Jacqueline Lee " Jackie " Kennedy Onassis ( de soltera Bouvier / b ü V i eɪ / BOO -vee-ay , 28 julio 1929 a 19 mayo 1994) fue un miembro de la jet, escritor y fotógrafo que se convirtió en la primera dama de los Estados Estados como la esposa del presidente John F. Kennedy . Como primera dama, su popularidad se debió a su devoción por la preservación histórica de la Casa Blanca, su sentido de la moda y su devoción por sus hijos, lo que la hizo querer por el público estadounidense. Durante su vida, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis fue considerada un icono de la moda internacional. [1] Su conjunto de un traje rosa de Chanel y un sombrero pastillero a juego que usó en Dallas , Texas , cuando el presidente fue asesinado el 22 de noviembre de 1963, se ha convertido en un símbolo de la muerte de su esposo. [2]
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis | |
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Primera Dama de los Estados Unidos | |
En papel 20 de enero de 1961-22 de noviembre de 1963 | |
presidente | John F. Kennedy |
Precedido por | Mamie Eisenhower |
Sucesor | Lady Bird Johnson |
Detalles personales | |
Nació | Jacqueline Lee Bouvier 28 de julio de 1929 Southampton, Nueva York , EE. UU. |
Fallecido | 19 de mayo de 1994 Manhattan , Nueva York , Nueva York , EE. UU. | (64 años)
Causa de la muerte | No linfoma de Hodgkin |
Lugar de descanso | Cementerio Nacional de Arlington |
Partido político | Democrático |
Esposos) | |
Socio doméstico | Maurice Tempelsman (1980-1994) |
Niños | 4, incluidos Caroline , John Jr. y Patrick |
Padres | |
Parientes |
|
Educación | |
Ocupación |
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Otros nombres |
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Firma | |
Apodo (s) | Jackie |
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis nació el 28 de julio de 1929 en Southampton, Nueva York , hija del corredor de bolsa de Wall Street John Vernou Bouvier III y de la socialité Janet Lee Bouvier . En 1951, se graduó con una licenciatura en literatura francesa de la Universidad George Washington y trabajó para el Washington Times-Herald como fotógrafa inquisitiva. [3] Al año siguiente, conoció al entonces congresista John Kennedy en una cena en Washington. Fue elegido para el Senado ese mismo año y la pareja se casó el 12 de septiembre de 1953 en Newport, Rhode Island . Tuvieron cuatro hijos, dos de los cuales murieron en la infancia . Después de la elección de su esposo a la presidencia en 1960 , Kennedy fue conocida por su restauración de la Casa Blanca muy publicitada y su énfasis en las artes y la cultura, así como por su estilo. [4] [5] A los 31 años, era la tercera primera dama más joven de los Estados Unidos cuando su esposo asumió el cargo.
Después del asesinato y el funeral de su esposo, Kennedy y sus hijos se retiraron en gran medida de la vista del público. En 1968, se casó con el magnate naviero griego Aristóteles Onassis , lo que provocó controversia. Tras la muerte de Onassis en 1975, tuvo una carrera como editora de libros en la ciudad de Nueva York , primero en Viking Press y luego en Doubleday , y trabajó para restaurar su imagen popular. Incluso después de su muerte, se ubica como una de las primeras damas más populares y reconocidas en la historia de Estados Unidos , y en 1999, fue catalogada como uno de los hombres y mujeres más admirados de Gallup del siglo XX. [6] Fue enterrada en el cementerio nacional de Arlington junto al presidente Kennedy. [7]
Vida temprana (1929-1951)
Familia e infancia
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier nació el 28 de julio de 1929 en el Hospital Stony Brook Southampton en Southampton, Nueva York , hija del corredor de bolsa de Wall Street John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III y la socialité Janet Norton Lee . [8] Su madre era de ascendencia irlandesa , [9] y su padre tenía ascendencia francesa , escocesa e inglesa . [10] [a] Nombrada en honor a su padre, fue bautizada en la Iglesia de San Ignacio de Loyola en Manhattan y se crió en la fe católica romana . [13] Una hermana, Caroline Lee , nació cuatro años después, el 3 de marzo de 1933. [14]
Jacqueline Bouvier pasó sus primeros años de infancia en Manhattan y en Lasata , la finca de los Bouvier en East Hampton en Long Island . [15] Ella miró a su padre, quien también la favoreció sobre su hermana, llamando a su hija mayor "la hija más hermosa que un hombre haya tenido". [16] La biógrafa Tina Santi Flaherty, se refirió a la confianza inicial de Jacqueline en sí misma, al ver un vínculo con el elogio y la actitud positiva de su padre hacia ella, y su hermana Lee Radziwill declaró que no habría ganado su "independencia e individualidad" si no fuera así. sido por la relación que tenía con su padre y su abuelo paterno, John Vernou Bouvier Jr. [17] [18] Desde temprana edad, Jacqueline fue una entusiasta jinete que compitió con éxito en el deporte; la equitación siguió siendo una pasión para toda la vida. [17] [19] Tomó lecciones de ballet , era una ávida lectora y se destacó en el aprendizaje de idiomas, hablando inglés , francés , español e italiano . [20] El francés se enfatizó particularmente en su educación. [21]
En 1935, Jacqueline Bouvier se inscribió en la Escuela Chapin de Manhattan , a la que asistió para los grados 1 a 7. [19] [22] Era una estudiante brillante pero a menudo se portaba mal; una de sus maestras la describió como "una niña encantadora, la niña más linda, muy inteligente, muy artística y llena de demonios". [23] Su madre atribuyó este comportamiento a la forma en que terminaba sus tareas antes que sus compañeros de clase y luego se mostraba aburrida. [24] Su comportamiento mejoró después de que la directora le advirtiera que ninguna de sus cualidades positivas importaría si no se comportaba. [24]
El matrimonio de los Bouviers se vio afectado por el alcoholismo del padre y las aventuras extramaritales ; la familia también había luchado con dificultades financieras tras el desplome de Wall Street de 1929 . [15] [25] Se separaron en 1936 y se divorciaron cuatro años después, y la prensa publicó detalles íntimos de la separación. [26] Según su primo John H. Davis , Jacqueline se vio profundamente afectada por el divorcio y posteriormente tuvo una "tendencia a retirarse con frecuencia a su propio mundo privado". [15] Cuando su madre se casó con el heredero de Standard Oil, Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr. , las hermanas Bouvier no asistieron a la ceremonia porque se organizó rápidamente y los viajes estaban restringidos debido a la Segunda Guerra Mundial . [27] Obtuvieron tres hermanastros de matrimonios anteriores de Auchincloss, Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Gore Auchincloss y Nina Gore Auchincloss ; formó el vínculo más estrecho con Yusha, quien se convirtió en una de sus confidentes más confiables. [27] El matrimonio más tarde produjo dos hijos más, Janet Jennings Auchincloss en 1945 y James Lee Auchincloss en 1947. [ cita requerida ]
