ser deseables. Los jugadores a menudo conectan torres en su propia primera fila o en una fila abierta . ^[96] Ver también torres dobladas .
consolidación: La mejora de la posición de un jugador mediante la reposición de una o más piezas en mejores casillas, normalmente después de que el ataque o combinación de un jugador ha dejado sus piezas en malas posiciones o descoordinadas. ^[97]
continuación: Ver variación .
control: When a player's pawn, piece or pieces guard a square, or squares, or a file, or a rank in such a way that the territory can be advantageously used; and the opponent is prevented from using the territory.^[98]
control of the center: Having one or more pieces that attack any of the four center squares; an important strategy, and one of the main aims of openings.^[99]
cook: In chess problems, an unintended duplicate solution, or a refutation.^[100] See also Glossary of chess problems#cook.
corr.: An abbreviation for correspondence game.
correspondence chess: El ajedrez jugado en un largo tiempo controlado por correspondencia a larga distancia. Tradicionalmente, el ajedrez por correspondencia se jugaba a través del correo; hoy en día se suele jugar a través de un servidor de ajedrez por correspondencia o por correo electrónico . Normalmente, se transmite un movimiento en cada correspondencia. ^[101]
cuadrados correspondientes: Las casillas correspondientes son pares de casillas de modo que cuando un rey se mueve a una casilla, obliga al rey del oponente a ocupar la otra casilla para mantener la posición. Si el rey del oponente no puede moverse a la casilla requerida, es zugzwang y una desventaja. Las casillas correspondientes suelen aparecer en finales de peones . La teoría de los cuadrados correspondientes se ha desarrollado para incluir cálculos complejos basados en fórmulas similares a las matemáticas. ^[102] También llamados cuadrados relacionados . Cf. oposición .
contraataque: Un ataque que responde a un ataque del oponente. ^[103]
countergambit: A gambit offered by Black, for example the Greco Counter Gambit, usually called the Latvian Gambit today (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5?!); the Albin Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); and the Falkbeer Countergambit (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5). An opening need not have "countergambit" in its name to be one, for instance the Benko Gambit (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5); the Englund Gambit (1.d4 e5?!); the Budapest Gambit (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5); the Blackburne Shilling Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!); and many lines of the Two Knights Defense(por ejemplo, 1.e4 e5 2.Cf3 Cc6 3.Ac4 Cf6 4.Cg5 y ahora 4 ... Ac5 !? [la Variación de Wilkes-Barre o el Contraataque de Traxler]; 4 ... Cxe4?!; 4 ... d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Ab5 + c6 [la línea principal]; 4 ... d5 5.exd5 Cd4 [la variación de Fritz]; y 4 ... d5 5.exd5 b5 [la variación de Ulvestad]) son todos ejemplos de contragambitos . ^[104]
contrajuego: La propia acción agresiva del bando defensor. ^[105]
movimiento de país: Un término despectivo para un movimiento considerado poco sofisticado, especialmente un avance innecesario de un solo paso del peón de la torre en la apertura . El término fue popular en Londres a finales del siglo XIX. ^[106]
cubrir: Para proteger una pieza o controlar un cuadrado.
estrecho: Tener movilidad limitada en una posición. ^[107]
posición crítica: El momento en un juego o apertura en el que la evaluación muestra que las cosas están por cambiar, ya sea hacia una ventaja para un jugador, o hacia la igualdad; un movimiento en falso puede ser desastroso. ^[105]
cuadrado crítico: Ver cuadro clave .
verificar por distintos modos: Un cheque cruzado es un cheque jugado en respuesta a un cheque, especialmente cuando el cheque original está bloqueado por una pieza que en sí misma entrega cheque o revela un cheque descubierto de otra pieza. ^[108]
tabla cruzada: An arrangement of the results of every game in a tournament in tabular form. The names of the players run down the left side of the table in numbered rows. The names may be listed in order of results, alphabetically, or in pairing order, but results order is most common. There may be one column for each successive round, or, in a round-robin tournament, there may be one column for each player, with the players in the same order in the columns as in the rows. For each player, the table cells on the player's row record the results of the player's games, using 1 for a win, 0 for a loss, and ½ for a draw. (In a double round-robin tournament each cell contains two entries, as each pair of players plays two games alternating Blanco y negro.) ^[109] Para ejemplos, véanse el torneo de ajedrez Hastings 1895 , el torneo de ajedrez Nottingham 1936 y el torneo AVRO .
Persona especial: Argot para una victoria rápida, especialmente un ataque abrumador frente a un juego defensivo deficiente. Un movimiento aplastante es decisivo.

D

alfil de la casilla oscura: Uno de los dos alfiles que se mueve solo en las casillas oscuras . En la posición inicial, el alfil de la casilla oscura de las blancas está en c1; El negro está en f8. ^[36] A menudo abreviado a obispo oscuro ^[72] o DSB . Cf. alfil de escuadra clara .
cuadrados oscuros: The 32 dark-colored squares on the chessboard, such as a1 and h8. A dark square is always located at a player's left-hand corner.^[36] Cf. light squares.
dead draw: A drawn position in which neither player has any realistic chance to win. A dead draw may refer to a position in which it is impossible for either player to win (such as insufficient material), or it may refer to a simple, lifeless position that would require a major blunder before either side would have a chance to win.^[110]
dead position: Una posición en la que ningún jugador puede emparejar al rey del oponente con ninguna serie de movimientos legales (por ejemplo, caballo y rey contra un rey desnudo ). Esta posición está dibujada . ^[111]
señuelo: Esta es una táctica que se usa para atraer una pieza a un cuadrado en particular. ^[112]
defensa: 1. Un movimiento o plan para enfrentar el ataque del oponente . ^[105]; 2. Parte del nombre de aperturas jugadas por negras; por ejemplo, la defensa escandinava , de Defensa India de Rey , Inglés Defensa , etc. ^[105]
cambiar: The inverse of a decoy. Whereas a decoy involves luring an enemy piece to a bad square, a deflection involves luring an enemy piece away from a good square; typically, away from a square on which it defends another piece or threat. Deflection is thus closely related to overloading.^[113]
demonstration board: A large standing chess board used to analyze a game or show a game in progress. Johann Löwenthal invented the demonstration board in 1857.^[114]
descriptive notation: A system of recording chess moves, used primarily in the English and Spanish speaking countries until the 1980s. Descriptive notation is based on natural language descriptions of chess moves rendered in abbreviated form, for example "pawn to queen's bishop's fourth" is rendered as "P-QB4". Now replaced by the standard algebraic notation.^[115]
desperado: A piece that seems determined to give itself up, typically to bring about stalemate or perpetual check. Also an en prise or trapped piece that sacrifices itself for the maximum compensation possible.^[116]
development: The movement of non-pawn pieces in the opening from their original squares to squares where they can be more active. Development of one's pieces is one of the objectives of the opening phase of the game.^[112]
diagonal: A line of squares of the same color touching corner to corner, along which a queen or bishop can move.^[117]
discovered attack: An attack made by a queen, rook or bishop when another piece or pawn moves out of its way.^[112]
discovered check: A discovered attack to the king. This occurs when a player moves a piece, resulting in another piece putting their opponent's king in check.^[118]
domination: From endgame studies, control of all movement squares of an enemy piece^[119]
double attack: Two attacks made with one move: these attacks may be made by the same piece (in which case it is a fork); or by different pieces, for example in a discovered attack when the moved piece also makes a threat.^[112]
double check: A check delivered by two pieces at the same time. A double check necessarily involves a discovered check. By its nature a double check cannot be met by interposing a defending piece in the line of attack, or by capturing an attacker; when subjected to a double check, the attacked king must move, which makes the double check especially powerful as an attacking tactic.^[120]
doubled pawns: Two pawns of the same color on the same file; generally considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.^[117]
doubled rooks: A powerful configuration in which a player's two rooks are placed on the same file or rank with no other men between them. They defend each other and attack along the shared file or rank, as well as two additional ranks or files. The configuration can be especially decisive in the endgame.^[121]
draw: A game that ends without victory for either player. Most drawn games are draws by agreement. The other ways that a game can end in a draw are by stalemate, by a dead position, by the threefold repetition rule, by the fifty-move rule, by the fivefold repetition rule and by the seventy-five-move rule. A position is said to be a draw (or a "drawn position" or "theoretical draw") if either player can, through correct play, eventually force the game into a position where the game must end in a draw, regardless of the moves made by the other player. A draw is usually scored as ½ point, although in some matches only wins are counted and draws are ignored.^[112]
draw by agreement: A game that is ended by both players' accepting a draw.^[122] See also resign.
draw death: Hypothetical scenario whereby elite-level chess players, aided by modern computer analysis, become so good that they never make mistakes, leading to endless drawn games (since chess is widely believed to be drawn with best play from both sides).^[123]
drawing line
drawing weapon: An opening line played with the intent of drawing the game.^[125]
drawish: An adjective describing a position or game that is likely to end in a draw.^[126]
draw odds: A type of chess handicap where one player (Black in an Armageddon game) has only to draw in order to win the match.^[127]
draw offer: A proposal by a player to the opponent that the game be drawn by agreement.^[128]
dynamism: A style of play in which the activity of the pieces is favored over more positional considerations, even to the point of accepting permanent structural or spatial weaknesses. Dynamism stemmed from the teachings of the Hypermodern school and challenged the dogma found in more classical teachings, such as those put forward by Wilhelm Steinitz and Siegbert Tarrasch.^[129]

E

eat: To remove the opponent's piece or pawn from the board by taking it with one's own piece or pawn.^[130]^[131] See also capture.
ECF: The English Chess Federation (ECF) is the governing chess organisation in England and is one of the federations of the FIDE. It was known as the British Chess Federation (BCF) until 2005 when it was renamed.
ECO: The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO), a standard and comprehensive chess opening reference. Also a classification system (ECO code) for openings that assigns an alphanumeric code from A00 to E99 to each opening.
edge: An edge is a small but meaningful advantage in the position against one's opponent. It is often said White has an edge in the starting position, since White moves first (see First-move advantage in chess).^[132]
Elo rating system: The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of chess players, named after Arpad Elo. Since 2012, FIDE publishes a monthly international chess rating list using the Elo system.^[133]
endgame: The third and last phase of the game, when there are few pieces left on the board. The endgame follows the middlegame.^[133]
endgame tablebase: A computerized database of endgames with a small number of pieces, providing perfect play for both players, and thus completely solving those endgames. By 2012, tablebases have been calculated for all positions with up to seven pieces.^[134]
en passant: [del francés, "en el acto de pasar"] La regla que permite que un peón que acaba de avanzar dos casillas sea capturado por un peón enemigo que está en la misma fila y fila adyacente. El peón puede tomarse como si hubiera avanzado solo una casilla. La captura al paso sólo es posible en el siguiente movimiento. ^[135]
en premio: [from French, "in a position to be taken",^[136]^[137] often italicized] En prise describes a piece or pawn exposed to a material-winning capture by the opponent. This is either a hanging piece, an undefended pawn, a piece attacked by a less valuable attacker, or a piece or pawn defended insufficiently. For instance, 1.e4 Nf6 2.Nf3? leaves White's e-pawn en prise.^[138]^[139]
epaulette mate: A checkmate position where the king is blocked on both sides by its own rooks.^[140]
EPD: An abbreviation for Extended Position Description.
equalize: O igualar . Llegar a una posición en la que los jugadores tengan las mismas posibilidades de ganar, lo que se denomina igualdad , o una posición que sea igual . En la apertura , debido a que las blancas tienen la ventaja del primer movimiento , el objetivo inmediato de las negras es lograr la igualdad. ^[141]
plaza de escape: Ver cuadro de vuelo .
evaluación: Or simply eval. The analysis of a position. A computer or engine evaluation is a means of assigning a number value to a position, based not on intelligence, but on algorithms, which vary from engine to engine and depend on engine strength. Engine evaluations have foibles and imperfections even when functioning as designed. If an engine describes a position as +2.50, the plus sign ("+") indicates the position is favorable to White; a minus sign ("−") indicates the position is favorable to Black. The number can correspond to the approximate value of pieces, although engines use other factors besides material. The notation +2.50 indicates that White is ahead by two and one-half pawns. The notation +M4 indicates that White can force checkmate in four moves.^[142]^[143]^[144]Cf. análisis .
intercambio: Para intercambiar o intercambiar piezas por captura . Por lo general, las piezas son de igual valor (es decir, torre por torre, caballo por caballo, etc.) o de alfil por caballo (dos piezas que se consideran aproximadamente iguales en valor). ^[145] También llamado intercambio par .
intercambio, el: La ventaja de una torre sobre una pieza menor (caballo o alfil). Se dice que el jugador que captura una torre por una pieza menor "ganó el intercambio", el jugador que perdió la torre "perdió el intercambio". Un sacrificio de cambio es entregar una torre por una pieza menor. ^[138]
variación de cambio: This is a type of opening in which there is an early, voluntary exchange of pawns or pieces.^[146]
exhibition: Chess games played for the public in various formats and for various purposes, often to promote the game, or a particular match or player, or as a fundraiser. An exhibition may pit two masters against each other, and normally use chess clocks. In a simultaneous exhibition, one player takes on a number of opponents at once, and it is often not timed. A blindfold exhibition is the same but more challenging, since the exhibitor plays without seeing the boards.^[147]
expanded center: The central sixteen squares of the chessboard.^[148]
exposed king: A king lacking pawns to shield it from enemy attack.^[149]
Extended Position Description: A Forsyth–Edwards Notation derivative format that contains the position on the chessboard, but not the game. It is primarily used to test chess engines.^[150] Abbr. EPD.

