Euclides Creek es un largo de 43 millas (69 km) corriente situada en Cuyahoga y Lago condados en el estado de Ohio en los Estados Unidos. El ramal principal de 11,5 millas (18,5 km) de largo va desde la reserva Euclid Creek de los Cleveland Metroparks hasta el lago Erie . La rama oeste (también conocida como sur) generalmente se considera parte de la rama principal y se extiende otras 16 millas (26 km) hasta las cabeceras del arroyo en Beachwood, Ohio . El ramal este tiene una extensión de 31 km y tiene cabeceras en Willoughby Hills, Ohio .
Euclid Creek | |
---|---|
Ubicación de la desembocadura de Euclid Creek en Ohio | |
Localización | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Expresar | Ohio |
condado | Condado de Cuyahoga |
Características físicas | |
Fuente | |
• localización | Cerca de 26611 Fairmount Blvd., Beachwood, Ohio |
• coordenadas | 41 ° 29′14.1894 ″ N 81 ° 29′25.4322 ″ W / 41.487274833 ° N 81.490397833 ° W [1] |
• elevación | 330 m (1.083 pies) |
Boca | Lago Erie |
• localización | Condado de Cuyahoga, Ohio |
• coordenadas | 41 ° 35′13.1778 ″ N 81 ° 33′55.443 ″ W / 41.586993833 ° N 81.56540083 ° W [1]Coordenadas : 41 ° 35′13.1778 ″ N 81 ° 33′55.443 ″ W / 41.586993833 ° N 81.56540083 ° W |
• elevación | 177 m (581 pies) [1] |
Largo | 74,8 km |
Tamaño de la cuenca | 23 millas cuadradas (60 km 2 ) |
La corriente ha expuesto formaciones geológicas que resultaron ser de importancia para la ciencia, y estas formaciones demostraron ser económicamente importantes en el área de Cleveland , Ohio , a principios y mediados del siglo XIX. Cinco obstrucciones importantes en el canal afectan el arroyo, que atraviesa un área densamente urbanizada al este de Cleveland. Algunas partes del arroyo tienen alcantarillas y canales , y el arroyo ha estado muy contaminado en el pasado. Aunque el nivel de contaminación ha disminuido en los últimos 30 años, la pesquería sigue estando significativamente deteriorada. El desarrollo de asentamientos a lo largo de Euclid Creek es una parte importante de la historia del desarrollo del lado este de Cleveland, y algunos de los principales desarrollos minoristas en la cuenca en los últimos 60 años han afectado al arroyo.
Ubicación y flujos
Euclid Creek es un arroyo que se origina en el condado de Cuyahoga, Ohio. Fluye a través del condado de Cuyahoga y una pequeña parte del condado de Lake antes de desembocar en el lago Erie. [2] Euclid Creek es uno de los aproximadamente 100 arroyos que desembocan directamente en el lago. [3] Doan Brook y Euclid Creek son los más grandes de los afluentes menores del lago Erie. [4]
El arroyo consta de una rama principal, una rama este y varios afluentes con nombre y sin nombre. Muchas fuentes dicen que el ramal principal se extiende desde la desembocadura del arroyo a unas 11,5 millas (18,5 km) río arriba, donde se encuentran un ramal este y un ramal oeste (o sur). [5] La cuenca drenada por este segmento del arroyo tiene un tamaño de aproximadamente 3 millas cuadradas (7,8 km 2 ). [2] Sin embargo, la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Ohio (Ohio EPA) trata la rama principal y la rama oeste como una única rama principal, que es la descripción utilizada en este artículo. [6] Aguas arriba de la confluencia de los dos arroyos, la rama principal / oeste se extiende por otras 16 millas (26 km) y drena una cuenca de aproximadamente 8.5 millas cuadradas (22 km 2 ). El ramal este tiene 19 millas (31 km) de largo y drena una cuenca de aproximadamente 12,5 millas cuadradas (32 km 2 ). [6] El ramal principal y el ramal este (excluidos los afluentes) tienen una longitud combinada de 74,8 km (46,5 millas), con una línea divisoria de aguas combinada de aproximadamente 62 km 2 (24 millas cuadradas ) de tamaño. [2] Más de 100 arroyos forman las cabeceras de Euclid Creek. [7]
La cuenca de Euclid Creek es una de las áreas más urbanizadas de la costa del lago Erie en Ohio. [8] La cuenca contiene 11 ciudades, 10 de las cuales se encuentran en el condado de Cuyahoga. [3] [9] Aproximadamente 68.000 personas viven en la cuenca. [2]
Euclides Creek tiene un promedio de grado de 55 pies por milla (10,4 m / km), o un 1,04 por ciento, un nivel muy alto gradiente de una corriente. [2] El gradiente varía de un lugar a otro a lo largo del arroyo. Cerca de sus cabeceras, la pendiente es de 37 pies por milla (7,0 m / km), mientras que dentro del Euclid Reservation Metropark la pendiente aumenta a 58 pies por milla (11,0 m / km). En la laguna cercana a su desembocadura, [a] la pendiente es de solo 0,1 pies por milla (1,9 cm / km). [6]
Geología subyacente
Euclid Creek fluye sobre un lecho rocoso de más de 360 millones de años. [6] Esto incluye 365 millones de años [12] Chagrin Shale , [13] 360 millones de años [14] Cleveland Shale , [13] 358,9 millones de años [15] Formación Bedford , [13] 360 millones años [16] Berea Sandstone , [b] y la lutita Orangeville de la Formación Cuyahoga de 354,8 a 351,4 millones de años . [13] [c] La arenisca de Berea es altamente resistente a la erosión, y las cascadas más altas en Euclid Creek ocurren donde el arroyo ha cortado hasta Berea. [19]
Topográficamente, la geología subyacente crea tres áreas distintas: la meseta de Allegheny , la escarpa de Portage y la llanura de Erie . [20] Las cabeceras de las ramas principal y este se encuentran en la meseta de Allegheny. Los dos arroyos descienden sobre las empinadas terrazas de la escarpa de Portage antes de llegar a la llanura relativamente plana de Erie y desembocar en el lago Erie. [21] La última etapa de la glaciación de Wisconsin (la última edad de hielo) comenzó hace unos 85.000 años, [22] y en Ohio llegó tan al sur como la escarpa de Portage antes de detenerse. [23] Esta capa de hielo no solo dio forma al relieve de la tierra, dejando atrás colinas bajas y redondeadas, llanuras irregulares y depresiones que se convirtieron en humedales [5], sino que también dejó labranza glacial y erráticos en la mayor parte del lecho rocoso. [19] Una cresta morrena baja , Euclid Moraine, aparece al este de Euclid Creek. [24] [25] Esta cresta morrena se extiende 2 millas (3,2 km) hasta Willoughby, Ohio , desde Euclid Creek. [25] Una porción de la rama este fluye a lo largo del borde sur de esta morrena. [4]
Fósiles
El Chagrin Shale expuesto por Euclid Creek contiene muchos fósiles de artrópodos diferentes , incluidos Camarotoechia , Lingula , Nucleata , Orbiculoidea y cinco especies de Echinocaris . [26] También se ha encontrado un fósil solitario de un decápodo , Paleopalaemon , y fragmentos indeterminados del crustáceo Mesothyra . [27] En 1960, una nueva especie de pez con aletas lobuladas , Chagrinia enodis , fue encontrada erosionada en Chagrin Shale en la Reserva Euclid Creek. [28] [29]
Se sabe que Cleveland Shale a lo largo de Euclid Creek contiene restos fósiles limitados. Se han identificado fragmentos de lo que podría ser la planta Sporangites . [30] Se pueden encontrar fósiles de braquiópodos en algunos lugares de las capas superiores de la formación. Generalmente se trata de Lingula y Orbiculoidea , aunque en muy raras ocasiones se pueden encontrar otras especies. [31] Otro fósil, que alguna vez se creyó que era el artrópodo Spathiocaris [31] pero que en 2017 fue reinterpretado para ser un aptychus ammonoide , [32] también se puede encontrar. Los dientes, escamas y, a veces, huesos o armaduras de peces fósiles son los fósiles más frecuentes que se encuentran. Una revisión en 2008 identificó 65 taxones de vertebrados, representados principalmente por Chondrichthyes (32 especies), Placodermi (28 especies) y Osteichthyes (cinco especies). [33]
Donde está expuesta por Euclid Creek, Bedford Shale generalmente contiene un extenso registro fósil [34] en su parte más inferior. [35] Estos incluyen braquiópodos como Lingula , Orbiculoidea y el gran Syringothyris bedfordensis ; moluscos , particularmente bivalvos ; [35] y peces del Devónico. [36]
Rama principal
El Sistema de Información de Nombres Geográficos del Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos ubica las cabeceras de la rama principal / oeste de Euclid Creek entre Fairmount Blvd. y Fairwood Court en Beachwood, Ohio ( 41 ° 29′13.0 ″ N 81 ° 29′25.1 ″ W / 41.486944 ° N 81.490306 ° W / 41.486944; -81.490306). [1] La División de Aguas Superficiales de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Ohio ubica las cabeceras aproximadamente a 0.5 millas (0.80 km) al norte, en la Reserva Acacia de Cleveland Metroparks en Lyndhurst, Ohio ( 41 ° 30′18.7 ″ N 81 ° 29′37.3 ″ W / 41.505194 ° N 81.493694 ° W / 41.505194; -81.493694). [2] Ambos se encuentran a una altura de 370 m (1.200 pies) sobre el nivel medio del mar . [37] Esta es un área de montículos y montículos con suelo que varía de mal drenado a moderadamente bien drenado. La permeabilidad del suelo es de lenta a moderadamente lenta. [38]
La rama principal de Euclid Creek serpentea suavemente sobre una meseta casi nivelada a través de las ciudades de Lyndhurst, Mayfield Heights , Richmond Heights , South Euclid y Euclid . La permeabilidad del suelo mejora en Richmond Heights, South Euclid y Euclid, desde moderadamente lento a moderadamente rápido. [38] Después de pasar por la escarpa de Portage, la corriente fluye a través del sedimento lacustre , de arena fina y franco de la llanura de Erie. Aquí el suelo está moderadamente bien drenado y rápidamente permeable. [39] Gran parte del lecho de la rama principal fue determinado por la glaciación de Wisconsin. [19] [d]
El ramal principal pasa por algunos de los terrenos más densamente urbanizados del condado de Cuyahoga. Queda poca llanura aluvial o riberas intactas . La mala permeabilidad del suelo en gran parte de la longitud de la corriente y las extensas superficies impermeables del paisaje urbano contribuyen a los flujos de corrientes similares a las inundaciones repentinas . Estos flujos inhiben la cantidad y diversidad de poblaciones de peces e insectos acuáticos . [41]
Donde cae sobre la escarpa de Portage, la rama principal ha excavado un desfiladero de 4,43 km (2,75 millas) de largo. [42] [e] En la cabecera (extremo sur) del desfiladero, en lo que ahora es la intersección de E. Green Road y Anderson Road, el arroyo cae sobre una cascada. [45] La garganta tiene 100 pies (30 m) [46] a 180 pies (55 m) de profundidad [47] y un promedio de 600 pies (180 m) de ancho. [47] [46] Euclid Creek serpentea a través del fondo plano del desfiladero, [48] donde ha excavado un canal de 10 pies (3,0 m) de profundidad en el suelo aluvial y la roca de lutita. [46] Aunque la profundidad de Euclid Creek en el desfiladero no suele ser superior a los tobillos a las rodillas, el arroyo ha erosionado algunos baches profundos en el lecho de esquisto, algunos de hasta 8 pies (2,4 m) de profundidad. [49]
Emergiendo de este desfiladero donde se unen Euclid Avenue y Chardon Road hoy, el arroyo serpentea a través de Erie Plain, [46] un área relativamente plana con colinas bajas y onduladas. [50] Ha excavado un canal de 200 pies (61 m) de ancho y 40 pies (12 m) de profundidad en la llanura de Erie. [51]
La desembocadura de Euclid Creek se encuentra en el lago Erie en 41 ° 35′10.2366 ″ N 81 ° 33′54.8166 ″ W / 41.586176833 ° N 81.565226833 ° W / 41.586176833; -81.565226833, [3] 570 pies (170 m) sobre el nivel medio del mar. [2]
Rama Este
Las cabeceras de la rama este de Euclid Creek están ubicadas cerca de la Interestatal 271 , a unos 120 m (400 pies) al sur de 32500 Chardon Road en Willoughby Hills, Ohio ( 41 ° 34′48.4 ″ N 81 ° 26′57.8 ″ W / 41.580111 ° N 81.449389 ° W / 41.580111; -81.449389). [52] La elevación en estas cabeceras es de aproximadamente 860,5 pies (262,3 m) sobre el nivel medio del mar. El ramal este se une al ramal principal / oeste del arroyo en la Reserva Euclid Creek [53] [f] de Cleveland Metroparks a unos 400 pies (120 m) al sur-sureste de la intersección de Highland Road y Metropark Drive ( 41 ° 33′40.4 ″ N 81 ° 31′50.7 ″ W / 41.561222 ° N 81.530750 ° W / 41.561222; -81.530750). La elevación en la confluencia de las dos ramas es de aproximadamente 651,9 pies (198,7 m).