Después del nuevo matrimonio, la finca Merrywood de Auchincloss en McLean, Virginia , se convirtió en la residencia principal de las hermanas Bouvier, aunque también pasaron tiempo en su otra finca, Hammersmith Farm en Newport, Rhode Island , y en las casas de sus padres en la ciudad de Nueva York y Long Island. . [15] [28] Aunque mantuvo una relación con su padre, Jacqueline Bouvier también consideraba a su padrastro como una figura paterna cercana. [15] Él le dio un ambiente estable y la niñez mimada que ella nunca hubiera experimentado de otra manera. [29] Mientras se adaptaba al nuevo matrimonio de su madre, a veces se sentía como una extraña en el círculo social WASP de los Auchinclosses, atribuyendo el sentimiento a ser católica además de ser hija de divorciados, lo cual no era común en ese grupo social. En ese tiempo. [30]
Después de siete años en Chapin, Jacqueline Bouvier asistió a la Escuela Holton-Arms en el noroeste de Washington, DC de 1942 a 1944, y a la Escuela de Miss Porter en Farmington, Connecticut , de 1944 a 1947. [9] Ella eligió a Miss Porter porque era un internado escuela que le permitió distanciarse de los Auchinclosses, y porque la escuela puso énfasis en las clases preparatorias para la universidad. [31] En el anuario de su último curso, Bouvier fue reconocida por "su ingenio, sus logros como amazona y su falta de voluntad para convertirse en ama de casa". Más tarde contrató a su amiga de la infancia Nancy Tuckerman para que fuera su secretaria social en la Casa Blanca. [32] Se graduó entre los mejores estudiantes de su clase y recibió el premio Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature. [33]
Universidad y carrera temprana
En el otoño de 1947, Jacqueline Bouvier ingresó al Vassar College en Poughkeepsie, Nueva York , en ese momento una institución para mujeres. [34] Ella había querido asistir al Sarah Lawrence College , más cerca de la ciudad de Nueva York, pero sus padres insistieron en que eligiera el Vassar más aislado. [35] Fue una estudiante consumada que participó en los clubes de arte y teatro de la escuela y escribió para su periódico. [15] [36] Debido a que no le gustaba la ubicación de Vassar en Poughkeepsie, no participó activamente en su vida social y en su lugar viajó de regreso a Manhattan los fines de semana. [37] Hizo su debut en la alta sociedad en el verano antes de ingresar a la universidad y se convirtió en una presencia frecuente en las funciones sociales de Nueva York. El columnista de Hearst, Igor Cassini, la apodó la " debutante del año". [38] Pasó su tercer año (1949-1950) en Francia, en la Universidad de Grenoble en Grenoble y en la Sorbona en París, en un programa de estudios en el extranjero a través del Smith College . [39] Al regresar a casa, se trasladó a la Universidad George Washington en Washington, DC, donde se graduó con una Licenciatura en Artes grado en la literatura francesa en 1951. [40] Durante los primeros años de su matrimonio con John F. Kennedy, tomó continuar clases de educación en historia estadounidense en la Universidad de Georgetown en Washington, DC [40]
Mientras asistía a George Washington, Jacqueline Bouvier ganó una redacción junior de doce meses en la revista Vogue ; había sido seleccionada entre varios cientos de otras mujeres en todo el país. [41] El puesto implicó trabajar durante seis meses en la oficina de la ciudad de Nueva York de la revista y pasar los seis meses restantes en París. [41] Antes de comenzar el trabajo, celebró su graduación universitaria y la graduación de la escuela secundaria de su hermana Lee viajando con ella a Europa durante el verano. [41] El viaje fue el tema de su única autobiografía, One Special Summer , en coautoría con Lee; también es la única de sus obras publicadas que presenta los dibujos de Jacqueline Bouvier. [42] En su primer día en Vogue , el editor en jefe le aconsejó que renunciara y regresara a Washington. Según la biógrafa Barbara Leaming , el editor estaba preocupado por las perspectivas de matrimonio de Bouvier; tenía 22 años y se la consideraba demasiado mayor para estar soltera en sus círculos sociales. Ella siguió el consejo, dejó el trabajo y regresó a Washington después de solo un día de trabajo. [41]
Bouvier regresó a Merrywood y un amigo de la familia la remitió al Washington Times-Herald , donde el editor Frank Waldrop la contrató como recepcionista a tiempo parcial. [43] Una semana después, solicitó un trabajo más desafiante, y Waldrop la envió al editor de la ciudad, Sidney Epstein, quien la contrató como una "cámara investigadora" a pesar de su inexperiencia, pagándole $ 25 a la semana. [44] Él recordó: "La recuerdo como una chica muy atractiva y linda como el infierno, y todos los chicos de la sala de redacción la miraron bien". [45] El puesto requería que ella hiciera preguntas ingeniosas a individuos elegidos al azar en la calle y tomara sus fotografías para su publicación en el periódico junto con citas seleccionadas de sus respuestas. [15] Además de las viñetas aleatorias del " hombre de la calle ", a veces buscaba entrevistas con personas de interés, como Tricia Nixon , de seis años . Bouvier entrevistó a Tricia unos días después de que su padre, Richard Nixon, fuera elegido vicepresidente en las elecciones de 1952 . [46] Durante este tiempo, Bouvier estuvo brevemente comprometido con un joven corredor de bolsa llamado John Husted. Después de solo un mes de citas, la pareja publicó el anuncio en The New York Times en enero de 1952. [47] Después de tres meses, canceló el compromiso porque lo había encontrado "inmaduro y aburrido" una vez que lo conoció mejor. . [48] [49]
Matrimonio con John F. Kennedy
Jacqueline Bouvier y el representante estadounidense John F. Kennedy pertenecían al mismo círculo social y fueron presentados formalmente por un amigo en común, el periodista Charles L. Bartlett , en una cena en mayo de 1952. [15] Se sintió atraída por la apariencia física de Kennedy, ingenio y riqueza. La pareja también compartió las similitudes del catolicismo, escribir, disfrutar de la lectura y haber vivido anteriormente en el extranjero. [50] Kennedy estaba ocupado postulándose para el escaño del Senado de Estados Unidos en Massachusetts ; la relación se hizo más seria y él le propuso matrimonio después de las elecciones de noviembre. Bouvier tardó un poco en aceptar, porque la habían asignado para cubrir la coronación de la reina Isabel II en Londres para The Washington Times-Herald . [51] Después de un mes en Europa, regresó a los Estados Unidos y aceptó la propuesta de matrimonio de Kennedy. Luego renunció a su puesto en el periódico. [52] Su compromiso fue anunciado oficialmente el 25 de junio de 1953. [53] [54]
Bouvier y Kennedy se casaron el 12 de septiembre de 1953 en la iglesia de St. Mary en Newport, Rhode Island , en una misa celebrada por el arzobispo de Boston, Richard Cushing . [55] La boda fue considerada el evento social de la temporada con un estimado de 700 invitados en la ceremonia y 1200 en la recepción que siguió en Hammersmith Farm . [56] El vestido de novia fue diseñado por Ann Lowe de la ciudad de Nueva York y ahora se encuentra en la Biblioteca Kennedy en Boston , Massachusetts. Los vestidos de sus asistentes también fueron creados por Lowe, quien no fue acreditado por Jacqueline Kennedy. [57]