F

family fork: A knight fork that simultaneously attacks the enemy king (giving check), queen, and possibly other pieces. Also known as a "family check".^[151]
FAN: An abbreviation for figurine algebraic notation, which substitutes symbols for letters to represent piece names (e.g. ♘f3 instead of Nf3).^[152]
fast chess: A form of chess in which both sides are given less time to make their moves than under the normal tournament time controls. See also: rapid chess, blitz chess, bullet chess.
FEN: An abbreviation for Forsyth–Edwards Notation.
FGM: An abbreviation for the FICGS Grandmaster title.
fianchetto: To develop a bishop to the board's longest diagonal on the file of the adjacent knight (b2 or g2 for White; b7 or g7 for Black). The Italian word ("little flank") is pronounced "fyan-ketto".^[153]
FICGS Grandmaster: A correspondence chess title calculated by the FICGS (Free Internet Correspondence Games Server) organization.^[154]
FIDE: The World Chess Federation (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the primary international chess organizing and governing body. The abbreviated name FIDE is nearly always used in place of the full name in French.^[155]
FIDE Master: A chess title ranking below International Master.^[156] Abbr. FM.
fifty-move rule: Se puede reclamar un empate si no se ha producido ningún movimiento de captura o peón en los últimos cincuenta movimientos de ninguno de los lados. ^[157] Para la ocurrencia de setenta y cinco de tales movimientos, vea la regla de los setenta y cinco movimientos .
expediente: Una columna del tablero de ajedrez . Se puede nombrar un archivo específico usando su posición en notación algebraica , a – h, o usando su posición en notación descriptiva . Por ejemplo, "f-file" y "king bishop file" ambos denotan los cuadrados f1 – f8 (o KB1 – KB8 en notación descriptiva). ^[155]
fingerfehler: [del alemán, "error de dedo"] Un error causado por tocar sin pensar la pieza equivocada o soltar una pieza en el cuadrado equivocado, lo que obliga al jugador a mover esa pieza de acuerdo con la regla de tocar y mover . ^[158]
primer tablero: En el ajedrez por equipos, el jugador al que se le asigna enfrentarse a los oponentes más fuertes. También se llama tabla superior y tabla uno . El segundo tablero se enfrenta a los siguientes jugadores más fuertes, seguido del tercer tablero, y así sucesivamente. Generalmente, las asignaciones de tablero deben hacerse antes de que comience la competencia y los jugadores no pueden cambiar de tablero, aunque los jugadores de reserva a menudo se permiten como sustitutos.
ventaja del primer movimiento: La pequeña (según la mayoría de las cuentas) ventaja que tienen las blancas en virtud de moverse primero. ^[155]
primer jugador: The expression "the first player" is sometimes used to refer to White.
first rank: See back rank.
Fischer delay: A time control method with time delay, invented by Bobby Fischer. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the delay is added to the player's remaining time.^[159]
Fischer Random Chess: See Chess960.
fivefold repetition: A game is drawn if the same position occurs five times, with specific meaning of occurrence as under threefold repetition.^[160]
five-minute chess: See blitz chess.
flag: Parte de un reloj de ajedrez analógico , generalmente rojo, que indica cuando el minutero pasa la hora. "Marcar" a alguien significa ganar el juego sobre la base de que el oponente excede el control de tiempo . ^[155]
caída de bandera: El evento cuando el tiempo asignado a un jugador acaba de expirar; el jugador se ha quedado sin tiempo. ^[81]
flanco: Las columnas a , b y c del flanco de dama ; o las columnas f, g y h del flanco de rey . Distinguido del centro D-file y e-file. ^[161] También llamado ala .
apertura de flanco: Una apertura jugada por blancas y tipificada por el juego en uno o ambos flancos . ^[162]
flight square: A square to which a piece can move, that allows it to escape attack.^[151] Also called escape square. See also luft.
FM: An abbreviation for the FIDE Master title.
Fool's mate: The shortest possible chess game ending in mate: 1.f3 e5 2.g4 Qh4# (or minor variations on this).^[163]
forced mate: A sequence of two or more moves culminating in checkmate that the opponent cannot prevent.^[164]
forced move: A move that is the only one to not result in a serious disadvantage for the moving player. Forced can also be used to describe a sequence of moves for which the player has no viable alternative, for example "the forced win of a piece" or "a forced checkmate". In these cases the player cannot avoid the loss of a piece or checkmate, respectively.^[163]
forced win: A win guaranteed by a series of forcing moves.
forcing move: A move that presents a threat and limits the opponent's responses.^[165]
forfeit: Refers to losing the game by breaking rules, by absence or by exceeding the time control (forfeit on time).^[166]
fork: Un ataque simultáneo de una sola pieza a dos (o más) de las piezas del oponente (u otro objetivo directo, como una amenaza de mate ). Cuando el atacante es un caballo, la táctica a menudo se llama específicamente horquilla de caballo . Algunas fuentes afirman que solo un caballo puede dar un tenedor y que el término ataque doble es correcto cuando se trata de otra pieza, pero esto no es de ningún modo un uso universal. ^[5]
Notación de Forsyth-Edwards: Una notación estándar para describir una posición particular en el tablero de una partida de ajedrez. El propósito de la notación FEN es proporcionar toda la información necesaria para reiniciar un juego desde una posición en particular. ^[167]^[168] Abr. FEN .
fortaleza: In endgame theory, a fortress is an impenetrable position which, if obtained by the side with a material disadvantage, may result in a draw due to the stronger side's inability to make progress.^[169]
frame: A square region of the board enclosing another region not part of the given frame, akin to a picture frame. The outer frame consists of the 28 squares along the edge of the board, the middle frame consists of the 20 squares just inside the outer frame, and the inner frame consists of the 12 squares just inside the middle frame.^[170] The notion of the frame may be expanded to include the center itself as the innermost frame. The mobility of pieces is closely related to the frame on which they stand. In general, a piece closer to the center has greater freedom of movement than a piece closer to the edge of the board.
friendly game: A game that is not played as part of a match, tournament, or exhibition. Often the game is not timed, but if a chess clock is used, rapid time controls are common. The term refers only to the circumstances in which the game is played, not the relationship between the players or the intensity of the competition.^[171] Also called casual game.

G

gambit: A sacrifice (usually of a pawn) used to gain an early advantage in space or time in the opening.^[5]
game clock: A synonym for chess clock.
game score: Often shortened to score. The record of a game in some form of notation, usually algebraic notation. In over-the-board tournaments, the game score is recorded on a score sheet.^[172]
gardez: [from French: gardez la reine!, "Protect the Queen!"] An announcement to the opponent that their queen is under direct attack, similar to the announcement of "check". This warning was customary until the early 20th century.^[173]
GM: An abbreviation for Grandmaster.^[174]
God: Metaphorical; a hypothetical player who always plays perfectly.^[175]
good bishop: A bishop that has greater mobility, because the player's own pawns are on squares of color opposite to that of the bishop.^[176] See also bad bishop.
Grandmaster: The highest title a chess player can attain (besides World Champion). Awarded by FIDE, the title is valid for life unless exceptional circumstances (such as cheating) occur. ^[177] Abbr. GM.
grandmaster draw: A game in which the players agree to a quick draw. Originally it referred to such games between grandmasters, but the term can now refer to any such game.^[177]
Greek gift sacrifice: A typical sacrifice of a bishop by White playing Bxh7+ or by Black playing ...Bxh2+ against a castled king to initiate a mating attack. Also known as the classical bishop sacrifice.^[178]

H

half-open file: A file on which only one player has no pawns.^[179] Also called semi-open file.
handicap: See odds.
hanging: Unprotected and exposed to capture. A hanging piece may also be said to be en prise.^[177]
hanging pawns: Two pawns of the same color on adjacent files, with no pawns of the same color on the files either side of them.^[177]
Harry: A nickname for the h-pawn, sometimes occurring in the expression, "Harry the h-pawn".^[180]^[181]
hauptturnier: Palabra alemana que se traduce libremente como "torneo de candidatos". A principios del siglo XX, era necesario que el ambicioso aficionado europeo ganara una sucesión de premios en pequeños torneos, para progresar a un nivel superior de competición. La creación de los hauptturnier permitió que el proceso se formalizara más y se convirtieron en una característica habitual de los principales congresos de ajedrez alemanes. Ganar un evento de este tipo le confirió el título de 'Maestro de la Federación Alemana de Ajedrez', y esto, a su vez, podría usarse para obtener la admisión a prestigiosos torneos internacionales. Algunos de los mejores jugadores de la historia del ajedrez, como Emanuel Lasker y Siegbert Tarrasch , consiguieron sus títulos de Master y avanzaron en sus carreras ajedrecísticas de esta manera. ^[182]
heavy piece: See major piece.
hole: A square that is inside or near a player's territory that cannot be controlled by a pawn. It is a gap in a player's pawn configuration, and especially dangerous when the hole is close to the center or near the king. A knight landing on a hole may be part of an attack. An example of a hole is e4 in the Stonewall Attack.^[183]
home rank: Rank one for White; rank eight for Black.^[184] See back rank.
horizontal line: See rank.
Horwitz bishops: A player's light-square and dark-square bishops placed so that they occupy adjacent diagonals, creating a potent attack. Also called raking bishops, and sometimes Harrwitz bishops.^[187]^[188]
human move: A move a human would make, as opposed to the kind of move that only a computer would make.^[189]
Hutton pairing: Una técnica de emparejamiento inventada en 1921 por George Dickson Hutton para emparejar equipos de jugadores en la que solo se requiere un juego por jugador. Se ha utilizado regularmente para eventos de equipos por correspondencia y para partidos entre muchos equipos llevados a cabo en un día. ^[190] También se llama emparejamiento de jamboree .
hipermodernismo: Una escuela de pensamiento que prefiere controlar el centro con piezas de los flancos que ocuparlo directamente con peones. Dos grandes defensores del hipermodernismo fueron Réti y Nimzowitsch . ^[191] Véase también clásico .

Yo

ICCA: Ver Federación Internacional de Ajedrez por Correspondencia .
ICCF: Abreviatura de Federación Internacional de Ajedrez por Correspondencia . ^[192]
ICS: Abreviatura de servidor de ajedrez de Internet .
IGM: Abreviatura del término más antiguo International Grandmaster . El uso moderno es Grandmaster (GM).
movimiento ilegal: Un movimiento que no está permitido por las reglas del ajedrez . Un movimiento ilegal descubierto durante el transcurso de un juego debe corregirse. ^[193]
posición ilegal: Una posición en un juego que es consecuencia de un movimiento ilegal o una posición inicial incorrecta; una posición que es imposible de alcanzar mediante cualquier secuencia de movimientos legales. ^[193]
ESTOY: Abreviatura del título de Master Internacional . ^[194]
desequilibrio: Cualquier diferencia entre las posiciones de Blancas y Negras. Una posición desequilibrada es aquella en la que tanto el blanco como el negro tienen ventajas únicas. Por el contrario, una posición equilibrada puede resultar atractiva . ^[191]
inexactitud: Un movimiento que no es el mejor, pero no tan malo como un error . ^[194]
inactivo: Ver pasivo .
incremento: Refers to the amount of time added to each player's time before each move. For instance, rapid chess might be played with "25 minutes plus 10 second per move increment", meaning that each player starts with 25 minutes on their clock, and this increments by 10 seconds after (or before) each move, usually using the Fischer Delay method.^[39] See Time control#Compensation (delay methods).
Indian bishop: A fianchettoed bishop, characteristic of the Indian defenses, the King's Indian and the Queen's Indian.^[195]
Indian defense: An opening that begins 1.d4 Nf6. Originally used to describe queen's pawn defenses involving the fianchetto of one or both black bishops, it is now used to describe all Black defenses after 1.d4 Nf6 that do not transpose into the Queen's Gambit.^[196]
initiative: The ability to make attacking moves, and force the course of play. It is an aspect of time. The attacking player has the initiative, and the defending player attempts to seize it.^[197]
innovation: A synonym for theoretical novelty.
insufficient material: An endgame scenario in which all pawns have been captured, and one side has only its king remaining while the other has only its king, a king plus a knight, or a king plus a bishop. A king plus bishop versus a king plus bishop with the bishops on the same color is also a draw, since neither side can checkmate, regardless of play. Situations where checkmate is possible only if the inferior side blunders are covered by the fifty-move rule.^[198] See Draw (chess)#Draws in all games.
interference: The interruption of the line or diagonal between an attacked piece and its defender by interposing a piece.^[197]
intermediate move: See zwischenzug.
intermezzo: See zwischenzug.
International Arbiter: A tournament official who arbitrates disputes and performs other duties such as keeping the score when players are under time pressure.
International Correspondence Chess Federation: The International Correspondence Chess Federation (abbr. ICCF) was founded in 1951 to replace the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA).^[192]
International Grandmaster: Abbr. IGM. The original name of the FIDE title now simply called Grandmaster (GM).
International Master: A chess title that ranks below Grandmaster but above FIDE Master. Abbr. IM.
International Woman Master: Obsolete name for Woman International Master.
Internet chess server: An external server that provides the facility to play, discuss, and view chess over the Internet. Abbr. ICS.
interpose: To move a piece between an attacking piece and its target, blocking the line or diagonal of attack. Interposing is not possible if the attacker is a knight, king, or pawn, thus only possible in case of attacking rooks, bishops, or queens. Interposing a piece is one of the three possible responses to a check.^[5]
Interzonal tournament: A tournament organised by the FIDE starting from the 1950s to 1993. It was the second qualifying cycle of the World Chess Championship. The participants were selected from the top players of the Zonal tournaments. The top ranking players qualified for the Candidates Tournament. Since 1998 the winners of the zonal tournaments have played short matches against each other over a few weeks in a knockout-style competition to determine who is eligible for the Candidates Tournament.
IQP: An abbreviation for isolated queen pawn. See also isolani.
irregular opening: In early 19th-century chess literature, all openings that did not begin with either 1.e4 e5 or 1.d4 d5 were classified as "irregular". As opening theory developed and many openings previously considered "irregular" became standard (e.g. the Sicilian Defence), the term gradually became less common. Opening books today are more likely to describe debuts such as 1.b4 (the Sokolsky Opening) as "uncommon" or "unorthodox".^[199]
isolani: Refers to a d-pawn with no pawns of the same color on the adjacent c-file and e-file, and is a synonym for isolated queen pawn (abbr. IQP). The term was coined by Aron Nimzowitsch, who considered the isolani as a weapon of attack in the middlegame but an endgame weakness; he considered the problem of hanging pawns to be related.^[200] See also Pawn structure#Queen's Gambit – Isolani.
isolated pawn: A pawn with no pawn of the same color on an adjacent file.^[201]
Italian bishop: A white bishop developed to c4 or a black bishop developed to c5. A bishop so developed is characteristic of the Italian Game. In the Giuoco Piano both players have Italian bishops. The Italian bishop stands in contrast to the Spanish bishop on b5 characteristic of the Ruy Lopez. "Italian" may be used as an adjective for an opening where one or both players have Italian bishops.^[202]