Desde sus cabeceras, la rama este fluye principalmente a lo largo de un este-oeste aproximadamente paralela a la escarpa de Portage en un profundo barranco. Aunque las orillas de los arroyos están casi intactas y el barranco elimina cualquier posibilidad de una llanura aluvial, casi todos los afluentes del brazo este han sido canalizados, alcantarillados y han perdido su llanura aluvial debido al desarrollo urbano. [41]
Cuenca
La cuenca de Euclid Creek es casi única entre los arroyos de Ohio, ya que no contiene tierras agrícolas y está desarrollada en más del 80 por ciento. [54] Se proyecta que la tierra no urbanizada se construirá en las próximas décadas mediante la construcción industrial ligera, de oficinas, residencial y comercial. Es probable que el desarrollo residencial sean edificios de apartamentos o casas adosadas agrupadas, manteniendo la tendencia nacional de alejarse de las viviendas unifamiliares. Esto ejercerá una nueva presión sobre la calidad del agua de Euclid Creek. [55] El aeropuerto del condado de Cuyahoga es el mayor terrateniente dentro de la cuenca. Seis afluentes de la rama este viajan a través, debajo o adyacentes a los 640 acres (2,6 km 2 ) del aeropuerto . [56]
Aproximadamente 557,8 acres (2,257 km 2 ) de la cuenca hidrográfica de Euclid Creek están protegidos. Esto incluye los 209 acres (0,85 km 2 ) de la Reserva de Lower Euclid Creek [g] y 345 acres (1,40 km 2 ) de la Reserva de Euclid Creek. La reserva combinada es uno de los parques más utilizados en el sistema Cleveland Metroparks. El uso durante los fines de semana en el verano excede rutinariamente la capacidad del parque, causando la compactación del suelo, la basura y el vertido ilegal. [58] El Distrito de Conservación de Agua y Suelo de Cuyahoga posee dos servidumbres de conservación (por un total de 13,8 acres (0,056 km 2 )) que cubren las cabeceras de Euclid Creek en Lyndhurst y Mayfield. [59] La ciudad de Richmond Heights posee una servidumbre de conservación sobre el barranco y los humedales de Verbsky Creek, y ha impuesto una restricción de escritura ambiental sobre Claribel Creek entre el Ayuntamiento de Richmond Heights y el Parque Comunitario de Richmond Heights. [60]
Quedan pocos humedales en la cuenca hidrográfica de Euclid Creek. Existen humedales notables adyacentes al Parque Comunitario de Highland Heights, en la cabecera de un importante afluente del brazo este; la Reserva Acacia; y porciones de la llanura aluvial del ramal este. Se desconoce la salud de estos humedales. [61]
Subcuencas
La cuenca del arroyo tiene siete subcuencas distintivas. [62] Estos son:
Subcuenca 1: Erie Plains en el vecindario de Nottingham: esta área de 23 millas cuadradas (60 km 2 ) contiene 3 millas (4.8 km) de la corriente secundaria principal, entre la reserva del lago Erie / Lower Euclid Creek y la reserva Euclid Creek. Aproximadamente el 6 por ciento de esta área no está desarrollada y más del 25 por ciento está cubierta con superficies impermeables como estacionamientos o edificios. La costa del lago Erie y la laguna de Euclid Creek han sido altamente modificadas para acomodar playas de baño, marinas , desarrollos en tierra, parques, muelles y otros desarrollos y usos. Se han eliminado las marismas y un meandro , aunque se ha producido una restauración parcial de la llanura aluvial y el arroyo. Entre el parque y la Interestatal 90 , Euclid Creek está altamente canalizado, aunque existe una zona ribereña a cada lado que protege el arroyo del denso desarrollo urbano adyacente a él. En Villaview Road, el arroyo ingresa a un largo túnel que lo lleva por debajo de la Interestatal 90. Emerge brevemente en E. 185th Street, donde St. Clair Spillway ayuda a mantener baja la velocidad del arroyo. [h] El arroyo luego entra en un túnel corto para pasar por debajo de las vías del ferrocarril CSX . Entre las vías del ferrocarril y la Reserva de Euclid Creek, gran parte de Euclid Creek corre en un canal de concreto completado como parte de un proyecto de control de inundaciones. Los bancos de arena (acumulación de escombros y sedimentos) han empeorado en esta zona, reduciendo la eficacia de la medida de control de inundaciones. [63] Se producen extensos vertidos ilegales en el arroyo entre Lakeshore Blvd. y la Reserva Euclid Creek. [62]
Subcuenca 2: Reserva de Euclid Creek: esta área de 10 millas cuadradas (26 km 2 ) contiene 6,8 millas (10,9 km) del ramal principal y afluentes en la Reserva de Euclid Creek. Aproximadamente el 20 por ciento de esta área no está desarrollada, con un 11 a 15 por ciento cubierta con superficies impermeables como tejados de edificios, jardines y estacionamientos. La línea divisoria de aguas aquí es en gran parte natural y está encerrada en un valle amplio y profundo cuyas paredes son en su mayoría lecho de roca. En el parque se producen vertidos ilegales limitados, y la calidad del agua del arroyo se ve afectada por la escorrentía superficial contaminada de las áreas residenciales cercanas después de fuertes tormentas. [i] Verbsky Creek, [60] [64] un afluente de aproximadamente 1,5 millas (2,4 km) de largo, se une al ramal este justo antes de la confluencia del ramal este con el ramal principal. Corre al oeste de Highland Road, cruzando al este de la calle a unos 200 pies (61 m) al este de la intersección de Georgetown Road y Hilltop Road. Cruza Highland Road nuevamente y gira hacia el sur entre Highland Ridge Drive y Donna Drive, pasando por y debajo de desarrollos residenciales. Redstone Run, una corriente de 2,65 millas (4,26 km), [60] [64] se une a Verbsky Creek justo antes de que Verbsky Creek cruce al este de Highland Road. Viaja de este a sureste a través de un barranco densamente boscoso bordeado por urbanizaciones antes de girar hacia el sur al norte de Hillcrest Drive. Fluyendo a través de una serie de alcantarillas, túneles y zanjas abiertas, cruza Highland Road justo al oeste de Karl Drive, fluye hacia el sureste por unos 250 pies (76 m), gira hacia el sur y corre entre Harris Drive y Catlin Drive por unos 800 pies (240 pies). m), luego corre hacia el sureste hasta justo al norte de la intersección de Jefferson Lane y Monticello Place. Luego viaja hacia el este hasta Richmond Road, donde su cabecera antes comenzaba debajo de lo que ahora es el centro comercial Richmond Town Square. [53]
Subcuenca 3: Lower East Branch: esta área de 12,5 millas cuadradas (32 km 2 ) contiene 7,8 millas (12,6 km) de la corriente de la rama este y cuatro afluentes en las ciudades de Richmond Heights y Highland Heights . Aproximadamente el 23 por ciento de esta área no está desarrollada, con un 11 a un 25 por ciento cubierta con superficies impermeables. Euclid Creek fluye a través de un barranco con laderas empinadas en esta subcuenca, lo que ha desalentado en gran medida las alteraciones del arroyo, las riberas y las áreas ribereñas adyacentes. El desarrollo residencial en esta subcuenca consiste principalmente en viviendas unifamiliares en lotes grandes, lo que ha mantenido las superficies impermeables y el impacto poblacional bajo. Existe cierto deterioro de la calidad del agua debido a vertidos ilegales (principalmente a lo largo de Chardon Road), desbordamientos del sistema séptico , escorrentía superficial impermeable y mala gestión de la tierra (principalmente erosión y contaminantes a base de fertilizantes). Una presa y un estanque obstruyen el ramal este al oeste de Bishop Road. [j] Stevenson Brook, un afluente de 1,9 millas (3,1 km) de largo, entra en el ramal este al norte del final de Balmoral Drive. Viaja principalmente al sur-sureste a través de un barranco profundo y densamente boscoso, paralelo a Balmoral Drive y luego a Douglas Blvd., antes de girar al sureste y cruzar Highland Road a través de una alcantarilla en Snavely Road. El arroyo continúa hacia el sureste en un canal abierto hasta que cruza Richmond Road al norte de Foxlair Trail. Viaja en gran parte hacia el este para comenzar en un estanque de retención al norte de Loxley Drive. El barranco adyacente a Douglas Blvd. contiene una presa de mampostería, detrás de la cual hay un pequeño lago enlodado. Los restos de varias otras estructuras de presas existen en Stevenson Brook aguas abajo de esta presa, y también puede haber restos de molinos o aserraderos . [60] [64] Claribel Creek, un afluente de 1,9 millas (3,1 km) de largo, entra en la rama este al noroeste del final de Country Lane. Es en gran parte paralela a Royal Oak y Cary Jay Blvds., Fluyendo hacia el sureste y luego hacia el sur. Al sureste de la intersección de Euclid Chagrin Parkway y Cary Jay Blvd., la presa Mayfair confina el lago Mayfair de 4 acres (0,016 km 2 ). En el extremo sur del lago, la corriente atraviesa una serie de canales y alcantarillas y gira al sureste y luego al este-sureste, cruzando Highland Road al este de la intersección con Richmond Park East. Luego gira al sureste y luego al sur, entre Charles Place y Sunbury Drive. [60] [64] Un pequeño afluente entra en el ramal este al sur de Edgemont Road, avanzando hacia el sur entre Knollwood y Bridgeport Trails y pasando por una zona boscosa al sur de Allendale Road antes de girar hacia el este para cruzar Richmond Road y entrar en los terrenos de Cuyahoga. Aeropuerto del condado . Otro afluente se une al ramal este al este del extremo este de Brushview Drive. Viaja hacia el sureste y se ve obstaculizado por dos presas antes de cruzar White Road al este de Patricia Drive. Viaja de sur a sureste a través de los terrenos del aeropuerto del condado de Cuyahoga antes de cruzar Bishop Road al norte de Euclid Chagrin Parkway. Continúa en gran parte hacia el sur para terminar al noreste de la intersección de Bishop Road y Canterbury Lane. [66] Estos tres afluentes grandes y dos pequeños se originan en arroyos anchos y poco profundos en la meseta de los Apalaches, [67] luego entran en valles profundos a medida que descienden por la escarpa de Portage. Las porciones superiores de los afluentes tienden a verse fuertemente afectadas por el desarrollo, mientras que las porciones inferiores no. [66]
Subcuenca 4: Upper East Branch: esta área de 3,2 millas cuadradas (8,3 km 2 ) contiene 6,3 millas (10,1 km) de la corriente de la rama este y cuatro afluentes en las ciudades de Highland Heights y Willoughby Hills. Aproximadamente el 17 por ciento de esta área no está desarrollada y entre el 11 y el 25 por ciento está cubierta con superficies impermeables. Aunque se les ha realizado canalización, alcantarillado, enderezamiento de arroyos y otros cambios, algunas porciones de los afluentes conservan sus canales naturales, riberas y llanuras aluviales. [68]
Subcuenca 5: Upper East Branch / Chagrin Plateau - Esta área de 3.5 millas cuadradas (9.1 km 2 ) contiene 5.3 millas (8.5 km) de la rama este en las ciudades de Highland Heights, Willoughby Hills y Mayfield Heights. Aproximadamente el 25 por ciento de esta área no está desarrollada y entre el 10 y el 20 por ciento está cubierta con superficies impermeables. Muy canalizada, a veces en un lecho de hormigón, la rama este de Euclid Creek se forma justo al oeste de la Interestatal 271. [69] [k]
Subcuenca 6: Highlands: esta área de 2.8 millas cuadradas (7.3 km 2 ) contiene 3.1 millas (5.0 km) de la rama principal en las ciudades de Lyndhurst y Mayfield Heights. Aproximadamente el 3 por ciento de esta área no está desarrollada y más del 25 por ciento está cubierta con superficies impermeables. Esta subcuenca incluye un gran afluente sin nombre de Euclid Creek, que ingresa al ramal principal cerca del extremo norte de la Reserva Euclid Creek. Todos menos los últimos 0,5 millas (0,80 km) del afluente han sido enterrados en túneles, alcantarillado y canalizado. La última parte, al sur de Edenhurst Road, sigue siendo en gran parte natural. [70]
Subcuenca 7: Cabeceras: esta área de 5,17 millas cuadradas (13,4 km 2 ) contiene 6 millas (9,7 km) de la rama principal en las ciudades de South Euclid, Lyndhurst y Beachwood. Aproximadamente el 7 por ciento de esta área no está desarrollada y está cubierta del 10 al 25 por ciento con superficies impermeables. Esta subcuenca es muy residencial. La canalización mediante gaviones es común en las áreas residenciales, aunque algunas llanuras aluviales permanecen al norte de Mayfield Road. El arroyo mantiene su estado natural al pasar por Mayfield Sand Ridge Club (un campo de golf privado ) y por la Reserva Acacia de Cleveland Metroparks. [71] Una alcantarilla permite que el arroyo pase por debajo de Mayfield Road [72] Aguas arriba de la Reserva Acacia, las cabeceras están extremadamente canalizadas, con alcantarillas y contenidas en un lecho artificial. [71]
