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Google Translate
Google Translate logo.svg
Screenshot of Google Translate.png
Google Translate homepage
Type of siteNeural machine translation
Available in109 languages, see below
OwnerGoogle
URLtranslate.google.com
CommercialYes
RegistrationOptional
UsersOver 500 million people daily
LaunchedApril 28, 2006; 15 years ago (2006-04-28) (as statistical machine translation)[1]
November 15, 2016; 4 years ago (2016-11-15) (as neural machine translation)[2]
Current statusActive

Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google, to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, and an application programming interface that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications.[3] As of May 2021, Google Translate supports 109 languages at various levels and as of April 2016, claimed over 500 million total users, with more than 100 billion words translated daily.[4]

Launched in April 2006 as a statistical machine translation service, it used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts to gather linguistic data. Rather than translating languages directly, it first translates text to English and then pivots to the target language in most of the language combinations it posits in its grid,[5] with a few exceptions including Catalan-Spanish.[6] During a translation, it looks for patterns in millions of documents to help decide on which words to choose and how to arrange them in the target language. Its accuracy, which has been criticized and ridiculed on several occasions,[7] has been measured to vary greatly across languages.[8] In November 2016, Google announced that Google Translate would switch to a neural machine translation engine – Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) – which translates "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar".[9] Originally only enabled for a few languages in 2016, GNMT is now used in all 109 languages in the Google Translate roster as of May 2021, except for when translating between English and Latin.[10]

History

Google Translate is a complementary translation service developed by Google in April 2006.[11] It translates multiple forms of texts and media such as words, phrases and webpages.

Originally Google Translate was released as a statistical machine translation service.[11] The input text had to be translated into English first before being translated into the selected language.[11] Since SMT uses predictive algorithms to translate text, it had poor grammatical accuracy. Despite this, Google initially did not hire experts to resolve this limitation due to the ever-evolving nature of language.[11]

In January 2010, Google introduced an Android app and iOS version in February 2011 to serve as a portable personal interpreter.[11] As of February 2010, it was integrated into browsers such as Chrome and was able to pronounce the translated text, automatically recognize words in a picture and spot unfamiliar text and languages.[11]

In May 2014, Google acquired Word Lens to improve the quality of visual and voice translation.[12] It is able to scan text or a picture using the device and have it translated instantly. Moreover, the system automatically identifies foreign languages and translates speech without requiring individuals to tap the microphone button whenever speech translation is needed.[12]

In November 2016, Google transitioned its translating method to a system called neural machine translation.[13] It uses deep learning techniques to translate whole sentences at a time, which has been measured to be more accurate between English and French, German, Spanish, and Chinese.[14] No measurement results have been provided by Google researchers for GNMT from English to other languages, other languages to English, or between language pairs that do not include English. As of 2018, it translates more than 100 billion words a day.[13]

Functions

Google Translate can translate multiple forms of text and media, which includes text, speech, and text within still or moving images. Specifically, its functions include:

  • Written Words Translation: a function that translates written words or text to a foreign language.[15]
  • Website Translation: a function that translates a whole webpage to selected languages[16]
  • Document Translation: a function that translates a document uploaded by the users to selected languages. The documents should be in the form of: .doc, .docx, .odf, .pdf, .ppt, .pptx, .ps, .rtf, .txt, .xls, .xlsx.[16]
  • Speech Translation: a function that instantly translates spoken language into the selected foreign language.[17]
  • Mobile App Translation: in 2018, Google Translate has introduced its new feature called “Tap to Translate,” which made instant translation accessible inside any app without exiting or switching it.[18]
  • Image Translation: a function that identifies text in a picture taken by the users and translates text on the screen instantly by images.[19]
  • Handwritten Translation: a function that translates language that are handwritten on the phone screen or drawn on a virtual keyboard without the support of a keyboard.[20]

For most of its features, Google Translate provides the pronunciation, dictionary, and listening to translation. Additionally, Google Translate has introduced its own Translate app, so translation is available with a mobile phone in offline mode.[18]

Features

Google Translate produces approximations across languages of multiple forms of text and media, including text, speech, websites, or text on display in still or live video images.[18][21] For some languages, Google Translate can synthesize speech from text,[15] and in certain pairs it is possible to highlight specific corresponding words and phrases between the source and target text. Results are sometimes shown with dictional information below the translation box, but it is not a dictionary[22] and has been shown to invent translations in all languages for words it does not recognize.[23] If "Detect language" is selected, text in an unknown language can be automatically identified. In the web interface, users can suggest alternate translations, such as for technical terms, or correct mistakes. These suggestions may be included in future updates to the translation process. If a user enters a URL in the source text, Google Translate will produce a hyperlink to a machine translation of the website.[16] Users can save translation proposals in a "phrasebook" for later use.[24] For some languages, text can be entered via an on-screen keyboard, through handwriting recognition, or speech recognition.[20][17] It is possible to enter searches in a source language that are first translated to a destination language allowing one to browse and interpret results from the selected destination language in the source language.