J

j'adoube: (from French, "I adjust", pronounced [ʒa.dub]) The international signal of the intention to adjust the position of a piece on the board. When playing with the touch-move rule, a player must say this in order to be able to touch a piece without being subject to the touched piece rule. The verb adouber, literally "to dub" (raise to the knighthood), is rarely used in contemporary French outside of this context. A local language equivalent, e.g. "I am adjusting," is generally also acceptable.^[5]

K

K: Symbol used for the king when recording chess moves in English.^[20]
key square: 1. An important square.; 2. In pawn endings, a square whose occupation by one side's king guarantees the achievement of a certain goal, such as the promotion of a pawn or the win of a pawn.^[198]
KGA: The King's Gambit Accepted opening.
KGD: The King's Gambit Declined opening.
KIA: The King's Indian Attack opening.
kibitz: As a spectator, making comments on a chess game that can be heard by the players. Kibitzing on a serious game while it is in progress (rather than during a post-mortem) is a serious breach of chess etiquette.^[203]
kick: Atacar una pieza , a menudo un caballo , con un peón , para que se mueva. Patear una pieza puede llevar a ganar un ritmo , o puede obligar al oponente a ceder el control de casillas clave . ^[203]
NIÑO: Apertura de la Defensa India del Rey .
Rey
rey obispo: O el obispo del rey . El alfil que está en el flanco de rey al comienzo del juego. También se utilizan los términos caballero rey y torre rey . A veces se abrevia "KB", "KN" y "KR", respectivamente. ^[79]
caza del rey: A sustained attack on the enemy king that results in the king being driven a far distance from its initial position, typically resulting in its checkmate. Some of the most famous games featuring king hunts are Edward Lasker–Thomas, Polugaevsky–Nezhmetdinov, and Kasparov–Topalov.^[204]
king knight: Or king's knight. The knight that is on the kingside at the start of the game. The terms king bishop and king rook are also used. Sometimes abbreviated "KN", "KB", and "KR", respectively.^[79]
king pawn: Or king's pawn. A pawn on the king's file, i.e. the e-file. Sometimes abbreviated "KP". Also king bishop pawn (KBP), king knight pawn (KNP), and king rook pawn (KRP) for a pawn on the f-, g-, or h-file, respectively.^[79]
king pawn opening: Or king's pawn opening. An opening that begins 1.e4.
king rook: Or king's rook. The rook that is on the kingside at the start of the game. The terms king bishop and king knight are also used. Sometimes abbreviated "KR", "KB", and "KN", respectively.^[79]
kingside: Or king's side. The side of the board (half-board) the kings are on at the start of the game (the e- through h-file), as opposed to the queenside.^[33] Also called king's wing.
king walk: A consecutive series of king moves designed to bring the king to a safer square. For example, if a player has castled kingside but the opponent has sacrificed a piece to destroy the kingside pawn cover, they may choose to walk the king over to the queenside to shelter behind the queenside pawns.^[205] See also King walk.
knight
knight pawn: Or knight's pawn. A pawn on the knight's file, i.e. the b-file or g-file. Sometimes abbreviated "NP".^[79]
knight's tour: A puzzle that challenges a person to set a knight on an empty chessboard, and make the piece move around (as it moves in a chess game), but to visit every square only once. The knight's tour is the most well known of a variety of "tours" and puzzles based on chess pieces. A "closed" tour (also known as a "re-entrant tour") ends on the same square on which it began and needs 64 moves. An "open" tour ends on a different square and needs only 63 moves.^[206]
knockout tournament: Ver Torneo de eliminación simple . Un torneo realizado como una serie de partidos en los que el ganador de cada partido avanza a la siguiente ronda y el perdedor es eliminado. Los torneos de ajedrez más conocidos celebrados en formato eliminatorio incluyen Londres 1851 y la Copa del Mundo de Ajedrez 2007 . Cf. torneo de todos contra todos y torneo suizo .
Síndrome de Kotov: This phenomenon, described by Alexander Kotov in his 1971 book Think Like a Grandmaster, can occur when a player does not find a good plan after thinking long and hard on a position. The player, under time pressure, then suddenly decides to make a move that they have hardly thought about at all, and it may not be a good move for that reason.^[207]
Kriegspiel: [from German, "war game"] Kriegspiel is a chess variant played by two opponents who can see only their own board, and one monitoring umpire who makes the moves of both players on a neutral board. It requires three chess sets and boards. The players make their moves based on limited information from the umpire. It was introduced in 1898. It is sometimes referred to as blind chess, not be confused with blindfold chess.^[208]
Kt: The symbol sometimes used for the knight when recording chess moves in descriptive notation, mainly in older literature. An N is used instead in algebraic notation and in later descriptive notation to avoid confusion with K, the symbol for the king.^[20]

L

laws of chess: The rules of chess.^[81]
lightning chess: A form of chess with an extremely short time limit, either blitz chess or bullet chess.^[209]
light-square bishop: One of the two bishops that moves only on the light squares. In the initial position, White's light-square bishop is on f1; Black's is on c8.^[198] Often shortened to light bishop.^[210] Cf. dark-square bishop.
light squares: The 32 light-colored squares on the chessboard, such as h1 and a8.^[211] Cf. dark squares.
line: 1. A sequence of moves, usually in the opening or in analyzing a position.; 2. An open path for a piece (queen, rook, or bishop) to move or control squares.^[209]
line piece: A piece whose movement is defined to be along straight lines of squares (i.e. the rook, bishop, and queen).^[212]
liquidation: See simplification.
long diagonal: One of the two diagonals with eight squares (a1–h8 or h1–a8).^[213]
long-range piece: A bishop, rook, or queen.
loose piece: A piece vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is undefended and cannot easily be withdrawn or supported.^[214]
loose position: A position vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is overextended or its pieces are uncoordinated.
losing a tempo: See tempo.
loss: A defeat for one of the two players, which may occur due to that player being checkmated by the other player, resigning, exceeding the time control, or being forfeited by the tournament director. In chess, a zero-sum game, this results in a win for the other player.^[215]
Lucena position: A well-known rook and pawn versus rook endgame position in which the player with the extra pawn can force a win by cutting off the opponent's king and placing a rook on the 4th rank in order to block the opponent's rook checks, thereby allowing the pawn to queen.^[53]
luft: [from German, "air"] Space made for a castled king to give it a flight square to prevent a back-rank mate. Usually luft is made by moving a pawn on the second rank in front of the king.^[216] See also flight square.

M

main line: The principal, most important, or most often played variation of an opening.^[217]
majority: A larger number of pawns on one flank opposed by a smaller number of the opponent's; often a player with a majority on one flank has a minority on the other.^[218] A central pawn majority is a larger number of pawns on the center files.
major piece: A queen or rook, also known as a heavy piece.^[219] The primary distinction of major pieces versus minor pieces is that major pieces are capable of checkmate with only their own king for support, as the enemy king is unable to step across the ranks and files they control. On an otherwise empty board, a major piece can move from any square to any other square in at most two moves.
man: A piece or a pawn, when the term piece is used as exclusive of pawns.^[220]
Maróczy Bind: A bind on the light squares in the center, particularly d5, obtained by White by placing pawns on c4 and e4. Named for Géza Maróczy, it originally referred to formations arising in some variations of the Sicilian Defence, but the name is now also applied to similar setups in the English Opening and the Queen's Indian Defense. It was once greatly feared by Black but means of countering it have been developed since the 1980s and earlier.^[221]
master: En términos generales, un jugador de ajedrez fuerte que se esperaría que derrotara a la mayoría de los aficionados. También puede referirse a un título formal como Master Internacional o Master Nacional . Los estándares varían, pero un maestro generalmente tendrá una calificación Elo de más de 2200. ^[222]
partido: Una competición entre dos individuos o dos equipos. Un partido puede ser la competencia completa, o puede ser una ronda en un torneo eliminatorio o torneo por equipos. Una partida de ajedrez siempre consta de al menos dos partidas y, a menudo, muchas más. ^[222]
compañero: Abreviatura de jaque mate . ^[223]
material: All of a player's pieces and pawns on the board. The player with pieces and pawns of greater value is said to have a "material advantage". Gaining a material advantage is also called "winning material".^[224] See Chess piece relative value.
materialism: Playstyle characterised by a willingness to win material at the expense of positional considerations. Chess computers are often materialistic.^[225]
mating attack: An attack aimed at checkmating the enemy king.^[226]
mating net: A position or series of moves that leads to forced mate.^[226]
MCO: Modern Chess Openings, a popular chess opening reference. Often the edition is also given, as in MCO-14, the 14th edition. Cf. ECO.
middlegame: The part of a chess game that follows the opening and comes before the endgame, beginning after the pieces are developed in the opening. This is usually roughly moves 20 through 40.^[224]
miniature: A short game (usually no more than 20 to 25 moves), for example: 1.e3 e5 2.Qf3 d5 3.Nc3 e4 4.Qf4?? Bd6! and White resigned in Spiel–Künzel, Europe 1900,^[227] because the queen is trapped. However, a significant minority of authors include games up to 30 moves.^[228] Usually only decisive games (not draws) are considered miniatures. Ideally, a miniature should not be spoiled by an obvious blunder by the losing side. A miniature may also qualify as a brilliancy. The Opera Game is a famous example. Sometimes called a brevity [chiefly British].^[50] See also Glossary of chess problems#miniature.
minor exchange: The exchange of a bishop for a knight.^[229]
minority: A smaller number of pawns on one flank opposed by a larger number of the opponent's; often a player with a minority on one flank has a majority on the other.^[218]
minority attack: An advance of pawns on the side of the board where one has fewer pawns than the opponent, usually carried out to provoke a weakness.^[224]
minor piece: A bishop or knight.^[224] Unlike major pieces, minor pieces are unable to contain the enemy king or block his advance alone, as he can simply pass through the holes in their line of attack. Compared to major pieces, minor pieces also find it difficult to navigate the entire board; a knight may require four moves to reach a square two squares away, while a bishop can only ever control half of all squares.
mobile pawn center: Pawns on central squares able to advance without becoming weak.^[230]
mobility: The ability of a piece(s) to move around the board. Having space.^[224]
mouse slip: A fumble by a player in the use of a computer control tool while playing chess on the Internet that results in an unintended move.^[231]
move: A full move is a turn by both players, White and Black. A turn by either White or Black is a half-move, or (in computer context) one ply.^[232]
move order: The sequence of moves one chooses to play an opening or execute a plan. Different move orders often have different advantages and disadvantages. A plan that uses certain moves can sometimes be improved by making the identical moves but in a different sequence.^[233] See also transposition.
mysterious rook move: Acuñado por Nimzowitsch para referirse a la colocación de una torre en un archivo cerrado en anticipación de que el oponente va a abrir el archivo. Este movimiento puede lograr una posición con una torre en una columna abierta o, alternativamente, puede obstaculizar las intenciones del oponente ( profilaxis ). Desde entonces, el significado de la palabra se ha expandido para referirse a cualquier movimiento de torre que parezca tener un propósito oculto. ^[234]^[235]

N

norte: 1. Símbolo utilizado para el caballo al registrar movimientos de ajedrez en inglés.; 2. Abreviatura de novedad .
suboficial: An abbreviation sometimes used for the chess opening reference Nunn's Chess Openings. Cf. ECO and MCO.
NN: Traditionally used in game scores to indicate a player whose name is not known. The origin is uncertain. It may be an abbreviation of the Latin nomina ("names"), or it may be short for the Latin phrase nomen nescio ("name unknown").^[236]
norm: A step toward earning a chess title; for example, a way of qualifying for the FIDE grandmaster title is to earn three grandmaster norms. Each norm is earned by getting a sufficiently high score in a tournament. To be a qualifying tournament, the tournament must be sufficiently strong, and meet some other requirements; and the score necessary to qualify for a norm depends on the strength of the tournament.^[237]^[238]
notation: Any method of recording chess moves, allowing games to be later published, replayed and analyzed. The most common notation today is algebraic notation, which is used internationally. Formerly descriptive notation was standard in English language publications. There are also systems of notation for recording chess positions without the use of diagrams, the most common of which is Forsyth–Edwards Notation (FEN).^[239]
novelty: See theoretical novelty.