Represas y obstrucciones en el canal
Había cinco represas en Euclid Creek en 2017. [73] [74] Ninguna de ellas genera energía o proporciona control de inundaciones, [75] y todas impiden el movimiento de peces y recursos acuáticos vitales para la salud de Euclid Creek. Las presas son:
- Aliviadero de St. Clair: este aliviadero de hormigón de 9 a 10 pies (2,7 a 3,0 m) de altura impide la migración de peces en Euclid Creek y ha afectado negativamente el hábitat que lo rodea. [76]
- Represa David Myers Parkway: esta represa de hormigón de 0,91 a 1,22 m (3 a 4 pies) de altura ayuda a reducir la velocidad del arroyo a medida que pasa entre David Myers Parkway y el estacionamiento del complejo de apartamentos The Hamptons (al oeste de la Cala). [76]
- Presa de Mayfair: esta presa, ubicada en 25959 Highland Road en Richmond Heights en el sitio del antiguo club de natación y tenis de Mayfair, incauta el lago Mayfair de 4 acres (0,016 km 2 ). Una tubería actúa como un aliviadero para permitir que el agua del lago continúe por Euclid Creek. [77] Desde al menos 1988, el lago ha sido altamente eutrófico , y la acumulación de sedimentos en su extremo sur ha creado un delta poco profundo que limita su uso. [78]
- Dumbarton Blvd. Presa: esta presa de mampostería de 12 a 14 pies (3,7 a 4,3 m) de altura [76] se encuentra a unos 400 pies (120 m) al norte de la intersección de Dumbarton Blvd. y Douglas Blvd. Construido en algún momento en el siglo XIX, una vez se apoderó de un importante depósito. Está lleno de sedimentos y ahora solo existe un pequeño estanque. [60]
- Presa White Road: esta presa contiene aproximadamente 600 pies (180 m) de un afluente del brazo este. Una calzada, que lleva el camino de acceso a 27511 White Road, está perforada por una alcantarilla. [76]
La presa de la reserva Euclid Creek, una presa de presa de 8 pies (2,4 m) de altura, fue retirada en diciembre de 2010. [79] [74] Esta presa ayudó a reducir la velocidad del ramal este al pasar por debajo del puente que lleva a Highland Avenue reduciendo significativamente la posibilidad de fregar . [80]
Existen otros 10 pequeños estanques o cuencas de detención dentro de la cuenca hidrográfica de Euclid Creek. Estos estanques, que son de propiedad pública y privada, están alineados con el arroyo y proporcionan control de desbordamiento de aguas pluviales. Otros siete a 15 estanques en línea de propiedad privada en Euclid Creek brindan mejoras estéticas a los propietarios de tierras. No se ha evaluado el beneficio que brindan en términos de calidad del agua y mejora del hábitat. Muchos se están llenando de sedimentos. [81]
Alcantarillas y canalización
Aproximadamente 10,4 millas (16,7 km) (24,18 por ciento) de Euclid Creek están excavadas o contenidas dentro de un túnel enterrado. [82] Esto incluye el 9 por ciento del ramal principal aguas abajo de la reserva Euclid Creek, el 18 por ciento del ramal este y el 32 por ciento del ramal principal / oeste. [6]
Aproximadamente 4,7 millas (7,6 km) (10,9 por ciento) de Euclid Creek están canalizadas. La canalización incluye blindaje (con terraplenes de concreto), confinamiento (haciendo que los terraplenes sean más altos y verticales), atrincheramiento (profundización del canal), gaviones y enderezamiento. La canalización está destinada a prevenir inundaciones durante eventos de precipitación normales. Sin embargo, al confinar la corriente, la canalización también fortalece la velocidad del flujo de la corriente. Esto degrada el hábitat de los peces y los insectos acuáticos y empeora la erosión y las inundaciones durante los eventos de precipitación extrema. Un estudio de 2003 realizado por el Distrito Regional de Alcantarillado del Noreste de Ohio (NEORSD) encontró que 16 millas (26 km) de Euclid Creek mostraban niveles moderados a altos de erosión debido a la canalización. [83]
Contaminación
Deterioro de la contaminación
Ya en 1922, los científicos determinaron que Euclid Creek estaba "muy contaminado" por aguas residuales sin tratar . [84]
Las violaciones de las leyes y regulaciones estatales y federales sobre la calidad del agua fueron comunes en Euclid Creek durante las décadas de 1970 y 1980. [85] Entre 1977 y 2005, se eliminaron casi todas las fuentes industriales ilegales e ilícitas de contaminación y la mayoría de las descargas de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales. [86] Sin embargo, el control de la contaminación se ha mantenido un tanto esquivo. Un estudio de 1986 encontró que Euclid Creek desde la confluencia del ramal principal y este al norte hasta el lago Erie tenía agua de mala calidad. El arroyo tenía niveles altos a extremadamente altos de coliformes fecales (una bacteria dañina que causa enfermedades), fenoles , hierro total y plomo total . [87] El ambiente cercano a la costa en la desembocadura del arroyo también estaba en malas condiciones, con altos niveles de amoníaco , cobre , hierro, manganeso , níquel , fósforo total y zinc . También hubo niveles elevados de coliformes fecales. [88]
La planta de admisión y filtración de Nottingham no pudo verter desechos en el arroyo en febrero de 1988, aunque continuó haciéndolo al menos hasta 1990. [89] Todavía en 1989, el arroyo aguas abajo de Euclid Avenue todavía estaba negro con productos químicos y petróleo. contaminación. Un evento importante de contaminación no proveniente de fuentes en 1989 mató a seis salmones y entre 40 y 50 peces lechón en el arroyo, y los funcionarios de la EPA de Ohio temían que no hubiera más peces viviendo en el arroyo. [90] Una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de NEORSD todavía ventilaba diariamente en Euclid Creek en 1991 cerca de la intersección de St. Clair Avenue y E. 185th Street. [91] La ciudad de Willoughby Hills inauguró un proyecto de mejora de las aguas residuales de cuatro años (el interceptor tributario de Euclid Creek) en mayo de 2000 diseñado para poner fin a los desbordamientos de aguas residuales en la rama este de Euclid Creek [92]
Según muestras tomadas en 2000, los niveles de coliformes fecales habían caído en la rama principal y este por debajo de los estándares federales de calidad del agua, aunque varios afluentes aún no cumplían con el estándar. [93] Los niveles bajos de oxígeno disuelto , detectados a finales de la década de 1990 y principios de la de 2000, también parecen haberse corregido. [94] Aunque los niveles de fósforo se han reducido significativamente desde 1977, el 30 por ciento de las áreas de Euclid Creek muestreadas en 2003 estaban por encima del nivel objetivo de 0.07 miligramos por litro (4.0 × 10 −8 oz / cu in). [95]
A partir de 2005, Euclid Creek todavía sufría de una serie de contaminación y daños relacionados con la contaminación. Estos incluyen: la materia excesiva orgánica en el agua, los altos niveles de nutrientes , [l] y niveles elevados de bacterias causantes de enfermedades. Las principales fuentes de contaminación fueron los desbordamientos combinados de alcantarillado durante períodos de alta precipitación, [m] fuentes no puntuales , desbordamientos de tanques sépticos y aguas pluviales contaminadas . [97]
El arroyo continúa afectado por bacterias que causan enfermedades. El arroyo no cumplió con los estándares de coliformes fecales el 42 por ciento del tiempo en 2007. [98] Los niveles de coliformes fecales en la desembocadura del arroyo fueron, a veces, de miles de partes por 100 mililitros en 2008. En comparación, la mayoría de las áreas de natación de Cleveland tenía niveles de coliformes fecales en la adolescencia por cada 100 mililitros (o incluso más bajos). [99] Euclid Creek no cumplió con los estándares de coliformes fecales el 59 por ciento de las veces en 2008, lo que lo convirtió en uno de los diez lugares para nadar más contaminados de la nación, según el Consejo de Defensa de los Recursos Naturales . [100] El Consejo de Defensa de los Recursos Naturales declaró a Euclid Creek como el arroyo más contaminado en la región del Gran Cleveland en 2011. Continuó recibiendo más de 80 desbordes de aguas residuales cada verano, en comparación con un promedio nacional de dos o tres. [101] Esto se redujo a 60 veces al año en 2013. [102]
Control de polución
El control de la contaminación en Euclid Creek es responsabilidad de varias agencias y gobiernos. El Distrito Regional de Alcantarillado del Noreste de Ohio proporciona alcantarillado en la cuenca hidrográfica de Euclid Creek, con la excepción de Willoughby Hills y algunas áreas sin alcantarillado. El Distrito de Conservación de Agua y Suelo de Cuyahoga es la agencia de conservación líder que supervisa el arroyo y su cuenca. [103] Varios departamentos y agencias del condado de Cuyahoga supervisan la calidad del agua, la salud de las cuencas hidrográficas y el desarrollo económico y residencial. El Programa de Manejo Costero de Ohio, una división del Departamento de Recursos Naturales de Ohio (ODNR), está encargado por la Ley Federal de Manejo de Zonas Costeras de 1972 de proteger y mantener la parte cercana a la costa del lago Erie en la que desemboca Euclid Creek. [104]
La División de Aguas Superficiales de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Ohio ha designado el ramal principal aguas abajo de Anderson Road como Hábitat de Aguas Calientes, [n] mientras que el resto del arroyo y sus afluentes son Agua de Recursos Limitados. [106] [o] La sección de Euclid Creek entre Anderson Road y Euclid Avenue (la contenida en la Reserva Euclid Creek) ha sido designada como Agua de Recursos Estatales, [106] que la sujeta a las reglas anti-degradación establecidas por la EPA de Ohio. . [107] La EPA de Ohio también ha clasificado la mayor parte de Euclid Creek como Agua de Recreación de Contacto Primario, [106] indicando que debería ser seguro para los seres humanos sumergirse completamente sin protección. [107]
Pesquería
Desde la prehistoria hasta finales del siglo XIX, el lago Erie y sus afluentes mantuvieron una pesca saludable. [108] Euclides Creek no fue la excepción: A finales de 1800, el siluro , tipos de pez , el bajo bocazas , lechones , sunfish , [109] y moxostoma macrolepidotum [110] estaban todos atrapados en una base regular en Euclid Creek. Incluso el esturión de lago ocasional se encontró en el arroyo. [50] En 1918, los pescadores pescaban regularmente bagre, caballo rojo cabeza corta, chupones y percas amarillas en Euclid Creek. Las carpas eran, para entonces, también extremadamente comunes, y todavía se podían encontrar lobinas ocasionales. [111]
La contaminación y otros deterioros provocaron pérdidas significativas en el número y la diversidad de especies en la década de 1960. Un estudio de 1964 encontró que las especies de invertebrados se limitaban a moscas negras , cangrejos de río , moscas grullas , gusanos planos , sanguijuelas , efímeras , agachadizas y siete especies de mosquitos . Los únicos peces de caza que permanecieron en el arroyo fueron el chupapiés , el pez luna verde y el chupador blanco . Se observó que el salmón coho y la trucha arco iris (también conocida como trucha arco iris) ingresaban al arroyo, pero no se produjo ningún desove. Las especies de pececillos tolerantes a la contaminación fueron los únicos peces pequeños que quedaron. Estos incluyen la rodapiedras centro , común cacho Creek , Shiner común , lustrador de esmeralda , y rhinichthys obtusus . La rama este tenía una mayor diversidad de peces que la rama principal, pero era mucho menos diversa que la cercana Big Creek o el río Chagrin. [112] Una encuesta de 1978 encontró 11 especies de ranas y sapos , 13 especies de reptiles y 12 especies de salamandras en o cerca de Euclid Creek. El reptil más común fue la tortuga de caja . [113]
