Debian ( / d ɛ b i ə n / ), [5] [6] también conocido como Debian GNU / Linux , es una distribución de Linux compuesta de software libre y de código abierto , desarrollado por el Proyecto apoyada por la comunidad Debian, que fue establecido por Ian Murdock el 16 de agosto de 1993. La primera versión de Debian (0,01) fue lanzado el 15 de septiembre de 1993, [7] y su primera versión estable (1,1) fue lanzado el 17 de junio de 1996. [8] El La rama estable de Debian es la edición más popular para computadoras personalesy servidores . Debian también es la base de muchas otras distribuciones, sobre todo Ubuntu .
Desarrollador | El proyecto Debian |
---|---|
Familia OS | Tipo Unix |
Estado de trabajo | Actual |
Modelo fuente | Fuente abierta |
Versión inicial | Septiembre de 1993 |
Último lanzamiento | 10,9 (Buster) [1] (27 de marzo de 2021 ) [±] |
Vista previa más reciente | 11 (Diana) [2] |
Repositorio | |
Disponible en | 75 idiomas |
Método de actualización | Soporte a largo plazo |
Gerente de empaquetación | APT (interfaz de usuario), dpkg |
Plataformas | x86-64 , arm64 , armel , armhf , i386 , mips , mipsel , mips64el , ppc64el , s390x , [3] riscv64 (en curso) [4] |
Tipo de grano | Kernel de Linux |
Userland | ÑU |
Interfaz de usuario predeterminada | |
Licencia | Licencias compatibles con DFSG |
Página web oficial | www |
Debian es uno de los sistemas operativos más antiguos basados en el kernel de Linux . El proyecto está coordinado a través de Internet por un equipo de voluntarios guiados por el líder del proyecto Debian y tres documentos fundamentales: el contrato social de Debian , la constitución de Debian y las pautas de software libre de Debian . Las nuevas distribuciones se actualizan continuamente y el siguiente candidato se publica después de una congelación basada en el tiempo .
Desde su fundación, Debian se ha desarrollado abiertamente y se ha distribuido libremente de acuerdo con los principios del Proyecto GNU . Debido a esto, la Free Software Foundation patrocinó el proyecto desde noviembre de 1994 hasta noviembre de 1995. Cuando terminó el patrocinio, el Proyecto Debian formó la organización sin fines de lucro Software in the Public Interest para continuar apoyando financieramente el desarrollo.
Historia
Historial de versiones de Debian
Los nombres en clave de distribución de Debian se basan en los nombres de los personajes de las películas de Toy Story . El tronco inestable de Debian lleva el nombre de Sid , un personaje que destruía regularmente sus juguetes. [9]
Fundación (1993-1998)
Debian fue anunciado por primera vez el 16 de agosto de 1993 por Ian Murdock , quien inicialmente llamó al sistema "la versión Debian Linux". [10] [11] La palabra "Debian" se formó como un acrónimo del primer nombre de su entonces novia (más tarde ex esposa) Debra Lynn y su propio nombre. [12] Antes del lanzamiento de Debian, Softlanding Linux System (SLS) había sido una distribución popular de Linux y la base de Slackware . [13] La percepción de mantenimiento deficiente y la prevalencia de errores en SLS motivó a Murdock a lanzar una nueva distribución. [14]
Debian 0.01, lanzado el 15 de septiembre de 1993, fue el primero de varios lanzamientos internos. [7] La versión 0.90 fue el primer lanzamiento público, [7] proporcionando soporte a través de listas de correo alojadas en Pixar. [15] El lanzamiento incluyó el Manifiesto de Debian Linux, que describe la visión de Murdock para el nuevo sistema operativo . En él pidió la creación de una distribución que se mantenga abiertamente, en el espíritu de Linux y GNU. [dieciséis]
El proyecto Debian lanzó las versiones 0.9x en 1994 y 1995. [17] Durante este tiempo fue patrocinado por la Free Software Foundation durante un año. [18] Ian Murdock delegó el sistema base, los paquetes centrales de Debian, a Bruce Perens y Murdock se centró en la gestión del proyecto en crecimiento. [14] Los primeros puertos a arquitecturas que no son IA-32 comenzaron en 1995, y Debian 1.1 fue lanzado en 1996. [19] En ese momento y gracias a Ian Jackson , el administrador de paquetes dpkg ya era una parte esencial de Debian. [20]
En 1996, Bruce Perens asumió el liderazgo del proyecto. Perens era un líder controvertido, considerado autoritario y muy apegado a Debian. [21] Redactó un contrato social y editó las sugerencias de una discusión de un mes sobre el contrato social de Debian y las pautas de software libre de Debian. [22] Después de que la FSF retiró su patrocinio en medio del debate entre software libre y código abierto , [23] Perens inició la creación de la organización paraguas legal Software in the Public Interest en lugar de buscar una participación renovada con la FSF. [19] Lideró la conversión del proyecto de a.out a ELF . [14] Creó el programa BusyBox para hacer posible ejecutar un instalador de Debian en un solo disquete y escribió un nuevo instalador. [24] Cuando se lanzó Debian 1.2, el proyecto había crecido a casi doscientos voluntarios. [14] Perens abandonó el proyecto en 1998. [25]
Ian Jackson se convirtió en el líder en 1998. [26] Debian 2.0 introdujo el segundo puerto oficial, m68k . [17] Durante este tiempo , se inició el primer puerto a un kernel que no es Linux, Debian GNU / Hurd . [27] El 2 de diciembre, se ratificó la primera Constitución de Debian. [28]
Elección de líder (1999-2005)