Texts written in the Greek, Devanagari, Cyrillic and Arabic scripts can be transliterated automatically from phonetic equivalents written in the Latin alphabet. The browser version of Google Translate provides the read phonetically option for Japanese to English conversion. The same option is not available on the paid API version.

Accent of English that the "text-to-speech" audio of Google Translate of each country uses:
  British (Received Pronunciation) (female)
  General American (female)
  General Australian (female)
  Indian (female)
  No Google translate service

Many of the more popular languages have a "text-to-speech" audio function that is able to read back a text in that language, up to a few dozen words or so. In the case of pluricentric languages, the accent depends on the region: for English, in the Americas, most of the Asia-Pacific and West Asia, the audio uses a female General American accent, whereas in Europe, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Guyana and all other parts of the world, a female British (Received Pronunciation) accent is used, except for a special General Australian accent used in Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island, and an Indian English accent used in India; for Spanish, in the Americas, a Latin American accent is used, while in the other parts of the world, a Castilian accent is used; for Portuguese, a São Paulo accent is used around the world, except in Portugal, where their native accent is used instead; for French, a Quebecois accent is used in Canada, while in the other parts of the world, a standard European accent is used; for Bengali, a male Bangladeshi accent is used, except in India, where a special female Indian Bengali accent is used instead. Some less widely spoken languages use the open-source eSpeak synthesizer for their speech; producing a robotic, awkward voice that may be difficult to understand.

Browser integration

Google Translate is available in some web browsers as an optional downloadable extension that can run the translation engine, which allow right-click command access to the translation service.[25][26][27] In February 2010, Google Translate was integrated into the Google Chrome browser by default, for optional automatic webpage translation.[28][29][30]

Mobile app

Google Translate
Screenshot
A screenshot of the iOS app of Google Translate, showing an English translation of "Coffee" to Simplified Chinese "咖啡" or "Kāfēi"
Developer(s)Google
Initial releaseJanuary 1, 2010; 11 years ago (2010-01-01) (for Android)
February 8, 2011; 10 years ago (2011-02-08) (for iOS)
Stable release(s) [±]
Android6.5.0.RC04.292618770 / January 31, 2020; 15 months ago (2020-01-31)[31]
iOS6.3.0 / October 3, 2019; 19 months ago (2019-10-03)[32]
Platform
  • Android 5.0 and later
  • iOS 11 and later
Size20.74 MB (Android)
70.9 MB (iOS)
Available in109 languages, see below
TypeStatistical and neural machine translation
Websitem.translate.google.com

The Google Translate app for Android and iOS supports 109 languages and can propose translations for 37 languages via photo, 32 via voice in "conversation mode", and 27 via live video imagery in "augmented reality mode".[33]

The Android app was released in January 2010, while an HTML5 web application was released for iOS users in August 2008,[34] followed by a native app on February 8, 2011.[35]

The app supports 109 languages and voice input for 45 languages.[10] It is available for devices running Android 2.1 and above and can be downloaded by searching for "Google Translate" in Google Play.

The current Google Translate app is compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch updated to iOS 7.0+.[36] It accepts voice input for 15 languages and allows translation of a word or phrase into one of more than 50 languages. Translations can be spoken out loud in 23 different languages.[35]

A January 2011 Android version experimented with a "Conversation Mode" that aims to allow users to communicate fluidly with a nearby person in another language.[37] Originally limited to English and Spanish, the feature received support for 12 new languages, still in testing, the following October.[38][39]

The 'Camera input' functionality allows users to take a photograph of a document, signboard, etc. Google Translate recognises the text from the image using optical character recognition (OCR) technology and gives the translation. Camera input is not available for all languages.

