La economía de Bangladesh se caracteriza por ser una economía de mercado en desarrollo . [42] Es el 37º más grande del mundo en términos nominales y el 31º más grande por paridad de poder adquisitivo; se clasifica entre las próximas once economías de ingresos medios de mercados emergentes y un mercado de frontera . En el primer trimestre de 2019, Bangladesh fue la séptima economía de más rápido crecimiento del mundo con una tasa de crecimiento anual del PIB real del 8,3%. [43] Dhaka y Chittagong son los principales centros financieros del país, donde se encuentran Bolsa de Valores de Dhaka y la Bolsa de Valores de Chittagong . El sector financiero de Bangladesh es el tercero más grande del subcontinente indio . Bangladesh es una de las economías de más rápido crecimiento del mundo .
Divisa | Taka bangladesí (BDT, ৳) |
---|---|
Año fiscal | 1 de julio - 30 de junio |
Organizaciones comerciales | SAFTA , SAARC , BIMSTEC , OMC , AIIB , FMI , Commonwealth of Nations , Banco Mundial , ADB , Developing-8 |
Grupo de países |
|
Estadísticas | |
Población | 162,650,853 (est. 2020) [3] |
PIB | |
Rango del PIB |
|
El crecimiento del PIB |
|
PIB per cápita |
|
Rango del PIB per cápita |
|
PIB por sector |
|
Inflación ( IPC ) | 5,5% (2020 est.) [12] |
Población por debajo de la línea de pobreza |
|
coeficiente GINI | 32,4 medio (2016, Banco Mundial ) [18] |
Índice de Desarrollo Humano |
|
Mano de obra |
|
Fuerza laboral por ocupación |
|
Desempleo |
|
Industrias principales |
|
Clasificación de facilidad para hacer negocios | 168º (por debajo de la media, 2020) [25] |
Externo | |
Exportaciones |
|
Exportar bienes | Textiles, prendas de vestir (segundo exportador más grande del mundo), cuero y artículos de cuero, productos farmacéuticos y otros productos químicos, productos cerámicos, bicicletas, yute y productos de yute, tecnología de la información, productos agrícolas, alimentos congelados (pescado y marisco) |
Principales socios exportadores |
|
Importaciones |
|
Importar bienes | Textiles y artículos textiles, maquinaria y aparatos mecánicos, equipos eléctricos, productos minerales, productos vegetales, metal y productos metálicos, productos químicos y afines, vehículos y aeronaves |
Principales socios importadores |
|
Stock de IED |
|
Cuenta actual | - $ 0,8035 mil millones (2020 est.) |
Deuda externa bruta | $ 20,26 mil millones (31 de diciembre de 2017 est.) [34] |
Finanzas públicas | |
La deuda pública | 33,1% del PIB (est. 2017) [34] |
Balance del presupuesto | −3,2% (del PIB) (est. 2017) [34] |
Ingresos | $ 22,36 mil millones (৳ 2,05 billones) (ejercicio de 2018) [35] |
Gastos |
|
Calificación crediticia | Lista de calificaciones
|
Reservas extranjeras | $ 45.00 mil millones (febrero de 2021) [41] ( 41º ) |
Fuente de datos principal: CIA World Fact Book Todos los valores, a menos que se indique lo contrario, están en dólares estadounidenses . |
En el decenio transcurrido desde 2004, Bangladesh promedió un crecimiento del PIB del 4,5%, impulsado en gran medida por sus exportaciones de prendas de vestir confeccionadas , las remesas y el sector agrícola nacional . El país ha perseguido una industrialización orientada a la exportación , y sus sectores de exportación clave incluyen textiles , construcción naval , pescado y marisco , yute y artículos de cuero . También ha desarrollado industrias autosuficientes en el procesamiento de productos farmacéuticos , acero y alimentos . La industria de las telecomunicaciones de Bangladesh ha experimentado un rápido crecimiento a lo largo de los años, recibiendo una gran inversión de empresas extranjeras. Bangladesh también tiene importantes reservas de gas natural y es el séptimo mayor productor de gas de Asia. Las actividades de exploración costa afuera están aumentando en su territorio marítimo en la Bahía de Bengala. También tiene grandes depósitos de piedra caliza . [44] El gobierno promueve el esquema Digital Bangladesh como parte de sus esfuerzos para desarrollar el creciente sector de tecnología de la información del país.
Bangladesh es de importancia estratégica para las economías de Nepal y Bután , ya que los puertos marítimos de Bangladesh brindan acceso marítimo a estas regiones y países sin litoral . [45] [46] [47] China también ve a Bangladesh como una puerta de entrada potencial para su suroeste sin salida al mar, incluidos el Tíbet , Sichuan y Yunnan .
Bangladesh es miembro de la Organización D-8 para la Cooperación Económica , la Asociación de Asia Meridional para la Cooperación Regional , el Fondo Monetario Internacional , el Banco Mundial , la Organización Mundial del Comercio y el Banco Asiático de Inversión en Infraestructura . La economía enfrenta desafíos de cuellos de botella de infraestructura, corrupción burocrática y desempleo juvenil.