O

occupation: Occupation of a rank or file means a rook or queen controls it; occupation of a square means a piece or pawn sits on it.^[240]^[241]
octopus: A strongly positioned knight in enemy territory. A knight not near the edge reaches out in eight directions, like the eight tentacles of an octopus.^[242]
odds: This refers to the stronger player giving the weaker player some sort of advantage in order to make the game more competitive. It may be an advantage in material, in extra moves, in time on the clock, or some combination of those elements. Since the advent of the chess clock, time odds have become more common than material odds.^[243]
offhand game: See skittles.
Olympiad: An international team chess tournament organized biennially by FIDE. Each team represents a FIDE member country.
O-O: Also 0-0. The move notation for kingside castling. (PGN format uses Os; FIDE uses 0s.)^[244]
O-O-O: Also 0-0-0. The move notation for queenside castling. (PGN format uses Os; FIDE uses 0s.)^[244]
open file: A file on which there are no pawns. A file on which only one player has pawns is said to be half-open.^[5]
open game: A game in which exchanges have opened files and diagonals, and there are few pawns in the center, as opposed to a closed game.^[245]
Open Game: Cualquier apertura que comience con los movimientos 1.e4 e5. Ejemplos de juegos abiertos incluyen Ruy Lopez , Giuoco Piano , Danish Gambit y muchos otros. El Juego Abierto también se conoce como Apertura de Peón de Rey Doble o Juego de Peón de Rey Doble .
apertura: La fase inicial del juego, aproximadamente la primera docena de movimientos, pero puede extenderse mucho más. En la apertura, los jugadores configuran sus estructuras de peones , desarrollan sus piezas y, por lo general, enrocar . La apertura precede al medio juego . ^[245]
innovación de apertura: Sinónimo de novedad teórica .
preparación de apertura: Estudio en casa y análisis de aperturas y defensas que se espera jugar, o encontrar, en torneos o partidos posteriores. En el juego de alto nivel, una parte importante de esto es la búsqueda de novedades teóricas que mejoren el juego anterior o análisis publicados previamente. ^[246]
repertorio de apertura: El conjunto de aperturas jugadas por un jugador en particular. La amplitud de los repertorios de los diferentes intérpretes varía de muy estrecho a muy amplio. ^[247]
sistema de apertura: An opening that is defined by one player's moves and that can be played generally regardless of the moves of the opponent, with the goal of reaching a desired type of middlegame position. Sometimes several different move orders are possible. Examples include the Colle System and Hippopotamus Defence.^[248]
open lines: noun. Unobstructed files and diagonals. See also open game. verb. To move or exchange pawns to bring about unobstructed files and diagonals.
open tournament: A tournament where anyone can enter, regardless of rating or invitation.^[249] Cf. closed tournament.
opposite-colored bishops: See bishops on opposite colors.
opposition: A position in which two kings stand on the same rank, file or diagonal with one empty square between them. The player to move may be forced to move the king to a less advantageous square. Opposition is a particularly important concept in endgames.^[250] One orthogonal square separation is direct opposition; one diagonal square is diagonal opposition; multiple squares separation is distant opposition. Cf. corresponding squares.
optimal play: See Best response. Both sides playing their best move at each turn, or one of equally good alternatives. One side tries to win as quickly as possible while the other side tries to delay it as long as possible, or optimal play may result in a draw. Cf. Solved game#Perfect play.
OTB: An abbreviation for over the board.^[251]
outpost: An outpost is a square protected by a pawn that is in or near the enemy's stronghold. Outposts are a favorable position from which one can launch an attack, particularly using a knight.^[252]
outside passed pawn: A passed pawn near the edge of the board and not in the path of threats from the opponent's pawns. In the endgame, such a pawn can constitute a strong advantage, because it threatens to promote, and it also diverts the opponent's forces to restrain its advance.^[253]
overextended: An overextended position results when a player has advanced pawns too far into the opponent's side without sufficient support. The premature advance can leave weaknesses in the player's camp or the advanced pawns themselves may be weak ("overextended pawns").^[254]
overloaded: A piece that has too many defensive duties. An overloaded piece can sometimes be deflected, or required to abandon one of its defensive duties.^[255]
overprotection: The strategy of protecting an important pawn or square more than is apparently necessary. This serves to dissuade the opponent from attacking that point, and the latent power of the "over protectors" assembled around an important point is a significant threat that can bear fruit at a small tactical change in the position. Aron Nimzowitsch coined the term and was a proponent of overprotection.^[256]
over the board: 1. A game played face-to-face with the opponent, as opposed to a remote opponent as in online chess or correspondence chess.; 2. Analysis carried out during a game in real time (not necessarily a face-to-face game) as opposed to during preparation. Finding accurate moves over the board is harder than finding them with computer assistance in one's own time. "I looked up the gambit Smith played and there's a line that refutes it, but I couldn't find it over the board."^[251]; Abbr. OTB.
overworked: A synonym for overloaded.^[257]

P

P: Symbol used for the pawn when recording chess positions in English. Also used for the pawn when recording chess moves in descriptive notation.
pairing: The assignment of opponents in a tournament. The most common pairing methods used in chess tournaments are round-robin and the Swiss system.^[258]
passed pawn: A pawn that has no pawn of the opposite color on its file or on any adjacent files on its way to queening.^[201]
passer: A passed pawn.^[259]
passive: Describes a piece or pawn that is inactive and able to move to or control relatively few squares, or a position without possibilities for attack or counterplay.^[256] Antonym: active.
passive sacrifice: The sacrifice of a piece, by moving a different piece, leaving the sacrificed piece under attack.
pattern recognition: A part of chess thinking that involves remembering and recognizing certain recurring aspects large and small, visual and dynamic. It is a kind of thinking that gives an advantage to a player with great experience. It is distinct from the intellectual activity of calculation. It uses intuitive thinking that is familiar to humans, but is foreign to computers. It can be developed by studying chess puzzles. It has been studied by Adriaan de Groot, and other scientists, who have attempted to discover how chess players think.^[260]^[261]
patzer: A weak chess player (from German: patzen, "to bungle").^[262] See also woodpusher.
pawn
pawn and move: A type of odds game, common in the 18th and 19th centuries, in which the superior player plays Black and begins the game with one of their pawns, usually the king bishop pawn, removed from the board; plus White gets an extra move at the start.^[263]
pawn break: A pawn move that attacks an enemy pawn in order to open up lines and/or challenge the opponent's pawn structure. See also break.
pawn center: Or pawn centre. A player's pawns in the center of the board. Pawns on the squares adjacent to the center may also be considered part of the pawn center. Having a strong pawn center was considered absolutely essential until the hypermodernist school introduced some new ideas.^[264] Often shortened to center. See King's Indian Defence, Four Pawns Attack for an example of an opening leading to an extended pawn center.
pawn chain: Two or more pawns of the same color diagonally linked. A pawn chain's weakest point is the base, because it is not protected by another pawn.^[256] See also pawn structure.
pawn island: A group of pawns of one color on consecutive files with no other pawns of the same color on an adjacent file. A pawn island consisting of one pawn is an isolated pawn.^[265]
pawn majority: See majority.
pawn minority: See minority.
pawn race: A situation where both opponents are pushing a passed pawn in effort to be first to promote.
pawn roller: Two connected passed pawns. "Roller" refers to their ability to defend one another as they advance toward promotion.
pawn skeleton: See pawn structure.
pawn storm: An attacking technique where a group of pawns on one wing is advanced to break up the defense.^[266]
pawn structure: The placement of the pawns during the course of a game. As pawns are the least mobile of the pieces and the only pieces unable to move backwards, the position of the pawns greatly influences the character of the game.^[267] Also called pawn skeleton.
PCA: An abbreviation for the Professional Chess Association.
performance rating: A number reflecting the approximate rating level at which a player performed in a particular tournament or match. It is often calculated by adding together the player's performances in each individual game, using the opponent's rating for a draw, adding 400 points to the opponent's rating for a win, and subtracting 400 points from the opponent's rating for a loss, then dividing by the total number of games. For example, a player who beat a 2400-rated player, lost to a 2600, drew a 2500, and beat a 2300, would have a performance rating of 2550 (i.e. 2800 + 2200 + 2500 + 2700, divided by 4).^[268] Abbr. PR.
perpetual check: When a player puts the opponent in check, and the check could be repeated endlessly, the game will be declared a draw by repetition. This tactic can be resorted to as a form of insurance in a losing position.^[269] Often shortened to perpetual.
PGN: An abbreviation for Portable Game Notation.^[270]
Philidor position: Usually refers to an important chess endgame that illustrates a drawing technique when the defender has a king and rook versus a king, rook, and pawn. It is also known as the third rank defense, because of the importance of the rook on the third rank cutting off the opposing king. It was analyzed by Philidor in 1777.^[271] See also Rook and pawn versus rook endgame.
piece: 1. One of the chessmen or figures used to play the game – that is, a king, queen, rook, bishop, knight or pawn. Each piece type has its own rules of movement on the board and of capturing enemy pieces. This is the definition used in the context of rules of chess – for example, the touched piece rule.; 2. When annotating or discussing chess games, the term "piece" usually excludes pawns. It may be used collectively for all "non-pawns" – for example, "White's pieces are well-posted". In some contexts, it may refer specifically to a minor piece – for example, "White is up two pieces for a rook".^[272]
pin: When a piece is attacked but cannot legally move, because doing so would expose the player's own king to the attack; or when a piece is attacked and can legally move out of the line of attack, but such a move would expose a more valuable piece (or an unprotected piece) to capture.^[232] See absolute pin and relative pin, respectively.
playable: Said of an opening, a position, or move that gives the person playing it a tenable position.^[273]
play by hand: To make a move intuitively and without analyzing the move.^[274]
ply: Term mainly used in computer chess to denote one play of either White or Black. Thus equal to half a move.
poisoned pawn: An unprotected pawn that, if captured, causes positional problems or material loss.^[265]
Poisoned Pawn Variation: Any of several opening variations, the best-known of these being in the Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defence, in which there is a poisoned pawn.^[275]
Portable Game Notation: This is a popular computer-processible ASCII format for recording chess games (both the moves and related data).^[270] There are import and export versions: the import version is lax, while the export version is not. Abbr. PGN.
positional play: Play based on strategy, on gaining and exploiting small advantages, and on analyzing the larger position, rather than calculating the more immediate tactics.^[265]
positional player: A player who specializes in positional play, as distinguished from a tactician.
positional sacrifice: A sacrifice in which the lost material is not regained via a combination, but instead gains positional compensation. These typically require deep positional understanding and are often overlooked by computers. Also known as a true sacrifice, as opposed to a pseudo sacrifice or sham sacrifice.
post mortem: Analysis of a game after it has concluded, typically by one or both players and sometimes with spectators (kibitzers) contributing as well. A player who has just lost the game thanks to a dubious move has the chance to win the post-mortem by finding a better one.^[265]
PR: An abbreviation for performance rating.
premove: In online chess, premoves are moves that are made before the opponent has taken their turn. Premoving, the act of making premoves, is a popular way of saving time in blitz and bullet formats.^[276]
preparation: See opening preparation.
prepared variation: A well-analyzed novelty in the opening that is not published but first used against an opponent in competitive play.^[277]
Principle of two weaknesses: A technique of increasing one's advantage by causing the opponent, who has one weakness, to have a second weakness. Even if both weaknesses are minor, the fact of having two, in practice, becomes a major weakness.^[278]
priyome: A Russian term for particular tactics that depend on pawn structure.^[279]
problem-like: An elegant and counterintuitive tactical shot, of the type generally found in chess problems rather than in actual play, can be termed problem-like.
promotion: Advancing a pawn to the eighth rank, converting it to a queen, rook, bishop or knight. Promotion to a piece other than a queen is called underpromotion.^[232]
prophylaxis: A strategy that frustrates and protects against an opponent's plan or tactic for fear of the consequences.^[265] See also blockade, overprotection, and mysterious rook move.
protected passed pawn: A passed pawn that is supported by another pawn.^[280]
pseudo sacrifice: See sham sacrifice.
push: To move a pawn forward (v.), or a pawn move forward (n.).