In January 2015, the apps gained the ability to propose translations of physical signs in real time using the device's camera, as a result of Google's acquisition of the Word Lens app.[40][41][12] The original January launch only supported seven languages, but a July update added support for 20 new languages, with the release of a new implementation that utilizes convolutional neural networks, and also enhanced the speed and quality of Conversation Mode translations (augmented reality).[42][43][44][45] The feature was subsequently renamed Instant Camera. The technology underlying Instant Camera combines image processing and optical character recognition, then attempts to produce cross-language equivalents using standard Google Translate estimations for the text as it is perceived.[46]

On May 11, 2016, Google introduced Tap to Translate for Google Translate for Android. Upon highlighting text in an app that is in a foreign language, Translate will pop up inside of the app and offer translations.[47]

API

On May 26, 2011, Google announced that the Google Translate API for software developers had been deprecated and would cease functioning.[48] The Translate API page stated the reason as "substantial economic burden caused by extensive abuse" with an end date set for December 1, 2011.[49] In response to public pressure, Google announced in June 2011 that the API would continue to be available as a paid service.[48][50]

Because the API was used in numerous third-party websites and apps, the original decision to deprecate it led some developers to criticize Google and question the viability of using Google APIs in their products.[51][52]

Google Assistant

Google Translate also provides translations for Google Assistant and the devices that Google Assistant runs on such as Google Home and Pixel Buds.

Supported languages

The following 109 languages are supported by Google Translate as of May 2021.[10]