Historia económica
Bengala antigua
La antigua Bengala fue el sitio de varios Janapadas (reinos) importantes, mientras que las primeras ciudades se remontan al período védico . Bengala Oriental , el segmento oriental de Bengala, fue una región históricamente próspera. [48]
El delta del Ganges proporcionó las ventajas de un clima suave, casi tropical, suelo fértil, abundante agua y abundancia de peces, vida silvestre y frutas. [48] Se cree que el nivel de vida fue más alto en comparación con otras partes del sur de Asia. [48] Ya en el siglo XIII, la región se estaba desarrollando como una economía agraria. [48] Bengala era el cruce de rutas comerciales en la Ruta de la Seda del Sureste . [48]
Sultanato de Bengala
La economía del Sultanato de Bengala heredó aspectos anteriores del Sultanato de Delhi, incluidas las ciudades de menta, una burocracia asalariada y el sistema jagirdar de propiedad de la tierra. La producción de monedas de plata con el nombre del Sultán de Bengala inscrito fue una marca de soberanía bengalí. [49] Bengala tuvo más éxito en perpetuar las monedas de plata pura que Delhi y otros gobiernos asiáticos y europeos contemporáneos. Había tres fuentes de plata. La primera fuente fue la reserva de plata sobrante de reinos anteriores. La segunda fuente fueron los pagos de tributos de los reinos subordinados que se pagaron en lingotes de plata. La tercera fuente fue durante las campañas militares cuando las fuerzas bengalíes saquearon los estados vecinos. [50]
La aparente vitalidad de la economía de Bengala a principios del siglo XV se atribuye al final de los pagos de tributos a Delhi, que cesaron después de la independencia de Bengalí y detuvieron la salida de riqueza. El testimonio de Ma Huan de una floreciente industria de construcción naval fue parte de la evidencia de que Bengala disfrutaba de un importante comercio marítimo. La expansión de la producción de muselina , la sericultura y la aparición de varias otras artesanías se indicaron en la lista de artículos de Ma Huan exportados de Bengala a China. El transporte marítimo bengalí coexistió con el transporte marítimo chino hasta que este último se retiró del Océano Índico a mediados del siglo XV. El testimonio de viajeros europeos como Ludovico di Varthema , Duarte Barbosa y Tomé Pires atestiguan la presencia de un gran número de ricos comerciantes y armadores bengalíes en Malaca . [51] La historiadora Rila Mukherjee escribió que los puertos de Bengala pueden haber sido entrepots , importando bienes y reexportándolos a China. [52]
En Bengala existía una vigorosa tradición de construcción naval fluvial. La tradición de la construcción naval se evidencia en las campañas navales del sultanato en el delta del Ganges. El comercio entre Bengala y Maldivas, basado en arroz y conchas de cauri, probablemente se realizaba en barcos baghlah de estilo árabe . Los relatos chinos apuntan a que los barcos bengalíes son prominentes en las aguas del sudeste asiático. Un barco de Bengala, probablemente propiedad del Sultán de Bengala, podía albergar tres misiones de tributo -de Bengala, Brunei y Sumatra- y era evidentemente el único barco capaz de realizar tal tarea. Los barcos bengalíes fueron los buques más grandes que navegaban en esas décadas en aguas del sudeste asiático. [53] Todas las transacciones comerciales importantes se realizaron en términos de taka de plata. Las compras más pequeñas implicaron moneda de concha . Una moneda de plata valía 10 250 conchas de cauri. Bengala dependía de las importaciones de caracoles de cauri de las Maldivas. Debido a la tierra fértil, había una gran cantidad de productos agrícolas, incluidos plátanos, yacas, granadas, caña de azúcar y miel. Los cultivos nativos incluían arroz y sésamo. Las verduras incluían jengibre, mostaza, cebolla y ajo, entre otros. Había cuatro tipos de vinos, que incluían coco, arroz, alquitrán y kajang . Las calles bengalíes estaban bien provistas de establecimientos de comida, casas para beber y baños. Existían al menos seis variedades de telas de muselina fina. También abundaban los tejidos de seda. Las perlas , las alfombras y el ghee eran otros productos importantes. La mejor variedad de papel se fabricó en Bengala a partir de la corteza de las moreras . La alta calidad del papel se comparó con la tela de muselina blanca liviana. [54]
Los europeos se refirieron a Bengala como "el país más rico para comerciar". [55] Bengala era el polo oriental de la India islámica. Al igual que el sultanato de Gujarat en la costa occidental de la India, Bengala en el este estaba abierta al mar y acumulaba beneficios del comercio. Comerciantes de todo el mundo comerciaban en la Bahía de Bengala . [56] Las exportaciones de textiles de algodón eran un aspecto único de la economía bengalí. Marco Polo destacó la prominencia de Bengala en el comercio textil. [57] En 1569, el explorador veneciano César Frederick escribió sobre cómo los comerciantes de Pegu en Birmania comerciaban con plata y oro con los bengalíes. [57] Las rutas comerciales terrestres, como la Grand Trunk Road, conectaban Bengala con el norte de la India, Asia central y Oriente Medio.
Mughal Bengala
Bajo el gobierno de Mughal , Bengala operó como centro del comercio mundial de muselina , seda y perlas . [48] A nivel nacional, gran parte de la India dependía de productos bengalíes como el arroz, las sedas y los textiles de algodón . En el exterior, los europeos dependían de productos bengalíes como tejidos de algodón, sedas y opio ; Bengala representó el 40% de las importaciones holandesas de Asia, por ejemplo. [58] Bengala envió salitre a Europa, vendió opio en Indonesia , exportó seda cruda a Japón y los Países Bajos y produjo algodón y textiles de seda para exportar a Europa, Indonesia y Japón. [59] Los salarios reales y los niveles de vida en la Bengala del siglo XVIII eran comparables a los de Gran Bretaña, que a su vez tenía los niveles de vida más altos de Europa. [60]
Durante la era mogol, el centro más importante de producción de algodón fue Bengala, particularmente alrededor de su ciudad capital , Dhaka , lo que llevó a que la muselina se llamara "daka" en mercados distantes como Asia Central. [61] Los agricultores bengalíes aprendieron rápidamente técnicas de cultivo de morera y sericultura , estableciendo a Bengala como una de las principales regiones productoras de seda del mundo. [62] Bengala representó más del 50 por ciento de los textiles y alrededor del 80 por ciento de las sedas importadas por los holandeses de Asia, por ejemplo. [58]
Bengala también tenía una gran industria de construcción naval . Indrajit Ray estima la producción de construcción naval de Bengala durante los siglos XVI y XVII en 223.250 toneladas anuales, en comparación con 23.061 toneladas producidas en diecinueve colonias en América del Norte entre 1769 y 1771. [63] También evalúa la reparación de barcos como muy avanzada en Bengala. [63] La construcción naval bengalí fue avanzada en comparación con la construcción naval europea en ese momento. Una innovación importante en la construcción naval fue la introducción de un diseño de cubierta lavada en los barcos de arroz de Bengala, lo que resultó en cascos que eran más fuertes y menos propensos a gotear que los cascos estructuralmente débiles de los barcos europeos tradicionales construidos con un diseño de cubierta escalonada . La Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales luego duplicó los diseños de cubierta y casco enjuagados de los barcos de arroz de Bengala en la década de 1760, lo que condujo a mejoras significativas en la navegabilidad y la navegación de los barcos europeos durante la Revolución Industrial . [64]