A partir de 1999, el líder del proyecto fue elegido anualmente. [29] La herramienta de empaquetado avanzada se implementó con Debian 2.1. [17] El número de solicitantes fue abrumador y el proyecto estableció el proceso de nuevos miembros. [30] [31] Los primeros derivados de Debian, a saber, Libranet , [32] Corel Linux y Stormix 's Storm Linux, se iniciaron en 1999. [19] La versión 2.2 en 2000 se dedicó a Joel Klecker, un desarrollador que murió de Distrofia muscular de Duchenne . [33]
A finales de 2000, el proyecto reorganizó el archivo con nuevos "grupos" de paquetes y creó la distribución de prueba , compuesta por paquetes considerados estables, para reducir la congelación para la próxima versión. [19] En el mismo año, los desarrolladores comenzaron a realizar una conferencia anual llamada DebConf con charlas y talleres para desarrolladores y usuarios técnicos. [34] En mayo de 2001, Hewlett-Packard anunció planes para basar su desarrollo de Linux en Debian. [35]
En julio de 2002, el proyecto lanzó la versión 3.0, cuyo nombre en código era Woody, la primera versión que incluía software criptográfico, KDE con licencia gratuita e internacionalización . [36] Durante estos últimos ciclos de lanzamiento, el proyecto Debian atrajo críticas considerables de la comunidad del software libre debido al largo tiempo entre lanzamientos estables. [37] [38] [39]
Algunos eventos perturbaron el proyecto mientras trabajaba en Sarge, ya que los servidores Debian fueron atacados por incendios y piratas informáticos. [19] [40] Uno de los más memorables fue el prospecto de Vancouver. [41] [42] [43] Después de una reunión celebrada en Vancouver , el administrador de versiones, Steve Langasek, anunció un plan para reducir el número de puertos admitidos a cuatro con el fin de acortar los ciclos de versiones futuros. [44] Hubo una gran reacción porque la propuesta parecía más una decisión y porque tal caída dañaría el objetivo de Debian de ser "el sistema operativo universal". [45] [46] [47]
Sarge y versiones posteriores (2005-presente)
La versión 3.1 Sarge se realizó en junio de 2005. Esta versión actualizó el 73% del software e incluyó más de 9.000 paquetes nuevos. Un nuevo instalador con un diseño modular, Debian-Installer , permitió instalaciones con soporte RAID , XFS y LVM , mejoró la detección de hardware, facilitó las instalaciones para los usuarios novatos y fue traducido a casi cuarenta idiomas. El manual de instalación y las notas de la versión estaban en diez y quince idiomas, respectivamente. Los esfuerzos de Skolelinux , Debian-Med y Debian-Accessibility aumentaron la cantidad de paquetes que eran educativos, tenían una afiliación médica y estaban hechos para personas con discapacidades. [19] [48]
En 2006, como resultado de una disputa muy publicitada, el software de Mozilla fue rebautizado en Debian , con Firefox bifurcado como Iceweasel y Thunderbird como Icedove. Mozilla Corporation declaró que el software con modificaciones no aprobadas no se puede distribuir bajo la marca comercial Firefox. Dos razones por las que Debian modifica el software Firefox son para cambiar el material gráfico que no es libre y proporcionar parches de seguridad. [49] [50] En febrero de 2016, se anunció que Mozilla y Debian habían llegado a un acuerdo y que Iceweasel volvería al nombre de Firefox; Se anticipó un acuerdo similar para Icedove / Thunderbird. [51]
Se creó un experimento de recaudación de fondos, Dunc-Tank, para resolver el problema del ciclo de liberación y se les pagó a los administradores de liberación para que trabajaran a tiempo completo; [52] en respuesta, los desarrolladores no remunerados ralentizaron su trabajo y el lanzamiento se retrasó. [53]
Debian 4.0 (Etch) se lanzó en abril de 2007, con el puerto x86-64 y un instalador gráfico. [17]
Debian 5.0 (Lenny) fue lanzado en febrero de 2009, compatible con la plataforma Orion de Marvell y netbooks como Asus Eee PC . [54] El lanzamiento fue dedicado a Thiemo Seufer, un desarrollador que murió en un accidente automovilístico. [55]
En julio de 2009, se anunció la política de congelación del desarrollo basado en el tiempo en un ciclo de dos años. Los congelamientos basados en el tiempo están destinados a combinar la previsibilidad de los lanzamientos basados en el tiempo con la política de Debian de lanzamientos basados en características, y para reducir el tiempo de congelamiento general. [56] El ciclo Squeeze iba a ser especialmente corto; sin embargo, este programa inicial fue abandonado. [57] En septiembre de 2010, el servicio de backports se hizo oficial, proporcionando versiones más recientes de algunos programas para la versión estable. [58]
Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) se lanzó en febrero de 2011, presentó Debian GNU / kFreeBSD como una vista previa de la tecnología, presentó un sistema de arranque basado en dependencias y movió el firmware problemático al área no libre. [59]
Debian 7.0 (Wheezy) fue lanzado en mayo de 2013, con soporte multiarch [60]
Debian 8.0 (Jessie) fue lanzado en abril de 2015, usando systemd como el nuevo sistema de inicio. [61]
Debian 9.0 (Stretch) se lanzó en junio de 2017. [62] [63]
Debian 10.0 (Buster) se lanzó en julio de 2019. [64] Debian todavía está en desarrollo y se cargan nuevos paquetes en Unstable todos los días. [sesenta y cinco]