  1. Afrikaans
  2. Albanian
  3. Amharic
  4. Arabic
  5. Armenian
  6. Azerbaijani
  7. Basque
  8. Belarusian
  9. Bengali
  10. Bosnian
  11. Bulgarian
  12. Catalan
  13. Cebuano
  14. Chewa
  15. Chinese (Simplified)
  16. Chinese (Traditional)
  17. Corsican
  18. Croatian
  19. Czech
  20. Danish
  21. Dutch
  22. English
  23. Esperanto
  24. Estonian
  25. Filipino (Tagalog)
  26. Finnish
  27. French
  28. Galician
  29. Georgian
  30. German
  31. Greek
  32. Gujarati
  33. Haitian Creole
  34. Hausa
  35. Hawaiian
  36. Hebrew
  37. Hindi
  38. Hmong
  39. Hungarian
  40. Icelandic
  41. Igbo
  42. Indonesian
  43. Irish
  44. Italian
  45. Japanese
  46. Javanese
  47. Kannada
  48. Kazakh
  49. Khmer
  50. Kinyarwanda
  51. Korean
  52. Kurdish (Kurmanji)
  53. Kyrgyz
  54. Lao
  55. Latin
  56. Latvian
  57. Lithuanian
  58. Luxembourgish
  59. Macedonian
  60. Malagasy
  61. Malay
  62. Malayalam
  63. Maltese
  64. Maori
  65. Marathi
  66. Mongolian
  67. Myanmar (Burmese)
  68. Nepali
  69. Norwegian (Bokmål)
  70. Odia
  71. Pashto
  72. Persian
  73. Polish
  74. Portuguese
  75. Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
  76. Romanian
  77. Russian
  78. Samoan
  79. Scottish Gaelic
  80. Serbian
  81. Shona
  82. Sindhi
  83. Sinhala
  84. Slovak
  85. Slovenian
  86. Somali
  87. Sotho
  88. Spanish
  89. Sundanese
  90. Swahili
  91. Swedish
  92. Tajik
  93. Tamil
  94. Tatar
  95. Telugu
  96. Thai
  97. Turkish
  98. Turkmen
  99. Ukrainian
  100. Urdu
  101. Uyghur
  102. Uzbek
  103. Vietnamese
  104. Welsh
  105. West Frisian
  106. Xhosa
  107. Yiddish
  108. Yoruba
  109. Zulu
History
  1. 1st stage
    1. English to and from French
    2. English to and from German
    3. English to and from Spanish
  2. 2nd stage
    1. English to and from Portuguese
  3. 3rd stage
    1. English to and from Italian
  4. 4th stage
    1. English to and from Chinese (Simplified)
    2. English to and from Japanese
    3. English to and from Korean
  5. 5th stage (launched April 28, 2006)[1]
    1. English to and from Arabic
  6. 6th stage (launched December 16, 2006)
    1. English to and from Russian
  7. 7th stage (launched February 9, 2007)
    1. English to and from Chinese (Traditional)
    2. Chinese (Simplified to and from Traditional)
  8. 8th stage (all 25 language pairs use Google's machine translation system) (launched October 22, 2007)
    1. English to and from Dutch
    2. English to and from Greek
  9. 9th stage
    1. English to and from Hindi
  10. 10th stage (as of this stage, translation can be done between any two languages, using English as an intermediate step, if needed) (launched May 8, 2008)
    1. Bulgarian
    2. Croatian
    3. Czech
    4. Danish
    5. Finnish
    6. Norwegian (Bokmål)
    7. Polish
    8. Romanian
    9. Swedish
  11. 11th stage (launched September 25, 2008)
    1. Catalan
    2. Filipino
    3. Hebrew
    4. Indonesian
    5. Latvian
    6. Lithuanian
    7. Serbian
    8. Slovak
    9. Slovene
    10. Ukrainian
    11. Vietnamese
  12. 12th stage (launched January 30, 2009)
    1. Albanian
    2. Estonian
    3. Galician
    4. Hungarian
    5. Maltese
    6. Thai
    7. Turkish
  13. 13th stage (launched June 19, 2009)
    1. Persian
  14. 14th stage (launched August 24, 2009)
    1. Afrikaans
    2. Belarusian
    3. Icelandic
    4. Irish
    5. Macedonian
    6. Malay
    7. Swahili
    8. Welsh
    9. Yiddish
  15. 15th stage (launched November 19, 2009)
    1. The Beta stage is finished. Users can now choose to have the romanization written for Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Greek, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Thai and Ukrainian. For translations from Arabic, Hindi and Persian, the user can enter a Latin transliteration of the text and the text will be transliterated to the native script for these languages as the user is typing. The text can now be read by a text-to-speech program in English, French, German and Italian.
  16. 16th stage (launched January 30, 2010)
    1. Haitian Creole
  17. 17th stage (launched April 2010)
    1. Speech program launched in Hindi and Spanish.
  18. 18th stage (launched May 5, 2010)
    1. Speech program launched in Afrikaans, Albanian, Catalan, Chinese (Mandarin), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Latvian, Macedonian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Swahili, Swedish, Turkish, Vietnamese and Welsh (based on eSpeak)[53]
  19. 19th stage (launched May 13, 2010)[54]
    1. Armenian
    2. Azerbaijani
    3. Basque
    4. Georgian
    5. Urdu
  20. 20th stage (launched June 2010)
    1. Provides romanization for Arabic.
  21. 21st stage (launched September 2010)
    1. Allows phonetic typing for Arabic, Greek, Hindi, Persian, Russian, Serbian and Urdu.
    2. Latin[55]
  22. 22nd stage (launched December 2010)
    1. Romanization of Arabic removed.
    2. Spell check added.
    3. For some languages, Google replaced text-to-speech synthesizers from eSpeak's robot voice to native speaker's nature voice technologies made by SVOX[56] (Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Turkish), and also the old versions of French, German, Italian and Spanish; Latin uses the same synthesizer as Italian.
    4. Speech program launched in Arabic, Japanese and Korean.
  23. 23rd stage (launched January 2011)
    1. Choice of different translations for a word.
  24. 24th stage (launched June 2011)
    1. 5 new Indic languages (in alpha) and a transliterated input method:[57]
    2. Bengali
    3. Gujarati
    4. Kannada
    5. Tamil
    6. Telugu
  25. 25th stage (launched July 2011)
    1. Translation rating introduced.
  26. 26th stage (launched January 2012)
    1. Dutch male voice synthesizer replaced with female.
    2. Elena by SVOX replaced the Slovak eSpeak voice.
    3. Transliteration of Yiddish added.
  27. 27th stage (launched February 2012)
    1. Speech program launched in Thai.
    2. Esperanto[58]
  28. 28th stage (launched September 2012)
    1. Lao
  29. 29th stage (launched October 2012)
    1. Transliteration of Lao added. (alpha status)[59][60]
  30. 30th stage (launched October 2012)
    1. New speech program launched in English.
  31. 31st stage (launched November 2012)
    1. New speech program in French, German, Italian, Latin and Spanish.
  32. 32nd stage (launched March 2013)
    1. Phrasebook added.
  33. 33rd stage (launched April 2013)
    1. Khmer
  34. 34th stage (launched May 2013)
    1. Bosnian
    2. Cebuano
    3. Hmong
    4. Javanese
    5. Marathi
  35. 35th stage (launched May 2013)
    1. 16 additional languages can be used with camera-input: Bulgarian, Catalan, Croatian, Danish, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Indonesian, Icelandic, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian and Swedish.
  36. 36th stage (launched December 2013)
    1. Hausa
    2. Igbo
    3. Maori
    4. Mongolian
    5. Nepali
    6. Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
    7. Somali
    8. Yoruba
    9. Zulu
  37. 37th stage (launched June 2014)
    1. Definition of words added.
  38. 38th stage (launched December 2014)
    1. Burmese
    2. Chewa
    3. Kazakh
    4. Malagasy
    5. Malayalam
    6. Sinhalese
    7. Sotho
    8. Sundanese
    9. Tajik
    10. Uzbek
  39. 39th stage (launched October 2015)
    1. Transliteration of Arabic restored.
  40. 40th stage (launched November 2015)
    1. Aurebesh
  41. 41st stage (launched February 2016)
    1. Aurebesh removed.
    2. Speech program launched in Bengali.
    3. Amharic
    4. Corsican
    5. Hawaiian
    6. Kurdish (Kurmanji)
    7. Kyrgyz
    8. Luxembourgish
    9. Pashto
    10. Samoan
    11. Scottish Gaelic
    12. Shona
    13. Sindhi[61][62][63]
    14. West Frisian
    15. Xhosa[64][65][66]
  42. 42nd stage (launched September 2016)
    1. Speech program launched in Ukrainian.
  43. 43rd stage (launched December 2016)
    1. Speech program launched in Khmer and Sinhala.
  44. 44th stage (launched June 2018)
    1. Speech program launched in Burmese, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, and Telugu.
  45. 45th stage (launched September 2019)
    1. Speech program launched in Gujarati, Kannada, and Urdu.
  46. 46th stage (launched February 2020)
    1. Kinyarwanda
    2. Odia
    3. Tatar
    4. Turkmen
    5. Uyghur
  47. 47th stage (launched February 2021)
    1. Speech program launched in Afrikaans, Catalan, Icelandic, Latvian, and Serbian (changed from eSpeak to a natural voice).
    2. New speech system for several languages.