Q

Q: Symbol used for the queen when recording chess moves in English.^[20]
QGA: The Queen's Gambit Accepted opening.^[281]
QGD: The Queen's Gambit Declined opening.^[282]
QID: The Queen's Indian Defense opening.^[283]
quad: A round-robin style tournament between four players, where each participant plays every other participant once.
queen: 1.; 2. verb. The act of promoting a pawn to a queen.^[79]
queen bishop: Or queen's bishop. The bishop that is on the queenside at the start of the game. It is abbreviated "QB".^[284]
queening: Promotion to a queen. Also called promotion. Rarely used to indicate promotion to a knight, rook, or bishop (i.e. underpromotion) as well.^[201]
queen knight: Or queen's knight. The knight that is on the queenside at the start of the game. The terms queen bishop and queen rook are also used. Sometimes abbreviated "QN", "QB", and "QR", respectively.^[79]
queen pawn: Or queen's pawn. A pawn on the queen's file, i.e. the d-file. Sometimes abbreviated "QP". Also queen rook pawn (QRP), queen knight pawn (QNP), and queen bishop pawn (QBP) for a pawn on the a-, b-, or c-file, respectively.^[79]
queen pawn opening: Or queen's pawn opening. An opening that begins 1.d4.
queen rook: Or queen's rook. The rook that is on the queenside at the start of the game. The terms queen bishop and queen knight are also used. Sometimes abbreviated "QR", "QB", and "QN", respectively.^[79]
queenside: Or queen's side. The side of the board (board-half) the queens are on at the start of the game (the a- through d-file), as opposed to the kingside.^[33] Also called queen's wing.
quickplay finish: The same as sudden death.^[285]
quiet move: A move that does not attack or capture an enemy piece.^[286]

R

R: Symbol used for the rook when recording chess moves in English.^[20]
Rabar Classification: A system of opening classification codes introduced by Braslav Rabar for Chess Informant. The system was used by Informant publications from 1966 to 1981 but has since been replaced by ECO codes.^[287]
raking bishops: Another term for Horwitz bishops.^[288]
randomized chess: "A form of unorthodox chess designed to discount knowledge of the openings. The pawns are placed as in the array and behind them the pieces are placed in unorthodox fashion."^[289] See also Chess960.
rank: A row of the chessboard. In algebraic notation, ranks are numbered 1–8 starting from White's side of the board; however, players customarily refer to ranks from their own perspectives. For example: White's king and other pieces start on their first (or "back") rank, whereas Black calls the same rank the eighth rank; White's seventh rank is Black's second; and so on. If neither perspective is given, White's view is assumed. This relative reference to ranks was formalized in the older descriptive notation.^[290]
rapid chess: A form of chess with reduced time limit, usually 30 minutes per player.
recapture: The capture of an opponent's piece that previously made a capture, and usually played immediately following the opponent's capture move. The capture and recapture occur on the same square, and usually the pieces captured and recaptured have the same value.
refute: To demonstrate that a strategy, move, or opening is not as good as previously thought (often, that it leads to a loss), or that previously published analysis is unsound. A refutation is sometimes colloquially referred to as a bust. A refutation in the context of chess problems or endgame studies is often called a cook.^[291]
related squares: See corresponding squares.
relative pin: A pin where it is legal to move the pinned piece out of the line of attack. Contrast with absolute pin where the pinned piece is not permitted to move because it would expose the king to check.
remis: [French] A draw. It literally means "reset" and is somewhat archaic (the usual word for a draw in modern French is nulle) but is internationally understood and may be used between players without a common language.
repertoire: See opening repertoire.
reserve tempo: A move a player has available. Such a move may not be crucial to the position on the board, but being able to force the opponent to move by making a reserve move can on occasion result in a significant advantage.^[292]
resign: To concede loss of the game. A resignation is usually indicated by stopping the clocks, sometimes by offering a handshake, or by saying "I resign". A traditional way to resign is by tipping over one's king. It is common for a game to be resigned, rather than for it to end with checkmate, because experienced players can foresee the checkmate.^[293]^[294]
resign on time: A player who in a hopeless position intentionally runs out of time to avoid having to resign can be said to have resigned on time. This is usually performed in a more subtle manner than that of Curt von Bardeleben walking out of the tournament hall against Wilhelm Steinitz. A player low on time and in a losing position may simply "forget" to pay any attention to the clock.
Romantic chess: Romantic chess was the style of chess prevalent in the 19th century. It is characterized by bold attacks and sacrifices.^[295]
rook
rook lift: A maneuver that places a rook in front of its own pawns, often on the third or fourth rank. This can allow the rook to treat a half-open file as if it were an open file, or a closed file as if it were half-open.^[296]
rook pawn: Or rook's pawn. A pawn on the rook's file, i.e. the a-file or h-file. Sometimes abbreviated "RP".^[79]
round-robin tournament: This is a tournament in which each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times. In a double round-robin tournament the participants play each other exactly twice, once with white and once with black. A round robin tournament is commonly used if the number of participants is relatively small.^[297] See also Swiss tournament.
royal fork: A fork threatening the king and queen.^[298]
royal piece: A king or queen.^[79] In chess variants, the term refers to any piece that must be protected from capture; under this definition, only the king is royal in orthodox chess.

S

S: [from German: Springer, "jumper"] Alternate notation for the knight. Used rather than K, which means king.
sac: Short for sacrifice, usually used to describe a sacrifice for a mating attack.^[297]
sacrifice: A move or capture that voluntarily gives up material in return for an advantage such as space, development, or an attack. A sacrifice in the opening is called a gambit, especially when applied to a pawn.^[293]
SAN: An abbreviation for standard (or short) algebraic notation (e.g. 1.Nf3), as opposed to long algebraic notation (e.g. 1.Ng1-f3).
sans voir: [from French] See blindfold chess.
scalp: To defeat a much higher-ranked player, especially a titled player.
Scholar's mate: A four-move checkmate (common among novices) in which White plays 1.e4, follows with Qh5 (or Qf3) and Bc4, and finishes with 4.Qxf7#.^[163]
score: See game score.
score sheet: The sheet of paper used to record a game in progress. During formal games, it is usual for both players to record the game using a score sheet. A completed score sheet contains the game score.^[172]
sealed move: To prevent unfair advantage when an OTB game is adjourned, the player whose turn it is to move is required to write down their next move and put it in a sealed envelope. Upon resumption, the arbiter opens the sealed envelope, makes the move and the game continues. The player may be disquialified if the sealed move is illegal, ambiguous or unclear. Adjournments and sealed moves are no longer standard practice. See also Adjournment (games).
second: An assistant hired to help a player in preparation for and during a major match or tournament. The second assists in areas such as opening preparation. The second also used to assist with adjournment analysis before the practice of adjournments was largely abandoned in the 1990s.^[299]
second player: The expression "the second player" is sometimes used to refer to Black.
seesaw: See windmill.
Semi-Closed Game: An opening that begins with White playing 1.d4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...d5.^[300] Also called half-closed game.^[301] See also Open Game and Closed Game.
semi-open file: See half-open file.
Semi-Open Game: An opening that begins with White playing 1.e4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...e5.^[300] Also called half-open game.^[301] See also Open Game and Closed Game.
seventy-five-move rule: The game is drawn if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last seventy-five moves by either side, related to the fifty-move rule for looking at a series of moves without capture or pawn move.^[302]
sham sacrifice: An offer of material that is made at no risk, as acceptance would lead to the gain of equal or greater material or checkmate. This is in contrast to a true sacrifice in which the compensation is less tangible. Also called pseudo sacrifice.^[303]
sharp: Risky, double-edged, highly tactical. Sharp can be used to describe moves, maneuvers, positions, opening lines, and styles of play.^[304]
shot: Slang for an unexpected or sharp move that typically makes a tactical threat or technical challenge for the opponent.
silent move: A move that has a dynamic tactical effect on a position, but that does not capture or attack an enemy piece.^[305]^[306] See also quiet move.
simplification: A strategy of exchanging pieces, often with one of the following goals: as a defensive measure to reduce the size of an attacking force, when having the advantage to reduce the opponent's counterplay, to try to obtain a draw, or as an attempt to gain an advantage by players who are strong in endgame play with simplified positions.^[307] Also called liquidation.
simultaneous chess: A form of chess in which one player plays against several players simultaneously. It is usually an exhibition.^[308]
sitzfleisch: [from German, "sitting flesh"] The ability to sit still.^[309]
skewer: An attack on a valuable piece, compelling it to move to avoid capture and thus expose a less valuable piece which can then be taken.^[310] See also X-ray.
skittles: A casual or "pickup" game, usually played without a chess clock. At chess tournaments, a skittles room is where one goes to play for fun while waiting for the next formal game.^[308]
slow: Describes a strategy that requires too many tempi to complete, allowing the opponent time to consolidate.
smothered mate: A checkmate delivered by a knight in which the mated king is unable to escape because it is surrounded (or smothered) by its own pieces.^[311]
Sofia rules: In the tournament played by Sofia rules, players are not allowed to draw by agreement. They could have draws by stalemate, threefold repetition, fifty-move rule, or insufficient material. Other draws are allowed only if the arbiter declares the game reached a drawn position.^[312]
solid: An adjective used to describe a move, opening, or manner of play that is characterized by minimal risk-taking and emphasis on quiet positional play rather than wild tactics.
sortie: A queen development in front of its own pawns, often early in the opening, usually for the purpose of exploiting an advantage in space or punishing an error by the opponent. So called because the queen is usually developed behind its own pawns for its protection.
sound: A correct move or plan. A sound sacrifice has sufficient compensation, a sound opening or variation has no known refutation, and a sound puzzle or composition has no known cooks.^[293] Antonym: unsound.
space: The squares controlled by a player. A player controlling more squares than the other is said to have a spatial advantage.^[293]
Spanish bishop: A white king bishop developed to b5. This is characteristic of the Ruy Lopez, also known as the Spanish Opening.
speed chess: See blitz chess.
spite check: A harmless check given by a player who is about to lose the game, that serves no purpose other than to momentarily delay the defeat.^[313]
squeeze: Making pawn moves that limit mobility, freedom and options for the opponent, typically causing a zugzwang.^[314]
stalemate: A position in which the player whose turn it is to move has no legal move and their king is not in check. A stalemate results in an immediate draw.^[75]
starting square: A piece's starting square is the square it occupies at the beginning of the game.
Staunton chess set: The standard design of chess pieces, required for use in competition.^[315]
stem game: A stem game is the chess game featuring the first use of a particular opening variation. Sometimes, the player or the venue of the stem game is then used to refer to that opening.
strategic crush: Win characterised by gradual accumulation of advantages and complete prevention of counterplay.
strategy: The basis of a player's moves. The evaluation of positions and ways to achieve goals. Strategy is often contrasted with tactics, which are the calculations of more immediate plans and combinations.^[316]
strong: A forceful or good move, a position having good winning chances, a highly rated player or one successful in tournaments, or a tournament having a sizable number of strong players competing, such as grandmasters. A "strong showing" refers to a player's high win ratio in a tournament. Antonym: weak, e.g. a weak square.
stronger side: The side with a material or positional advantage.^[317]
strongpoint: 1. A "strongpoint defense" means an opening that defends and retains a central pawn (White: e4 or d4; Black: e5 or d5), as opposed to exchanging the pawn and relinquishing occupation of that central square.; 2. More generically, a strongpoint can be any square heavily defended.
strong square: A square on a player's 4th or greater rank on which the player can post a piece that cannot or will not be driven away by enemy pawns.^[318] Cf. weak square.
sudden death: The most straightforward time control for a chess game: each player has a fixed amount of time available to make all moves. See also fast chess.
support point: A square that cannot be attacked by a pawn, and that can be occupied as a home base for a piece, usually a knight.^[316]
swap: See exchange.
swindle: A ruse or trick played from a position that is inferior.^[316]
Swiss tournament: A system used in tournaments to determine pairings. In every round each player is paired with an opponent with the same or similar score.^[319] See also round-robin tournament.
symmetry: A symmetrical position on the chessboard means the positions of one's pieces are exactly mirrored by the opponent's pieces. This most often occurs when Black mimics White's opening moves. Black is said to break symmetry when making a move that no longer imitates White's move.^[316]
system: See opening system.