Debian solía lanzarse como un conjunto muy grande de CD para cada arquitectura, pero con el lanzamiento de Debian 9 (Stretch) en 2017, estos se han eliminado. [66]
A lo largo de toda la vida de Debian, tanto en la distribución Debian y su página web han ganado varios premios de diferentes organizaciones, [67] incluyendo servidor de distribución del año 2011, [68] La mejor distribución de Linux de 2011 , [69] y una mejor de Internet premio para octubre de 1998. [70]
El 2 de diciembre de 2015, Microsoft anunció que ofrecería Debian GNU / Linux como una distribución respaldada en la plataforma en la nube de Azure . [71] [72] Microsoft también ha agregado un entorno de usuario a su sistema operativo de escritorio Windows 10 llamado Subsistema de Windows para Linux que ofrece un subconjunto de Debian. [73]
Características
Debian tiene acceso a repositorios en línea que contienen más de 51.000 paquetes . [74] Debian contiene oficialmente sólo software libre, pero el software no libre se puede descargar e instalar desde los repositorios de Debian. [75] Debian incluye programas gratuitos populares como LibreOffice , [76] navegador web Firefox , correo Evolution , grabadora de discos K3b , reproductor multimedia VLC , editor de imágenes GIMP y visor de documentos Evince . [75] Debian es una opción popular para servidores , por ejemplo, como componente del sistema operativo de una pila LAMP . [77] [78]
Granos
Existen varias versiones del kernel de Linux para cada puerto. Por ejemplo, el puerto i386 tiene variantes para PC IA-32 que admiten la extensión de dirección física y la computación en tiempo real , para PC más antiguas y para PC x86-64. [79] El kernel de Linux no contiene oficialmente firmware sin fuentes, aunque dicho firmware está disponible en paquetes no gratuitos y medios de instalación alternativos. [80] [81]
Entornos de escritorio
Debian ofrece imágenes de CD y DVD creadas específicamente para XFCE , GNOME , KDE , MATE , Cinnamon , LXDE y LXQT . [59] MATE tiene soporte oficial, [82] mientras que el soporte de Cinnamon se agregó con Debian 8.0 Jessie. [83] Están disponibles administradores de ventanas menos comunes como Enlightenment , Openbox , Fluxbox , IceWM , Window Maker y otros. [84]
El entorno de escritorio predeterminado de la versión 7.0 Wheezy se cambió temporalmente a Xfce, porque GNOME 3 no cabía en el primer CD del conjunto. [85] El valor predeterminado para la versión 8.0 de Jessie se cambió nuevamente a Xfce en noviembre de 2013, [86] y nuevamente a GNOME en septiembre de 2014. [87]
Localización
Varias partes de Debian están traducidas a otros idiomas además del inglés americano, incluidas las descripciones de los paquetes, los mensajes de configuración, la documentación y el sitio web. [88] El nivel de localización del software depende del idioma, que va desde el alemán y el francés altamente admitidos hasta el creek y el samoano apenas traducidos . [89] El instalador de Debian 10 está disponible en 76 idiomas. [90]
Soporte multimedia
El soporte multimedia ha sido problemático en Debian con respecto a los códecs amenazados por posibles infracciones de patentes, sin fuentes o bajo licencias demasiado restrictivas, [91] y con respecto a tecnologías como Adobe Flash . [54] Aunque los paquetes con problemas relacionados con su distribución podrían ir al área no libre, el software como libdvdcss no está alojado en Debian. [92]
Existe un repositorio de terceros notable, anteriormente llamado debian-multimedia.org, [93] [94] [95] que proporciona software que no está presente en Debian, como los códecs de Windows , libdvdcss y Adobe Flash Player . [96] Aunque este repositorio es mantenido por Christian Marillat, un desarrollador de Debian, no es parte del proyecto y no está alojado en un servidor Debian. El repositorio proporciona paquetes ya incluidos en Debian, lo que interfiere con el mantenimiento oficial. Finalmente, el líder del proyecto, Stefano Zacchiroli, le pidió a Marillat que llegara a un acuerdo sobre el paquete o que dejara de usar el nombre "Debian". [97] Marillat eligió este último y cambió el nombre del repositorio a deb-multimedia.org. El repositorio fue tan popular que el cambio fue anunciado por el blog oficial del proyecto Debian. [98]
Distribución
Debian ofrece imágenes de DVD y CD para la instalación que se pueden descargar usando BitTorrent o jigdo . Los discos físicos también se pueden comprar en los minoristas. [99] Los juegos completos se componen de varios discos (el puerto amd64 consta de 13 DVD u 84 CD), [100] pero solo se requiere el primer disco para la instalación, ya que el instalador puede recuperar el software que no está contenido en el primer disco imagen de repositorios en línea. [101]
Debian ofrece diferentes métodos de instalación en red. Una instalación mínima de Debian está disponible a través del CD netinst , por lo que Debian se instala con solo una base y el software agregado posteriormente se puede descargar de Internet. Otra opción es iniciar el instalador desde la red. [102]
El cargador de arranque predeterminado es GNU GRUB versión 2, aunque el nombre del paquete es simplemente grub, mientras que la versión 1 se renombró a grub-legacy. Esto entra en conflicto con (por ejemplo, Fedora ), donde grub versión 2 se llama grub2.