Languages in development

These languages are not yet supported by Google Translate, but are available in the Translate Community. Currently there are 124 languages which are still in development as of April 2021.[67]

  1. Acehnese
  2. Adyghe
  3. Afar
  4. Ahirani
  5. Aragonese
  6. Assamese
  7. Avaric
  8. Aymara
  9. Bagheli
  10. Baluchi
  11. Bangala
  12. Baoulé
  13. Bashkir
  14. Batak Toba
  15. Betawi
  16. Bhojpuri
  17. Bodo
  18. Breton
  19. Cantonese
  20. Chechen
  21. Cherokee
  22. Chhattisgarhi
  23. Chitonga (Tonga)
  24. Chittagonian
  25. Chuvash
  26. Deccani
  27. Dholuo
  28. Divehi
  29. Dogri
  30. Dyula
  31. Dzongkha
  32. Edo
  33. Efik
  34. Esan
  35. Ewe
  36. Fon
  37. Fulah
  38. Gagauz
  39. Garhwali
  40. Guarani
  41. Haryanvi
  42. Hiligaynon
  43. Inuktitut
  44. Iloko
  45. Isoko
  46. Kalaallisut
  47. Kamba
  48. Kanuri
  49. Kara-Kalpak
  50. Karachay-Balkar
  51. Kashmiri
  52. Kedah Malay
  53. Khakas
  54. Khorasani Turkic
  55. Kikuyu
  56. Kokborok
  57. Krio
  58. Kumyk
  59. Kurdish (Sorani)
  60. Kʼicheʼ
  61. Lakota
  62. Lingala
  63. Luba-Katanga
  64. Luganda
  65. Madurese
  66. Magahi
  67. Maithili
  68. Marwari
  69. Mazanderani
  70. Meitei (Manipuri)
  71. Minangkabau
  72. Mizo
  73. Montenegrin
  74. Mossi
  75. Navajo
  76. Nepalbhasa
  77. Nigerian Pidgin
  78. Northern Sami
  79. Northern Sotho
  80. Occitan
  81. Oromo
  82. Pampanga (Kapampangan)
  83. Pattani Malay
  84. Qashqai
  85. Quechua
  86. Rajasthani
  87. Rangpuri
  88. Rohingya
  89. Romansh
  90. Sadri
  91. Salar
  92. Samogitian
  93. Sango
  94. Sanskrit
  95. Santali
  96. Saraiki
  97. Serrano
  98. Setswana (Tswana)
  99. Shor
  100. Siberian Tatar
  101. Sicilian
  102. Southern Altai
  103. Southern Ndebele
  104. Surjapuri
  105. Swahili Congo
  106. Sylheti
  107. Tamazight (Berber)
  108. Tibetan
  109. Tigrinya
  110. Tiv
  111. Tok Pisin
  112. Tshiluba (Luba-Kasai)
  113. Tshivenda (Venda)
  114. Tuvinian
  115. Twi
  116. Urhobo
  117. Urum
  118. Varhadi-Nagpuri
  119. Wolof
  120. Xitsonga (Tsonga)
  121. Yakut
  122. Yucateco
  123. Zaza
  124. Zhuang