Bengala británica
La Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales, que tomó el control total de Bengala en 1793 al abolir Nizamat (gobierno local), eligió desarrollar Calcuta , ahora la capital de Bengala Occidental , como su centro comercial y administrativo para los territorios controlados por la Compañía en el sur de Asia. . [48] El desarrollo de Bengala Oriental se limitó a partir de entonces a la agricultura. [48] La infraestructura administrativa de finales del siglo XVIII y XIX reforzó la función de Bengala Oriental como principal productor agrícola —principalmente de arroz, té, teca , algodón, caña de azúcar y yute— para procesadores y comerciantes de Asia y más allá. [48]
Bangladesh moderno
Después de su independencia de Pakistán, Bangladesh siguió una economía socialista al nacionalizar todas las industrias, lo que resultó ser un error crítico cometido por el gobierno de la Liga Awami . Algunos de los mismos factores que habían hecho de Bengala Oriental una región próspera se convirtieron en desventajas durante los siglos XIX y XX. [48] A medida que aumentó la esperanza de vida, las limitaciones de la tierra y las inundaciones anuales se convirtieron cada vez más en limitaciones para el crecimiento económico. [48] Los métodos agrícolas tradicionales se convirtieron en obstáculos para la modernización de la agricultura. [48] La geografía limitó severamente el desarrollo y mantenimiento de un sistema moderno de transporte y comunicaciones. [48] La partición de la India británica y el surgimiento de India y Pakistán en 1947 interrumpieron gravemente el sistema económico. El gobierno unido de Pakistán amplió el área cultivada y algunas instalaciones de riego, pero la población rural en general se empobreció entre 1947 y 1971 porque las mejoras no siguieron el ritmo del aumento de la población rural. [48] Los planes quinquenales de Pakistán optaron por una estrategia de desarrollo basada en la industrialización, pero la mayor parte del presupuesto de desarrollo se destinó a Pakistán occidental, es decir, Pakistán contemporáneo. [48] La falta de recursos naturales significó que Pakistán Oriental dependiera en gran medida de las importaciones, creando un problema de balanza de pagos. [48] Sin un programa de industrialización sustancial o una expansión agraria adecuada, la economía de Pakistán Oriental declinó constantemente. [48] Varios observadores, pero especialmente los de Pakistán Oriental, culparon a los líderes de Pakistán Occidental que no sólo dominaban al gobierno, sino también a la mayoría de las industrias incipientes en Pakistán Oriental. [48]
Dado que Bangladesh siguió una economía socialista nacionalizando todas las industrias después de su independencia, experimentó un lento crecimiento de la producción de empresarios, gerentes, administradores, ingenieros y técnicos experimentados. [65] Hubo una escasez crítica de granos alimenticios esenciales y otros alimentos básicos debido a las interrupciones de la guerra. [65] Los mercados externos del yute se habían perdido debido a la inestabilidad del suministro y la creciente popularidad de los sucedáneos sintéticos. [65] Los recursos en divisas eran minúsculos y los sistemas bancario y monetario no eran fiables. [65] Aunque Bangladesh tenía una gran fuerza laboral, las vastas reservas de trabajadores mal capacitados y mal pagados eran en su mayoría analfabetos, no calificados y subempleados. [65] Faltaban recursos industriales explotables comercialmente, excepto el gas natural. [65] La inflación, especialmente en el caso de los bienes de consumo esenciales, se situó entre el 300 y el 400 por ciento. [65] La guerra de independencia había paralizado el sistema de transporte. [65] Cientos de puentes de carreteras y ferrocarriles habían sido destruidos o dañados, y el material rodante era inadecuado y estaba en mal estado. [65] El nuevo país todavía se estaba recuperando de un ciclón severo que azotó el área en 1970 y causó 250.000 muertes. [65] India se presentó de inmediato con una asistencia económica críticamente medida en los primeros meses después de que Bangladesh logró la independencia de Pakistán. [65] Entre diciembre de 1971 y enero de 1972, India comprometió US $ 232 millones en ayuda a Bangladesh de la ayuda político-económica que India recibió de los Estados Unidos y la URSS . Monto oficial del desembolso aún no revelado. [sesenta y cinco]
Después de 1975, los líderes de Bangladesh comenzaron a centrar su atención en el desarrollo de nueva capacidad industrial y la rehabilitación de su economía. [66] Sin embargo, el modelo económico estático adoptado por estos primeros líderes, incluida la nacionalización de gran parte del sector industrial, resultó en ineficiencia y estancamiento económico. [66] A partir de fines de 1975, el gobierno gradualmente dio mayor margen a la participación del sector privado en la economía, patrón que ha continuado. [66] Se han privatizado muchas empresas de propiedad estatal, como la banca, las telecomunicaciones, la aviación, los medios de comunicación y el yute. [66] Sin embargo, la ineficiencia en el sector público ha ido aumentando a un ritmo gradual; aumenta la resistencia externa al desarrollo de los recursos naturales más ricos del país; y los sectores de energía, incluida la infraestructura, han contribuido a desacelerar el crecimiento económico. [66]
A mediados de la década de 1980, se observaron signos alentadores de progreso. [66] Se aceleraron las políticas económicas encaminadas a fomentar la empresa privada y la inversión, privatizar las industrias públicas, restablecer la disciplina presupuestaria y liberalizar el régimen de importación. [66] De 1991 a 1993, el gobierno siguió con éxito un mecanismo de ajuste estructural mejorado (SRAE) con el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), pero no pudo seguir adelante con las reformas en gran parte debido a la preocupación por los problemas políticos internos del gobierno. [66] A finales del decenio de 1990, las políticas económicas del gobierno se afianzaron más y se perdieron algunas ganancias, lo que se puso de relieve por una caída vertiginosa de la inversión extranjera directa en 2000 y 2001. [66] En junio de 2003, el FMI aprobó los tres años Plan de 490 millones de dólares como parte del Servicio para el Crecimiento y la Lucha contra la Pobreza (SCLP) para Bangladesh que tenía como objetivo apoyar el programa de reforma económica del gobierno hasta 2006. [66] Se pusieron a disposición inmediatamente setenta millones de dólares. [66] En la misma línea, el Banco Mundial aprobó $ 536 millones en préstamos sin intereses. [66] La economía experimentó un crecimiento continuo del PIB real de al menos el 5 por ciento desde 2003. En 2010, el Gobierno de la India extendió una línea de crédito por valor de mil millones de dólares para contrarrestar la estrecha relación de China con Bangladesh.