El escritorio predeterminado se puede elegir desde el menú de arranque del DVD entre GNOME , KDE Plasma , Xfce y LXDE , y desde los CD especiales del disco 1. [103] [104]
Debian publica imágenes de instalación en vivo para CD, DVD y unidades de memoria USB, para arquitecturas IA-32 y x86-64 , y con una variedad de entornos de escritorio. Estas imágenes de Debian Live permiten a los usuarios arrancar desde un medio extraíble y ejecutar Debian sin afectar el contenido de su computadora. Se puede iniciar una instalación completa de Debian en el disco duro de la computadora desde el entorno de imagen en vivo. [105] Se pueden crear imágenes personalizadas con la herramienta de creación en vivo para discos, unidades USB y para fines de inicio en red . [106] Las imágenes de instalación son híbridas en algunas arquitecturas y se pueden usar para crear una unidad USB de arranque ( Live USB ). [107]
Paquetes
Las operaciones de administración de paquetes se pueden realizar con diferentes herramientas disponibles en Debian, desde el comando de nivel más bajo dpkghasta interfaces gráficas como Synaptic. El estándar recomendado para administrar paquetes en un sistema Debian es el aptconjunto de herramientas. [108]
dpkg proporciona la infraestructura de bajo nivel para la gestión de paquetes. [109] La base de datos dpkg contiene la lista del software instalado en el sistema actual. La herramienta de comando dpkg no conoce los repositorios. El comando puede trabajar con archivos de paquetes locales .deb e información de la base de datos dpkg. [110]
Herramientas APT
Una herramienta de empaquetado avanzada (APT) permite administrar un sistema Debian instalado para recuperar y resolver las dependencias de paquetes de los repositorios . APT comparte información de dependencia y paquetes en caché. [108]
- El aptcomando en sí está diseñado como una interfaz de usuario final y habilita algunas opciones más adecuadas para el uso interactivo de forma predeterminada en comparación con APT más especializados como apt-get y apt-cache que se explican a continuación.
- apt-gety apt-cacheson herramientas de comando del paquete apt estándar . apt-get instala y elimina paquetes, y apt-cache se usa para buscar paquetes y mostrar información de paquetes. [108]
- Aptitude es una herramienta de línea de comandos que también ofrece una interfaz de usuario basada en texto . El programa viene con mejoras como una mejor búsqueda en los metadatos del paquete . [108]
GDebi y otras interfaces
GDebi es una herramienta APT que se puede utilizar en la línea de comandos y en la GUI. [111] GDebi puede instalar un archivo .deb local a través de la línea de comando como el comando dpkg, pero con acceso a repositorios para resolver dependencias. [112] Otras interfaces gráficas para APT incluyen Software Center , [113] Synaptic [114] y Apper . [115]
El software GNOME es una interfaz gráfica para PackageKit , que a su vez puede funcionar sobre varios sistemas de empaquetado de software.
Repositorios
Las Directrices de software libre de Debian (DFSG) definen el significado distintivo de la palabra "libre" como en " software libre y de código abierto ". [116] Los paquetes que cumplen con estas pautas, generalmente bajo la Licencia Pública General GNU, Licencia BSD Modificada o Licencia Artística , [117] se incluyen dentro del área principal ; [118] de lo contrario, se incluyen dentro de las áreas no libres y contrib . Estas dos últimas áreas no se distribuyen dentro de los medios de instalación oficiales, pero se pueden adoptar manualmente. [116]
No libre incluye paquetes que no cumplen con el DFSG, [119] como documentación con secciones invariantes y software propietario , [120] [121] y paquetes legalmente cuestionables. [119] Contrib incluye paquetes que cumplen con el DFSG pero no cumplen con otros requisitos. Por ejemplo, pueden depender de paquetes que no sean gratuitos o que los requieran para construirlos. [119]
Richard Stallman y la Free Software Foundation han criticado el proyecto Debian por alojar el repositorio no libre y porque las áreas contrib y no libres son fácilmente accesibles, [122] [123] una opinión compartida por algunos en Debian, incluido el ex líder del proyecto. Wichert Akkerman. [124] El disenso interno en el proyecto Debian con respecto a la sección no libre ha persistido, [125] pero la última vez que se sometió a votación en 2004, la mayoría decidió mantenerlo. [126]
Sucursales
Tres ramas de Debian (también llamadas lanzamientos , distribuciones o suites ) se mantienen regularmente: [127]
- Estable es la versión actual y se enfoca en necesidades de software estables y bien probadas. [128] La estabilidad se hace congelando las pruebas durante unos meses donde se corrigen los errores y se eliminan los paquetes con demasiados errores; luego, el sistema resultante se publica como estable . Solo se actualiza si se incorporan correcciones importantes de seguridad o usabilidad. [118] Esta rama tiene un servicio de backports opcional que proporciona versiones más recientes de algún software. [58] estables ' CD y DVD s se pueden encontrar en la página web de Debian. [100]
- Las pruebas son la rama de vista previa que eventualmente se convertirá en la próxima versión importante. Los paquetes incluidos en esta rama han tenido algunas pruebas en inestable, pero es posible que aún no sean aptos para su lanzamiento. Contiene paquetes más nuevos que estables pero más antiguos que inestables . Esta rama se actualiza continuamente hasta que se congela. [118] Las pruebas ' CD y DVD s se puede encontrar en el sitio web de Debian. [100]
- Inestable , siempre con el nombre en código sid , es el tronco . Los paquetes se aceptan sin verificar la distribución en su conjunto. [118] Esta rama es por lo general a cargo de los desarrolladores de software que participan en un proyecto y necesitan las últimas librerías disponibles, y por aquellos que prefieren -punta de lanza de software. [127] Debian no proporciona discos de instalación completos de Sid, sino más bien una ISO mínima que se puede utilizar para instalar a través de una conexión de red. Además, esta rama se puede instalar mediante una actualización del sistema desde estable o de prueba . [129]
Otras ramas en Debian:
- Oldstable es la versión estable anterior . [118] Es compatible con el equipo de seguridad de Debian hasta un año después del lanzamiento de un nuevo estable , y desde el lanzamiento de Debian 6, durante otros 2 años a través del proyecto Long Term Support. [130] Eventualmente, oldstable se mueve a un repositorio de versiones archivadas. [118] Debian 9 es la versión actual de Oldstable.