T

tabia: [from Arabic: طبيعة ṭabīʕa, "essence"] Also tabiya. In chess openings a tabia is a key point. It may be a well-known "point of departure" where variations branch off, it may be a position that is reached so often that the real game begins after this initial series of book moves.^[321]^[322]
tablebase: See endgame tablebase.
tactician: A player who specializes in tactical play, as distinguished from a positional player.
tactics: Combinations, traps, and threats. Play characterized by short-term attacks, requiring calculation by the players, as distinguished from positional play.^[316]
takeback: Used in casual games whereby both players agree to undo one or more moves.
tall pawn: (colloquial) An ineffective bishop, usually a bad bishop hemmed in by its own pawns.
Tarrasch rule: The general principle that rooks usually should be placed behind passed pawns, either one's own or one's opponent's. Named after Siegbert Tarrasch.^[323]
TD: An abbreviation for tournament director.^[319]
technique: The manner in which a player converts an advantageous position into a win.
tempo: A unit of time considered as one move. A player may gain a tempo in the opening when the opponent moves the same piece twice. In the endgame, one may wish to lose a tempo by triangulation in order to gain the opposition.^[316] Plural: tempos or tempi.
tension: A position in which there are one or more exchanges possible, such as a pair of pawns facing each other on a diagonal where either can capture the other, is said to contain tension. Such a situation differs from a threat in that it does not need to be immediately resolved – for example, if both pawns are defended. The consequences of resolving the tension must be constantly considered by both players, in case there is a possibility of winning or losing material. This makes calculating the best move more complicated, and so there is a natural temptation to release the tension by making a like-for-like exchange (see simplification) or by moving the attacked piece. To keep the tension is to avoid resolving it, which is sometimes good advice depending on the position.
text move: This term is used in written analysis of chess games to refer to a move actually played in the game as opposed to other possible moves. Often shortened to text, for example "The text is inferior as it allows ...f5." Text moves are usually in bold whereas analysis moves are not.
thematic: Suited to the demands of the position. The term "thematic move" is often applied to the key move of a thematic plan.^[324]
theme tournament: A chess tournament in which every game must begin with a particular opening specified by the organizers, for example the Budapest Gambit (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5).
theoretical draw: See book draw.
theoretical novelty: A move in the opening that has not been played before.^[325] Abbr. TN or N.
threat: A plan or move that carries an intention to damage the opponent's position. A threat is a tactical weapon that must be defended against.^[326]
threefold repetition: A draw may be claimed if the same position occurs three times with the same player to move; and with each player having the choice of the same set of moves each time, including the right to capture en passant and the right to castle.^[327] For the same position occurring five times, see fivefold repetition.
tiebreaks: See Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments. This refers to a number of different systems that are used to break ties, and thus designate a single winner, where multiple players or teams tie for the same place in a Swiss system chess tournament.
time: 1. In chess "time" refers to the amount of time each player has to think and calculate as measured by a chess clock.; 2. The number of moves to complete an objective; for example, if a king is racing to stop a pawn from queening, and the king has too few moves, that may be referred to as "not enough time".^[316] See also tempo.
time control: The allowed time to play a game, usually measured by a chess clock. A time control can require either a certain number of moves be made per time period (e.g. 40 moves in 2+1⁄2 hours) or it can limit the length of the entire game (e.g. five minutes per game for blitz). Hybrid schemes are used, and time delay controls have become popular since the widespread use of digital clocks.^[85]
time delay: A time control that makes it possible for a player to avoid having an ever-decreasing amount of time remaining (as is the case with sudden death). The most important time delays in chess are Bronstein delay and Fischer delay.
time pressure: Also called time trouble. Having very little time on one's clock (especially less than five minutes) to complete one's remaining moves. See time control.
TN: An abbreviation for theoretical novelty.
top board: See first board.
touched piece rule: Also called touch-move rule. The rule that requires a player who touches a piece to move that piece unless the piece has no legal moves. If a player moves a piece to a particular square and takes their hand off it, the move must be to that square if it is a legal move. Castling must be initiated by moving the king first, so a player who touches their rook may be required to move the rook, without castling. The rule also requires a player who touches an opponent's piece to capture it if possible. In order to adjust the position of a piece within its square without being required to move it, the player should say "J'adoube" or "I adjust".^[326]
tournament: A competition involving more than two players or teams, generally played at a single venue (or series of venues) in a relatively short period of time. A tournament is divided into rounds, with each round consisting either of individual games or matches in the case of knockout tournaments and team tournaments. The assignment of opponents is called pairing, with the most popular systems being round-robin and Swiss. A tournament is usually referred to by the city in which it was played and the year, such as "London 1851", although there are well-known exceptions, such as "AVRO 1938".
tournament book: A book recording the scores of all the games in a tournament, usually with analysis of the best or most important games and some background on the event and its participants. One well-known example is Bronstein's Zurich International Chess Tournament 1953. The less comprehensive tournament bulletin is usually issued between the rounds of a prestigious event, giving the players and world media an instant record of the games of the previous round. Individual copies may be bundled together at the conclusion of the event to provide an inexpensive alternative to the tournament book.^[328]
tournament director: Organizer and arbiter of a tournament, responsible for enforcing the tournament rules and the laws of chess. Abbr. TD. Also tournament controller [chiefly British].
trade: See exchange.
transposition: Arriving at a position using a different sequence of moves.^[153]
trap: A move that may tempt the opponent to play a losing move.^[329] See also swindle and List of chess traps.
trébuchet: A theoretical position of mutual zugzwang in which either player would lose if it were their turn to move.^[330] (from French, a type of siege engine)
triangulation: A technique used in king and pawn endgames (less commonly seen with other pieces) to lose a tempo and gain the opposition.^[331]
tripled pawns: Three pawns of the same color on the same file; considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.^[332]
Troitsky line: Also Troitzky line. Endgame analysis by Alexey Troitsky of two knights versus a pawn found certain pawn positions that result in win, draw or loss. The resulting pawn positions on each file form what is known as the Troitsky line or Troitsky position.^[333]
two bishops: A synonym for bishop pair.^[334] Also called the two bishops.

U

undermining: A tactic (also known as removal of the guard) in which a defensive piece is captured, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or underdefended.^[335]
underpromotion: Promoting a pawn to a rook, bishop, or knight instead of a queen. Rarely seen unless the knight can deliver a crucial check, or when promotion to a rook or a bishop instead of a queen is necessary to avoid stalemate.^[232]
United States Chess Federation: This is a nonprofit organization, the governing chess organization within the United States, and one of the federations of the FIDE. Abbr. USCF.
unorthodox opening: See irregular opening.
unpinning: The act of breaking a pin by interposing a second piece between the attacker and the target. This allows the piece that was formerly pinned to move.
unsound: Antonym of sound.
USCF: An abbreviation for the United States Chess Federation.

V

vacating sacrifice: A sacrifice made for the purpose of clearing a square for a different piece of the same color.
valve: A move that opens one line and closes another.
vanished center: Or vanished centre. A position with no white or black center pawns.^[336]
variant: See chess variant.
variation: 1. A sequence of moves or an alternative line of play, often applied to the opening. A variation does not have to have been played in a game, it may also be a possibility that occurs only in analysis.^[329] Also called continuation.; 2. The word Variation is also used to name specific sequences of moves within an opening. For an example, the Dragon Variation is part of the Sicilian Defence.^[80]
vertical line: See file.

W

waiting move: A move that makes no threats except that it puts the obligation to move on the opponent. A waiting move is effective when the opponent has nothing but bad moves available (i.e. is in zugzwang).^[337]
WCC: An abbreviation for the World Chess Championship.^[338]
WCM: An abbreviation for the Woman Candidate Master title.
weakness: A pawn or square that can be attacked and is hard to defend.^[339]
weak square: A square that cannot be easily defended from attack by an opponent. Often a weak square is unable to be defended by pawns (a hole) and can be theoretically occupied by a piece. Exchange or loss of a bishop may make all squares of that bishop's color weak resulting in a "weak square complex" on the light squares or the dark squares.^[340]
WFM: An abbreviation for the Woman FIDE Master title.^[341]
WGM: An abbreviation for the Woman Grandmaster title.^[341]
white: The light-colored squares on the chessboard are often referred to as "the white squares" even though they often are some other light color. Similarly, "the white pieces" are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color.^[35] See also black.
White: The designation for the player who moves first, even though the corresponding pieces, referred to as "the white pieces", are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color. See also Black and first-move advantage.
WIM: An abbreviation for the Woman International Master title.^[342]
win: A victory for one of the two players in a game, which may occur due to checkmate, resignation by the other player, the other player exceeding the time control, or the other player being forfeited by the tournament director. Chess being a zero-sum game, this results in a loss for the other player. In a tournament a bye may be scored as a win.^[343] See winning position.
windmill: A combination in which two pieces work together to deliver an alternating series of checks and discovered checks in such a way that the opposing king is required to move on each turn. It is a potent technique, since, on every other move, the discovered check may allow the non-checking piece to capture an enemy piece without losing a tempo. The most famous example is Torre–Lasker, Moscow 1925.^[344] Also called seesaw.
wing: The queenside a-, b-, and c-files; or the kingside f-, g-, and h-files.^[345] Also called flank.
Wing Gambit: The name given to variations of several openings in which one player gambits a wing pawn, usually the b-pawn.^[346]
winning percentage: A number calculated by adding together the number of games won and half of the number of games drawn, (ignoring the losses) then dividing that total by the total number of games that were played. Another way of calculating the winning percentage is by taking the percentage of games won by a player plus half the percentage of drawn games. Thus, if out of 100 games a player wins 40 percent, draws 32 percent, and loses 28 percent, the winning percentage is 40 plus half of 32, i.e. 56 percent.^[347]
winning position: A position is said to be a winning one if one specified side, with correct play, can eventually force a checkmate against any defense (i.e. perfect defense).^[348] Also called won game.
Woman Candidate Master: A women-only chess title ranking below Woman FIDE Master.^[58] Abbr. WCM.
Woman FIDE Master: A women-only chess title ranking below Woman International Master.^[341] Abbr. WFM.
Woman Grandmaster: The highest ranking gender-restricted chess title except for Women's World Champion.^[341] Abbr. WGM.
Woman International Master: A women-only chess title ranking below Woman Grandmaster and above Woman FIDE Master.^[341] Abbr. WIM.
won game: See winning position.
wood: Slang for pieces. "A lot of wood came off the board" conveys that several piece exchanges occurred.^[84]
woodpusher: A weak chess player, also referred to as a patzer or duffer. Colloquial, typically derogatory.^[349]
World Champion: A winner of the World Chess Championship.^[338]
wrong-colored bishop: See wrong rook pawn.^[350]
wrong rook pawn: With a bishop, a rook pawn may be the wrong rook pawn, depending on whether or not the bishop controls its promotion square.^[351]

X

X-ray: When the power of a piece, either to attack or to defend, seems to pass through an intervening enemy piece. The X-ray attack, also known as a skewer, involves two pieces of the same color both caught in the same line of attack along a diagonal, rank, or file. The attacking piece forces the first and more valuable piece to move out of the way, which allows the second piece to be captured. As a defensive tactic the X-ray occurs when one piece is defended by another piece, through an attacking enemy piece standing between the two.^[352]

Z

zeitnot: [from German, "time need"] Having very little time on the clock to complete the remaining moves of a timed game.^[353] Synonyms: time pressure and time trouble.
Zonal tournaments: Tournaments organised by FIDE, the first qualifying cycle of the World Chess Championship. Each zonal tournament features top players of a certain geographical zone. Up until 1993 the winners went on to Interzonal tournaments. This was replaced by a system where the winners now play each other in knockout-style competitions to determine who goes on to the Candidates Tournament.^[354]
zugzwang: [from German, "compulsion to move"] When a player is put at a disadvantage by having to make a move; where any legal move weakens the position. Zugzwang usually occurs in the endgame, and rarely in the middlegame.^[355]
zwischenschach: [from German, "in-between check"] Playing a surprising check that the opponent did not consider when plotting a sequence of moves; a zwischenzug that is a check.^[356]
zwischenzug: [from German, "in-between move"] An "inbetween" move, or an intermezzo, played before an expected reply. Often, but not always, this involves responding to a threat by posing an even greater threat, forcing the opponent to respond to the threat first.^[357]