Los recién casados pasaron su luna de miel en Acapulco , México, antes de establecerse en su nuevo hogar, Hickory Hill en McLean, Virginia, un suburbio de Washington, DC [58] Kennedy desarrolló una cálida relación con sus suegros, Joseph y Rose Kennedy . [59] [60] [61] En los primeros años de su matrimonio, la pareja enfrentó varios reveses personales. John Kennedy padecía la enfermedad de Addison y un dolor de espalda crónico y en ocasiones debilitante, que había sido exacerbado por una herida de guerra; a fines de 1954, se sometió a una operación de columna casi fatal. [62] Además, Jacqueline Kennedy sufrió un aborto espontáneo en 1955 y en agosto de 1956 dio a luz a una hija muerta, Arabella. [63] [64] Posteriormente vendieron su finca de Hickory Hill al hermano de Kennedy, Robert , quien la ocupó con su esposa Ethel y su creciente familia, y compró una casa en N Street en Georgetown . [9] Los Kennedy también residieron en un apartamento en 122 Bowdoin Street en Boston , su residencia permanente en Massachusetts durante su carrera en el Congreso. [65] [66]
Kennedy dio a luz a su hija Caroline el 27 de noviembre de 1957. [63] En ese momento, ella y su esposo estaban haciendo campaña para su reelección al Senado, y posaron con su pequeña hija para la portada del 21 de abril de 1958. número de la revista Life . [67] [b] [ ¿cuál? ] Viajaron juntos durante la campaña, tratando de reducir la brecha geográfica entre ellos que había persistido durante los primeros cinco años del matrimonio. Muy pronto, John Kennedy comenzó a notar el valor que su esposa agregaba a su campaña para el Congreso. Kenneth O'Donnell recordó que "el tamaño de la multitud era el doble" cuando acompañaba a su marido; también la recordaba como "siempre alegre y servicial". La madre de John, Rose, observó que Jacqueline no era "una activista nativa" debido a su timidez y se sentía incómoda con demasiada atención. [69] En noviembre de 1958, John fue reelegido para un segundo mandato. Atribuyó la visibilidad de Jacqueline tanto en los anuncios como en la publicidad como activos vitales para asegurar su victoria, y la calificó de "simplemente invaluable". [70] [71]
En julio de 1959, el historiador Arthur M. Schlesinger visitó el Kennedy Compound en Hyannis Port y tuvo su primera conversación con Jacqueline Kennedy; descubrió que ella tenía "una conciencia tremenda, un ojo que todo lo ve y un juicio despiadado". [72] Ese año, John Kennedy viajó a 14 estados, y Jacqueline se tomó largos descansos de los viajes para poder pasar tiempo con su hija, Caroline. También aconsejó a su esposo sobre cómo mejorar su vestuario en preparación para la campaña presidencial prevista para el año siguiente. [73] En particular, viajó a Louisiana para visitar a Edmund Reggie y ayudar a su esposo a obtener apoyo en el estado para su candidatura presidencial. [74]
Primera Dama de los Estados Unidos (1961-1963)
Campaña por la presidencia
El 3 de enero de 1960, John F. Kennedy era senador de los Estados Unidos por Massachusetts cuando anunció su candidatura a la presidencia y lanzó su campaña a nivel nacional. En los primeros meses del año electoral, Jacqueline Kennedy acompañó a su esposo a eventos de campaña como cenas y paradas de denuncia. [75] Poco después de que comenzara la campaña, quedó embarazada. Debido a sus anteriores embarazos de alto riesgo, decidió quedarse en su casa en Georgetown. [76] [77] Jacqueline Kennedy posteriormente participó en la campaña escribiendo una columna semanal en un periódico sindicado, Campaign Wife , respondiendo correspondencia y dando entrevistas a los medios. [23]
A pesar de su no participación en la campaña, Kennedy se convirtió en objeto de una intensa atención de los medios con sus elecciones de moda. [78] Por un lado, fue admirada por su estilo personal; apareció con frecuencia en revistas para mujeres junto a estrellas de cine y fue nombrada como una de las 12 mujeres mejor vestidas del mundo. [79] Por otro lado, su preferencia por los diseñadores franceses y su gasto en su guardarropa le trajeron una prensa negativa. [79] Con el fin de restar importancia a su origen adinerado, Kennedy hizo hincapié en la cantidad de trabajo que estaba haciendo para la campaña y se negó a discutir públicamente sus elecciones de ropa. [79]
El 13 de julio en la Convención Nacional Demócrata de 1960 en Los Ángeles, el partido nominó a John F. Kennedy para presidente. Kennedy no asistió a la nominación debido a su embarazo, que se había anunciado públicamente diez días antes. [80] Estaba en Hyannis Port cuando vio el debate del 26 de septiembre de 1960, que fue el primer debate presidencial televisado de la nación, entre su esposo y el candidato republicano Richard Nixon , quien era el vicepresidente titular. Marian Cannon, la esposa de Arthur Schlesinger, observó el debate con ella. Días después de los debates, Jacqueline Kennedy se puso en contacto con Schlesinger y le informó que John quería su ayuda junto con la de John Kenneth Galbraith para prepararse para el tercer debate el 13 de octubre; deseaba que le dieran a su marido nuevas ideas y discursos. [81] El 29 de septiembre de 1960, los Kennedy aparecieron juntos para una entrevista conjunta en Person to Person , entrevistados por Charles Collingwood . [80]
As first lady
On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon in the U.S. presidential election.[23] A little over two weeks later on November 25, Jacqueline Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, John F. Kennedy, Jr.[23] She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family.[83]
Kennedy's husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961.[23] She insisted they also kept a family home away from the public eye and rented Glen Ora at Middleburg.[84] As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation, youth, and their relationship with the media. Historian Gil Troy has noted that in particular, they "emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments" and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s' "cool, TV-oriented culture".[85] The discussion about Kennedy's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe.[86] She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary, Pamela Turnure, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed.[87][88] The media portrayed Kennedy as the ideal woman, which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she "created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors".[88] Nevertheless, she attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies.[89]
Although Kennedy stated that her priority as a first lady was to take care of the President and their children, she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history.[90][91] The restoration of the White House was her main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and the arts.[90][91] One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute to the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, established during Johnson's tenure.[91]
White House restoration