- Oldoldstable es la versión anterior de oldstable . Cuenta con el apoyo de la comunidad de soporte a largo plazo. Eventualmente, oldoldstable se mueve a un repositorio de versiones archivadas. Debian 8 es la versión actual de Oldoldstable.
- Experimental es un área de preparación temporal de software altamente experimental que es probable que rompa el sistema. No es una distribución completa y las dependencias faltantes se encuentran comúnmente en inestable , donde normalmente se carga software nuevo sin posibilidad de daño. [118]
El archivo de instantáneas proporciona versiones anteriores de las ramas. Pueden usarse para instalar una versión anterior específica de algún software. [131]
Esquema de numeración
Estable y antiguo estable obtienen actualizaciones menores, llamadas lanzamientos puntuales ; a enero de 2021[actualizar], la versión estable es la versión 10.8, [132] lanzada el 6 de febrero de 2021
y la versión estable anterior es la 9.13 [133]El esquema de numeración para las versiones puntuales hasta Debian 4.0 era incluir la letra r (para revisión ) [134] después del número de versión principal y luego el número de la versión puntual; por ejemplo, la última versión puntual de la versión 4.0 es 4.0r9. [135] Se eligió este esquema porque una nueva versión con puntos haría que la anterior pareciera obsoleta y los vendedores tendrían problemas para vender sus CD. [136]
Desde Debian 5.0, se cambió el esquema de numeración de las versiones puntuales, de conformidad con el estándar de numeración de versiones de GNU; [137] La primera versión de Debian 5.0 fue 5.0.1 en lugar de 5.0r1. [138] El esquema de numeración se cambió una vez más para la primera actualización de Debian 7, que fue la versión 7.1. [139] El esquema r ya no está en uso, pero los anuncios de lanzamiento puntual incluyen una nota sobre no desechar los CD viejos. [140]
Derivados y sabores
Debian es una de las distribuciones de Linux más populares y se han creado muchas otras distribuciones a partir del código base de Debian. [141] A partir de 2021[actualizar], DistroWatch enumera 121 derivados de Debian activos. [142] El proyecto Debian proporciona a sus derivados directrices para las mejores prácticas y anima a los derivados a fusionar su trabajo con Debian. [143] [144]
Debian Pure Blends son subconjuntos de una versión de Debian configurada lista para usar para usuarios con habilidades e intereses particulares. [145] Por ejemplo, Debian Jr. está hecho para niños, mientras que Debian Science es para investigadores y científicos. [146] La distribución Debian completa incluye todas las mezclas Debian Pure disponibles. [145] "Debian Blend" (sin "Pure") es un término para una distribución basada en Debian que se esfuerza por convertirse en parte de la corriente principal de Debian, y sus características adicionales se incluyen en futuras versiones. [147]
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD is a discontinued[148] Debian flavor. It used the FreeBSD kernel and GNU userland. The majority of software in Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was built from the same sources as Debian, with some kernel packages from FreeBSD. The k in kFreeBSD is an abbreviation for kernel, which refers to the FreeBSD kernel. Before discontinuing the project, Debian maintained i386 and amd64 ports. The last version of Debian kFreeBSD was Debian 8 (Jessie) RC3. Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was created in 2002.[149] It was included in Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) as a technology preview, and in Debian 7.0 (Wheezy) as an official port. Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was discontinued as an officially supported platform as of Debian 8.0. Debian developers cited OSS, pf, jails, NDIS, and ZFS as reasons for being interested in the FreeBSD kernel.[150] It has not been updated since Debian 8.[151] As of July 2019, however, the operating system continues to be maintained unofficially.[152]
Debian GNU/Hurd is a flavor based on the Hurd microkernel, instead of Linux. Debian GNU/Hurd has been in development since 1998,[153] and made a formal release in May 2013, with 78% of the software packaged for Debian GNU/Linux ported to the GNU Hurd.[154] Hurd is not yet an official Debian release, and is maintained and developed as an unofficial port. Debian GNU/Hurd is distributed as an installer CD (running the official Debian installer) or ready-to-run virtual disk image (Live CD, Live USB). The CD uses the IA-32 architecture, making it compatible with IA-32 and x86-64 PCs. The current version of Debian GNU/Hurd is 2019, published in July 2019.[155]
Marca
The Debian "swirl" logo was designed by Raul Silva[156][157] in 1999 as part of a contest to replace the semi-official logo that had been used.[158] The winner of the contest received an @debian.org email address, and a set of Debian 2.1 install CDs for the architecture of their choice. There has been no official statement from the Debian project on the logo's meaning, but at the time of the logo's selection, it was suggested that the logo represented the magic smoke ( or the genie ) that made computers work.[159][160][161]
One theory about the origin of the Debian logo is that Buzz Lightyear, the chosen character for the first named Debian release, has a swirl in his chin.[162][163] Stefano Zacchiroli also suggested that this swirl is the Debian one.[164] Buzz Lightyear's swirl is a more likely candidate as the codenames for Debian are names of Toy Story characters. The former Debian project leader Bruce Perens used to work for Pixar and is credited as a studio tools engineer on Toy Story 2 (1999).
