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India es el segundo país más poblado del mundo con casi una quinta parte de la población mundial . Según la revisión de 2019 de World Population Prospects [6] [7], la población era de 1.352.642.280.

Entre 1975 y 2010, la población se duplicó a 1.200 millones, alcanzando la marca de los mil millones en 1998. Se proyecta que India superará a China para convertirse en el país más poblado del mundo en 2024. [8] Se espera que se convierta en el primer país en ser hogar de más de 1.500 millones de personas para 2030, y su población alcanzará los 1.700 millones para 2050. [9] [10] Su tasa de crecimiento demográfico es del 1,13%, ocupando el puesto 112 en el mundo en 2017. [11]

India tiene más del 50% de su población por debajo de los 25 años y más del 65% por debajo de los 35. Se espera que, en 2020, la edad promedio de un indio sea de 29 años, en comparación con los 37 de China y 48 para Japón; y, para 2030, la tasa de dependencia de la India debería ser un poco más de 0,4. [12] Sin embargo, el número de niños en India alcanzó su punto máximo hace más de una década y ahora está disminuyendo. El número de niños menores de cinco años alcanzó su punto máximo en 2007, y desde entonces el número ha ido disminuyendo. El número de indios menores de 15 años alcanzó su punto máximo un poco más tarde (en 2011) y ahora también está disminuyendo. [13]

India tiene más de dos mil grupos étnicos, [14] y todas las religiones principales están representadas, al igual que cuatro familias principales de idiomas ( idiomas indoeuropeo , dravídico , austroasiático y sino-tibetano ), así como dos idiomas aislados : el idioma nihali. , [15] hablado en partes de Maharashtra , y el idioma Burushaski , hablado en partes de Jammu y Cachemira (Cachemira)). 1.000.000 de personas en la India son angloindios y 700.000 occidentales delEstados Unidos vive en la India. [16] Representan más del 0,1% de la población total de la India. En general, solo el continente de África supera la diversidad lingüística, genética y cultural de la nación de la India. [17]

La proporción de sexos fue de 944 mujeres por 1000 hombres en 2016 y 940 por 1000 en 2011. [18] Esta proporción ha mostrado una tendencia al alza durante las últimas dos décadas después de una disminución continua en el último siglo. [19]

Historia [ editar ]

Prehistoria hasta principios del siglo XIX [ editar ]

La siguiente tabla enumera estimaciones para la población de la India (incluidos los que ahora son Pakistán y Bangladesh ) desde la prehistoria hasta 1820. Incluye estimaciones y tasas de crecimiento según cinco historiadores económicos diferentes, junto con estimaciones interpoladas y promedios agregados generales derivados de sus estimaciones. .

La población creció desde la Edad de Piedra del sur de Asia en 10.000 a. C. hasta el Imperio Maurya en 200 a. C. a una tasa de crecimiento constante, [28] antes de que el crecimiento demográfico se desacelerara en la era clásica hasta el año 500 d. principios de la época medieval hasta el año 1000 d.C. [20] [22] La tasa de crecimiento de la población aumentó a finales de la era medieval (durante el Sultanato de Delhi ) de 1000 a 1500. [20] [22]

La tasa de crecimiento de la población de la India bajo el Imperio Mughal (siglos XVI al XVIII) fue más alta que durante cualquier período anterior en la historia de la India. [28] [29] [22] Bajo el Imperio Mughal, India experimentó un aumento económico y demográfico sin precedentes, [28] debido a las reformas agrarias de Mughal que intensificaron la producción agrícola. [30] El 15% de la población vivía en centros urbanos, más alto que el porcentaje de la población en la India británica del siglo XIX [31] y la Europa contemporánea [31] hasta el siglo XIX. [32] Esas estimaciones fueron criticadas por Tim Dyson., quienes las consideran exageraciones. Según Dyson, la urbanización del imperio mogol era menos del 9% [33]