Languages petitioned yet to be added

  1. Cree[68][69]

Translation methodology

In April 2006, Google Translate launched with a statistical machine translation engine.[1]

Google Translate does not apply grammatical rules, since its algorithms are based on statistical or pattern analysis rather than traditional rule-based analysis. The system's original creator, Franz Josef Och, has criticized the effectiveness of rule-based algorithms in favor of statistical approaches.[70] Original versions of Google Translate were based on a method called statistical machine translation, and more specifically, on research by Och who won the DARPA contest for speed machine translation in 2003. Och was the head of Google's machine translation group until leaving to join Human Longevity, Inc. in July 2014.[71]

Google Translate does not translate from one language to another (L1 → L2). Instead, it often translates first to English and then to the target language (L1 → EN → L2).[72][73][74][5][75] However, because English, like all human languages, is ambiguous and depends on context, this can cause translation errors. For example, translating vous from French to Russian gives vous → you → ты OR Bы/вы.[76] If Google were using an unambiguous, artificial language as the intermediary, it would be vous → you → Bы/вы OR tu → thou → ты. Such a suffixing of words disambiguates their different meanings. Hence, publishing in English, using unambiguous words, providing context, using expressions such as "you all" often make a better one-step translation.

The following languages do not have a direct Google translation to or from English. These languages are translated through the indicated intermediate language (which in most cases is closely related to the desired language but more widely spoken) in addition to through English:[citation needed]

  • Belarusian (be ↔ ru ↔ en ↔ other);
  • Catalan (ca ↔ es ↔ en ↔ other);
  • Galician (gl ↔ pt ↔ en ↔ other);
  • Haitian Creole (ht ↔ fr ↔ en ↔ other);
  • Slovak (sk ↔ cs ↔ en ↔ other);
  • Ukrainian (uk ↔ ru ↔ en ↔ other);[75]
  • Urdu (ur ↔ hi ↔ en ↔ other).

According to Och, a solid base for developing a usable statistical machine translation system for a new pair of languages from scratch would consist of a bilingual text corpus (or parallel collection) of more than 150-200 million words, and two monolingual corpora each of more than a billion words.[70] Statistical models from these data are then used to translate between those languages.

To acquire this huge amount of linguistic data, Google used United Nations and European Parliament documents and transcripts.[77][78][79] The UN typically publishes documents in all six official UN languages, which has produced a very large 6-language corpus.

When Google Translate generates a translation proposal, it looks for patterns in hundreds of millions of documents to help decide on the best translation. By detecting patterns in documents that have already been translated by human translators, Google Translate makes informed guesses (AI) as to what an appropriate translation should be.[80]

Before October 2007, for languages other than Arabic, Chinese and Russian, Google Translate was based on SYSTRAN, a software engine which is still used by several other online translation services such as Babel Fish (now defunct). From October 2007, Google Translate used proprietary, in-house technology based on statistical machine translation instead,[81][82] before transitioning to neural machine translation.

Google Translate Community

Google has crowdsourcing features for volunteers to be a part of its “Translate Community”, intended to help improve Google Translate's accuracy.[83][84][85][86][87] Volunteers can select up to five languages to help improve translation; users can verify translated phrases and translate phrases in their languages to and from English, helping to improve the accuracy of translating more rare and complex phrases.[88] In August 2016, a Google Crowdsource app was released for Android users, in which translation tasks are offered.[89][90] There are three ways to contribute. First, Google will show a phrase that one should type in the translated version.[85] Second, Google will show a proposed translation for a user to agree, disagree, or skip.[85] Third, users can suggest translations for phrases where they think they can improve on Google's results. Tests in 44 languages show that the "suggest an edit" feature led to an improvement in a maximum of 40% of cases over four years, while analysis across the board shows that Google's crowd procedures often lack in erroneous translations.[91]