Notes

^ Wilkinson 2008, p. 128
^ a b c d Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 237
^ United States Chess Federation, p. 72
^ United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. 84, 282
^ a b c d e f Staunton 2014, p. 59
^ Pandolfini 1996, pp. 22–23
^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 25
^ Hochberg 2005, p. 14
^ a b Brace 1977, p. 17
^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 13
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 28
^ Brace 1977, p. 22
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 18
^ Hoffman 1996, p. 12
^ Renaud & Kahn 1962, p. 182
^ "Chess grandmasters on track for possible 'Armageddon' at world championship" Payne, Marissa. Washington Post. 26 November 2016.
^ Kaufmann 2014, p. 151
^ a b c d e f Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 238
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 34
^ a b c d e Staunton 2009, p. 57
^ a b c Fischer, Margulies, & Mosenfelder 1982, p. 103
^ Silman 1998, p. 236
^ Grooten 2017, p. 199
^ Pritchard 2012, p. 75
^ "CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?!". ChessBase. 29 February 2012.
^ Horton 1959, pp. 12–13; Brace 1977, p. 29; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 32
^ Harding 2015, p. 424
^ Hilbert 2013, p. 104
^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 233
^ Roycroft, 1981, p. 346
^ Soltis 2012, p. 11
^ Pandolfini 2013, p. 42
^ a b c Staunton 2009, p. 3
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 46
^ a b Staunton 2009, p. 1
^ a b c Pandolfini 1996, p. 47
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 45
^ MacEnulty 2004, p. 129
^ a b Schiller 2003, p. 398
^ Kidder, Harvey (1970). Illustrated Chess for Children. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-05764-4.
^ Chess: A Fortissimo Zuckertort? It's a Kevitz Blitzkrieg, New York Times, Dec. 7, 1964
^ Nimzowitsch 1980, p. 5
^ Pandolfini 2013, p. 47
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 100
^ Schiller 2003, p. 299
^ Haworth, G. M. (2005) 6-man chess solved. ICGA Journal, 28 (3). p. 153. ISSN 1389-6911
^ Silman 1999, p. 428
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 53
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 429
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 55
^ Kasparov 2017, pp. 52–54
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 56
^ a b Pandolfini 1992, p. 154
^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 162
^ de Firmian 1999, p. 3
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 57
^ Judovitz & Duchamp 2010, p. 137
^ a b https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017
^ Johnson 2010, p. 12
^ Olafsson 2014, p. 32
^ Higgins, Andrew. "Masters of Chess, Not Self-Promotion". The New York Times. 30 March 2016
^ Souleidis 2017, p. 176
^ Staunton 1875, p. 384
^ Keene 1989, p. 178
^ a b c Staunton 2014, p. 55
^ http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm
^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 64
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 426
^ a b c d Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 239
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 72
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 430
^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 102
^ Snyder 2007, p. 22
^ Staunton 2014, p. 48
^ a b Staunton 2014, p. 53
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 210
^ Staunton 2014, p. 30
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 66
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7
^ a b Hochberg 2005, p. 13
^ a b c d e f "FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ See section "II.3 Chess960 castling rules" under "Guidelines" in the FIDE Laws of Chess^[81]
^ Gligorić 2002, p. 40
^ a b Shibut 2012, p. 68
^ a b United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 8
^ Hertan 2014, p. 373
^ Lawson 1992, pp. 25–26
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 181
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 42
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 70
^ de Firmian 1999, p. 389
^ Avni 2014, pp. 35–37
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 72
^ Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 99
^ Hertan 2014, p. 7
^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 223
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 76
^ Borders 2007, p. 102
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, pp. 44, 149
^ Hochberg 2005, p. 20
^ Dunne 1991, p. 1
^ Dvoretsky 2006, p. 15
^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 125
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 78
^ a b c d Silman 1999, p. 431
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 96
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 79
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 81
^ Lawson 1992, pp. 31–32, 53
^ Webb 2006, p. 49
^ Article 5.2.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess^[81]
^ a b c d e Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 240
^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 274
^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 64
^ Wilson 1994, p. 60
^ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 106. Pandolfini 1996, p. 89
^ a b Staunton 2014, p. 56
^ Staunton 2014, p. 50
^ Hooper & Whyld (1992), p. 111
^ Staunton 2014, p. 51
^ Pandolfini 2013, p. 75
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 96
^ Grooten 2017, p. 289
^ Soltis 2002, p. 146
^ Desjarlais 2011, p. 99
^ Edwards 2007, p. 258
^ Capablanca 2002, p. 79
^ Schiller 2003, p. 376
^ Suba 2014, p. 104
^ Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 281
^ Silman 1998, p. 10
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 301
^ a b Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 241
^ Moore & Mertens 2011, p. 14
^ Alburt & Parr 2003, pp. 22–23
^ Brace 1977
^ New Oxford American Dictionary
^ a b Staunton 2014, p. 57
^ "En prise (Chess Term)" by Edward Winter
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 102
^ Wilson 1994, p. 55
^ David 2016, pp. 88–96
^ ChessMN16. "How to Read Engine Evaluations". Chess.com. April 29, 2015
^ Newborn 2013, pp. 1–14
^ Golombek 1977, p. 113, and Silman 1999, p. 432, define an exchange to always be of equal value, but most writers do not: Horton 1952, p. 63; Brace 1977, p. 97; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 130; Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 188.
^ Schiller 2003, p. 113
^ Soltis 2002, p. 102
^ Lawrence & Alburt 2010, p. 88
^ Pandolfini 1992, pp. 56, 94, 118
^ Pawlak, Robert. "Your Computer as Opponent, Coach, and Training Assistant". Chess Life, Vol. 56, issue 11. November 2001. pp. 22–25.
^ a b Pandolfini 1989, p. 225
^ Soltis 2002, p. 71
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 433
^ FICGS correspondence chess titles
^ a b c d Pandolfini 1996, p. 108
^ Ashley 2007, p. 232
^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 16
^ Byrne, Robert. "Pastimes; Chess". The New York Times. 4 November 1990
^ Olafsson 2014, p. 80
^ Article 9.6.1 in FIDE Laws of Chess^[81]
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 189
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 234
^ a b c Staunton 2014, p. 58
^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 47
^ Hendriks 2014, pp. 161–62
^ United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. xxvii, 29, 34, 64, 69
^ Brown 2012, p. 241
^ Moore 2015, p. 77
^ Soltis 2014, p. 31
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 144
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 145
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 134
^ Murray 2012, pp. 390–91
^ Ashley 2007, p. 233
^ Kvanvig 2008, p. 229
^ Schiller 2003, p. 165
^ a b c d Silman 1999, p. 434
^ Clarke 1963, p. 1
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 242
^ Barden 2017
^ Cranston 2017, p. 1
^ Lombardy & Daniels 1977, pp. 10, 11
^ Znosko-Borovsky 2012, p. 39
^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 69
^ "London m4 Games". 365Chess.com.
^ Hertan 2013, p. 109
^ Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 466
^ Timman 2014, p. 71
^ Lee 2016, p. 158
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 178
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 435
^ a b Dunne 1991, p. 99
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 124
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 125
^ Lemos 2014, pp. 30–32
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 126
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 128
^ a b c Pandolfini 2009, p. 302
^ Schiller 2003, p. 91
^ Pandolfini 1989, p. 227
^ a b c Staunton 2014, p. 61
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 183
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 136
^ "Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999". Chessgames.com.
^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 220
^ Petković 1997, pp. 50–55
^ Kotov 2012, p. 12
^ Hochberg 2005, p. 73
^ a b Pandolfini 1996, p. 146
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 226
^ Staunton 2009, p. 46
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 147
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 148
^ Euwe & Meiden 2013, p. 19
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 150
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 243
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 152
^ a b Pandolfini 1992, p. 109
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 303
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 244, man
^ Kmoch 2013, p. 143
^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 234
^ Pandolfini 2008, p. 351
^ a b c d e Silman 1999, p. 436
^ Hartston 1997, p. 118
^ a b Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187
^ "Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2". Chess Edinburgh and Lothians.
^ Nunn 1999, p. 6
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 63
^ Keene 1989, p. 73
^ [1] Klein, Mike. "Five Crowned In ChessKid.com National Championship". The United States Chess Federation website.9 June 2015 "The rules specify that mouse-slips stand, so Perkins' win drew him even with Vaidya at 3.0/4."
^ a b c d Hochberg 2005, p. 12
^ Pandolfini 2005, p. 185
^ Nimzowitsch 2014, p. 182
^ Hallman, 2013, p. 154
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 274
^ "FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ Agdestein 2013, p. 141
^ Wilson 1994, p. 4
^ Znosko-Borovsky 2012, pp. 118–19
^ Komarov & Djuric 2016, p.10
^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 13
^ Keene 1989, p. 182
^ a b United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 158
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 437
^ Schiller 2003, p. 19
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 166
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 405. system.
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 167
^ Staunton 2014, p. 60
^ a b Webb 2006, p. 72
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 113
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 305
^ Seirwan & Silman 2005, p. 246; Horton 1959, p. 147
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 237
^ a b c Silman 1999, p. 438
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 246; Brace 1977, p. 208; Horton 1959, p. 147
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 172
^ Kmoch 2013, p. 18
^ de Groot 2008, pp. 189–203
^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 7
^ Kaan 2016, p. 19
^ Staunton 1875, p. 41
^ Keene 1989, p. 183
^ a b c d e Silman 1999, p. 439
^ Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 83
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 238
^ United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 202
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 245
^ a b Hurst 2007, p. 365
^ Fine 1976, p. 4
^ Hochberg 2005, p. 11
^ Kaan 2016, p. 16
^ Kavalek, Lubomir. "Chess". The Washington Post. 16 July 2007
^ Watson & Watson 1998, p. 18
^ https://support.chess.com/article/642-what-are-premoves-and-how-do-they-work. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 188
^ Dvoretsky 2006, p. 53
^ Soltis 2013, p. 1
^ Silman 1999, p. 440
^ Staunton 2009, p. 355
^ Staunton 2009, p. 360
^ Kaan 2016, pp. 161–62
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 306
^ United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 337
^ Hertan 2014, p. 193
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 330
^ Alburt & Parr 2003, p. 113
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 331
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, pp. 331–32
^ Soltis 2013, p. 210
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 96
^ a b c d Silman 1999, p. 441
^ Burgess 2000, p. 481
^ Grooten 2017, p. 51
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 102
^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 238
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 247
^ All The King's Men Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Outlook Business, 31 October 2009
^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 365
^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 165
^ Article 9.6.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess^[81]
^ Brace 1977, p. 257
^ Kaan 2016, p. 244
^ Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 136
^ Timman 2014, p. 166
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 373; Silman 1999, p. 441
^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 239
^ Fine 2015, p. 87
^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 267
^ Staunton 2009, p. 25
^ Giddins 2017, pp. 169–70
^ Reinfeld 2016, p. 151
^ Pandolfini 1988, p. 78
^ Stamp, Jimmy (3 April 2013). "How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel". Smithsonian.com.
^ a b c d e f g Silman 1999, p. 442
^ Averbakh, Yuri. Comprehensive Chess Endings. Pergamon Press. p. viii.
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 400
^ a b Ashley 2007, p. 240
^ "Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926". Chessgames.com.
^ Steingass 1884, p. 752
^ van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 193
^ Kotov 2012, p. 42
^ Pandolfini 1996, p. 241
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 418
^ a b Pandolfini 1992, p. 240
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 307
^ Bronstein 2013, p. vii
^ a b Silman 1999, p. 443
^ Soltis 2013, p. 33
^ Soltis 2013, p. 5
^ Pandolfini 1996, pp. 249–50
^ de la Villa 2014, p. 246
^ Pandolfini 2009, p. 310
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 241
^ Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 439
^ Tarrasch 2012, p. 5
^ a b Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 127
^ Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 250
^ a b c d e Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329
^ Evans, Silman & Roberts 1991, p. 91
^ Hertan 2016, p. 43
^ Schiller 2003, p. 287
^ Young & Howell 1894, p. 46
^ Reinfeld 2016, p. 585
^ Silver 2012, p. 270
^ Capablanca 2002, p. 116
^ Evans 2009, p. 92
^ Soltis 2002, p. 87
^ Benjamin 2015, pp. 215–16
^ Pandolfini 1993, p. 46
^ Galperin 2012, p. 64
^ Williams 1997, p. 120
^ Pandolfini 1992, p. 76
^ Wilson & Alberston 2012, p. 10
^ Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 159

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[1] Wilkinson 2008, p. 128

[S&S_p237-2] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 237

[3] United States Chess Federation, p. 72

[4] United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. 84, 282

[Staunton_2014,_p._59-5] Staunton 2014, p. 59

[6] Pandolfini 1996, pp. 22–23

[7] van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 25

[8] Hochberg 2005, p. 14

[Brace_p17-9] Brace 1977, p. 17

[H&W_p13-10] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 13

[11] Pandolfini 1996, p. 28

[12] Brace 1977, p. 22

[13] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 18

[14] Hoffman 1996, p. 12

[15] Renaud & Kahn 1962, p. 182

[16] "Chess grandmasters on track for possible 'Armageddon' at world championship" Payne, Marissa. Washington Post. 26 November 2016.

[17] Kaufmann 2014, p. 151

[S&S_p238-18] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 238

[19] Pandolfini 1996, p. 34

[Staunton_2009,_p._57-20] Staunton 2009, p. 57

[Fischer,_Margulies_1982,_p._103-21] Fischer, Margulies, & Mosenfelder 1982, p. 103

[22] Silman 1998, p. 236

[23] Grooten 2017, p. 199

[24] Pritchard 2012, p. 75

[25] "CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?!". ChessBase. 29 February 2012.

[26] Horton 1959, pp. 12–13; Brace 1977, p. 29; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 32

[27] Harding 2015, p. 424

[28] Hilbert 2013, p. 104

[29] Pandolfini 1989, p. 233

[30] Roycroft, 1981, p. 346

[31] Soltis 2012, p. 11

[32] Pandolfini 2013, p. 42

[Staunton_2009,_p._3-33] Staunton 2009, p. 3

[34] Pandolfini 1996, p. 46

[Staunton_2009,_p._1-35] Staunton 2009, p. 1

[Pandolfini_1996,_p._47-36] Pandolfini 1996, p. 47

[37] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 45

[38] MacEnulty 2004, p. 129

[Schiller_2003,_p._398-39] Schiller 2003, p. 398

[40] Kidder, Harvey (1970). Illustrated Chess for Children. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-05764-4.

[41] Chess: A Fortissimo Zuckertort? It's a Kevitz Blitzkrieg, New York Times, Dec. 7, 1964

[42] Nimzowitsch 1980, p. 5

[43] Pandolfini 2013, p. 47

[44] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 100

[45] Schiller 2003, p. 299

[Haworth-46] Haworth, G. M. (2005) 6-man chess solved. ICGA Journal, 28 (3). p. 153. ISSN 1389-6911

[47] Silman 1999, p. 428

[48] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 53

[Silman_1999,_p._429-49] Silman 1999, p. 429

[Pandolfini_1996,_p._55-50] Pandolfini 1996, p. 55

[51] Kasparov 2017, pp. 52–54

[52] Pandolfini 1996, p. 56

[Pandolfini_1992,_p._154-53] Pandolfini 1992, p. 154

[54] Pandolfini 2005, p. 162

[55] Firmian 1999, p. 3

[Pan_1996_p57-56] Pandolfini 1996, p. 57

[57] Judovitz & Duchamp 2010, p. 137

[cmandwcmtitles-58] ttps://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017

[59] Johnson 2010, p. 12

[60] Olafsson 2014, p. 32

[61] Higgins, Andrew. "Masters of Chess, Not Self-Promotion". The New York Times. 30 March 2016

[62] Souleidis 2017, p. 176

[63] Staunton 1875, p. 384

[64] Keene 1989, p. 178

[Staunton_2014,_p._55-65] Staunton 2014, p. 55

[66] ttp://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm

[67] Pandolfini 1989, p. 64

[68] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 426

[S&S_p239-69] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 239

[70] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 72

[Silman_1999,_p._430-71] Silman 1999, p. 430

[H&W_p102-72] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 102

[73] Snyder 2007, p. 22

[74] Staunton 2014, p. 48

[Staunton_2014,_p._53-75] Staunton 2014, p. 53

[76] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 210

[77] Staunton 2014, p. 30

[78] Pandolfini 1996, p. 66

[Staunton_2009,_pp._2–7-79] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7

[Hochberg_2005,_p._13-80] Hochberg 2005, p. 13

[FideLawsOfChess-81] "FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.