Kennedy had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady Mamie Eisenhower shortly before her husband's inauguration.[90] She was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance[90] and made it her first major project as first lady to restore its historical character. On her first day in residence, she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator Sister Parish. She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. The $50,000 that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted. Continuing the project, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert Henry du Pont.[90] To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for the restoration.[90] Working with Rachel Lambert Mellon, Jacqueline Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the Rose Garden and the East Garden, which was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden after her husband's assassination. In addition, Kennedy helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history.[90]
Prior to Kennedy's years as first lady, presidents and their families had taken furnishings and other items from the White House when they departed; this led to the lack of original historical pieces in the mansion. She personally wrote to possible donors in order to track down these missing furnishings and other historical pieces of interest.[92] Jacqueline Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own. She also founded the White House Historical Association, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, the position of a permanent Curator of the White House, the White House Endowment Trust, and the White House Acquisition Trust.[93] She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator.[87]
On February 14, 1962, Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by Charles Collingwood of CBS News, took American television viewers on a tour of the White House. In the tour, she stated that "I feel so strongly that the White House should have as fine a collection of American pictures as possible. It's so important ... the setting in which the presidency is presented to the world, to foreign visitors. The American people should be proud of it. We have such a great civilization. So many foreigners don't realize it. I think this house should be the place we see them best."[93] The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States,[90] and was later distributed to 106 countries. Kennedy won a special Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Trustees Award for it at the Emmy Awards in 1962, which was accepted on her behalf by Lady Bird Johnson. Kennedy was the only first lady to win an Emmy.[87]
Foreign trips
Throughout her husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding first ladies, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President.[40] Despite the initial worry that she might not have "political appeal", she proved popular among international dignitaries.[85] Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in 1961, a television special was shot in French with the First Lady on the White House lawn. After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history.[94] At the conclusion of the visit, Time magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked, "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris – and I have enjoyed it!"[95][96]
From France, the Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first."[97] Khrushchev later sent her a puppy; the animal was significant for being the offspring of Strelka, the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission.[98]
At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith, Kennedy undertook a tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962. The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. The president of Pakistan, Ayub Khan, had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses.[99] Life magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President Dwight Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II attracted when they had previously visited these countries.[100] In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including Afghanistan, Austria, Canada,[101] Colombia, United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Mexico,[102] Morocco, Turkey, and Venezuela.[40] Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences.[103]
Death of infant son
In early 1963, Kennedy was again pregnant, which led her to curtail her official duties. She spent most of the summer at a home she and the President had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. On August 7 (five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date), she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, via emergency Caesarean section at nearby Otis Air Force Base. The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to Boston Children's Hospital, where he died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth.[104][105] Kennedy had remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after the Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite. In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House.[106]
The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick's death[107] and proceeded to enter a state of depression.[108] However, the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief.[107] Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while President Kennedy always "regarded Jackie with genuine affection and pride," their marriage "never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963".[109] Jacqueline Kennedy's friend Aristotle Onassis was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate. President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that it would be "good for her". The trip was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration, by much of the general public, and in Congress. The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17, 1963. She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was but had been "melancholy after the death of my baby".[108]
Asesinato y funeral de John F. Kennedy
On November 21, 1963, the First Lady and the President embarked on a political trip to Texas with several goals in mind; this was the first time that she had joined her husband on such a trip in the U.S.[110] After a breakfast on November 22, they took a very short flight on Air Force One from Fort Worth's Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas's Love Field, accompanied by Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie.[111] The First Lady was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat,[1][2] which had been personally selected by President Kennedy.[112] A 9.5-mile (15.3 km) motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart, where the president was scheduled to speak at a lunch. The First Lady was seated to her husband's left in the third row of seats in the presidential limousine, with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade.[citation needed]