Statistical machine translation

Although Google deployed a new system called neural machine translation for better quality translation, there are languages that still use the traditional translation method called statistical machine translation. It is a rule-based translation method that utilizes predictive algorithms to guess ways to translate texts in foreign languages. It aims to translate whole phrases rather than single words then gather overlapping phrases for translation. Moreover, it also analyzes bilingual text corpora to generate statistical model that translates texts from one language to another.[92]

Google Neural Machine Translation

Main article: Google Neural Machine Translation

In September 2016, a research team at Google announced the development of the Google Neural Machine Translation system (GNMT) to increase fluency and accuracy in Google Translate[2][93] and in November announced that Google Translate would switch to GNMT.

Google Translate's neural machine translation system uses a large end-to-end artificial neural network that attempts to perform deep learning,[2][94] in particular, long short-term memory networks.[95][96][14][97]GNMT improves the quality of translation over SMT in some instances because it uses an example-based machine translation (EBMT) method in which the system "learns from millions of examples."[94] According to Google researchers, it translates "whole sentences at a time, rather than just piece by piece. It uses this broader context to help it figure out the most relevant translation, which it then rearranges and adjusts to be more like a human speaking with proper grammar".[2] GNMT's "proposed architecture" of "system learning" has been implemented on over a hundred languages supported by Google Translate.[94] With the end-to-end framework, Google states but does not demonstrate for most languages that "the system learns over time to create better, more natural translations."[2] The GNMT network attempts interlingual machine translation, which encodes the "semantics of the sentence rather than simply memorizing phrase-to-phrase translations",[94][74] and the system did not invent its own universal language, but uses "the commonality found in between many languages".[98] GNMT was first enabled for eight languages: to and from English and Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish.[2][93] In March 2017, it was enabled for Hindi, Russian and Vietnamese,[99] followed by Bengali, Gujarati, Indonesian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu in April.[100]

Accuracy

Google Translate is not as reliable as human translation. When text is well-structured, written using formal language, with simple sentences, relating to formal topics for which training data is ample, it often produces conversions similar to human translations between English and a number of high-resource languages.[101][13] Accuracy decreases for those languages when fewer of those conditions apply, for example when sentence length increases or the text uses familiar or literary language. For many other languages vis-à-vis English, it can produce the gist of text in those formal circumstances.[102] Human evaluation from English to all 102 languages shows that the main idea of a text is conveyed more than 50% of the time for 35 languages. For 67 languages, a minimally comprehensible result is not achieved 50% of the time or greater.[8] A few studies have evaluated Chinese[citation needed], French[citation needed], German[citation needed], and Spanish[citation needed] to English, but no systematic human evaluation has been conducted from most Google Translate languages to English. Speculative language-to-language scores extrapolated from English-to-other measurements[103] indicate that Google Translate will produce translation results that convey the gist of a text from one language to another more than half the time in about 1% of language pairs, where neither language is English.[104]

When used as a dictionary to translate single words, Google Translate is highly inaccurate because it must guess between polysemic words. Among the top 100 words in the English language, which make up more than 50% of all written English, the average word has more than 15 senses,[105][circular reference][106] which makes the odds against a correct translation about 15 to 1 if each sense maps to a different word in the target language. Most common English words have at least two senses, which produces 50/50 odds in the likely case that the target language uses different words for those different senses. The odds are similar from other languages to English. Google Translate makes statistical guesses that raise the likelihood of producing the most frequent sense of a word, with the consequence that an accurate translation will be unobtainable in cases that do not match the majority or plurality corpus occurrence. The accuracy of single-word predictions has not been measured for any language. Because almost all non-English language pairs pivot through English, the odds against obtaining accurate single-word translations from one non-English language to another can be estimated by multiplying the number of senses in the source language with the number of senses each of those terms have in English. When Google Translate does not have a word in its vocabulary, it makes up a result as part of its algorithm.[23]

Limitations

Google Translate, like other automatic translation tools, has its limitations. The service limits the number of paragraphs and the range of technical terms that can be translated, and while it can help the reader understand the general content of a foreign language text, it does not always deliver accurate translations, and most times it tends to repeat verbatim the same word it is expected to translate. Grammatically, for example, Google Translate struggles to differentiate between imperfect and perfect aspects in Romance languages so habitual and continuous acts in the past often become single historical events. Although seemingly pedantic, this can often lead to incorrect results (to a native speaker of for example French and Spanish) which would have been avoided by a human translator. Knowledge of the subjunctive mood is virtually non-existent.[107][unreliable source?] Moreover, the formal second person (vous) is often chosen, whatever the context or accepted usage.[108][unreliable source?] Since its English reference material contains only "you" forms, it has difficulty translating a language with "you all" or formal "you" variations.