El deterioro de la contaminación de Euclid Creek empeoró en 1984. La calidad del agua era mala en todas las partes del arroyo. [114] Orthocladiinae (una subespecie de mosquito) y Oligochaeta (gusanos de lodo) constituían el 65 por ciento de toda la fauna recolectada en o cerca del arroyo. Los otros invertebrados que se encuentran en cualquier número incluían tábanos , efímeras y moscas de las piedras . [115] En un sitio de muestreo cerca de la intersección de Green y Anderson Roads, solo había una pequeña cantidad de peces, y muchos de ellos estaban infectados con hongos o estaban muertos. [116] La rama este de Euclid Creek exhibió la mayor diversidad de especies de cualquier segmento del arroyo. Sin embargo, sus 2 millas más bajas (3,2 km) se enriquecieron enormemente debido a los flujos de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales. [117] La diversidad de especies fue casi igual de buena en el segmento del arroyo que abarca la Reserva Euclid Creek, aunque el número de animales fue mucho menor. Esta porción de Euclid Creek pareció verse significativamente afectada por fuentes difusas. [118] Se encontró que toda la fauna en el arroyo estaba moderada a muy estresada por la contaminación. [115]
A finales del siglo XX, solo los peces lechón sobrevivían en Euclid Creek aguas arriba de su lacustre, y desaparecieron en 2000. [109]
Las poblaciones de peces en Euclid Creek permanecen deterioradas, [p] exhibiendo una baja diversidad y un alto porcentaje de especies tolerantes a la contaminación. Los peces depredadores de la parte superior de la cadena alimentaria están ausentes en el arroyo, un indicador común de un hábitat de arroyo insalubre. [120] Por encima del aliviadero de St. Clair, las poblaciones de peces son principalmente pececillos tolerantes a la contaminación [2] , como el stoneroller central, el chub de arroyo común y el dace de nariz negra occidental. Los dardos están ausentes y esto limita la capacidad del arroyo. [119] Debajo del aliviadero, se pueden encontrar salmón coho, [121] trucha arco iris, [74] [122] y lobina de boca chica [2] . [q] Mejorar las áreas costeras y lacustres de Euclid Creek es importante para aumentar la diversidad, la salud y la viabilidad de las poblaciones de peces en Euclid Creek. [125] El Departamento de Salud de Ohio no ha emitido advertencias sobre el consumo de pescado para el pescado capturado en Euclid Creek. [126]
Las poblaciones de macroinvertebrados que no son peces están menos afectadas que los peces en Euclid Creek. La diversidad, la salud y la cantidad de macroinvertebrados en la cuenca baja cumplen con los estándares de calidad del agua de la ODNR, aunque esto no es cierto para la cuenca superior (aguas arriba de la Reserva Euclid Creek). La población de macroinvertebrados está dominada por especies tolerantes a la contaminación como mosquitos y gusanos, con solo niveles bajos de mosca caddis, efímera y mosca de piedra. [127]
Flora y fauna
Aunque no se había realizado ningún estudio de vida silvestre de Euclid Creek hasta 2006, la evidencia anecdótica indica que la vida silvestre sustentada por el arroyo es típica de la que se encuentra en un área urbana con un extenso espacio verde : castor , garza azul , visón , zorro rojo , cola blanca ciervos , pavos salvajes y una pequeña (y quizás transitoria) población de coyotes en la Reserva Acacia. [7] Aunque no se conoce la existencia de anfibios, peces, invertebrados o mamíferos en peligro de extinción o amenazados en la cuenca de Euclid Creek, la falta de estudios extensos significa que no se puede descartar su presencia. [125]
Solo se ha estudiado una pequeña cantidad de áreas, de tamaño limitado, para identificar especies de plantas dentro de la cuenca hidrográfica de Euclid Creek. Se sabe que existen en la zona una planta en peligro de extinción y dos plantas poco comunes. Solidago puberula ("vara de oro vellosa") es una hierba perenne catalogada como en peligro de extinción en Ohio por la ODNR. La única población estable conocida de esta especie de planta en Ohio se encuentra en Highland Heights Community Park, cerca de la cabecera de un afluente de la rama este de Euclid Creek. Hypericum gentianoides (una especie de hierba de San Juan comúnmente conocida como "orangegrass" o "pineweed") y Rhynchospora capitellata (una especie de juncia comúnmente conocida como "beaksedge pardusco" o "junco picudo pardusco") también se encuentran en áreas húmedas del Parque Comunitario Highland Heights. Esta es la única ubicación conocida en el condado de Cuyahoga para cualquiera de las especies. [125]
Como arroyo muy perturbado, Euclid Creek se ve fuertemente afectado por una gran cantidad de especies de plantas invasoras . Phragmites australis (una hierba perenne ) es extremadamente común al norte de la reserva Euclid Creek y en casi todos los lugares donde se han alterado las orillas de los arroyos. Alliaria petiolata (mostaza de ajo) y Reynoutria japonica (knotweed japonés) se encuentran extensamente al norte de la reserva Euclid Creek. Otras especies invasoras comunes en toda la cuenca son el olivo otoñal , el espino cerval , varias especies de madreselva arbustiva , el cardo canadiense , la madreselva japonesa , la rosa multiflora , la espadaña de hoja estrecha , la salicaria , el alpiste , el olivo ruso y el árbol del cielo . [128]
Historia de Euclid Creek
Native Americans and Euclid Creek
Human beings first settled in northeast Ohio about 11,000 BCE, at the end of the Wisconsin Glaciation.[129] This highly nomadic hunting culture, known as Paleo-Indian, disappeared about 8,000 BCE, replaced by the nomadic hunter-gatherer Archaic culture.[130] About 2,500 BCE, this culture was in turn replaced by the semi-sedentary Woodland culture.[131][129] A warming trend in the global climate about 800 CE created more agriculturally favorable weather in Ohio, which led to the development of subsistence farming.[132] A new society emerged, the Whittlesey culture (named for 19th century Ohio scientist Charles Whittlesey).[133][r] Between 1600 and 1650 CE, the Whittlesey people disappeared.[129] The cause—absorption into another culture, disease, emigration, low birth rate, warfare, or some combination of factors—is not known. By the time the Iroquois of what is now central New York began moving along the shore of Lake Erie into northeast Ohio in 1650 during the Beaver Wars, the area was almost uninhabited. In the early and mid 1700s, the Mingo,[s] Odawa (or Ottawa), and Ouendat (or Wyandot) occupied northern Ohio after fleeing the Iroquois.[t] By 1800, Native American emigration out of the area was occurring again, and few indigenous people lived anywhere in Ohio by 1850.[137]
The Whittlesey people and their predecessors left behind well-defined trails that ran along ridges paralleling Lake Erie. These ridges are the remains of ancient beaches, deposited by prehistoric versions of Lake Erie during times when the lake water levels were much higher.[138][u] Several of these ridge trails crossed Euclid Creek, and served as the primary route by which white explorers and settlers began moving west into northern Ohio. These Native American trails are now Lakeshore Blvd., Euclid Avenue, and St. Clair Avenue.[11]
Native Americans found it difficult to access the Appalachian Plateau from the Erie Plain due to the steepness of the Portage Escarpment. Only a few natural access points existed; Euclid Creek was one of these. Modern Nottingham Road/Dille Road was originally a Native American trail which ran along the southern rim of the Euclid Creek gorge to the plateau, while modern Neff Road/Chardon Road ran along the northern rim.[11]
Euclid Creek during initial white settlement
White settlement of the Euclid Creek area began when some log cabins were erected on the shore of Lake Erie east of the stream probably in the summer of 1795. Who built them, and why, is not known, and they were abandoned by the spring of 1796.[140] The area around Euclid Creek was surveyed and Euclid Township established in 1796. The surveyors, trained in mathematics, named the township after the Greek mathematician Euclid.[141] Returning east in October 1796, the survey team led by Moses Cleaveland gave the name Euclid Creek to the large creek they encountered between Doan Brook and the Chagrin River.[142]
A Connecticut Land Company survey team returned to the area in 1797 and blazed two major routes through the area, North Highway (now St. Clair Avenue) and Central Highway (now Euclid Avenue).[143][v] North Highway was renamed St. Clair Road in 1815 for Arthur St. Clair, first governor (1787-1802) of the Northwest Territory.[144]
The first permanent white settler, Joseph Burke of New York,[145] arrived in the spring or summer of 1798.[141] The second was David Dille, a New Jerseyan who formerly lived in western Pennsylvania. He arrived in November 1798 and settled on the Buffalo Road 0.5 miles (0.80 km) southwest of Euclid Creek.[146] The third permanent settler, William Coleman of Washington County, Pennsylvania, arrived in either 1803 or 1804 and settled at the mouth of Euclid Creek.[147] Abraham Bishop arrived in the area in 1809, clearing 250 acres (1.0 km2) of forest[148] west of what is now the intersection of White and Richmond Roads.[149] Garrett Thorp also settled at the mouth of Euclid Creek in 1810,[150] followed by Benjamin Thorp[151] in 1811.[152]
The Central Highway, or Buffalo Road (also known as the Cleveland-Buffalo Road), became the major route through the area. It led from the Cuyahoga River at what is now Cleveland to the area around Buffalo, New York,[153] and was cleared of trees by white explorers and settlers no later than 1810.[142] The trail was cleared of stumps and brush and turned into a dirt road by 1815,[153] and a stagecoach began running once a day between Cleveland and Buffalo.[154] The road was renamed Euclid Avenue in 1825 because it connected Cleveland and the emerging settlement of Euclid[153] (now known as the East Cleveland, Ohio, neighborhood of Collamer).[w]
Passengers on the Buffalo Road often had to have assistance in crossing Euclid Creek and its gorge.[11] Wagons could not cross the gorge loaded; they had to be unloaded and cargo carried across the creek and gorge hand. Some wagons had to be partially dismantled to safely cross. The Hermle family established a smithy and wheelwright shop next to the creek to provide these services, and other businesses provided beverages, food, and assistance in moving freight.[157] An inn, Euclid House, was built at the crossing by Abraham Farr in 1815.[154][x]
In 1810,[148] Abraham Bishop built a sawmill on his land on the east branch of Euclid Creek.[150]
The War of 1812 marks the end of the initial period of white settlement in Ohio.[158] During the war, American soldiers on horseback were stationed at the mouth of Euclid Creek to provide warning to other settlements in the area in case British ships should stop or pass by.[159] On June 19, 1813, a British naval force under Acting Commander Robert Heriot Barclay[160] anchored off Euclid Creek to wait out a storm. Sailors came ashore and killed a farmer's ox for food, apologizing for the theft.[161][y]
Euclid Creek from 1812 to 1850
A small hamlet named Euclid Creek (hereinafter the Village of Euclid Creek) formed after the War of 1812 at the intersection of what is now Euclid Avenue and Highland Road, adjacent to Euclid Creek. Memories of the recent war led the citizens of the Village of Euclid Creek to erect a blockhouse as part of their settlement.[159] About 1816, Abraham Farr opened a tavern in a log cabin in the hamlet.[159] A Methodist church was erected in the village in 1821,[162] and a Baptist church from 1821 to 1822.[163] By 1840, the Village of Euclid Creek had three stores,[164] and the Dille family added a dry goods store and post office in 1849.[165]
A number of other important businesses opened elsewhere on Euclid Creek in the early 1800s. About 1815, Paul Condit opened a tavern in a frame house near the confluence of Claribel Creek and the east branch.[159] In 1817 or 1818, William Coleman built a gristmill near the mouth of Euclid Creek, and later a sawmill.[159] Coleman's neighbor, William Gray, erected a stoneware manufactory at the mouth of Euclid Creek about 1820. It swiftly grew to seven or eight kilns. Gray sold the works to J. & L. Marsilliott in 1823, who kept it open another 15 years.[159]
Toward the end of the 1810s, the Welch family moved from Connecticut and purchased the Euclid Creek gorge north of Monticello Blvd. This area became known as Welch's Woods,[166] and remains as part of the Euclid Creek Reservation today (as "Welsh Woods").