After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, the First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorcycle backfiring and did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, two more shots had rung out, and one of the shots struck her husband in the head. Almost immediately, she began to climb onto the back of the limousine; Secret Service agent Clint Hill later told the Warren Commission that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for a piece of her husband's skull that had been blown off.[113] Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing her back to her seat. As Hill stood on the back bumper, Associated Press photographer Ike Altgens snapped a photograph that was featured on the front pages of newspapers around the world.[114] She would later testify that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember that at all".[115]
The President was rushed for the 3.8 mile trip to Parkland Hospital. At the First Lady's request, she was allowed to be present in the operating room.[116][page needed] President Kennedy never regained consciousness. He died not long after, aged 46. After her husband was pronounced dead, Kennedy refused to remove her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands, explaining to Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack".[117] She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she boarded Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as president. The unlaundered suit was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964 and, under the terms of an agreement with her daughter, Caroline, will not be placed on public display until 2103.[118] Johnson's biographer Robert Caro wrote that Johnson wanted Jacqueline Kennedy to be present at his swearing-in in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large.[119]
Kennedy took an active role in planning her husband's state funeral, modeling it after Abraham Lincoln's service.[120] She requested a closed casket, overruling the wishes of her brother-in-law, Robert.[121] The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C., with the burial taking place at nearby Arlington National Cemetery. Kennedy led the procession on foot and lit the eternal flame—created at her request—at the gravesite. Lady Jeanne Campbell reported back to the London Evening Standard: "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people ... one thing they have always lacked: Majesty."[120]
A week after the assassination,[122] new president Lyndon B. Johnson issued an executive order that established the Warren Commission—led by Chief Justice Earl Warren—to investigate the assassination. Ten months later, the Commission issued its report finding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy.[123] Privately, his widow cared little about the investigation, stating that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back.[124] Nevertheless, she gave a deposition to the Warren Commission.[c] Following the assassination and the media coverage that had focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Kennedy stepped back from official public view, apart from a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, Clint Hill, who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President.
La vida después del asesinato (1963-1975)
Mourning period and later public appearances
—Jackie describing the years of her husband's presidency for Life
On November 29, 1963—a week after her husband's assassination—Kennedy was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H. White of Life magazine.[128] In that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's musical recording before retiring to bed. She also quoted Queen Guinevere from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt.[129] The era of the Kennedy administration has subsequently been referred to as the "Camelot Era," although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with Robert Dallek stating that Kennedy's "effort to lionize [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief."[130]
Kennedy and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination.[131] Wanting to "do something nice for Jackie," President Johnson offered an ambassadorship to France to her, aware of her heritage and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and the United Kingdom. At her request, Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her.[132]
Kennedy spent 1964 in mourning and made few public appearances. It has been speculated that she may have been suffering from undiagnosed post traumatic stress disorder due to intrusive flashbacks.[15][133][134][135] In the winter following the assassination, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman's home in Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, Kennedy made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination and said she had been sustained by America's affection for her late husband.[136] She purchased a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold it later in 1964 and bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy.[137][138][139]
In the following years, Kennedy attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband.[d] She also oversaw the establishment of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration.[143] Designed by architect I.M. Pei, it is situated next to the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston.[citation needed]
Despite having commissioned William Manchester's authorized account of President Kennedy's death, The Death of a President, Kennedy was subject to significant media attention in 1966–1967 when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block the publication.[144][145][146] They sued publishers Harper & Row in December 1966; the suit was settled the following year when Manchester removed passages that detailed President Kennedy's private life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jacqueline in particular, were prepared to take to preserve John's public image.[citation needed]
During the Vietnam War in November 1967, Life magazine dubbed Kennedy "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she and David Ormsby-Gore, former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited the religious complex of Angkor Wat with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk.[147][148] According to historian Milton Osbourne, her visit was "the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb".[149] She also attended the funeral services of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 1968, despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death.[150]
Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy
After her husband's assassination, Jacqueline Kennedy relied heavily on her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy; she observed him to be the "least like his father" of the Kennedy brothers.[151] He had been a source of support after she had suffered a miscarriage early in her marriage; it was he, not her husband, who stayed with her in the hospital.[152] In the aftermath of the assassination, Robert became a surrogate father for her children until eventual demands by his own large family and his responsibilities as attorney general required him to reduce attention.[136] He credited Kennedy with convincing him to stay in politics, and she supported his 1964 run for United States senator from New York.[153]