Hardware
Hardware requirements are at least those of the kernel and the GNU toolsets.[165] Debian's recommended system requirements depend on the level of installation, which corresponds to increased numbers of installed components:[166]
Type | Minimum RAM size | Recommended RAM size | Minimum processor clock speed (IA-32) | Hard-drive capacity |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-desktop | 256 MB | 512 MB | 2 GB | |
Desktop | 512 MB | 2 GB | 1 GHz | 10 GB |
The real minimum memory requirements depend on the architecture and may be much less than the numbers listed in this table. It is possible to install Debian with 170 MB of RAM for x86-64;[166] the installer will run in low memory mode and it is recommended to create a swap partition.[103] The installer for z/Architecture requires about 20 MB of RAM, but relies on network hardware.[166][167] Similarly, disk space requirements, which depend on the packages to be installed, can be reduced by manually selecting the packages needed.[166] As of May 2019[update], no Pure Blend exists that would lower the hardware requirements easily.[168]
It is possible to run graphical user interfaces on older or low-end systems, but the installation of window managers instead of desktop environments is recommended, as desktop environments are more resource intensive. Requirements for individual software vary widely and must be considered, with those of the base operating environment.[166]
Architectures
As of the Stretch release[update], the official ports are:[169]
- amd64: x86-64 architecture with 64-bit userland and supporting 32-bit software
- arm64: ARMv8-A architecture[170]
- armel: Little-endian ARM architecture (ARMv4T instruction set)[171] on various embedded systems (embedded application binary interface (EABI))
- armhf: ARM hard-float architecture (ARMv7 instruction set) requiring hardware with a floating-point unit
- i386: IA-32 architecture with 32-bit userland, compatible with x86-64 machines[165]
- mips: Big-endian MIPS architecture
- mips64el: Little-endian 64 bit MIPS
- mipsel: Little-endian MIPS
- ppc64el: Little-endian PowerPC architecture supporting POWER7+ and POWER8 CPUs[170]
- s390x: z/Architecture with 64-bit userland, intended to replace s390[172]
Unofficial ports are available as part of the unstable distribution:[169]
- alpha: DEC Alpha architecture
- hppa: HP PA-RISC architecture
- hurd-i386: GNU Hurd kernel on IA-32 architecture
- ia64: Intel Itanium
- kfreebsd-amd64: Kernel of FreeBSD on x86-64 architecture
- kfreebsd-i386: Kernel of FreeBSD on IA-32 architecture
- m68k: Motorola 68k architecture on Amiga, Atari, Macintosh and various embedded VME systems
- powerpc: 32-bit PowerPC
- powerpcspe: PowerPCSPE architecture, incompatible with PowerPC
- ppc64: PowerPC64 architecture supporting 64-bit PowerPC CPUs with VMX
- riscv64: 64-bit RISC-V
- sh4: Hitachi SuperH architecture
- sparc64: Sun SPARC architecture with 64-bit userland
- x32: x32 ABI userland for x86-64[173]
Debian supports a variety of ARM-based NAS devices. The NSLU2 was supported by the installer in Debian 4.0 and 5.0,[174] and Martin Michlmayr is providing installation tarballs since version 6.0.[175] Other supported NAS devices are the Buffalo Kurobox Pro,[176] GLAN Tank, Thecus N2100[177] and QNAP Turbo Stations.[176]
Devices based on the Kirkwood system on a chip (SoC) are supported too, such as the SheevaPlug plug computer and OpenRD products.[178] There are efforts to run Debian on mobile devices, but this is not a project goal yet since the Debian Linux kernel maintainers would not apply the needed patches.[179] Nevertheless, there are packages for resource-limited systems.[180]
There are efforts to support Debian on wireless access points.[181] Debian is known to run on set-top boxes.[182] Work is ongoing to support the AM335x processor,[183] which is used in electronic point of service solutions.[184] Debian may be customized to run on cash machines.[185]
BeagleBoard, a low-power open-source hardware single-board computer (made by Texas Instruments) has switched to Debian Linux preloaded on its Beaglebone Black board's flash.
Roqos Core, manufactured by Roqos, is a x86-64 based IPS firewall router running Debian Linux.