Bangladesh históricamente ha tenido un gran déficit comercial, financiado en gran parte a través de los recibos de ayuda y las remesas de trabajadores en el extranjero. [66] Las reservas de divisas se redujeron notablemente en 2001, pero se estabilizaron entre 3 000 y 4 000 millones de dólares EE.UU. (o alrededor de tres meses de cobertura de las importaciones). [66] En enero de 2007, las reservas ascendían a 3,74 mil millones de dólares, y luego aumentaron a 5,8 mil millones de dólares en enero de 2008, en noviembre de 2009 superó los 10 mil millones de dólares y en abril de 2011 superó los 12 mil millones de dólares según el Banco de Bangladesh, el Banco Central. [66] La dependencia de la ayuda exterior y las importaciones también ha disminuido gradualmente desde principios de los años noventa. [67] Según el banco de Bangladesh, la reserva es de 30.000 millones de dólares en agosto de 2016.
En la última década, la pobreza se redujo en alrededor de un tercio con una mejora significativa en el índice de desarrollo humano, la alfabetización, la esperanza de vida y el consumo de alimentos per cápita. Con una economía que crece cerca del 6% anual, más de 15 millones de personas han salido de la pobreza desde 1992. [68]
Tendencia macroeconómica
Este es un gráfico de la tendencia del producto interno bruto de Bangladesh a precios de mercado estimados por el Fondo Monetario Internacional con cifras en millones de taka bangladesí. Sin embargo, esto refleja solo el sector formal de la economía.
Año | Producto interno bruto (millones de taka) | Cambio de dólar estadounidense | Índice de inflación (2000 = 100) | Ingreso per cápita (como% de EE. UU.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 250,300 | 16.10 Taka | 20 | 1,79 |
1985 | 597,318 | 31.00 Taka | 36 | 1,19 |
1990 | 1.054.234 | 35,79 Taka | 58 | 1,16 |
1995 | 1,594,210 | 40.27 Taka | 78 | 1.12 |
2000 | 2,453,160 | 52.14 Taka | 100 | 0,97 |
2005 | 3.913.334 | 63,92 Taka | 126 | 0,95 |
2008 | 5,003,438 | 68,65 Taka | 147 | |
2015 | 17.295.665 | 78.15 Taka. | 196 | 2.48 |
2019 | 26,604,164 | 84.55 Taka. | 2.91 |
Mean wages were $0.58 per man-hour in 2009.
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2019. Inflation below 5% is in green.[69][70]
Year | GDP (in bn. US$ PPP) | GDP per capita (in US$ PPP) | GDP growth (real) | Inflation rate (in Percent) | Unemployment Rate (in Percent) | Government debt (in % of GDP) | Total Investment (in % of GDP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 41.2 | 500 | 3.1 % | 15.4 % | n/a | n/a | 14.44 % |
1981 | 47.4 | 560 | 5.6 % | 14.5 % | n/a | n/a | 17.16 % |
1982 | 52.0 | 597 | 3.2 % | 12.9 % | n/a | n/a | 17.36% |
1983 | 56.5 | 633 | 4.6 % | 9.5 % | n/a | n/a | 16.56 % |
1984 | 61.0 | 664 | 4.2 % | 10.4 % | n/a | n/a | 16.48 % |
1985 | 65.3 | 693 | 3.7 % | 10.5 % | n/a | n/a | 15.83 % |
1986 | 69.3 | 715 | 4.0 % | 10.2 % | n/a | n/a | 16.18 % |
1987 | 73.1 | 735 | 2.9 % | 10.8 % | n/a | n/a | 15.47 % |
1988 | 77.5 | 759 | 2.4 % | 9.7 % | n/a | n/a | 15.74 % |
1989 | 84.0 | 801 | 4.3 % | 8.7 % | n/a | n/a | 16.12 % |
1990 | 91.1 | 848 | 4.6 % | 10.5 % | n/a | n/a | 16.46 % |
1991 | 98.1 | 892 | 4.2 % | 8.3 % | 2.20 % | n/a | 16.90 % |
1992 | 105.1 | 935 | 4.8 % | 3.6 % | 2.25 % | n/a | 17.31 % |
1993 | 112.3 | 977 | 4.3 % | 3.0 % | 2.37 % | n/a | 17.95 % |
1994 | 119.9 | 1,021 | 4.5 % | 6.2 % | 2.44 % | n/a | 18.40 % |
1995 | 128.2 | 1,069 | 4.8 % | 10.1 % | 2.48 % | n/a | 19.12 % |
1996 | 137.1 | 1,120 | 5.0 % | 2.5 % | 2.51 % | n/a | 20.73 % |
1997 | 146.8 | 1,175 | 5.3 % | 5.0 % | 2.69 % | n/a | 21.82 % |
1998 | 155.9 | 1,223 | 5.0 % | 8.6 % | 2.83 % | n/a | 22.12 % |
1999 | 166.9 | 1,284 | 5.4 % | 6.2 % | 3.10 % | n/a | 22.72 % |
2000 | 180.2 | 1,361 | 5.6 % | 2.5 % | 3.27 % | n/a | 23.81 % |
2001 | 193.2 | 1,434 | 4.8 % | 1.9 % | 3.55 % | n/a | 24.17 % |
2002 | 205.7 | 1,501 | 4.8 % | 3.7 % | 3.96 % | n/a | 24.34 % |
2003 | 221.9 | 1,594 | 5.8 % | 5.4 % | 4.32 % | 44.3 % | 24.68 % |
2004 | 241.9 | 1,713 | 6.1 % | 6.1 % | 4.30 % | 43.5 % | 24.99 % |
2005 | 265.5 | 1,855 | 6.3 % | 7.0 % | 4.25 % | 42.3 % | 25.83 % |
2006 | 292.4 | 2,018 | 6.9 % | 6.8 % | 3.59 % | 42.3 % | 26.14 % |
2007 | 319.7 | 2,183 | 6.5 % | 9.1 % | 3.77 % | 41.9 % | 26.18 % |
2008 | 344.0 | 2,325 | 5.5 % | 8.9 % | 4.07 % | 40.6 % | 26.20 % |
2009 | 365.0 | 2,441 | 5.3 % | 4.9 % | 5.00 % | 39.5 % | 26.21 % |
2010 | 391.7 | 2,592 | 6.0 % | 9.4 % | 3.37 % | 35.5 % | 26.25 % |
2011 | 425.8 | 2,785 | 6.5 % | 11.5 % | 3.71 % | 36.6 % | 27.42 % |
2012 | 460.8 | 2,979 | 6.3 % | 6.2 % | 4.04 % | 36.2 % | 28.26 % |
2013 | 496.5 | 3,171 | 6.0 % | 7.5 % | 4.43 % | 35.8 % | 28.39 % |
2014 | 537.3 | 3,396 | 6.3 % | 7.0 % | 4.41 % | 35.3 % | 28.58 % |
2015 | 581.6 | 3,638 | 6.8 % | 6.2 % | 4.42 % | 33.6 % | 28.89 % |
2016 | 629.9 | 3,900 | 7.2 % | 5.7 % | 4.35 % | 33.3 % | 29.65 % |
2017 | 710.5 | 4,331 | 7.6 % | 5.6 % | 4.37 % | 32.6 % | 30.51 % |
2018 | 785.9 | 4,730 | 7.9 % | 5.6 % | 4.30 % | 34.0 % | 31.23 % |
2019 | 869.4 | 5,228 | 8.1% | 5.5% | 4.29 % | 33.5% | 31.60 % |
Sectores económicos
Sectoral Shares of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Bangladesh | 2015-16[71] | 2016-17[citation needed] | 2017-18[citation needed] | 2018-19[citation needed] |
---|---|---|---|---|
A) Agriculture | 14.77 | 14.17 | 13.82 | 13.32 |
Agriculture and forestry | 11.55 | 10.98 | 10.68 | 10.25 |
Crops & horticulture | 8.15 | 7.69 | 7.48 | 7.12 |
Animal Farmings | 2.01 | 1.93 | 1.86 | 1.79 |
Forest and related services | 1.39 | 1.37 | 1.34 | 1.35 |
Fishing | 3.22 | 3.19 | 3.14 | 3.07 |
B) Industry | 28.77 | 29.32 | 30.17 | 31.15 |
Mining and quarrying | 1.73 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 1.82 |
Natural gas and crude petroleum | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.58 |
Other mining & coal | 1.08 | 1.18 | 1.2 | 1.24 |
Manufacturing | 17.91 | 18.28 | 18.99 | 19.89 |
Large & medium scale | 14.58 | 14.93 | 15.63 | 16.37 |
Small scale | 3.34 | 3.35 | 3.36 | 3.52 |
Electricity, gas and water supply | 1.45 | 1.4 | 1.38 | 1.33 |
Electricity | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.04 |
Gas | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.22 |
Water | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Construction | 7.67 | 7.81 | 7.98 | 8.12 |
C) Service | 56.46 | 56.5 | 56 | 55.53 |
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods | 13.01 | 13.05 | 13.15 | 13.34 |