Bajo el reinado de Akbar (que reinó entre 1556 y 1605) en 1600, la población urbana del Imperio Mughal era de hasta 17 millones de personas, mayor que la población urbana de Europa. [34] Para 1700, Mughal India tenía una población urbana de 23 millones de personas, mayor que la población urbana de la India británica de 22,3 millones en 1871. [35] Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551-1621) informó que, bajo el reinado de Akbar, Mughal India tenía 120 grandes ciudades y 3200 municipios. [31] Varias ciudades de la India tenían una población de entre un cuarto de millón y medio millón de personas, [31] con ciudades más grandes como Agra (en Agra Subah ) con hasta 800.000 habitantes [36] yDhaka (en Bengala Subah ) con más de 1 millón de personas. [37] Mughal India también tenía un gran número de aldeas, con 455,698 aldeas en la época de Aurangzeb (reinó 1658-1707). [34]

Finales del siglo XIX a principios del siglo XX [ editar ]

La tasa de fecundidad total es el número de hijos nacidos por mujer. Se basa en datos bastante buenos de todos los años. Fuentes: Our World In Data y Gapminder Foundation . [38]

Esperanza de vida de 1881 a 1950

La población de la India bajo el Raj británico (incluidos los que ahora son Pakistán y Bangladesh) según los censos:

Los estudios de la población de la India desde 1881 se han centrado en temas como la población total, las tasas de natalidad y muerte, las tasas de crecimiento, la distribución geográfica, la alfabetización, la división rural y urbana, las ciudades de un millón y las tres ciudades con poblaciones de más de ocho millones: Delhi. , Gran Mumbai (Bombay) y Kolkata (Calcuta). [43]

Las tasas de mortalidad disminuyeron en el período 1920-1945, principalmente debido a la inmunización biológica. Las sugerencias de que fueron los beneficios del colonialismo son refutadas por el pensamiento académico: "No puede haber una creencia seria e informada ... de que ... la mortalidad de la era colonial tardía disminuyó y la población creció rápidamente debido a las mejoras en los ingresos, los niveles de vida, la nutrición, los estándares ambientales, el saneamiento ni políticas de salud, ni hubo transformación cultural… ”. [44]

Características destacadas [ editar ]

Tendencias de la tasa bruta de natalidad en la India
(por 1000 personas, promedio nacional) [45] [46] [47]
Tendencias de la tasa de mortalidad infantil en la India
(por 1000 nacimientos, menores de 1 año, promedio nacional)

India ocupa el 2,41% de la superficie terrestre del mundo, pero sustenta a más del 18% de la población mundial. En el censo de 2001, el 72,2% de la población [48] vivía en aproximadamente 638.000 pueblos [49] y el 27,8% restante [48] vivía en más de 5.100 pueblos y más de 380 aglomeraciones urbanas . [50]

La población de la India superó a la de todo el continente africano en 200 millones de personas en 2010. [51] Sin embargo, dado que el crecimiento de la población de África es casi el doble que el de la India, se espera que supere tanto a China como a la India en 2025.

Datos demográficos comparativos [ editar ]

Lista de estados y territorios de la unión por datos demográficos [ editar ]

Demografía religiosa [ editar ]

La siguiente tabla resume la demografía de la India (excluidas las subdivisiones de Mao-Maram, Paomata y Purul del distrito de Senapati del estado de Manipur debido a la cancelación de los resultados del censo) según la religión en el censo de 2011 en porcentaje. Los datos están "sin ajustar" (sin excluir a Assam y Jammu y Cachemira ); el censo de 1981 no se realizó en Assam y el censo de 1991 no se realizó en Jammu y Cachemira. Faltan citas / referencias para la tabla "Cambios en la demagrafía religiosa a lo largo del tiempo" a continuación.

Características de los grupos religiosos [60]

Demografía neonatal e infantil [ editar ]

Proporción entre hombres y mujeres para la India, según los datos del censo oficial, desde 1941 hasta 2011. [67] Los datos sugieren la existencia de altas proporciones entre sexos antes y después de la llegada de tecnologías de detección prenatal y de detección del sexo basadas en ultrasonidos en la India.