[82] See section "II.3 Chess960 castling rules" under "Guidelines" in the FIDE Laws of Chess^[81]

[83] Gligorić 2002, p. 40

[Shibut_2012,_p._68-84] Shibut 2012, p. 68

[ReferenceA-85] United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 8

[86] Hertan 2014, p. 373

[87] Lawson 1992, pp. 25–26

[88] Pandolfini 1992, p. 181

[89] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 42

[90] Pandolfini 1996, p. 70

[91] Firmian 1999, p. 389

[92] Avni 2014, pp. 35–37

[93] Pandolfini 1996, p. 72

[94] Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 99

[95] Hertan 2014, p. 7

[96] Pandolfini 1989, p. 223

[97] Pandolfini 1996, p. 76

[98] Borders 2007, p. 102

[99] Seirawan & Silman 1994, pp. 44, 149

[100] Hochberg 2005, p. 20

[101] Dunne 1991, p. 1

[102] Dvoretsky 2006, p. 15

[103] Pandolfini 2005, p. 125

[104] Pandolfini 1996, p. 78

[Silman_1999,_p._431-105] Silman 1999, p. 431

[106] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 96

[107] Pandolfini 1996, p. 79

[108] Pandolfini 1996, p. 81

[109] Lawson 1992, pp. 31–32, 53

[110] Webb 2006, p. 49

[111] Article 5.2.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess^[81]

[S&S_p240-112] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 240

[113] Pandolfini 1988, p. 274

[114] Pandolfini 2005, p. 64

[115] Wilson 1994, p. 60

[116] Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 106. Pandolfini 1996, p. 89

[Staunton_2014,_p._56-117] Staunton 2014, p. 56

[118] Staunton 2014, p. 50

[119] Hooper & Whyld (1992), p. 111

[120] Staunton 2014, p. 51

[121] Pandolfini 2013, p. 75

[122] Pandolfini 1996, p. 96

[123] Grooten 2017, p. 289

[124] Soltis 2002, p. 146

[125] Desjarlais 2011, p. 99

[126] Edwards 2007, p. 258

[127] Capablanca 2002, p. 79

[128] Schiller 2003, p. 376

[129] Suba 2014, p. 104

[130] Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 281

[131] Silman 1998, p. 10

[132] Pandolfini 2009, p. 301

[S&S_p241-133] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 241

[134] Moore & Mertens 2011, p. 14

[135] Alburt & Parr 2003, pp. 22–23

[136] Brace 1977

[137] New Oxford American Dictionary

[Staunton_2014,_p._57-138] Staunton 2014, p. 57

[139] "En prise (Chess Term)" by Edward Winter

[140] Pandolfini 1996, p. 102

[141] Wilson 1994, p. 55

[142] David 2016, pp. 88–96

[143] ChessMN16. "How to Read Engine Evaluations". Chess.com. April 29, 2015

[144] Newborn 2013, pp. 1–14

[145] Golombek 1977, p. 113, and Silman 1999, p. 432, define an exchange to always be of equal value, but most writers do not: Horton 1952, p. 63; Brace 1977, p. 97; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 130; Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 188.

[146] Schiller 2003, p. 113

[147] Soltis 2002, p. 102

[148] Lawrence & Alburt 2010, p. 88

[149] Pandolfini 1992, pp. 56, 94, 118

[150] Pawlak, Robert. "Your Computer as Opponent, Coach, and Training Assistant". Chess Life, Vol. 56, issue 11. November 2001. pp. 22–25.

[Pandolfini_1989,_p._225-151] Pandolfini 1989, p. 225

[152] Soltis 2002, p. 71

[Silman_1999,_p._433-153] Silman 1999, p. 433

[154] FICGS correspondence chess titles

[Pan_1996_p108-155] Pandolfini 1996, p. 108

[156] Ashley 2007, p. 232

[157] Pandolfini 1988, p. 16

[158] Byrne, Robert. "Pastimes; Chess". The New York Times. 4 November 1990

[159] Olafsson 2014, p. 80

[160] Article 9.6.1 in FIDE Laws of Chess^[81]

[161] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 189

[162] Pandolfini 1992, p. 234

[Staunton_2014,_p._58-163] Staunton 2014, p. 58

[164] Pandolfini 1988, p. 47

[165] Hendriks 2014, pp. 161–62

[166] United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. xxvii, 29, 34, 64, 69

[167] Brown 2012, p. 241

[168] Moore 2015, p. 77

[169] Soltis 2014, p. 31

[170] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 144

[171] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 145

[Pandolfini_1996,_p._134-172] Pandolfini 1996, p. 134

[173] Murray 2012, pp. 390–91

[174] Ashley 2007, p. 233

[175] Kvanvig 2008, p. 229

[176] Schiller 2003, p. 165

[Silman_1999,_p._434-177] Silman 1999, p. 434

[178] Clarke 1963, p. 1

[179] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 242

[180] Barden 2017

[181] Cranston 2017, p. 1

[182] Lombardy & Daniels 1977, pp. 10, 11

[183] Znosko-Borovsky 2012, p. 39

[184] Pandolfini 2005, p. 69

[185] "London m4 Games". 365Chess.com.

[186] Hertan 2013, p. 109

[187] Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 466

[188] Timman 2014, p. 71

[189] Lee 2016, p. 158

[190] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 178

[Silman_1999,_p._435-191] Silman 1999, p. 435

[Dunne_1991,_p._99-192] Dunne 1991, p. 99

[Pandolfini_1996,_p._124-193] Pandolfini 1996, p. 124

[Pandolfini_1996,_p._125-194] Pandolfini 1996, p. 125

[195] Lemos 2014, pp. 30–32

[196] Pandolfini 1996, p. 126

[Pandolfini_1996,_p._128-197] Pandolfini 1996, p. 128

[Pandolfini_2009,_p._302-198] Pandolfini 2009, p. 302

[199] Schiller 2003, p. 91

[200] Pandolfini 1989, p. 227

[Staunton_2014,_p._61-201] Staunton 2014, p. 61

[202] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 183

[Pandolfini_1996,_p._136-203] Pandolfini 1996, p. 136

[204] "Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999". Chessgames.com.

[205] van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 220

[206] Petković 1997, pp. 50–55

[207] Kotov 2012, p. 12

[208] Hochberg 2005, p. 73

[Pandolfini_1996,_p._146-209] Pandolfini 1996, p. 146

[210] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 226

[211] Staunton 2009, p. 46

[212] Pandolfini 1996, p. 147

[213] Pandolfini 1996, p. 148

[214] Euwe & Meiden 2013, p. 19

[215] Pandolfini 1996, p. 150

[216] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 243

[217] Pandolfini 1996, p. 152

[Pandolfini_1992,_p._109-218] Pandolfini 1992, p. 109

[219] Pandolfini 2009, p. 303

[220] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 244, man

[221] Kmoch 2013, p. 143

[Ashley_2007,_p._234-222] Ashley 2007, p. 234

[223] Pandolfini 2008, p. 351

[Silman_1999,_p._436-224] Silman 1999, p. 436

[225] Hartston 1997, p. 118

[Waitzkin_&_Waitzkin_1995,_p._187-226] Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187

[227] "Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2". Chess Edinburgh and Lothians.

[228] Nunn 1999, p. 6

[229] Pandolfini 1992, p. 63

[230] Keene 1989, p. 73

[231] [1] Klein, Mike. "Five Crowned In ChessKid.com National Championship". The United States Chess Federation website.9 June 2015 "The rules specify that mouse-slips stand, so Perkins' win drew him even with Vaidya at 3.0/4."

[Hochberg_2005,_p._12-232] Hochberg 2005, p. 12

[233] Pandolfini 2005, p. 185

[234] Nimzowitsch 2014, p. 182

[235] Hallman, 2013, p. 154

[236] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 274

[FideNorms-237] "FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017". FIDE. Retrieved 12 July 2020.

[238] Agdestein 2013, p. 141

[239] Wilson 1994, p. 4

[240] Znosko-Borovsky 2012, pp. 118–19

[241] Komarov & Djuric 2016, p.10

[242] van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 13

[243] Keene 1989, p. 182

[ReferenceB-244] United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 158

[Silman_1999,_p._437-245] Silman 1999, p. 437

[246] Schiller 2003, p. 19

[247] Pandolfini 1996, p. 166

[248] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 405. system.

[249] Pandolfini 1996, p. 167

[250] Staunton 2014, p. 60

[Webb_2006,_p._72-251] Webb 2006, p. 72

[252] Pandolfini 1992, p. 113

[253] Pandolfini 2009, p. 305

[254] Seirwan & Silman 2005, p. 246; Horton 1959, p. 147

[255] Pandolfini 1992, p. 237

[Silman_1999,_p._438-256] Silman 1999, p. 438

[257] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 246; Brace 1977, p. 208; Horton 1959, p. 147

[258] Pandolfini 1996, p. 172

[259] Kmoch 2013, p. 18

[260] Groot 2008, pp. 189–203

[261] van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 7

[262] Kaan 2016, p. 19

[263] Staunton 1875, p. 41

[264] Keene 1989, p. 183

[Silman_1999,_p._439-265] Silman 1999, p. 439

[266] Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 83

[267] Pandolfini 1992, p. 238

[268] United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 202

[269] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 245

[Hurst_2007,_p._365-270] Hurst 2007, p. 365

[271] Fine 1976, p. 4

[272] Hochberg 2005, p. 11

[273] Kaan 2016, p. 16

[274] Kavalek, Lubomir. "Chess". The Washington Post. 16 July 2007

[275] Watson & Watson 1998, p. 18

[276] ttps://support.chess.com/article/642-what-are-premoves-and-how-do-they-work. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[277] Pandolfini 1996, p. 188

[Dvoretsky_2006,_p._53-278] Dvoretsky 2006, p. 53

[279] Soltis 2013, p. 1

[280] Silman 1999, p. 440

[281] Staunton 2009, p. 355

[282] Staunton 2009, p. 360

[283] Kaan 2016, pp. 161–62

[284] Pandolfini 2009, p. 306

[285] United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 337

[286] Hertan 2014, p. 193

[287] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 330

[288] Alburt & Parr 2003, p. 113

[289] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 331

[290] Hooper & Whyld 1996, pp. 331–32

[291] Soltis 2013, p. 210

[292] Pandolfini 2009, p. 96

[Silman_1999,_p._441-293] Silman 1999, p. 441

[294] Burgess 2000, p. 481

[295] Grooten 2017, p. 51

[296] Pandolfini 1992, p. 102

[Ashley_2007,_p._238-297] Ashley 2007, p. 238

[298] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 247

[299] All The King's Men Archived 24 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Outlook Business, 31 October 2009

[H&W_p365-300] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 365

[H&W_p165-301] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 165

[302] Article 9.6.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess^[81]

[303] Brace 1977, p. 257

[304] Kaan 2016, p. 244

[305] Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 136

[306] Timman 2014, p. 166

[307] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 373; Silman 1999, p. 441

[Ashley_2007,_p._239-308] Ashley 2007, p. 239

[309] Fine 2015, p. 87

[310] Pandolfini 1988, p. 267

[311] Staunton 2009, p. 25

[312] Giddins 2017, pp. 169–70

[313] Reinfeld 2016, p. 151

[314] Pandolfini 1988, p. 78

[315] Stamp, Jimmy (3 April 2013). "How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel". Smithsonian.com.

[Silman_1999,_p._442-316] Silman 1999, p. 442

[317] Averbakh, Yuri. Comprehensive Chess Endings. Pergamon Press. p. viii.

[318] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 400

[Ashley_2007,_p._240-319] Ashley 2007, p. 240

[320] "Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926". Chessgames.com.

[321] Steingass 1884, p. 752

[322] van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 193

[323] Kotov 2012, p. 42

[324] Pandolfini 1996, p. 241

[325] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 418

[Pandolfini_1992,_p._240-326] Pandolfini 1992, p. 240

[327] Pandolfini 2009, p. 307

[328] Bronstein 2013, p. vii

[Silman_1999,_p._443-329] Silman 1999, p. 443

[330] Soltis 2013, p. 33

[331] Soltis 2013, p. 5

[332] Pandolfini 1996, pp. 249–50

[333] Villa 2014, p. 246

[334] Pandolfini 2009, p. 310

[335] Pandolfini 1992, p. 241

[336] Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 439

[337] Tarrasch 2012, p. 5

[Schiller_2009,_pp._1–10-338] Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10

[339] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 127

[340] Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 250

[Goichberg,_Jarecki_2010,_p._329-341] Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329

[342] Evans, Silman & Roberts 1991, p. 91

[343] Hertan 2016, p. 43

[344] Schiller 2003, p. 287

[345] Young & Howell 1894, p. 46

[346] Reinfeld 2016, p. 585

[347] Silver 2012, p. 270

[348] Capablanca 2002, p. 116

[349] Evans 2009, p. 92

[350] Soltis 2002, p. 87

[351] Benjamin 2015, pp. 215–16

[352] Pandolfini 1993, p. 46

[353] Galperin 2012, p. 64

[354] Williams 1997, p. 120

[355] Pandolfini 1992, p. 76

[356] Wilson & Alberston 2012, p. 10

[357] Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 159

[1]

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