The national American economy underwent a boom in 1836 and 1837. A large number of people settled in Euclid Township, establishing hundreds of new farms and businesses. A city was surveyed at mouth of Euclid Creek in 1837, but no action was ever taken to build it.[167] In 1840, James Hendershot and Harvey Hussong each opened a stone quarry on Euclid Creek in what is now the Euclid Creek Reservation. Madison Sherman, who opened his quarry on the stream near them at the same time, also built a mill for cutting stone into slabs.[164] About 1840 (or just before), Ruel House, Charles Moses, and Captain William Trist opened a shipyard on the east side of the mouth of Euclid Creek where they constructed canal boats. The shipyard moved to the west side of the stream's mouth in 1845, and shifted production to the construction of schooners. The shipyard closed in 1850.[164]
Euclid Creek from 1851 to 1881
One of the most important infrastructure changes to affect Euclid Creek came in early 1851 when the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad (CP&A) constructed a bridge over the creek at St. Clair Avenue. Construction on the CP&A began in January 1851,[168] and by the end of the month grading had reached Willoughby.[169] The masonry arch bridge had a single 50-foot (15 m) span and extensive abutments.[168] At 40 feet (12 m) in width, the bridge was wide enough to also permit wagon traffic in addition to trains. The railroad also built a water and fuel stop, known as Euclid Depot, next to Euclid Creek at St. Clair Avenue.[51]
The railroad induced east-west road traffic to shift from Euclid Avenue to St. Clair Avenue, and the population center shifted with it.[51] The area around Euclid Depot grew so swiftly that in 1860, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland established a parish on the east bank of Euclid Creek halfway between the Village of Euclid Creek and Euclid Depot. This was the first diocesan parish outside the city of Cleveland.[170] By 1865, Euclid Depot had grown into a large village. The railroad named the village Nottingham, after CP&A general superintendent Henry Nottingham.[51][171] Although the Village of Euclid Creek continued to grow until the late 1870s, the village of Nottingham grew much more swiftly.[172]
Euclid Cemetery opened in 1864 just above the Euclid Creek floodplain south of the intersection of Euclid Avenue and Highland Road. The cemetery was created as a means of consolidating more than 80 small burial grounds, and by the time it closed had more than 4,000 graves.[173]
In 1863 or 1864,[174] attorney George Gilbert opened Camp Gilbert on the site of the former shipyard on the west bank of the mouth of Euclid Creek. Camp Gilbert was the Cleveland area's first resort. Catering to wealthy Clevelanders, the camp featured a three-story Second Empire brick headquarters, a clubhouse, creekside fishing pavilion, and campgrounds. Gilbert sold the camp in 1874 to the Ursulines of the Roman Union, a religious institute of women (nuns) engaged in education.[175] The Ursulines established Villa Angela, a boarding school for girls, at the former Camp Gilbert in 1878. A boarding school for boys, St. Joseph Seminary, opened at the site in 1886.[176]
Viticulture and winemaking on a small scale appeared in the Euclid Creek floodplain below the Appalachian Plateau after the Civil War,[177] with vineyards appearing first in the alluvial floodplain in the Euclid Creek gorge in what is now the Euclid Creek Reservation.[46] One of the first large grape-growing operations was founded in 1864 by German immigrant Louis F. Harms on 40 acres (0.16 km2) in the area now bounded by Euclid Avenue, Chardon Road, and Daisy Drive.[178] John J. and Mary Schuster founded the area's second large vineyard in 1870, southwest of the Harms vineyard across Chardon Road.[178][z] Additional quarries opened in the Euclid Creek gorge after the American Civil War. Duncan McFarland opened a quarry in 1867[172] near where Monticello Blvd. crosses Euclid Creek today. This was the first large-scale commercial stone quarry to open on Cleveland's east side.[179] His sons, James and Thomas, purchased land opposite his quarry on the west side of Euclid Creek in 1871.[179][172] John Holland and William H. Stewart founded the Forest City Stone Company[180] in 1871[181] and established a third quarry in the Euclid Creek gorge.[180] Both McFarland quarries were acquired by Forest City Stone in 1875,[179] after which the company opened a fourth quarry on the east side of the creek.[172] These quarries remained in operation until 1915.[179]
Euclid Creek from 1881 to 1916
In October 1882, the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad opened.[182] This railroad, which largely ran parallel to and south of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway (the former Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula),[183] passed through the Village of Euclid Creek, making it an important stopping point again. The railway, whose nickname was the "Nickel Plate",[182] built a Howe truss bridge over Euclid Creek.[184]
In 1895, the city of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County began converting Euclid Avenue from a plank road into a modern paved street. The road was widened to 100 feet (30 m) and paved from downtown Cleveland to Village of Euclid Creek.[185] The project reached Collamer in 1902, and work on the final segment to the Village of Euclid Creek began in the summer of that year.[186] The work was finished in 1902, when a new masonry arch bridge was constructed to carry Euclid Avenue over Euclid Creek. [187]
Swedish immigrants constructed a Lutheran church on the banks of Euclid Creek south of Anderson Road at Green Road in 1898.[188]
Henry Pickands, a partner in Pickands Mather and wealthy heir of Samuel Mather,[189] purchased in 1902 25 acres (0.10 km2) of land atop Chardon Hill (an area now bounded by Chardon Road, the Euclid Creek Reservation, and E. 221st Street). In 1903,[190] work was finished on a "Flemish baronial" brick mansion which he named Chestnut Hills.[191] His widow had Chestnut Hills demolished in 1938, and a Neo-Georgian style home erected on the site.[192]
In 1907, a $10,000 ($300,000 in 2020 dollars) masonry bridge was constructed to carry Lakeshore Blvd. over Euclid Creek.[193] This was followed in 1908 by a $15,000 ($400,000 in 2020 dollars) concrete bridge to carry St. Clair Avenue over Euclid Creek. This bridge was a large one, 80 feet (24 m) long and 52 feet (16 m) wide, with a 45-foot (14 m) high arch.[194]
The first major development south of the Euclid Creek gorge occurred in 1909. That year, a significant number of members of the Euclid Club in Cleveland Heights quit and founded the Mayfield Country Club in Lyndhurst.[195] In July, they purchased an initial 88 acres (0.36 km2) of land about 0.24 miles (0.39 km) northwest of the intersection of Cedar and Richmond Roads.[196] Within a year, the club owned 226 acres (0.91 km2), and had dammed Euclid Creek (which ran north through the club grounds) to provide water for the club's planned 18-hole golf course.[197] The club, reduced to 216 acres (0.87 km2), opened in July 1911.[198]
A Neoclassical house of worship was erected by Nottingham Congregational Church on the west bank of Euclid Creek near Waterloo and Nottingham Roads in 1910.[199][aa]
The first of three bridges carrying Highland Road over Euclid Creek was constructed at the north end of the Euclid Creek gorge in 1912.[200] Cuyahoga County wanted to push Highland Road southwest through the Euclid Creek Reservation, but the onset of World War I delayed the start of construction until 1920.[201] A bridge over the east branch of Euclid Creek was built about 1922.[202] Most of the remaining construction occurred in 1924,[203] although it was not until 1928 that the final portion of Highland Road (connecting it to Euclid Avenue) was paved.[204] Three Highland Road bridges remained to be constructed. Automobiles used fords to cross the creek at these points.[205]
The Village of Euclid constructed Central High School at 20701 Euclid Avenue on the east bank of Euclid Creek in 1913. It was downgraded to a junior high school in 1949, demolished in 1967, and rebuilt as Central Middle School.[206]
Although settlement and development had largely been contained to Euclid Creek below the Appalachian Plain, a few important changes were beginning to happen to the creek's headwaters. In 1913, Cleveland attorney Charles K. Arter constructed Arter House on the east bank of the main branch of Euclid Creek on what is now Curbside Road in Lyndhurst.[207] The 22-room, Late Georgian mansion sat on an elaborately landscaped 65-acre (0.26 km2) estate. The Arter children, Calvin and Charles Jr., donated the estate to the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur in 1957, who converted it into the Julie Billiart School (a school for children with learning disabilities).[208] Chester C. Bolton and his wife, Frances, established the Franchester Place estate in 1916[209] on 110 acres (0.45 km2) of land[210] on the northwest corner of Cedar and Richmond Roads.[211] In 1922, the Hawken Boys' School constructed a new school on the east bank of the main branch of Euclid Creek adjacent to the Julie Billiart School.[212] These 14 acres (0.057 km2)[213] were donated by the Boltons,[212] and a portion of them turned into athletic fields.[213]
Euclid Creek from 1917 to 1928
The Cleveland Metropolitan Park District (now Cleveland Metroparks) was created by state legislation in 1917. The following year, the park board proposed purchasing the main branch of Euclid Creek and its associated valley from Lake Erie south to Shaker Heights.[214] Although this plan ultimately proved unfeasible, the first 31 acres (0.13 km2) of land (consisting of most of the old Harms vineyard) was purchased in October 1920.[215][ab] By the summer of 1926, the park board had obtained title to more than a mile of Euclid Creek south of Euclid Avenue,[217] and in the fall of that year finally secured 19 acres (0.077 km2) at the northern mouth of the gorge.[218] A final 40 acres (0.16 km2) were obtained at the south end of the gorge in May 1930, giving the Cleveland Metroparks control over what is now the Euclid Creek Reservation.[219]
Cleveland Metroparks made almost no improvements to the Euclid Creek gorge while it was assembling the land for the Euclid Creek Reservation.[220] On November 21, 1933, the federal government approved the establishment of a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp in the Euclid Creek Reservation. A barracks was erected at the intersection of Euclid Avenue and Highland Road,[220] and over the next three years the CCC workers cleared land, planted trees, and built picnic areas, trails,[220] and parking lots.[221] Most importantly, they constructed three bridges for Highland Road (eliminating the last fords on that street) and built what is now Metro Park Drive (also known as Euclid Park Road and Metropolitan Park Blvd.)[220][222] Workers also armored and channelized the creek downstream of Villaview Road by lining the banks with stone blocks.[223] Euclid Creek Reservation was formally dedicated and opened on June 24, 1936—the first public opening of any unit in the Cleveland Metroparks system. The CCC camp became veterans' housing in 1942, and was demolished in 1944.[220]
Other open spaces on Euclid Creek were being developed, however. The Harms family sold the remaining 26.5 acres (0.107 km2) of their vineyard to the Sisters of the Good Shepherd in June 1920.[224] The nuns erected Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine at the site, which was dedicated on May 30, 1926.[225] In 1921,[210] Dudley S. Blossom, Director of Public Health and Welfare for Cuyahoga County, and his wife, Elizabeth (Frances Payne Bolton's sister), purchased a 22-acre (0.089 km2) estate just south of the Bolton's Franchester Place.[226] Over the next year,[210] the couple built a Tudor Revival home on the estate.[226] Between 1922 and 1927, the Blossoms added a service compound that consisted of two small homes for estate workers, a garage, and a stable for horses.[227] Elizabeth Blossom was an avid cultivator of flowers, and established a wild garden in the small ravine through which Euclid Creek flowed on the Blossom estate.[228] After Dudley Blossom's death in 1938, Elizabeth had the main house torn down and a Neo-Georgian style home erected in its place.[226]
Another development which impacted the headwaters of Euclid Creek opened in 1923. This was the Acacia Country Club, located on the northeast corner of Cedar and Richmond Roads. Founded in 1921, a temporary clubhouse and the first nine holes of the 302-acre (1,220,000 m2) club opened in May 1923.[229][230][231][232][ac] Press reports say that the owners laid 16 miles (26 km) of tile drain to channel water into Euclid Creek.[231] The final nine holes opened in July 1924,[234][ad] and the permanent clubhouse in May 1925.[236]
Euclid Creek from 1928 to 1945
Rapid development atop the Appalachian Plateau began to affect both the main and east branches of Euclid Creek after 1920.
In 1928, the Curtiss-Wright corporation purchased 271 acres (1.10 km2) of land east of Richmond Road from the Richmond Estates Land Company. The company opened a dirt-runway airport there, and named it Herrick Field after Myron T. Herrick.[ae] A hangar was erected in 1929, but area residents won a federal injunction declaring the airfield a noise nuisance and public danger.[237] It closed on August 1, 1930.[238] Cuyahoga County purchased the sod airfield in 1946 for $200,000 ($2,700,000 in 2020 dollars) and it reopened on May 30, 1950.[239] The airport expanded to 470 acres (1.9 km2) by 1963,[240] 585 acres (2.37 km2) by 1970,[241] 625 acres (2.53 km2) by 1981,[242] and 640 acres (2.6 km2) by 1999[243]—encompassing several tributaries of the east branch.
The 1902 masonry bridge over Euclid Creek was rebuilt in 1932.[244]
A portion of Claribel Creek, a tributary of Euclid Creek, was channelized in 1933 when Ohio Villa, a 100-acre (0.40 km2) country club opened northeast of the corner of Richmond and Highland Roads. The club's owner, the Italian-American Brotherhood Club, was forced to close the facility in 1942 after its major investors were found to be bank robbers with connections to the Cleveland crime family. It reopened as the Richmond Country Club in 1942,[245] and Mayfair Dam erected the same year to create Mayfair Lake.[78] After the clubhouse burned in 1953,[245] the site was taken over by the Mayfair Tennis and Swim Club (a Jewish health club).
In 1942, the Sisters of St. Joseph of St. Mark purchased the 30.5-acre (0.123 km2) Pickands estate. The 1938 Pickands mansion was converted into the Mount St. Joseph Nursing Home.[246]
Euclid Creek from 1945 to 1970
The city of Cleveland began construction on the Nottingham Intake and Filtration Plant on Euclid Creek in July 1947.[247] The project, designed to provide the city's fast-growing east side with fresh water from Lake Erie rather than from Euclid Creek, other streams, and groundwater wells, was first proposed in 1925 and set for completion in 1930.[248] In 1930, the city condemned 80 acres (0.32 km2) of land on the east bank of Euclid Creek between the Nickel Plate tracks and St. Clair Avenue.[249] Construction was delayed by the onset of the Great Depression,[250] and the plant finally opened in the early fall of 1951.[251]
While the water filtration plant was under construction, the Cuyahoga County Airport opened in May 1950.[239]
In 1954, Cuyahoga County and the city of South Euclid approved the construction of a bridge over Euclid Creek to link Monticello Blvd. and Wilson Mills Road.[252] Officials had spent several years debating whether to build a low-level bridge or a high-level span. The high-level span was finally approved, and the $1.2 million ($11,600,000 in 2020 dollars) structure spanning the 400-foot (120 m) wide ravine opened in December 1955.[109][253]
Construction of Interstate 271 began in November 1960.[254] The first segment, from Willoughby Hills to Wilson Mills Road, was under construction by April 1961, with construction on the segment from Wilson Mills Road to Fairmount Blvd. set to begin in the fall of 1961 and the segment from Fairmount Blvd. to Harvard Road for late 1961.[255] The entire route (now extending as far south as Chagrin Blvd.) opened in November 1962.[256] The freeway crossed two tributaries of the east branch (one of them twice),[257] and these waters were rechanneled into a man-made ditch by the freeway's construction.[69] The completion of Interstate 271 spurred a development boom on the east side of Cuyahoga County, greatly affecting Euclid Creek's headwaters.[258]
Construction of Interstate 90 and the Lakeland Freeway through the city of Euclid began in the spring of 1961.[259] Euclid Creek was straightened, cutting off a strong meander bounded by Neff Road, Villaview Road, Nottingham Road, and the old Lake Shore railroad tracks. The meander was filled in and a cloverleaf interchange built on the site.[109] Beneath the freeway, Euclid Creek was culverted[260] and a 900-foot (270 m) long concrete channel constructed to replace the natural streambed.[223] Work on the Lakeland Freeway in Euclid was finished in November 1962.[256][261] Construction of the culvert proved to be a turning point in how communities treated water in Cuyahoga County. Previously, streambeds were bridged. Afterward, streams were routinely buried in tunnels or culverted.[262]
The headwaters of Redstone Run, one of the east branch's major tributaries, were affected by construction in 1962. That year, the Glazer-Marotta Companies won zoning approval to construct a shopping mall (now Richmond Town Square) on the northeast corner of the intersection of Richmond Road and Monticello Blvd. The company agreed to spend as much as 2 percent of the mall's cost in culvertizing, pumping, and rerouting the headwaters of Redstone Run.[263] Initially, the $8 million ($68,400,000 in 2020 dollars) project was intended to cover just 45 acres (0.18 km2) of land in the watershed,[264] but the project was expanded until it cost $42 million ($350,500,000 in 2020 dollars) and covered 105 acres (0.42 km2).[265] The Richmond Mall opened in September 1966.[266] A year after the mall project was announced, construction began on St. Gregory of Narek Armenian Church across the street at 678 Richmond Road.[267] It opened in April 1964,[268] further impeding the headwaters of Redstone Run.