Organización
General Resolution | |||||||||||||||
elect↓ | override↓ | ||||||||||||||
Leader | |||||||||||||||
↓appoint | |||||||||||||||
Delegate | |||||||||||||||
↓decide | |||||||||||||||
Developer | propose↑ | ||||||||||||||
Debian's policies and team efforts focus on collaborative software development and testing processes.[5] As a result, a new major release tends to occur every two years with revision releases that fix security issues and important problems.[186][56] The Debian project is a volunteer organization with three foundational documents:
- The Debian Social Contract defines a set of basic principles by which the project and its developers conduct affairs.[116]
- The Debian Free Software Guidelines define the criteria for "free software" and thus what software is permissible in the distribution. These guidelines have been adopted as the basis of the Open Source Definition. Although this document can be considered separate, it formally is part of the Social Contract.[116]
- The Debian Constitution describes the organizational structure for formal decision-making within the project, and enumerates the powers and responsibilities of the Project Leader, the Secretary and other roles.[28]
Year | DD | ±% |
---|---|---|
1999 | 347 | — |
2000 | 347 | +0.0% |
2001 | ? | — |
2002 | 939 | — |
2003 | 831 | −11.5% |
2004 | 911 | +9.6% |
2005 | 965 | +5.9% |
2006 | 972 | +0.7% |
2007 | 1,036 | +6.6% |
2008 | 1,075 | +3.8% |
2009 | 1,013 | −5.8% |
2010 | 886 | −12.5% |
2011 | 911 | +2.8% |
2012 | 948 | +4.1% |
2013 | 988 | +4.2% |
2014 | 1,003 | +1.5% |
2015 | 1,033 | +3.0% |
2016 | 1,023 | −1.0% |
2017 | 1,062 | +3.8% |
2018 | 1,001 | −5.7% |
2019 | 1,003 | +0.2% |
Source: Debian Voting Information |
Debian developers are organized in a web of trust.[187] There are at present[update] about one thousand active Debian developers,[188][189] but it is possible to contribute to the project without being an official developer.[190]
The project maintains official mailing lists and conferences for communication and coordination between developers.[118][191] For issues with single packages and other tasks,[192] a public bug tracking system is used by developers and end users. Internet Relay Chat is also used for communication among developers[118] and to provide real time help.[193]
Debian is supported by donations made to organizations authorized by the leader.[28] The largest supporter is Software in the Public Interest, the owner of the Debian trademark, manager of the monetary donations[194] and umbrella organization for various other community free software projects.[195]
A Project Leader is elected once per year by the developers. The leader has special powers, but they are not absolute, and appoints delegates to perform specialized tasks. Delegates make decisions as they think is best, taking into account technical criteria and consensus. By way of a General Resolution, the developers may recall the leader, reverse a decision made by the leader or a delegate, amend foundational documents and make other binding decisions.[28] The voting method is based on the Schulze method (Cloneproof Schwartz Sequential Dropping).[29]
Debian project leaders[196] | ||
1993 — – 1994 — – 1995 — – 1996 — – 1997 — – 1998 — – 1999 — – 2000 — – 2001 — – 2002 — – 2003 — – 2004 — – 2005 — – 2006 — – 2007 — – 2008 — – 2009 — – 2010 — – 2011 — – 2012 — – 2013 — – 2014 — – 2015 — – 2016 — – 2017 — – 2018 — – 2019 — – 2020 — – 2021 — | Ian Murdock Bruce Perens Ian Jackson Wichert Akkerman Ben Collins Bdale Garbee Martin Michlmayr Branden Robinson Anthony Towns Sam Hocevar Steve McIntyre Stefano Zacchiroli Lucas Nussbaum Neil McGovern Mehdi Dogguy Chris Lamb Sam Hartman Jonathan Carter | |
Project leadership is distributed occasionally. Branden Robinson was helped by the Project Scud, a team of developers that assisted the leader,[197] but there were concerns that such leadership would split Debian into two developer classes.[198] Anthony Towns created a supplemental position, Second In Charge (2IC), that shared some powers of the leader.[199] Steve McIntyre was 2IC and had a 2IC himself.[200]
One important role in Debian's leadership is that of a release manager.[201] The release team sets goals for the next release, supervises the processes and decides when to release. The team is led by the next release managers and stable release managers.[202] Release assistants were introduced in 2003.[203]
Developers
The Debian Project has an influx of applicants wishing to become developers.[204] These applicants must undergo a vetting process which establishes their identity, motivation, understanding of the project's principles, and technical competence.[205] This process has become much harder throughout the years.[206]
Debian developers join the project for many reasons. Some that have been cited include:
- Debian is their main operating system and they want to promote Debian[207]
- To improve the support for their favorite technology[208]
- They are involved with a Debian derivative[209]
- A desire to contribute back to the free-software community[210]
- To make their Debian maintenance work easier[211]
Debian developers may resign their positions at any time or, when deemed necessary, they can be expelled.[28] Those who follow the retiring protocol are granted the "emeritus" status and they may regain their membership through a shortened new member process.[212]
Desarrollo
upstream | |||
↓ | packaging | ||
package | |||
↓ | upload | ||
incoming | |||
↓ | checks | ||
unstable | |||
↓ | migration | ||
testing | |||
↓ | freeze | ||
frozen | |||
↓ | release | ||
stable |
Each software package has a maintainer that may be either one person or a team of Debian developers and non-developer maintainers.[213][214] The maintainer keeps track of upstream releases, and ensures that the package coheres with the rest of the distribution and meets the standards of quality of Debian. Packages may include modifications introduced by Debian to achieve compliance with Debian Policy, even to fix non-Debian specific bugs, although coordination with upstream developers is advised.[212]
The maintainer releases a new version by uploading the package to the "incoming" system, which verifies the integrity of the packages and their digital signatures. If the package is found to be valid, it is installed in the package archive into an area called the "pool" and distributed every day to hundreds of mirrors worldwide. The upload must be signed using OpenPGP-compatible software.[118] All Debian developers have individual cryptographic key pairs.[215] Developers are responsible for any package they upload even if the packaging was prepared by another contributor.[216]
Initially, an accepted package is only available in the unstable branch.[118] For a package to become a candidate for the next release, it must migrate to the Testing branch by meeting the following:[217]
- It has been in unstable for a certain length of time that depends on the urgency of the changes.