Due to differences between languages in investment, research, and the extent of digital resources, the accuracy of Google Translate varies greatly among languages.[13] Some languages produce better results than others. Most languages from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, tend to score poorly in relation to the scores of many well-financed European languages, Afrikaans and Chinese being the high-scoring exceptions from their continents.[8][109] No languages indigenous to Australia or the Americas are included within Google Translate. Higher scores for European can be partially attributed to the Europarl Corpus, a trove of documents from the European Parliament that have been professionally translated by the mandate of the European Union into as many as 21 languages. A 2010 analysis indicated that French to English translation is relatively accurate,[110] and 2011 and 2012 analyses showed that Italian to English translation is relatively accurate as well.[111][112] However, if the source text is shorter, rule-based machine translations often perform better; this effect is particularly evident in Chinese to English translations. While edits of translations may be submitted, in Chinese specifically one cannot edit sentences as a whole. Instead, one must edit sometimes arbitrary sets of characters, leading to incorrect edits.[110] A good example is Russian-to-English. Formerly one would use Google Translate to make a draft and then use a dictionary and common sense to correct the numerous mistakes. As of early 2018 Translate is sufficiently accurate to make the Russian Wikipedia accessible to those who can read English. The quality of Translate can be checked by adding it as an extension to Chrome or Firefox and applying it to the left language links of any Wikipedia article. It can be used as a dictionary by typing in words. One can translate from a book by using a scanner and an OCR like Google Drive, but this takes about five minutes per page.

In its Written Words Translation function, there is a word limit on the amount of text that can be translated at once.[15] Therefore, long text should be transferred to a document form and translated through its Document Translate function.[15]

Moreover, like all machine translation programs, Google Translate struggles with polysemy (the multiple meanings a word may have)[113][13] and multiword expressions (terms that have meanings that cannot be understood or translated by analyzing the individual word units that compose them).[114] A word in a foreign language might have two different meanings in the translated language. This might lead to mistranslations.

Additionally, grammatical errors remain a major limitation to the accuracy of Google Translate.[115]

Open-source licenses and components

LanguageWordNetLicense
AlbanianAlbanetCC-BY 3.0/GPL 3
ArabicArabic WordnetCC-BY-SA 3
CatalanMultilingual Central RepositoryCC-BY-3.0
ChineseChinese WordnetWordnet
DanishDannetWordnet
EnglishPrinceton WordnetWordnet
FinnishFinnWordnetWordnet
FrenchWOLF (WOrdnet Libre du Français)CeCILL-C
GalicianMultilingual Central RepositoryCC-BY-3.0
HebrewHebrew WordnetWordnet
HindiIIT Bombay WordnetIndo Wordnet
IndonesianWordnet BahasaMIT
ItalianMultiWordnetCC-BY-3.0
JapaneseJapanese WordnetWordnet
JavaneseJavanese WordnetWordnet
MalayWordnet BahasaMIT
NorwegianNorwegian WordnetWordnet
PersianPersian WordnetFree to Use
PolishplWordnetWordnet
PortugueseOpenWN-PTCC-BY-SA-3.0
SpanishMultilingual Central RepositoryCC-BY-3.0
ThaiThai WordnetWordnet

Reviews

Shortly after launching the translation service for the first time, Google won an international competition for English–Arabic and English–Chinese machine translation.[116]

Translation mistakes and oddities

Since Google Translate used statistical matching to translate, translated text can often include apparently nonsensical and obvious errors,[117] sometimes swapping common terms for similar but nonequivalent common terms in the other language,[118] or inverting sentence meaning. Novelty websites like Bad Translator and Translation Party have utilized the service to produce humorous text by translating back and forth between multiple languages, similar to the children's game telephone.[119]

If the app tries to translate Monty Python's "The Funniest Joke in the World" into English, the service returns the message "[FATAL ERROR]".[120]

Court usage

In 2017, Google Translate was used during a court hearing when court officials at Teesside Magistrates' Court failed to book an interpreter for the Chinese defendant.[121]

See also

References

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External links

  • Official website
  • Translate Community