La siguiente tabla representa las tendencias de la tasa de mortalidad infantil en la India, según el sexo, durante los últimos 15 años. En las zonas urbanas de la India, las tasas medias de mortalidad infantil masculina son ligeramente más altas que las tasas medias de mortalidad infantil femenina. [68]

Algunos activistas creen que el censo de India de 2011 muestra una seria disminución en el número de niñas menores de siete años; los activistas postulan que ocho millones de fetos femeninos pueden haber sido abortados entre 2001 y 2011. [74] Estas afirmaciones son controvertidas. Los científicos que estudian la proporción de sexos humanos y las tendencias demográficas sugieren que la proporción de sexos al nacer entre 1.08 y 1.12 puede deberse a factores naturales, como la edad de la madre al nacer el bebé, la edad del padre al nacer el bebé, la cantidad de bebés por pareja, el estrés económico , factores endocrinológicos, etc. [75]La proporción de sexos al nacer del censo de 2011 en la India, de 917 niñas por cada 1000 niños, es similar a las proporciones de sexo al nacer de 870 a 930 niñas por cada 1000 niños observadas en grupos étnicos japoneses, chinos, cubanos, filipinos y hawaianos en los Estados Unidos entre 1940 y 2005 También son similares a las proporciones de sexo al nacer por debajo de 900 niñas por 1000 niños observadas en madres de diferentes grupos de edad y períodos de gestación en los Estados Unidos. [76] [77]

Población dentro del grupo de edad de 0 a 6 años [ editar ]

Población mayor de 7 años [ editar ]

Mapa de esperanza de vida de la India, 2011-2016. [79]

Tasa de alfabetización [ editar ]

Mapa de la tasa de alfabetización de la India, 2011. [80]

Demografía lingüística [ editar ]

El 41,03% de los indios habla hindi, mientras que el resto habla asamés , bengalí , gujarati , maithili , kannada , malayalam , marathi , odia , punjabi , tamil , telugu , urdu y una variedad de otros idiomas. Hay un total de 122 idiomas y 234 lenguas maternas. Los 22 idiomas son Idiomas especificados en el Octavo Anexo de la Constitución de la India y 100 idiomas no especificados.

La tabla inmediatamente a continuación excluye las subdivisiones de Mao-Maram, Paomata y Purul del distrito de Senapati del estado de Manipur debido a la cancelación de los resultados del censo.

Ciudades más grandes de la India [ editar ]

Lista de ciudades de la India por población

Estadísticas vitales [ editar ]

Estimaciones de la ONU [ editar ]

Censo de la India: modelo de sistema de registro [ editar ]

Mapa de la tasa de fecundidad total: nacimientos promedio por mujer por estados y territorios de la unión, 2012 [85]
Mapa de la tasa de fecundidad total: nacimientos promedio por mujer por distritos, 2011

Esperanza de vida [ editar ]

Fuente: Perspectivas de la población mundial de las Naciones Unidas [90]

Estructura de la población [ editar ]

A continuación se muestra la estructura de la población (9 de febrero de 2011) (censo) por edades: [91]

Pirámide de población de 2016 (estimaciones): [92]

Tasa de fertilidad [ editar ]

De la Encuesta demográfica de salud: [93]

Estadísticas vitales regionales [ editar ]

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics[edit]

Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.[95]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population

1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA),[96] 1,210 million (2011 census),[97] 1,281,935,911 (July 2017 est.)

Rural population:

62.2%; male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755

Age structure:

0–14 years: 27.34% (male 186,087,665/female 164,398,204)
15-24 years: 17.9% (male 121,879,786/female 107,583,437)
25-54 years: 41.08% (male 271,744,709/female 254,834,569)
55-64 years: 7.45% (male 47,846,122/female 47,632,532)
65+ years: 6.24% (male 37,837,801/female 42,091,086) (2017 est.)