Hotel and restaurants | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.04 |
Transport, storage & communication | 10.27 | 10 | 9.61 | 9.34 |
Land transport | 7.76 | 7.64 | 7.38 | 7.22 |
Water transport | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.51 |
Air transport | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Support transport services, storage | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.44 |
Post and Tele communications | 1.32 | 1.24 | 1.16 | 1.1 |
Financial intermediations | 3.86 | 3.91 | 3.93 | 3.89 |
Monetary intermediation (banks) | 3.27 | 3.34 | 3.37 | 3.35 |
Insurance | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
Other financial auxiliaries | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
Real estate, renting and business activities | 7.51 | 7.73 | 7.82 | 7.87 |
Public administration and defence | 4.05 | 4.19 | 4.24 | 4.09 |
Education | 2.82 | 3.04 | 3.03 | 3.02 |
Health and social works | 2.11 | 2.08 | 2.07 | 2.15 |
Community, social and personal services | 11.79 | 11.46 | 11.11 | 10.78 |
Percentage of sectoral shares of GDP of Bangladesh |
Agriculture
Agriculture is the largest employment sector in Bangladesh, making up 14.2 percent of Bangladesh's GDP in 2017 and employing about 42.7 percent of the workforce.[72] The performance of this sector has an overwhelming impact on major macroeconomic objectives like employment generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development, food security, and other economic and social forces. A plurality of Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture. Due to a number of factors, Bangladesh's labour-intensive agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain production despite the often unfavorable weather conditions.[73] These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of fertilisers, as well as the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks.[73]
Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater importance.[74] Due to the expansion of irrigation networks, some wheat producers have switched to cultivation of maize which is used mostly as poultry feed.[74] Tea is grown in the northeast.[74] Because of Bangladesh's fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas.[74] The country is among the top producers of rice (fourth), potatoes (seventh), tropical fruits (sixth), jute (second), and farmed fish (fifth).[75][76] With 35.8 million metric tons produced in 2000, rice is Bangladesh's principal crop. In comparison to rice, wheat output in 1999 was 1.9 million tonnes (1,900,000 long tons; 2,100,000 short tons).
Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on productive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat. Foreign assistance and commercial imports fill the gap. Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh's agricultural sector will be its ability to absorb additional manpower. [77] Finding alternative sources of employment will continue to be a daunting problem for future governments, particularly with the increasing numbers of landless peasants who already account for about half the rural labour force. [77] Other challenges facing the sector include environmental issues: insecticides, water management challenges, pollution, and land degradation all effect the agricultural system in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable to climate change, with extreme weather and temperature changes significantly changing the conditions for growing food. Adaptation of the agricultural sector is a major concern for policy addressing climate change in Bangladesh.Manufacturing and industry
Many new jobs – mostly for women – have been created by the country's dynamic private ready-made garment industry, which grew at double-digit rates through most of the 1990s.[66] By the late 1990s, about 1.5 million people, mostly women, were employed in the garments sector as well as Leather products specially Footwear (Shoe manufacturing unit). During 2001–2002, export earnings from ready-made garments reached $3,125 million, representing 52% of Bangladesh's total exports. Bangladesh has overtaken India in apparel exports in 2009, its exports stood at 2.66 billion US dollar, ahead of India's 2.27 billion US dollar and in 2014 the export rose to $3.12 billion every month. At the fiscal year 2018, Bangladesh has been able to garner US$36.67 billion export earnings by exporting manufactured goods, of which, 83.49 percent has come from the apparel manufacturing sector.[78]
Eastern Bengal was known for its fine muslin and silk fabric before the British period. The dyes, yarn, and cloth were the envy of much of the premodern world. Bengali muslin, silk, and brocade were worn by the aristocracy of Asia and Europe. The introduction of machine-made textiles from England in the late eighteenth century spelled doom for the costly and time-consuming hand loom process. Cotton growing died out in East Bengal, and the textile industry became dependent on imported yarn. Those who had earned their living in the textile industry were forced to rely more completely on farming. Only the smallest vestiges of a once-thriving cottage industry survived.[79]
Other industries which have shown very strong growth include the pharmaceutical industry,[80] shipbuilding industry,[81] information technology,[82] leather industry,[83] steel industry,[84][85] and light engineering industry.[86][87]
Bangladesh's textile industry, which includes knitwear and ready-made garments (RMG) along with specialised textile products, is the nation's number one export earner, accounting for $21.5 billion in 2013 – 80% of Bangladesh's total exports of $27 billion.[88] Bangladesh is 2nd in world textile exports, behind China, which exported $120.1 billion worth of textiles in 2009. The industry employs nearly 3.5 million workers. Current exports have doubled since 2004. Wages in Bangladesh's textile industry were the lowest in the world as of 2010. The country was considered the most formidable rival to China where wages were rapidly rising and currency was appreciating.[89][90] As of 2012 wages remained low for the 3 million people employed in the industry, but labour unrest was increasing despite vigorous government action to enforce labour peace. Owners of textile firms and their political allies were a powerful political influence in Bangladesh.[91] The urban garment industry has created more than one million formal sector jobs for women, contributing to the high female labour participation in Bangladesh.[92] While it can be argued that women working in the garment industry are subjected to unsafe labour conditions and low wages, Dina M. Siddiqi argues that even though conditions in Bangladesh garment factories "are by no means ideal," they still give women in Bangladesh the opportunity to earn their own wages.[93] As evidence she points to the fear created by the passage of the 1993 Harkins Bill (Child Labor Deterrence Bill), which caused factory owners to dismiss "an estimated 50,000 children, many of whom helped support their families, forcing them into a completely unregulated informal sector, in lower-paying and much less secure occupations such as brick-breaking, domestic service and rickshaw pulling."[93]