The January 1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam resulted in a drop in President Johnson's poll numbers, and Robert Kennedy's advisors urged him to enter the upcoming presidential race. When Art Buchwald asked him if he intended to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do".[154][155] She met with him around this time and encouraged him to run after she had previously advised him to not follow Jack, but to "be yourself". Privately, she worried about his safety; she believed that Bobby was more disliked than her husband had been and that there was "so much hatred" in the United States.[156] She confided in him about these feelings, but by her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her.[154] Despite her concerns, Kennedy campaigned for her brother-in-law and supported him,[157] and at one point even showed outright optimism that through his victory, members of the Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House.[154]
Just after midnight PDT on June 5, 1968, an enraged Palestinian gunman named Sirhan Sirhan mortally wounded Robert Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary.[158] Jacqueline Kennedy rushed to Los Angeles to join his wife Ethel, her brother-in-law Ted, and the other Kennedy family members at his hospital bedside. Robert Kennedy never regained consciousness and died the following day. He was 42 years old.[159]
Marriage to Aristotle Onassis
After Robert Kennedy's death in 1968, Kennedy reportedly suffered a relapse of the depression she had suffered in the days following her husband's assassination nearly five years prior.[160] She came to fear for her life and those of her two children, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ... I want to get out of this country".[161]
On October 20, 1968, Jacqueline Kennedy married her long-time friend Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children.[161] The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis's private Greek island in the Ionian Sea.[162] After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and consequently lost her right to Secret Service protection, which is an entitlement of a widow of a U.S. president. The marriage brought her considerable adverse publicity. The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife Athina Livanos was still living led to speculation that Jacqueline might be excommunicated by the Roman Catholic church, though that concern was explicitly dismissed by Boston's archbishop, Cardinal Richard Cushing, as "nonsense".[163] She was condemned by some as a "public sinner",[164] and became the target of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her "Jackie O".[165]
In 1968, billionaire heiress Doris Duke, with whom Jacqueline Onassis was friends, appointed her as the vice president of the Newport Restoration Foundation. Onassis publicly championed the foundation.[166][167]
During their marriage, Jacqueline and Aristotle Onassis inhabited six different residences: her 15-room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan, her horse farm in New Jersey, his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht Christina O. Onassis ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy family by having Ted Kennedy visit them often.[168][which?] She developed a close relationship with Ted, and from then on he was involved in her public appearances.[169]
Aristotle Onassis's health deteriorated rapidly following the death of his son Alexander in a plane crash in 1973.[170] He died of respiratory failure at age 69 in Paris on March 15, 1975. His financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. After two years of legal wrangling, Jacqueline Onassis eventually accepted a settlement of $26 million from Christina Onassis—Aristotle's daughter and sole heir—and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate.[171]
Años posteriores (1975-1990)
After the death of her second husband, Onassis returned permanently to the United States, splitting her time between Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. In 1975, she became a consulting editor at Viking Press, a position that she held for two years.[e]
After almost a decade of avoiding participation in political events, Onassis attended the 1976 Democratic National Convention and stunned the assembled delegates when she appeared in the visitors' gallery.[173][174] She resigned from Viking Press in 1977 after John Leonard of The New York Times stated that she held some responsibility for Viking's publication of the Jeffrey Archer novel Shall We Tell the President?, set in a fictional future presidency of Ted Kennedy and describing an assassination plot against him.[175][176] Two years later, she appeared alongside her mother-in-law Rose Kennedy at Faneuil Hall in Boston when Ted Kennedy announced that he was going to challenge incumbent president Jimmy Carter for the Democratic nomination for president.[177] She participated in the subsequent presidential campaign, which was unsuccessful.[178]
Following her resignation from Viking Press, Onassis was hired by Doubleday, where she worked as an associate editor under an old friend, John Turner Sargent, Sr. Among the books she edited for the company are Larry Gonick's The Cartoon History of the Universe,[179] the English translation of the three volumes of Naghib Mahfuz's Cairo Trilogy (with Martha Levin),[180] and autobiographies of ballerina Gelsey Kirkland,[181] singer-songwriter Carly Simon,[182] and fashion icon Diana Vreeland.[181] She also encouraged Dorothy West, her neighbor on Martha's Vineyard and the last surviving member of the Harlem Renaissance, to complete the novel The Wedding (1995), a multi-generational story about race, class, wealth, and power in the U.S.
In addition to her work as an editor, Onassis participated in cultural and architectural preservation. In the 1970s, she led a historic preservation campaign to save Grand Central Terminal from demolition and renovate the structure in Manhattan.[135] A plaque inside the terminal acknowledges her prominent role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle that would have cast large shadows on Central Park;[135] the project was cancelled. A later project proceeded despite protests: a large twin-towered skyscraper, the Time Warner Center, was completed in 2003. Her notable historic preservation efforts also include her influence in the campaign to save Olana, the home of Frederic Edwin Church in upstate New York.[183]
Onassis remained the subject of considerable press attention,[184] especially from the paparazzi photographer Ron Galella, who followed her around and photographed her as she went about her normal activities; he took candid photos of her without her permission.[185][186] She ultimately obtained a restraining order against him, and the situation brought attention to the problem of paparazzi photography.[187] From 1980 until her death, Onassis maintained a close relationship with Maurice Tempelsman, a Belgian-born industrialist and diamond merchant who was her companion and personal financial adviser.