In 1966, a new development in Beachwood impacted the headwaters of the main branch of Euclid Creek. That year, the Jewish Orthodox Home for the Aged moved from Lakeview Road in Cleveland's Glenville neighborhood to a large new site at 27100 Cedar Road in Beachwood. The organization, now called Menorah Park Jewish Home for the Aged, constructed a one-story nursing home.[269] Over the next half century, Menorah Park constructed an extensive senior living campus. The R.H. Myers Apartments, finished in 1978, contained 207 units in a four-story tower, 10-story tower, and one-story communal area.[270] Stone Gardens, an assisted living facility, opened in 1994,[271] and Wiggins Place, a second assisted living community, in 2004.[272]
Euclid Creek from 1970 to 1995
Villa Angela completed a Modernist school building for its girls' academy on its 55-acre (0.22 km2) property at the mouth of Euclid Creek[273] in April 1972.[274] It opened to students in September 1972.[275] The 1864 school building was razed in late 1972.[276]
In 1976, the Rouse Co. announced it would construct a $25 million ($113,700,000 in 2020 dollars) shopping mall, Beachwood Place, on 50 acres (0.20 km2) of land owned by the Ratner family on the southeast corner of Richmond and Cedar Roads.[277] The mall (whose cost rose to $30 million ($136,400,000 in 2020 dollars) within four months)[278] began construction atop a portion of the headwaters of the main branch of Euclid Creek[279][280] in August 1977.[281] Much of the channel was altered and realigned prior to construction.[282] Beachwood Place opened in late August 1978.[283]
In 1981, after more than a decade of flooding and discussion about how to correct it,[284] the United States Army Corps of Engineers acted to reduce erosion and flooding on Euclid Creek between Villaview Road and Lakeshore Blvd. The narrow-arched, culverted Lakeshore Blvd. bridge over Euclid Creek was replaced with a 100-foot (30 m) wide span[285] at a cost of $1 million ($2,700,000 in 2020 dollars).[286][af] The city of Cleveland spent another $650,000 ($1,700,000 in 2020 dollars) to purchase 25 acres (0.10 km2) of bank along the stream between Euclid Avenue and the lakeshore.[286] The 1930s-era stone block reinforcing the bank was removed,[288] the 1.3 miles (2.1 km) of creek between Lakeshore Blvd. and the lake was straightened,[284] the creek north of Euclid Avenue widened and deepened,[286] and an additional 600 feet (180 m)[223] of the banks and streambed covered in concrete[284][286] at a cost of $2.12 million ($5,500,000 in 2020 dollars).[284][ag] The Corps also constructed a levee along the east bank of Euclid Creek between Lakeshore Blvd. and E. 179th Street at a cost of about $2.23 million ($5,800,000 in 2020 dollars).[284][ah]
Minor changes to the Euclid Creek lacustuary came in 1985, when The Trust for Public Land purchased a small parcel from Villa Angela to expand Euclid Beach.[289] Two years later, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland announced tentative plans to merge Villa Angela with St. Joseph Academy,[290] the former St. Joseph's Seminary which had become all-male high school and relocated 2 miles (3.2 km) to the northeast at 18491 Lakeshore Blvd.[291] As Cuyahoga County embarked on a $4.5 million ($10,300,000 in 2020 dollars), state-funded Euclid Creek flood control project in the fall of 1987, the city and state began planning to purchase the Villa Angela lands and convert them to a public park.[292]
Major changes to the Euclid Creek lacustuary when Villa Angela closed in August 1989,[289] setting in motion a major change in the way the lacustuary of Euclid Creek was managed. In July 1989, The Trust for Public Land (with financial assistance from four other foundations) purchased 26 acres (0.11 km2) of land from Villa Angela and Associated Estates (a real estate development company) for $2.45 million ($5,100,000 in 2020 dollars). This land was then purchased by ODNR for use as parkland.[293][ai] The state also spent $607,000 ($1,200,000 in 2020 dollars) on gabions to stabilize Euclid Creek's banks between Anderson and Mayfield Roads, and another $250,000 ($500,000 in 2020 dollars) to straighten and add retaining walls to Euclid Creek's Redstone Run tributary between Schaefer Park and Roland Park in Lyndhurst.[294] The Cleveland Public Library (CPL) system purchased 1 acre (0.0040 km2) of land from Villa Angela in September 1990 for $160,000 ($300,000 in 2020 dollars) for the construction of a new branch library to replace its Nottingham and Memorial branches (which it intended to merge).[296] In May 1991, CPL purchased an additional 14.6 acres (0.059 km2) of Villa Angela land (which included the 1973 school building) for $2.2 million ($4,200,000 in 2020 dollars).[297][298] The library system agreed to keep a part of its acreage parkland, and allowed ODNR to construct a road through this area to provide improved access to the new park at the creek's mouth.[297] CPL spent the next three years and $6.1 million ($10,700,000 in 2020 dollars) remodeling the school into a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) branch library and 115,000-square-foot (10,700 m2) administrative structure that provided storage for seldom-used books, the community service department, the technical services department, and training and conference facilities.[299] The new Nottingham-Memorial Branch Library (the largest branch in the CPL system) opened on August 8, 1994.[300]
In 1991, Montefiore Home, a nursing home serving the Jewish community, opened a 240-room facility adjacent to the south side of Menorah Park in Beachwood, further impacting the headwaters of the main branch of Euclid Creek.[301] The facility underwent a major expansion in 2005.[302] Montefiore added the eight-unit Willensky Residence assisted living facility for individuals with Alzheimer's disease in 2012,[303] and expanded it to 25 units in 2015.[304] Another expansion of the Montefiore campus, the six-unit Maltz Hospice House, opened in April 2015.[305]
The 1932 bridge over Euclid Creek was rehabilitated in 1991 at a cost of $1 million ($1,900,000 in 2020 dollars).[244] The bridge carrying Anderson Road over Euclid Creek underwent significant repair of its deck in 1991 as well.[306]
ODNR constructed a two-lane road and two parking lots[aj] in the new park at the mouth of Euclid Creek in 1993 and 1994 at a cost of $6.5 million ($11,600,000 in 2020 dollars).[308] Euclid Creek was bridged with a new vehicular-pedestrian bridge near the creek mouth to provide access to the parking lots.[307] Another $2.3 million ($4,000,000 in 2020 dollars) was spent in 1994 adding improvements such as a new beach,[ak] a 1-mile (1.6 km) long biking/hiking path, new boat docks, a second two-lane boat launch ramp, breakwater, and a fishing pier, and the park was administratively merged with the Cleveland Lakefront State Park.[307][309][al] The fishing pier, which was on the west side of the mouth of Euclid Creek, was completed in the spring of 1995. The creek mouth was dredged when the pier was completed.[310]
Euclid Creek from 1995 to 1999
Widening of Interstate 271 to eight from four lanes, which was completed in 1993, led to major new flooding problems on Euclid Creek. The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) had moved forward with the project without constructing any new flood control measures after concluding that the interstate highway's existing flood control measures, designed in the 1950s and 1960s, were adequate for an eight-lane freeway. In October 1994, the Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District (CS&WCD) concluded that the widening project had contributed to extensive flooding in Willoughby Hills.[311] According to CS&WCD studies, ODOT engineers did not account for the increased runoff into Euclid Creek caused by extensive new impervious development, channel straightening, and channelization in Beachwood, Lyndhurst, and Highland Heights since the design of Interstate 271.[257] An investigation by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 1997 found that Beachwood had for years permitted construction within the Euclid Creek flood plain that did not follow federal regulations. Nor had the city alerted FEMA to the alterations made to the stream's channel (as required by law) during the construction of Beachwood Place in 1977 and 1978.[282]
In November 1997, a hydrological study (paid for by the city of South Euclid) blamed the widening of I-271 and overdevelopment in Beachwood for significantly worse erosion problems in the Euclid Creek Reservation and flooding in communities downstream from Beachwood.[am] Stormwater velocity had increased from 60 percent to 90 percent since 1959, and the volume of stormwater runoff from 40 percent to 80 percent, even as storm and regular rainfall remained constant.[280] A second study, issued in June 1999, concluded that the city of Beachwood had not followed standard stormwater management practices since 1980,[312] and the two stormwater detention basins it had constructed were of only minimal effectiveness.[313]
In response to the Euclid Creek flooding and other extensive combined sewer problems in the greater Cleveland area, the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District initiated in 2001 a $1 billion ($1,461,600,000 in 2020 dollars) project to construct 40 miles (64 km) of underground detention basins, tunnels, and sewers on Cleveland's East Side.[314] The first phase of the project was the construction of the Euclid Creek Storage Tunnel, a 24-foot (7.3 m) diameter,[315] 3-mile (4.8 km) long underground stormwater storage basin that stretched from the Euclid Creek Reservation northwest to the city of Bratenahl.[316][an] The Euclid Creek Storage Tunnel was completed in September 2015,[315] and became operational in June 2016 when the Easterly Tunnel Dewatering Pump Station went online. The pumping station was designed to empty the Euclid Creek Storage Tunnel as well as the as-yet incomplete Dugway Storage Tunnel and Doan Valley Storage Tunnel and divert their stored stormwater to the Easterly Wastewater Treatment Plant.[317][ao]
2001 also saw Cleveland and nine east-side suburbs form the Euclid Creek Watershed Council to work together on Euclid Creek and combined sewer flooding. Water quality and velocity in Euclid Creek was of a major concern to the group, which tentatively set plans to restore meanders to the stream as an initial goal.[318]
Euclid Creek in the 21st century
In 2002, a new nonprofit advocacy group, the Euclid Creek Watershed Council, formed to address flooding and water quality issues along Euclid Creek.[319] The group began working closely with the Euclid Creek Watershed Coordinator, one of 319 watershed coordinators funded by ODNR. Housed within the Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District, the Watershed Coordinator acts both as the secretary of the Euclid Creek Watershed Council and its staff person.[320]
The headwaters of the main branch of Euclid Creek were significantly impacted by the construction of the Legacy Village lifestyle center in Lyndhurst in 2003. TRW Inc. had purchased the Bolton estate in 1985 and the Blossom estate in 1992.[ap] Although the Bolton mansion was retained, the company demolished the Blossom house (but not the service compound structures) in 1993.[210] Within a few years, TRW resolved to close its operations in Lyndhurst and sell its property to developers.[227] Lyndhurst voters narrowly approved rezoning the area to retail from residential in November 2000. TRW donated most of the old Bolton estate to the Cleveland Clinic in 2002,[226] selling the remaining 67 acres (270,000 m2) to First Interstate Properties, a real estate development firm.[210]
Legacy Village opened on October 24, 2003.[210] Only 60 percent (40.2 acres (163,000 m2)) of the land obtained from TRW was developed. Some of the remaining land was used as a buffer between the mall and local residences, while 25 acres (100,000 m2) of woodlands and wetlands were retained and restored (including the old Bolton wild garden).[228] Land west of Legacy Village, located between the shopping center and a luxury development known as "The Woods", contained a small main branch tributary. The Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District was granted a conservation easement over this land to preserve it.[321] First Interstate restored the Blossom service compound, which was then listed on the National Register of Historic Places in February 2004.[228]
Dam removal on Euclid Creek became a priority for the stream's restoration advocates in the mid-2000s. The Ohio EPA released in 2005 a study (required by the federal Clean Water Act) which concluded that alteration or removal of the St. Clair Spillway would greatly improve invertebrate and fish populations in the creek.[9] Cost of removing the spillway proved prohibitive, however: A 2010 study estimated this cost at $2 million ($2,400,000 in 2020 dollars).[74] The Euclid Creek Reservation Dam was removed at a cost of $527,000 ($600,000 in 2020 dollars) in 2010 after a five-year effort. Part of the cost went to restoring the stream after the dam's removal.[319]
Despite improvements, by 2010 flash flood-like runoff remained an issue for Euclid Creek. The Plain Dealer newspaper called the Euclid Creek Reservation "the region's catch-basin for storm water runoff". Flash-like flooding was so severe that the park had been extensively damaged and erosion control within the park was failing.[322]
Cleveland Metroparks purchased the Acacia Country Club in 2012 and began restoring Euclid Creek within the new park boundaries. Acacia's owners agreed to sell the land to The Conservation Fund for $14.75 million ($16,600,000 in 2020 dollars),[323] despite opposition from Lyndhurst Mayor Joseph Cicero and a group of real estate developers (who offered $16 million for the land).[324] An anonymous donor financed The Conservation Fund's acquisition, with the stipulation that the land no longer be used as a golf course but rather be converted into a nature park.[325] A month later, The Conservation Fund donated the land to Cleveland Metroparks. The nonprofit also made a $300,000 ($300,000 in 2020 dollars) donation to the park agency to help with the transition, and pledged another $200,000 ($200,000 in 2020 dollars) once restoration plans had been finalized.[326] One of the first projects Cleveland Metroparks undertook at Acacia was the restoration of Euclid Creek. This involved removing the culverts through which the creek flowed, rebuilding a meandering channel, removing armor and channelization structures, and reconnecting the stream to its floodplain. Projects the following year included removing the tile drainage system which underlay the park, building swales throughout the park, and planting extensive new trees, shrubs, native plants, and grasses around Euclid Creek and elsewhere in the new park. The work was paid for with $1.5 million in grants from the Ohio EPA and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District called it the "single largest restoration effort in the history of the watershed".[325]
A pedestrian-only bridge was constructed over the mouth of Euclid Creek by Cleveland Metroparks in 2016. The 1992 fishing pier at Lower Euclid Creek Reservation was demolished in the fall of 2016, and a new 220-foot (67 m) pier constructed in 2017.[327]
NEORSD began a Euclid Creek Shoaling Removal Project in November 2017. The two-month-long project removed gravel, sand, wood, and trash which degraded habitat and inhibited water flows in Euclid Creek's manmade channel between Lakeshore Boulevard and Villaview Road.[223]
Referencias
- Notes
- ^ Between 9,000 and 6,000 years ago, Lake Erie was roughly 15 feet (4.6 m) lower than it is today.[10] Euclid Creek's mouth was then located much farther north of its present location, and the channel was about 20 feet (6.1 m) deeper. When lake water levels rose, they drowned the mouth of the creek as far north as present Lakeshore Blvd., creating the lacustuary the creek's mouth.[11]
- ^ The age of the Berea Sandston is difficult to estimate due to the lack of diagnostic fossils. The age given is therefore a very rough approximation.[17]
- ^ The Orangeville Shale is the oldest member of the Cuyahoga Formation. The age of the Cuyahoga Formation is difficult to estimate due to the lack of diagnostic fossils. The age of the Orangeville Shale is therefore a very rough approximation.[18]
- ^ The Wisconsin glaciation is primarily responsible for the drainage patterns in Ohio. At first, the glaciers extended southward across northern Ohio. As they retreated, water flowing from the melting glaciers carved channels which drained southward to the Ohio River. When the glaciers retreated north the Portage Escarpment, the water was trapped between the glaciers and the Portage Escarpment, creating ever-larger lakes. As the glaciers retreated northward again, the water found an outlet through the St. Lawrence River. Water on the Appalachian Plateau now began flowing north, carving new drainage valleys through the lake-facing side of the escarpment and the Erie Plain.[40]
- ^ This gorge is geologically "new", in that it was not carved by a preglacial river or a glacier. It was carved by Euclid Creek after the last ice age.[43] There is a north-flowing glacial meltwater channel between Euclid Creek and the Chagrin River.[44]
- ^ Euclid Creek Reservation consists of two noncontiguous sections. The section downstream from Lakeshore Boulevard is referred to in this article as "Lower Euclid Creek Reservation", while the much larger section upstream of Euclid Avenue and Chardon Road is referred to as "Euclid Creek Reservation."