Even though the working conditions in garment factories are not ideal, they tend to financially be more reliable than other occupations and, "enhance women’s economic capabilities to spend, save and invest their incomes."[94] Both married and unmarried women send money back to their families as remittances, but these earned wages have more than just economic benefits. Many women in the garment industry are marrying later, have lower fertility rates, and attain higher levels of education, then women employed elsewhere.[94]
After massive labour unrest in 2006[95] the government formed a Minimum Wage Board including business[96] and worker representatives which in 2006 set a minimum wage equivalent to 1,662.50 taka, $24 a month, up from Tk950. In 2010, following widespread labour protests involving 60,000 workers in June 2010,[97][98][99] a controversial proposal was being considered by the Board which would raise the monthly minimum to the equivalent of $50 a month, still far below worker demands of 5,000 taka, $72, for entry level wages, but unacceptably high according to textile manufacturers who are asking for a wage below $30.[90][100] On 28 July 2010 it was announced that the minimum entry level wage would be increased to 3,000 taka, about $43.[101]
The government also seems to believe some change is necessary. On 21 September 2006 then ex-Prime Minister Khaleda Zia called on textile firms to ensure the safety of workers by complying with international labour law at a speech inaugurating the Bangladesh Apparel & Textile Exposition (BATEXPO).
Many Western multinationals use labour in Bangladesh, which is one of the cheapest in the world: 30 euros per month compared to 150 or 200 in China. Four days is enough for the CEO of one of the top five global textile brands to earn what a Bangladeshi garment worker will earn in her lifetime. In April 2013, at least 1,135 textile workers died in the collapse of their factory. Other fatal accidents due to unsanitary factories have affected Bangladesh: in 2005 a factory collapsed and caused the death of 64 people. In 2006, a series of fires killed 85 people and injured 207 others. In 2010, some 30 people died of asphyxiation and burns in two serious fires.[102]
In 2006, tens of thousands of workers mobilized in one of the country's largest strike movements, affecting almost all of the 4,000 factories. The Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) uses police forces to crack down. Three workers were killed, hundreds more were wounded by bullets, or imprisoned. In 2010, after a new strike movement, nearly 1,000 people were injured among workers as a result of the repression.[102]
Shipbuilding and ship breaking
Shipbuilding is a growing industry in Bangladesh with great potential.[103][104] Due to the potential of shipbuilding in Bangladesh, the country has been compared to countries like China, Japan and South Korea.[105] Referring to the growing amount of export deals secured by the shipbuilding companies as well as the low cost labour available in the country, experts suggest that Bangladesh could emerge as a major competitor in the global market of small to medium ocean-going vessels.[106]
Bangladesh also has the world's largest ship breaking industry which employs over 200,000 Bangladeshis and accounts for half of all the steel in Bangladesh.[107] Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard is the world's second-largest ship breaking area.
Khulna Shipyard Limited (KSY) with over five decades of reputation has been leading the Bangladesh Shipbuilding industry and had built a wide spectrum of ships for domestic and international clients. KSY built ships for Bangladesh Navy, Bangladesh Army and Bangladesh Coast Guard under the contract of ministry of defence.
Finance
Until the 1980s, the financial sector of Bangladesh was dominated by state-owned banks.[108] With the grand-scale reform made in finance, private commercial banks were established through privatisation. The next finance sector reform programme was launched from 2000 to 2006 with focus on the development of financial institutions and adoption of risk-based regulations and supervision by Bangladesh Bank. As of date, the banking sector consisted of 4 SCBs, 4 government-owned specialized banks dealing in development financing, 39 private commercial banks, and 9 foreign commercial banks.
Tourism
The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) reported in 2013 that the travel and tourism industry in Bangladesh directly generated 1,281,500 jobs in 2012 or 1.8 percent of the country's total employment, which ranked Bangladesh 157 out of 178 countries worldwide. Direct and indirect employment in the industry totalled 2,714,500 jobs, or 3.7 percent of the country's total employment. The WTTC predicted that by 2023, travel and tourism will directly generate 1,785,000 jobs and support an overall total of 3,891,000 jobs, or 4.2 percent of the country's total employment. This would represent an annual growth rate in direct jobs of 2.9 percent. Domestic spending generated 97.7 percent of direct travel and tourism gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Bangladesh's world ranking in 2012 for travel and tourism's direct contribution to GDP, as a percentage of GDP, was 142 out of 176.
in 2014 125,000 tourists visited Bangladesh. This number is extremely low relative to total population. As of 22 May 2019 the total local population numbering 166,594,000 inhabitants. This gives a ratio of 1 tourist for every 1,333 locals.