In the early 1990s, Onassis supported Bill Clinton and contributed money to his presidential campaign.[188] Following the election, she met with First Lady Hillary Clinton and advised her on raising a child in the White House.[189] In her memoir Living History, Clinton wrote that Onassis was "a source of inspiration and advice for me".[188] Democratic consultant Ann Lewis observed that Onassis had reached out to the Clintons "in a way she has not always acted toward leading Democrats in the past".[190]
Enfermedad, muerte y funeral
In November 1993, Onassis was thrown from her horse while participating in a fox hunt in Middleburg, Virginia, and was taken to the hospital to be examined. A swollen lymph node was discovered in her groin, which was initially diagnosed by the doctor to be caused by an infection.[191] The fall from the horse contributed to her deteriorating health over the next six months.[192] In December, Onassis developed new symptoms, including a stomach ache and swollen lymph nodes in her neck, and was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a blood cancer.[191][193] She began chemotherapy in January 1994 and publicly announced the diagnosis, stating that the initial prognosis was good.[191] She continued to work at Doubleday, but by March the cancer had spread to her spinal cord and brain, and by May to her liver and was deemed terminal.[191][193] Onassis made her last trip home from New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center on May 18, 1994.[191][193] The following night at 10:15 p.m., she died in her sleep in her Manhattan apartment at age 64, with her children by her side.[193] In the morning, her son John F. Kennedy, Jr. announced his mother's death to the press, stating that she had been "surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved". He added that "She did it in her very own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that."[194]
On May 23, 1994, her funeral Mass was held a few blocks away from her apartment at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola, the Catholic parish where she was baptized in 1929 and confirmed as a teenager and asked for no cameras to film the event for privacy.[195][196] She was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, alongside President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella.[15][191] President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service.[197][198] At the time of her death, Onassis was survived by her children Caroline and John Jr., three grandchildren, sister Lee Radziwill, son-in-law Edwin Schlossberg, and half-brother James Lee Auchincloss. She left an estate that its executors valued at $43.7 million.[199]
Legado
Popularity
Jacqueline Kennedy's marriage to Aristotle Onassis caused her popularity to decline sharply among an American public who viewed it as a betrayal of the assassinated president.[200][201] Her lavish lifestyle as Onassis's trophy wife,[202] in contrast to "the shy, selfless, and sacrificing mother the American public had come to respect" as First Lady,[203] led the press to portray her as "a spendthrift and a reckless woman".[204]
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis took conscious control of her public image and, by the time of her death, succeeded in rehabilitating it.[205] By moving back to New York City after Onassis's death, working as an editor for Viking Press and Doubleday, focusing on her children and grandchildren, and participating in charitable causes, she reversed her "reckless spendthrift" image.[206] She also reestablished her relationship with the Kennedy family and supported the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum.[207]
She remains one of the most popular First Ladies. She was featured 27 times on the annual Gallup list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century; this number is superseded by only Billy Graham and Queen Elizabeth II and is higher than that of any U.S. president.[208] In 2011, she was ranked in fifth place in a list of the five most influential First Ladies of the twentieth century for her "profound effect on American society".[209] In 2014, she ranked third place in a Siena College Institute survey,[210][211] behind Eleanor Roosevelt and Abigail Adams.[212] In 2015, she was included in a list of the top ten influential U.S. First Ladies due to the admiration for her based around "her fashion sense and later after her husband's assassination, for her poise and dignity".[213] In 2020, Time magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was named Woman of the Year 1962 for her efforts in uplifting the American history and art.[214] Mary Tyler Moore's Dick Van Dyke Show character Laura Petrie, who symbolized the "feel-good nature" of the Kennedy White House, often dressed like Jacqueline Kennedy as well.[215]
Jacqueline Kennedy is seen as being customary in her role as first lady,[216][217] though Magill argues her life was validation that "fame and celebrity" changed the way First Ladies are evaluated historically.[218] Hamish Bowles, curator of the "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years" exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, attributed her popularity to a sense of unknown that was felt in her withdrawal from the public which he dubbed "immensely appealing".[219] After her death, Kelly Barber referred to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as "the most intriguing woman in the world", furthering that her stature was also due to her affiliation with valuable causes.[220] Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony summarized that the former First Lady "became an aspirational figure of that era, one whose privilege might not be easily reached by a majority of Americans but which others could strive to emulate".[208] Since the late 2000s, Jackie's traditional persona has been invoked by commentators when referring to fashionable political spouses.[221][222]
A wide variety of commentators have credited Jacqueline Kennedy with restoring the White House; the list includes Hugh Sidey,[208][223] Leticia Baldrige,[224] Laura Bush,[225] Kathleen P. Galop,[226] and Carl Anthony.[227]
Tina Turner[228] and Jackie Joyner-Kersee[229] have cited Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as influences.