Median age:

Total: 28.7 years

Male: 28 years

female: 29.5 years (2020 est.)[98]

Population growth rate :

1.1% (2020 est)[98]

Literacy rate

74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)[99]
81.4% (total population, age 15–25, in 2006)[100]

Per cent of population below poverty line:

22% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate:

7.8%

Net migration rate:

0.00 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)[98]

Sex ratio:

At birth:1.12 male(s)/female
Under 10 years:1.13 male(s)/female
15–24 years:1.13 male(s)/female
24–64 years:1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over:0.9 male(s)/female
Total population:1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

Total population: 69.7 years
Male: 68.4 years
Female: 71.2 years (2020 est.)[98]

Total fertility rate:

2.35 (2020 est.)[98][101][102]

The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005–2006 was: Hindus, 2.7; Muslims, 3.1; Christians, 2.4; and Sikhs, 2.0.[103]

Religious Composition:

Hindus 79.5%, Muslims 15%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)[98][104][105][106][107]

Scheduled castes and tribes:

Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census);[108][109]scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)

Languages

See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.[110][111]

Caste[edit]

Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. This was completed in 1983.

There has not yet been a proper consensus on contemporary figures.

The following data are from the Mandal report:[112][circular reference]

Population projections[edit]

India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2027.[113] These projections make assumptions about future fertility and death rates which may not turn out to be correct in the event. Fertility rates also vary from region to region, with some higher than the national average and some lower of China.

2020 estimate[edit]

In millions

2021 estimate[edit]

According to the data provided by United Nations, India’s Population in 2021 is estimated to be 1.39 Billion with a growth rate of 1.2%.[115]

Ethnic groups[edit]

The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India,[116] but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.[117][118] 700,000 people from the United States of any race live in India.[16] Between 300,000 and 1 million Anglo-Indians live in India.[119]

For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries) see ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent.

Linguistic groups in India chart[120][121]

  Indo-Aryan (75%)
  Dravidian (20%)
  Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai and others (5%)

Genetics[edit]

Y-chromosome DNA[edit]

[122]

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.[123]

  • H ~ 30%
  • R1a ~ 34%
  • R2 ~ 15%
  • L ~ 10%
  • NOP ~ 10% (Excluding R)
  • Other Haplogroups 15%

Mitochondrial DNA[edit]

[124]

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M[125]

  • Haplogroup M ~ 60%
  • Haplogroup UK ~ 15%
  • Haplogroup N ~ 25% (Excluding UK)

Autosomal DNA[edit]

Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

  • In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."[126]
  • In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.[127][128]
  • Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.[128]
  • In 2006, Sahoo et al. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.[129][130]
  • The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.[127]

See also[edit]

  • Census of India prior to independence
  • Culture of India
  • Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin
  • Demography of Central Asia
  • Female foeticide in India
  • Human population control
  • Hinduism in India
  • Jainism in India
  • Sikhism in India
  • Islam in India
  • Christianity in India
  • Judaism in India
  • Zoroastrianism in India
  • Irreligion in India

Government[edit]

  • 2011 census of India
  • National Commission on Population

Lists[edit]

  • List of most populous cities in India
  • List of most populous metropolitan areas in India
  • List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India
  • List of states and union territories of India by population

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; there are 22 other officially recognized languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language

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Bibliography[edit]

  • Chamie, Joseph; Mirkin, Barry (August 2017), Busting at the seams: India is unprepared for a near future when it will be the world's most populous country. Joseph Chamie is former director of the United Nations Population Division and Barry Mirkin is former chief of the Population Policy Section of the United Nations Population Division.
Historical
  • Lal, K. S. (1978). Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000–1800). Delhi, Research Publications.
  • Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.

External links[edit]

  • Census of India; government site with detailed data from 2001 census
  • Population of India as per Census India 2011
  • Census of India map generator; generates maps based on 2001 census figures
  • Demographic data for India; provides sources of demographic data for India
  • 2001 maps; provides maps of social, economic and demographic data of India in 2001
  • Population of India 2011 map; distribution of population amongst states and union territories
  • India's Demographic Outlook: Implications and Trends
  • "World Population Prospects": Country Profile – India
  • Aggregated demographic statistics from Indian and global data sources
  • Demographic statistics for India – online on Bluenomics
  • India comparing with China population projection graph Based on data from database of UN Population Division