- ^ Lower Euclid Creek Reservation was originally three parks and a marina owned by the city of Cleveland: Euclid Beach Park, Villa Angela, Wildwood Park, and Wildwood Marina/Wildwood Yacht Club. For many years, the city leased these properties to the state of Ohio, which branded and managed them as part of the state park system. That relationship ended in 2013, when the city turned over management of the properties to Cleveland Metroparks, the independent regional park agency. Metroparks placed all the properties into its Euclid Creek Reservation.[57]
- ^ By keeping the streambed level until it passes the tunnel and by impounding some water, the kinetic energy of the current is significantly reduced, which helps prevent scouring.
- ^ Some light industry exists on Green Road, which runs roughly parallel to the park's west border. Lax pollution control management at some of these sites is delivering pollutants into the creek after heavy storms.[53]
- ^ Ponds and small lakes on Euclid Creek were created as flood control measures. All the existing ponds are filling with sediment and will lose their flood control effectiveness in the future.[65]
- ^ Euclid Creek at one time ran along what is now the west side of Interstate 271 as far south as Wilson Mills Blvd. before turning southwest to end near the intersection of Ridgebury Blvd. and Lander Road. This channel is now a man-made, grass-filled drainage ditch next to the interstate highway, with some culverts to carry water after heavy precipitation.[69]
- ^ Urban and suburban surface runoff, and the use of fertilizer, is the most important source of these high levels of nutrients.[96]
- ^ This affects only the last 1.6 miles (2.6 km) of the stream.[94]
- ^ This means the stream should be capable of sustaining an integrated, balanced biological community that includes the most common kinds of aquatic life.[105]
- ^ This means this portion of the stream has little or no potential for aquatic life, and that it has irretrievably been modified from its natural state.[105]
- ^ Euclid Creek is not stocked with fish by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources.[119]
- ^ Occasionally, lake fish like Chinook salmon find their way into Euclid Creek below the St. Clair Spillway.[123] A pink salmon was discovered in Euclid Creek in 2014. Cleveland Metroparks staff called the fish's presence highly unusual.[124]
- ^ The Whittlesey people disappeared before contact with Europeans. The names they gave themselves, and almost everything about them, remains unknown—except for what may be gleaned from archeological digs.[129]
- ^ The name "Mingo" is a corruption of the Algonquian language word "mingwe", which means "treacherous". Fleeing the Iroquois during the Beaver Wars, refugees from the Lenape (Delaware), Ouendat, Seneca, Shaawanwaki (Shawnee), and Susquehannock tribes merged to form a new tribal entity, the Mingo. They were joined in 1817 by some members of the Cayuga, who had sold their land in New York state.[134]
- ^ The Ouendat, also known as Wendat and Wyandot, consisted of several distinct but culturally and linguistically related tribes. Early French explorers called one group of Wendat tribes Huron, for their wild (heures, in French) hairstyles. Another group was called the Petun, French for "tobacco". Thus, the Petun were also known as the Tabacco Nation.[135] Fleeing the Iroquois during the Beaver Wars, remnants of these two groups fled to the Ohio country and reunited under the name Ouendat/Wendat/Wyandot.[136]
- ^ Euclid Avenue was deposited by Lake Warren, an ancestor of Lake Erie which formed as the Wisconsin glaciation retreated north. The lake levels were about 670 feet (200 m) higher during this period than they are today.[139]
- ^ A third route, South Highway, is modern-day Kinsman Avenue.[143]
- ^ It is easy to confuse the names of various locations unless care is taken. The original settlement known as Euclid was founded in 1815. It changed its name to Collamer in 1848, and is now part of the city of East Cleveland, Ohio.[155] The second settlement known as Euclid (not to be confused with the settlement of Euclid Creek) was incorporated in 1877. Citizens of Euclid rescinded this act in 1879, but Euclid was incorporated again in 1903.[156]
- ^ It was sold to and rebuilt by C.E. Fenner in the 1840s.[154]
- ^ In their written apology, the sailors said they would have left the valuable hide intact for the farmer to use, but were in too much of a rush to properly butcher the animal.[161]
- ^ The grape industry in Ohio collapsed in the early 1900s with the arrival of Fidia viticida, the grape rootworm.[50]
- ^ This structure was demolished in 1961 to make way for the construction of Interstate 90.[199]
- ^ Cuyahoga County sought in 1921 to buy an additional 1,500 acres (6.1 km2) of land bounded by Chardon, Highland, and Richmond Roads for a game preserve. This would have placed almost all of the east branch of Euclid Creek in a protected area.[216] The purchase never occurred.
- ^ One early press report claimed the club owned 350 acres (1,400,000 m2).[229] Another early news story said the club only owned 117 acres (470,000 m2), and added 45 acres (180,000 m2) in 1922.[233] But most sources say the club had 302 acres (122 ha).
- ^ A 36-hole course was apparently intended[235][230] but never built.
- ^ Herrick served as Governor of Ohio from 1904 to 1906, and was U.S. Ambassador to France from 1914 to 1919 and again from 1921 to 1929. He was ambassador when Charles Lindbergh landed in Paris after making his famous solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927.
- ^ The bridge was named for Louis Stokes, the U.S. representative in whose district the bridge was located and who had secured funding for the project.[287]
- ^ This left 1,500 feet (460 m) of the channel in this area lined with concrete.[223]
- ^ The total cost of all projects was $6 million ($15,600,000 in 2020 dollars),[284] of which $1.6 million ($4,600,000 in 2020 dollars) came from federal funding.[285]
- ^ ODNR purchased 12 acres (0.049 km2) of land for $2.45 million ($5,100,000 in 2020 dollars) in April 1990,[294] and the remaining 13.47 acres (0.0545 km2) of land for $1.15 million ($5,100,000 in 2020 dollars) in May 1991.[295]
- ^ Initially, the state created 530 total parking spaces on the former Villa Angela land. This was reduced to 200 the year after they were built, while another 270 were added at the Wildwood marina to the east.[307]
- ^ About 600 feet (180 m) of beach on the old Villa Angela land was created, adding to the existing 600 feet (180 m) of beach at Euclid Beach Park.[307]
- ^ The Neff Road entrance to the park was also closed, taking vehicular traffic away from that residential street and moving it to the new entrance at Lakeshore Blvd.[307]
- ^ The report did not actually study flooding and sewer backups in the city of South Euclid, but in communities downstream of South Euclid.[280]
- ^ The storage tunnel ran from NEOSRD's Easterly Wastewater Treatment Plant in Bratenahl to Lake Erie, under Lake Erie, back onto the shoreline at E. 156th Street, and along Lakeshore Blvd. and Nottingham Road to terminate at St. Clair Avenue. It was 189 to 220 feet (58 to 67 m) underground, and capable of storing up to 61,000,000 US gallons (230,000 kl).[315]
- ^ The pumping station was designed to handle 6,667,000 US gallons (25,240 kl) an hour.[317]
- ^ The Blossom children continued to hold the estate until the last child's death in 1991.[227]
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- ^ Euclid Creek Watershed Council 2006, pp. 109-110.
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- ^ South Euclid-Lyndhurst Historical Society 2011, p. 9.
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- ^ a b Johnson 1879, pp. 61-62.
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- ^ a b c d Larick, Gibbons & Siplock 2005, p. 30.
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- ^ a b Springirth 2010, p. 63.
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- ^ Larick, Gibbons & Siplock 2005, p. 49.
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- ^ "Club Buys Land for Golf Course". The Plain Dealer. July 31, 1909. p. 5.
- ^ "There'll Be A Difficult Golf Course In Cleveland When New Club Is Opened". The Plain Dealer. June 5, 1910. p. D12.
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- ^ a b Larick, Gibbons & Siplock 2005, p. 38.
- ^ "Construction News". The Engineering News. May 23, 1912. p. 316. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
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- ^ "Spring to Bring $1,000,000 Paving". The Plain Dealer. February 24, 1924. p. A15; "Minor Roads Get 96 of 103 Miles Paved in 4 Years". The Plain Dealer. September 26, 1922. pp. 1, 5.
- ^ "10 Miles More of Roads Promised". The Plain Dealer. August 19, 1928. p. A2.
- ^ Matowitz 2006, pp. 22, 24.
- ^ Larick, Gibbons & Siplock 2005, p. 42.
- ^ Larick, Gibbons & Siplock 2005, p. 43.
- ^ McCarthy, Sara (January 24, 1958). "Sisters Ready Arter Gift Estate for School". The Plain Dealer. p. 7.
- ^ Treer 2010, p. 93.
- ^ a b c d e f Dorn, Sara (July 13, 2015). "From Blossom Mansion to Shopping Mall: A Legacy Village Timeline". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
- ^ Treer, Thom (April 2017). "A Lyndhurst Legacy: Chester C. and Frances Payne Bolton" (PDF). Lyndhurst Life. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
- ^ a b Treer 2010, p. 94.
- ^ a b "The Hawken School". The Plain Dealer. September 10, 1922. p. 62.
- ^ Board of Park Commissioners 1918, pp. 35-37.
- ^ "Park Board Buys On Chardon Road". The Plain Dealer. October 8, 1920. p. 28.
- ^ "County To Have Game Preserve Tract of 1,500 Acres Close to Euclid Village". The Plain Dealer. July 17, 1921. p. B4.
- ^ "Growth Seen in Euclid Village". The Plain Dealer. June 27, 1926. p. 12.
- ^ "$28,500 Award for Park Tract". The Plain Dealer. June 26, 1924. p. 21; "Jackson Sells to Park". The Plain Dealer. September 26, 1926. p. 15.
- ^ "Profit Or Loss". The Plain Dealer. May 17, 1930. p. 13.
- ^ a b c d e Raponi, Richard (April 18, 2017). "Civilian Conservation Corps: The Dedication of Euclid Creek Reservation". Cleveland Historical. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
- ^ Matowitz 2006, p. 20.
- ^ Matowitz 2006, pp. 23, 27.
- ^ a b c d e Elting, Jennifer (December 8, 2017). "Sewer District's Euclid Creek Shoaling Removal Project Underway". Collinwood Observer. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
- ^ Robertson, William (June 16, 1920). "Sisterhood Buys Site For Convent". The Plain Dealer. p. 22.
- ^ "Dedicate Grotto Today". The Plain Dealer. May 30, 1926. p. A6; Chojnacki, Linda (December 19, 2010). "Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine in Euclid holds a piece of history". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Dorn, Sara (May 11, 2015). "From Blossom estate to shopping mecca: How Legacy Village came to be". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
- ^ a b c Stern 2005, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Stern 2005, p. 5.
- ^ a b "Charter Is Granted To Acacia Golf Club". The Plain Dealer. April 6, 1921. p. 12.