Information and Communication Technology
Bangladesh's information technology sector is growing example of what can be achieved after the current government's relentless effort to create a skilled workforce in ICT sector. The ICT workforce consisted of private sector and freelance skilled ICT workforce. The ICT sector also contributed to Bangladesh's economic growth. The ICT adviser to the prime minister, Sajeeb Wazed Joy is hopeful that Bangladesh will become a major player in the ICT sector in the future.[109] In the last 3 years, Bangladesh has seen a tremendous growth in the ICT sector. Bangladesh is a market of 160 million people with vast consumer spending around mobile phones, telco and internet. Bangladesh has 80 million[110] internet users, an estimated 9% growth in internet use by June 2017 powered by mobile internet. Bangladesh currently has an active 23 million[111] Facebook users. Bangladesh currently has 143.1 million mobile phone customers.[110] Bangladesh has exported $800 million[112] worth of software, games, outsourcing and services to European countries, the United States, Canada, Russia and India by 30 June 2017. The Junior Minister for ICT division of the Ministry of Post, Telecommunications and Information Technology said that Bangladesh aims to raise its export earnings from the information and communications technology (ICT) sector to $5 billion by 2021.[113]
Inversión
The stock market capitalisation of the Dhaka Stock Exchange in Bangladesh crossed $10 billion in November 2007 and the $30 billion mark in 2009, and US$50 billion in August 2010.[114] Bangladesh had the best performing stock market in Asia during the recent global recession between 2007 and 2010, due to relatively low correlations with developed country stock markets.[115]
Major investment in real estate by domestic and foreign-resident Bangladeshis has led to a massive building boom in Dhaka and Chittagong.
Recent (2011) trends for investing in Bangladesh as Saudi Arabia trying to secure public and private investment in oil and gas, power and transportation projects, United Arab Emirates (UAE) is keen to invest in growing shipbuilding industry in Bangladesh encouraged by comparative cost advantage, Tata, an India-based leading industrial multinational to invest Taka 1500 crore to set up an automobile industry in Bangladesh, World Bank to invest in rural roads improving quality of live, the Rwandan entrepreneurs are keen to invest in Bangladesh's pharmaceuticals sector considering its potentiality in international market, Samsung sought to lease 500 industrial plots from the export zones authority to set up an electronics hub in Bangladesh with an investment of US$1.25 billion, National Board of Revenue (NBR) is set to withdraw tax rebate facilities on investment in the capital market by individual taxpayers from the fiscal 2011–12.[116] In 2011, Japan Bank for International Cooperation ranked Bangladesh as the 15th best investment destination for foreign investors.[117]
2010–11 market crash
The bullish capital market turned bearish during 2010, with the exchange losing 1,800 points between December 2010 and January 2011.[118] Millions of investors have been rendered bankrupt as a result of the market crash. The crash is believed to be caused artificially to benefit a handful of players at the expense of the big players.[118]
Companies
The list includes ten largest Bangladeshi companies by trading value (millions in BDT) in 2018.[119][120]
Rank | Company | Trading name at Dhaka Stock Exchange | Headquarters | Industry | Trading Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Square Pharmaceuticals Limited | SQURPHARMA | Dhaka | Pharmaceuticals | 449.8880 |
2 | Dragon Sweater and Spinning Limited | DSSL | Dhaka | Apparel | 129.4030 |
3 | Ifad Autos Limited | IFADAUTOS | Dhaka | Automotive | 117.5370 |
4 | Grameenphone Private Limited | GP | Dhaka | Telecommunications | 106.8660 |
5 | Bangladesh Thai Aluminium Ltd | BDTHAI | Dhaka | Manufacturing | 99.7690 |
6 | City Bank Limited | CITYBANK | Dhaka | Banking | 78.6010 |
7 | Golden Harvest | GHAIL | Dhaka | Agriculture | 76.6710 |
8 | IPDC Finance Limited | IPDC | Dhaka | Financial Services | 67.0430 |
9 | Olympic industries limited | OLYMPIC | Dhaka | Manufacturing | 60.5570 |
10 | Shahjalal Islami Bank Limited | SHAHJABANK | Dhaka | Banking | 53.1710 |
Composition of economic sectors
The Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) has predicted textile exports will rise from US$7.90 billion earned in 2005–06 to US$15 billion by 2011. In part this optimism stems from how well the sector has fared since the end of textile and clothing quotas, under the Multifibre Agreement, in early 2005.
According to a United Nations Development Programme report "Sewing Thoughts: How to Realize Human Development Gains in the Post-Quota World" Bangladesh has been able to offset a decline in European sales by cultivating new markets in the United States.[121]
"[In 2005] we had tremendous growth. The quota-free textile regime has proved to be a big boost for our factories," said BGMEA president S.M. Fazlul Hoque told reporters, after the sector's 24 per cent growth rate was revealed.[122]
The Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BKMEA) president Md Fazlul Hoque has also struck an optimistic tone. In an interview with United News Bangladesh he lauded the blistering growth rate, saying "The quality of our products and its competitiveness in terms of prices helped the sector achieve such... tremendous success."
Knitwear posted the strongest growth of all textile products in 2005–06, surging 35.38 per cent to US$2.82 billion. On the downside however, the sector's strong growth came amid sharp falls in prices for textile products on the world market, with growth subsequently dependent upon large increases in volume.
Bangladesh's quest to boost the quantity of textile trade was also helped by US and EU caps on Chinese textiles. The US cap restricts growth in imports of Chinese textiles to 12.5 per cent next year and between 15 and 16 per cent in 2008. The EU deal similarly manages import growth until 2008.
Bangladesh may continue to benefit from these restrictions over the next two years, however a climate of falling global textile prices forces wage rates the centre of the nation's efforts to increase market share.
They offer a range of incentives to potential investors including 10-year tax holidays, duty-free import of capital goods, raw materials and building materials, exemptions on income tax on salaries paid to foreign nationals for three years and dividend tax exemptions for the period of the tax holiday.
All goods produced in the zones are able to be exported duty-free, in addition to which Bangladesh benefits from the Generalised System of Preferences in US, European and Japanese markets and is also endowed with Most Favoured Nation status from the United States.
Furthermore, Bangladesh imposes no ceiling on investment in the EPZs and allows full repatriation of profits.
The formation of labour unions within the EPZs is prohibited as are strikes.[123]
Bangladesh has been a world leader in its efforts to end the use of child labour in garment factories. On 4 July 1995, the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association, International Labour Organization, and UNICEF signed a memorandum of understanding on the elimination of child labour in the garment sector. Implementation of this pioneering agreement began in fall 1995, and by the end of 1999, child labour in the garment trade virtually had been eliminated.[124] The labour-intensive process of ship breaking for scrap has developed to the point where it now meets most of Bangladesh's domestic steel needs. Other industries include sugar, tea, leather goods, newsprint, pharmaceutical, and fertilizer production.