- It does not have "release-critical" bugs, except for the ones already present in Testing. Release-critical bugs are those considered serious enough that they make the package unsuitable for release.
- There are no outdated versions in unstable for any release ports.
- The migration does not break any packages in Testing.
- Its dependencies can be satisfied by packages already in Testing or by packages being migrated at the same time.
- The migration is not blocked by a freeze.
Thus, a release-critical bug in a new version of a shared library on which many packages depend may prevent those packages from entering Testing, because the updated library must meet the requirements too.[218] From the branch viewpoint, the migration process happens twice per day, rendering Testing in perpetual beta.[118]
Periodically, the release team publishes guidelines to the developers in order to ready the release. A new release occurs after a freeze, when all important software is reasonably up-to-date in the Testing branch and any other significant issues are solved. At that time, all packages in the testing branch become the new stable branch.[118] Although freeze dates are time-based,[56] release dates are not, which are announced by the release managers a couple of weeks beforehand.[219]
A version of a package can belong to more than one branch, usually testing and unstable. It is possible for a package to keep the same version between stable releases and be part of oldstable, stable, testing and unstable at the same time.[220] Each branch can be seen as a collection of pointers into the package "pool" mentioned above.[118]
Release cycle
A new stable branch of Debian gets released approximately every 2 years. It will receive official support for about 3 years with update for major security or usability fixes. Point releases will be available every several months as determined by Stable Release Managers (SRM).[221]
Debian also launched its Long Term Support (LTS) project since Debian 6 (Debian Squeeze). For each Debian release, it will receive two years of extra security updates provided by LTS Team after its End Of Life (EOL). However, no point releases will be made. Now each Debian release can receive 5 years of security support in total.[222]
Security
The Debian project handles security through public disclosure. Debian security advisories are compatible with the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures dictionary, are usually coordinated with other free software vendors and are published the same day a vulnerability is made public.[223][224] There used to be a security audit project that focused on packages in the stable release looking for security bugs;[225] Steve Kemp, who started the project, retired in 2011 but resumed his activities and applied to rejoin in 2014.[226][227]
The stable branch is supported by the Debian security team; oldstable is supported for one year.[130] Although Squeeze is not officially supported, Debian is coordinating an effort to provide long-term support (LTS) until February 2016, five years after the initial release, but only for the IA-32 and x86-64 platforms.[228] Testing is supported by the testing security team, but does not receive updates in as timely a manner as stable.[229] Unstable's security is left for the package maintainers.[130]
The Debian project offers documentation and tools to harden a Debian installation both manually and automatically.[230] AppArmor support is available and enabled by default since Buster.[231] Debian provides an optional hardening wrapper, and does not harden all of its software by default using gcc features such as PIE and buffer overflow protection, unlike operating systems such as OpenBSD,[232] but tries to build as many packages as possible with hardening flags.[233]
In May 2008, a Debian developer discovered that the OpenSSL package distributed with Debian and derivatives such as Ubuntu made a variety of security keys vulnerable to a random number generator attack, since only 32,767 different keys were generated.[234][235][236] The security weakness was caused by changes made in 2006 by another Debian developer in response to memory debugger warnings.[236][237] The complete resolution procedure was cumbersome because patching the security hole was not enough; it involved regenerating all affected keys and certificates.[238]
Value
The cost of developing all of the packages included in Debian 5.0 Lenny (323 million lines of code) has been estimated to be about US$8 billion, using one method based on the COCOMO model.[239] As of 2016[update], Black Duck Open Hub estimates that the current codebase (74 million lines of code) would cost about US$1.4 billion to develop, using a different method based on the same model.[240][241]
Horquillas y derivados
A large number of forks and derivatives have been built upon Debian over the years. Among the more notable are Ubuntu, developed by Canonical Ltd. and first released in 2004, which has surpassed Debian in popularity with desktop users;[242] Knoppix, first released in the year 2000 and one of the first distributions optimized to boot from external storage; and Devuan, which gained attention in 2014 when it forked in disagreement over Debian's adoption of the systemd software suite, and has been mirroring Debian releases since 2017.[243][244]
Ver también
- Comparison of Linux distributions
- Debian version history
- List of Debian project leaders
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Otras lecturas
- Coleman, E. Gabriella (2013). Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14461-0.
- Hertzog, Raphaël (2013). The Debian Administrator's Handbook. Freexian. ISBN 979-10-91414-03-6. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
- Krafft, Martin F. (2005). The Debian System: Concepts and Techniques. No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-069-8.
enlaces externos
- Official website
- Media related to Debian at Wikimedia Commons
- Debian GNU/Linux at DistroWatch