- ^ a b "Men Must Learn More About Play". The Plain Dealer. March 28, 1922. p. 19.
- ^ a b "Progress Made On Golf Course". The Plain Dealer. November 4, 1922. p. 18.
- ^ "To Be Ready on Decoration Day". The Plain Dealer. May 6, 1923. p. D4; "Club Officers Officially Open Acacia Course". The Plain Dealer. May 31, 1923. p. 22; "Introducing the Acacia Club and Some of Its Members to the Cleveland Colony". The Plain Dealer. June 3, 1923. p. D3.
- ^ "Important Piece For Depot Bought". The Plain Dealer. September 7, 1922. p. 5.
- ^ McDavitt, Harry G. (April 20, 1924). "New Acacia Country Club Shoots Past Own Goal In Its Golf Endeavors". The Plain Dealer. p. D2.
- ^ "Another Golf School Starts". The Plain Dealer. January 7, 1922. p. 14.
- ^ "Acacia Country Club House Will Be Ready By May 30". The Plain Dealer. November 23, 1924. p. B5.
- ^ "Landmark airport celebrates 50 years". The News-Herald. May 31, 2000. Retrieved April 29, 2018; Tracy, Charles (March 1963). "The Airport That Arose From the Dead". Flying. pp. 26–27, 86–88. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ^ "In the Air Over Cleveland". The Plain Dealer. September 7, 1930. p. Women's Magazine and Amusement 16.
- ^ a b "Richmond Airport Has Busy Opening". The Plain Dealer. May 31, 1950. p. 12.
- ^ Williams, Brian (August 4, 1963). "County Airport Looking Up". The Plain Dealer. p. AA1.
- ^ "Business Soaring at County Airport". The Plain Dealer. September 23, 1979. p. The Growing Hillcrest Community 9.
- ^ Moore, Gregory L. (March 14, 1981). "1,400 Jobs Seen In Development of Airport Land". The Plain Dealer. p. A12.
- ^ Sweeney, James F.; Achkar, Alan (November 2, 1999). "A Neighborly Approach: Planners Say Nearby Airports Can Take Load Off Hopkins". The Plain Dealer. p. A1.
- ^ a b "County Fixing 67 Spans". The Plain Dealer. September 16, 1991. p. B1.
- ^ a b Larick, Gibbons & Siplock 2005, p. 53.
- ^ "Pickands Estate Bought By Religious Order". The Plain Dealer. November 1, 1942. p. C8.
- ^ Dorsey, Ray (July 1, 1947). "Report Hits Cleveland's Fire Safety". The Plain Dealer. pp. 1, 2.
- ^ "A Triple Defense". The Plain Dealer. May 1, 1925. p. 8.
- ^ "City Council Is Facing Day of Reckoning". The Plain Dealer. March 24, 1930. pp. 1, 5.
- ^ Dorsey, Ray (June 11, 1948). "Time-Out...". The Plain Dealer. p. 34.
- ^ "Water Intake Is Near Completion". The Plain Dealer. August 4, 1951. p. 4; "Nottingham Water Plant Is On View". The Plain Dealer. October 20, 1951. p. 4.
- ^ "O.K. $1,088,396 Bridge". The Plain Dealer. June 29, 1954. p. 9.
- ^ "New Monticello Bridge Is Opened". The Plain Dealer. December 5, 1955. p. 10.
- ^ "'Snowbreaking' Begins Route 1 Here". The Plain Dealer. December 29, 1960. p. 5.
- ^ "Beachwood Clears Way for Outer Belt". The Plain Dealer. April 7, 1961. p. 1.
- ^ a b "2 Freeways Nearly Set; Police Aren't". The Plain Dealer. October 11, 1962. p. 8.
- ^ a b Kuehner, John C. (December 3, 1994). "Growth Blamed for Runoff Flooding in Willoughby Hills". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
- ^ Larick, Gibbons & Siplock 2005, p. 57.
- ^ Robson, John (March 11, 1961). "Euclid Mayor's Dream Road Is Nightmare Alley for Now". The Plain Dealer. p. 13.
- ^ "East Side Faces 2-Month Detour". The Plain Dealer. February 17, 1961. p. 74.
- ^ Hirschfeld, Wilson (November 2, 1962). "Freeway Link to Be Opened this Morning". The Plain Dealer. p. 7.
- ^ Larick, Gibbons & Siplock 2005, p. 58.
- ^ "Richmond Hts. Project Approved". The Plain Dealer. May 2, 1962. p. 35.
- ^ Rider, Adin C. (August 7, 1962). "$10-Million Shop, Apartment Group Set in Richmond". The Plain Dealer. pp. 1, 14.
- ^ Gleisser, Marcus (February 19, 1964). "75-Store Enclosed Mall Set". The Plain Dealer. pp. 1, 8.
- ^ "Richmond Mall Shopping Center Opens Today at 9:30". The Plain Dealer. September 22, 1966. p. 34; Gorisek, Albin A. (September 23, 1966). "150,000 Swamp Richmond Mall". The Plain Dealer. p. 34.
- ^ "Ohio's Only Armenian Church". The Plain Dealer. February 20, 1965. p. 11.
- ^ "Church Consecrated". The Plain Dealer. April 13, 1964. p. 19.
- ^ "Jewish Unit Tops $4.7-Million Goal In Nursing Home Drive". The Plain Dealer. January 14, 1966. p. 10; "New Corporation Buys Jewish Orthodox Home". The Plain Dealer. February 9, 1968. p. 20.
- ^ "Models Aim at Older Adults". The Plain Dealer. February 19, 1978. pp. 7–10.
- ^ Lane, Mary Beth (May 19, 1994). "Senior Care Is Focus of Dispute". The Plain Dealer. p. B5.
- ^ "On the Go". The Plain Dealer. May 31, 2004. p. E2.
- ^ Kelly, Michael (October 9, 1970). "Villa Angela Academy Will Get New $3-Million School Building". The Plain Dealer. p. 9.
- ^ Crawford, John A. (January 2, 1972). "Villa Angela Builds New School". The Plain Dealer. p. I6.
- ^ "Catholic Schools Shrink, But New Academy Ready". The Plain Dealer. September 4, 1972. p. D5.
- ^ "Villa Angela Sets Auction Saturday". The Plain Dealer. September 27, 1972. p. A9; "Today's Catholic School". The Plain Dealer. March 18, 1973. p. Plain Dealer Sunday Magazine 52.
- ^ Kelly, Michael (May 20, 1976). "Saks Fifth Avenue to Open Branch Here". The Plain Dealer. p. 41.
- ^ "Beachwood Board OK's Plans for Shopping Mall". The Plain Dealer. October 2, 1976. p. 12.
- ^ Kuehner, John C. (April 17, 1997). "S. Euclid Will Not Go With Flow On Flooding". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
- ^ a b c Kuehner, John C. (November 7, 1997). "Study Links Flood Problems to Beachwood Development". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
- ^ Gerdel, Thomas W. (July 13, 1977). "Brooks Bros. Looks For A Suitable Site Here". The Plain Dealer. p. 22.
- ^ a b Kuehner, John C. (August 22, 1997). "Debate Stormy on Beachwood Flood". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
- ^ Kelly, Michael (August 22, 1978). "Beachwood Place Has Spirits Bubbling". The Plain Dealer. p. B6.
- ^ a b c d e f Thoma, Pauline (October 1, 1983). "Rein In Euclid Creek Is Flood Project Aim". The Plain Dealer. p. A7.
- ^ a b "House Unit OKs Euclid Creek Flood Control Project Grant". The Plain Dealer. July 18, 1981. p. A22.
- ^ a b c d Clark, Gary R. (December 21, 1982). "Runway Extension Approved". The Plain Dealer. p. A26.
- ^ "Lake Shore Bridge Named for Stokes". The Plain Dealer. June 23, 1988. p. C2.
- ^ Thoma, Pauline (August 17, 1983). "Zoo On the Move". The Plain Dealer. p. A23.
- ^ a b Vishnevsky, Zina (August 18, 1989). "Diocese Completes Merger of Villa Angela, St. Joseph". The Plain Dealer. p. 20.
- ^ Stringfellow, Eric; Breckenridge, Tom (March 19, 1987). "3 Catholic High Schools Weighing Merger". The Plain Dealer. p. B12.
- ^ "St. Joseph, Villa Angela To Merge". The Plain Dealer. October 7, 1988. p. B7.
- ^ "Illegal Dipping By Mayor". The Plain Dealer. November 14, 1987. p. B3.
- ^ Lawless, James (July 21, 1989). "By Nature, He Makes His Deals Out in the Open". The Plain Dealer. p. B2.
- ^ a b Thoma, Pauline (April 9, 1990). "Lakefront Park to Add 12 Near Villa Angela". The Plain Dealer. p. E1.
- ^ "State Board OKs Purchase of Villa Angela Land for Park". The Plain Dealer. May 14, 1991. p. B2.
- ^ Stainer, Harry (February 1, 1990). "Academy Site For Library Supported". The Plain Dealer. p. D10; Hagen, John F. (September 21, 1990). "Decision on Library Branch's Fate Delayed". The Plain Dealer. p. C3.
- ^ a b Stainer, Harry (May 17, 1991). "Library to Purchase School for Branch". The Plain Dealer. p. B4.
- ^ "Library Branch to Remain Closed, Board Decides". The Plain Dealer. August 7, 1991. p. B5.
- ^ "Library Unveils Plans for Former Villa Angela Academy". The Plain Dealer. May 23, 1992. p. B4; "Library Board OKs $6.1 Million in Contracts". The Plain Dealer. December 18, 1991. p. C2.
- ^ Stainer, Harry (August 9, 1994). "New Library Is Child-Friendly". The Plain Dealer. p. B2.
- ^ Segall, Grant (October 21, 1991). "It's Been A Moving Experience". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
- ^ Wood, Allison (June 6, 2005). "Jewish initiative receives $5M grant". Crain's Cleveland Business. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- ^ Butz, Michael C. (December 27, 2012). "Montefiore memory care pavilion named for Willenskys". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- ^ Wittenberg, Ed (February 13, 2015). "Montefiore's Willensky Residence undergoes expansion". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- ^ Wittenberg, Ed (April 8, 2014). "Montefiore's Rock to step down in 2015". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved May 5, 2018; Koehn, Amanda (November 23, 2016). "Driscol first full-time medical director of Montefiore's Vinney Hospice". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved May 5, 2018; "Montefiore's Vinney Hospice, Maltz Hospice House provide compassionate end-of-life care for loved one". Cleveland Jewish News. March 21, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- ^ "Troubled Bridge Over Water Has Some Worried". The Plain Dealer. November 17, 1991. p. B14.
- ^ a b c d e Thoma, Pauline (April 13, 1992). "Beach Trip Will Be A Breeze". The Plain Dealer. p. B3.
- ^ "Public Meeting to Address Lakefront". The Plain Dealer. June 24, 1993. p. B2; Luttner, Steve (August 8, 1993). "Enough, Already, With the Asphalt". The Plain Dealer. p. C3.
- ^ "Villa Angela to Join State Park Chain Along Lake". The Plain Dealer. May 17, 1994. p. B5.
- ^ Egan, D'Arcy (April 28, 1995). "Anglers Eager to Use New Pier". The Plain Dealer. p. D9.
- ^ Kuehner, John C. (October 15, 1994). "I-271 Widening Prompts Concerns About Flooding". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
- ^ Kuehner, John C. (August 17, 1999). "Beachwood Says It's Blameless". The Plain Dealer. p. B10.
- ^ Tinsley, Jesse (June 18, 2000). "Soggy Residents Dread Development". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
- ^ Kuehner, John C. (November 2, 2001). "Sewer Project to Clean Up East Side Waterways". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
- ^ a b c McCarty, James F. (September 18, 2015). "Sewer District's Tunnel Project Done Under Budget". The Plain Dealer. p. A4.
- ^ Kuehner, John C. (April 6, 2005). "Dig This: Big Sewer Upgrade Coming". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
- ^ a b McCarty, James F. (May 30, 2016). "Sewage Pump Station Nearly Completed". The Plain Dealer. p. A1.
- ^ Tinsley, Jesse (January 23, 2003). "Cleveland and 9 Eastern Suburbs to Work Together to End Flooding". The Plain Dealer. p. B4.
- ^ a b Scott, Michael (December 20, 2010). "Euclid Creek Dam Removed to Improve Water Quality". The Plain Dealer. p. B1.
- ^ Euclid Creek Watershed Council 2006, pp. 23-24.
- ^ Stern 2005, p. 6.
- ^ Ewinger, James (April 14, 2010). "Storm Water Runoff Accelerating Erosion in the Metroparks". The Plain Dealer. p. A1.
- ^ McFee, Michelle Jarboe (September 7, 2012). "Acacia sale to Conservation Fund approved". The Plain Dealer. p. A1.
- ^ McFee, Michelle Jarboe (August 23, 2012). "Lyndhurst offers Acacia club $16M to block sale to Conservation Fund". The Plain Dealer. p. C1.
- ^ a b Ewinger, James (December 19, 2016). "Acacia Site Being Restored to Natural State". The Plain Dealer. p. A1.
- ^ Ewinger, James (October 12, 2012). "Metroparks to take over Acacia site". The Plain Dealer. p. A1.
- ^ Ewinger, James (October 2, 2016). "Euclid Beach Pier To Be Replaced". The Plain Dealer. p. A6.
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