The Bangladesh government continues to court foreign investment, something it has done fairly successfully in private power generation and gas exploration and production, as well as in other sectors such as cellular telephony, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. In 1989, the same year it signed a bilateral investment treaty with the United States, it established a Board of Investment to simplify approval and start-up procedures for foreign investors, although in practice the board has done little to increase investment. The government created the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority to manage the various export processing zones. The agency currently manages EPZs in Adamjee, Chittagong, Comilla, Dhaka, Ishwardi, Karnaphuli, Mongla, and Uttara. An EPZ has also been proposed for Sylhet.[125] The government has given the private sector permission to build and operate competing EPZs-initial construction on a Korean EPZ started in 1999. In June 1999, the AFL-CIO petitioned the U.S. Government to deny Bangladesh access to U.S. markets under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), citing the country's failure to meet promises made in 1992 to allow freedom of association in EPZs.
El comercio internacional
Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has taken a heavy toll on almost all sectors of the economy, inter alia, most notably, it has caused a reduction of exports by 16.93 percent, and imports by 17 percent in the FY2019-20.[126]
In 2015, the top exports of Bangladesh are Non-Knit Men's Suits ($5.6B), Knit T-shirts ($5.28B), Knit Sweaters ($4.12B), Non-Knit Women's Suits ($3.66B) and Non-Knit Men's Shirts ($2.52B).[127] In 2015, the top imports of Bangladesh are Heavy Pure Woven Cotton ($1.33B), Refined Petroleum ($1.25B), Light Pure Woven Cotton ($1.12B), Raw Cotton ($1.01B) and Wheat ($900M).[127]
In 2015, the top export destinations of Bangladesh are the United States ($6.19B), Germany ($5.17B), the United Kingdom ($3.53B), France ($2.37B) and Spain ($2.29B).[127] In 2015, the top import origins are China ($13.9B), India ($5.51B), Singapore ($2.22B), Hong Kong ($1.47B) and Japan ($1.36B).[127]
Las mujeres de Bangladesh y la economía
As of 2014, female participation in the labour force is 58% as per World Bank data,[128] and male participation at 82%.
A 2007 World Bank report stated that the areas in which women's work force participation have increased the most are in the fields of agriculture, education and health and social work.[92] Over three-quarters of women in the labour force work in the agricultural sector. On the other hand, the International Labour Organization reports that women's workforce participation has only increased in the professional and administrative areas between 2000 and 2005, demonstrating women's increased participation in sectors that require higher education. Employment and labour force participation data from the World Bank, the UN, and the ILO vary and often under report on women's work due to unpaid labour and informal sector jobs.[129] Though these fields are mostly paid, women experience very different work conditions than men, including wage differences and work benefits. Women's wages are significantly lower than men's wages for the same job with women being paid as much as 60–75 percent less than what men make.[130]
One example of action that is being taken to improve female conditions in the work force is Non-Governmental Organisations. These NGOs encourage women to rely on their own self-savings, rather than external funds provide women with increased decision-making and participation within the family and society.[131] However, some NGOs that address microeconomic issues among individual families fail to deal with broader macroeconomic issues that prevent women's complete autonomy and advancement.[131]
Estadísticas históricas
Bangladesh has made significant strides in its economic sector performance since independence in 1971. Although the economy has improved vastly in the 1990s, Bangladesh still suffers in the area of foreign trade in South Asian. Despite major impediments to growth like the inefficiency of state-owned enterprises, a rapidly growing labour force that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, inadequate power supplies,[132] and slow implementation of economic reforms, Bangladesh has made some headway improving the climate for foreign investors and liberalising the capital markets; for example, it has negotiated with foreign firms for oil and gas exploration, bettered the countrywide distribution of cooking gas, and initiated the construction of natural gas pipelines and power stations. Progress on other economic reforms has been halting because of opposition from the bureaucracy, public sector unions, and other vested interest groups.
The especially severe floods of 1998 increased the flow of international aid. So far the global financial crisis has not had a major impact on the economy.[133] Foreign aid has seen a gradual decline over the last few decades but economists see this as a good sign for self-reliance.[134] There has been a dramatic growth in exports and remittance inflow which has helped the economy to expand at a steady rate.[135][136]
Bangladesh has been on the list of UN Least Developed Countries (LDC) since 1975. Bangladesh met the requirements to be recognised as a developing country in March, 2018.[137] Bangladesh's Gross National Income (GNI) $1,724 per capita, the Human Assets Index (HAI) 72 and the Economic Vulnerability (EVI) Index 25.2.[137][138]
Gross export and import
Fiscal Year | Total Export (in bn. US$) | Total Import (in bn. US$) | Foreign Remittance Earnings (in bn. US$) |
---|---|---|---|
2007–2008 | $14.11 | $25.21 | $8.9b |
2008–2009 | $15.56 | $22.51 | $9.68b |
2009–2010 | $16.7 | $23.83 | $10.87 |
2010–2011 | $22.93 | $32b | $11.65 |
2011–2012 | $24.30 | $35.92 | $12.85 |
2012–2013 | $27.09 | $34.09 | $14.4 |
2013–2014 | $30.10 | $34.08 | $14.2 |
2014–2015 | $31.014 | $47.260 | $14.23 |
2015-2016 | $33.661 | $49.436 | $13.60 |
2016-2017 | $37.966 | $59.561 | $12.76 |
2017-2018 | $37.612 | $67.133 | $15.31 |
2018-2019 | $41.53 | $68.103 | $14.98 |
Ver también
- Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development
- Electricity sector in Bangladesh
- Automotive industry in Bangladesh
- Bangladeshi RMG Sector
- Ceramics industry in Bangladesh
- Electronics industry in Bangladesh
- Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce & Industries
- List of companies of Bangladesh
- List of megaprojects in Bangladesh
- List of the largest trading partners of Bangladesh
- Ministry of Industries (Bangladesh)
- 3G (countries)
- Corruption in Bangladesh
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enlaces externos
- Bangladesh Economic Development at Curlie
- Bangladesh Economic News
- Bangladesh Budget 2007 – 2008
- Budget in Brief 2016–17
- World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Bangladesh, 2007
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State website https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/. (U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets) This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/.