Style icon
Jacqueline Kennedy became a global fashion icon during her husband's presidency. After the 1960 election, she commissioned French-born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend Oleg Cassini to create an original wardrobe for her appearances as First Lady. From 1961 to 1963, Cassini dressed her in many of her most iconic ensembles, including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown, as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe, India, and Pakistan. In 1961, Kennedy spent $45,446 more on fashion than the $100,000 annual salary her husband earned as president.[230]
Kennedy preferred French couture, particularly the work of Chanel, Balenciaga, and Givenchy, but was aware that in her role as first lady, she would be expected to wear American designers' work.[231] After noticing that her taste for Paris fashion was being criticized in the press, she wrote to the fashion editor Diana Vreeland to ask for suitable American designers, particularly those who could reproduce the Paris look.[231] After considering the letter, which expressed her dislike of prints and her preference for "terribly simple, covered-up clothes," Vreeland recommended Norman Norell, who was considered America's first designer and known for his high-end simplicity and fine quality work. She also suggested Ben Zuckerman, another highly regarded tailor who regularly offered re-interpretations of Paris couture, and the sportswear designer Stella Sloat, who occasionally offered Givenchy copies.[231] Kennedy's first choice for her Inauguration Day coat was originally a purple wool Zuckerman model that was based on a Pierre Cardin design, but she instead settled on a fawn Cassini coat and wore the Zuckerman for a tour of the White House with Mamie Eisenhower.[231]
In her role as first lady, Kennedy preferred to wear clean-cut suits with a skirt hem down to middle of the knee, three-quarter sleeves on notch-collar jackets, sleeveless A-line dresses, above-the-elbow gloves, low-heel pumps, and pillbox hats.[230] Dubbed the "Jackie" look, these clothing items rapidly became fashion trends in the Western world. More than any other First Lady, her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and a large segment of young women.[40] Her influential bouffant hairstyle, described as a "grown-up exaggeration of little girls' hair," was created by Mr. Kenneth, who worked for her from 1954 until 1986.[232][233]
In her years after the White House, Kennedy underwent a style change; her new looks consisted of wide-leg pantsuits, silk Hermès headscarves, and large, round, dark sunglasses. She even began wearing jeans in public.[234] She set a new fashion trend with beltless, white jeans with a black turtleneck that was never tucked in and instead pulled down over her hips.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis acquired a large collection of jewelry throughout her lifetime. Her triple-strand pearl necklace, designed by American jeweler Kenneth Jay Lane, became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as first lady in the White House. Often referred to as the "berry brooch," the two-fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds, designed by French jeweler Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany & Co., was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961.[235] She wore Schlumberger's gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid-1960s that the press called them "Jackie bracelets"; she also favored his white enamel and gold "banana" earrings. Kennedy wore jewelry designed by Van Cleef & Arpels throughout the 1950s,[236] 1960s[236] and 1970s; her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy.
Kennedy was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965.[237][238] Many of her signature clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum; pieces from the collection were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2001. Titled "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years," the exhibition focused on her time as a first lady.[239]
In 2012, Time magazine included Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list.[240] In 2016, Forbes included her on the list 10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous.[241]
Honores y memoriales
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Jacqueline Kennedy, First Ladies, Influence and Image, C-SPAN |
- A high school named Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers, was dedicated by New York City in 1995, the first high school named in her honor. It is located at 120 West 46th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, and was formerly the High School of Performing Arts.[242]
- Public School 66 in the Richmond Hill neighborhood of Queens, New York City was renamed in honor of the former First Lady.[243]
- The main reservoir in Central Park, located in Manhattan near her apartment, was renamed in her honor as the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir.[244]
- The Municipal Art Society of New York presents the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal to an individual whose work and deeds have made an outstanding contribution to the city of New York. The medal was named in honor of the former MAS board member in 1994, for her tireless efforts to preserve and protect New York City's great architecture.[245] She made her last public appearance at the Municipal Art Society two months before her May 1994 death.[246]
- Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Hall at the George Washington University (her alma mater) in Washington, DC.[247]
- The White House's East Garden was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden in her honor.[248]
- In 2007, her name and her first husband's were included on the list of people aboard the Japanese Kaguya mission to the Moon launched on September 14, as part of The Planetary Society's "Wish Upon The Moon" campaign.[249] In addition, they are included on the list aboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission.
- A school and an award at the American Ballet Theatre have been named after her in honor of her childhood study of ballet.[250]
- The companion book for a series of interviews between mythologist Joseph Campbell and Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth, was created under her direction prior to her death. The book's editor, Betty Sue Flowers, writes in the Editor's Note to The Power of Myth: "I am grateful ... to Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, the Doubleday editor, whose interest in the books of Joseph Campbell was the prime mover in the publication of this book." A year after her death in 1994, Moyers dedicated the companion book for his PBS series, The Language of Life as follows: "To Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. As you sail on to Ithaka." Ithaka was a reference to the C.P. Cavafy poem[251][self-published source] that Maurice Tempelsman read at her funeral.[252][self-published source]
- A white gazebo is dedicated to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on North Madison Street in Middleburg, Virginia. The First Lady and President Kennedy frequented the small town of Middleburg and intended to retire in the nearby town of Atoka. She also hunted with the Middleburg Hunt numerous times.[253]
Representaciones
Jaclyn Smith portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1981 television film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, depicting her life until the end of the JFK presidency.[254] The film's producer Louis Rudolph stated an interest in creating a "positive portrait of a woman who I thought had been very much maligned," comments that were interpreted by John J. O'Connor of The New York Times as erasing any chances of critique toward her.[255] Though Smith received praise for her performance,[256] with Marilynn Preston calling her "convincing in an impossible role",[257] Tom Shales wrote "Jaclyn Smith couldn't act her way out of a Gucci bag".[258]
Blair Brown portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries Kennedy, set during the Kennedy presidency.[259] Brown used wigs and makeup to better resemble Kennedy and said through playing the role she gained a different view of the assassination: "I realized that this was a woman witnessing the public execution of her husband."[260] Jason Bailey praised her performance,[261] while Andrea Mullaney noted her resemblance to Kennedy and general shyness.[262] Brown was nominated for a television BAFTA as Best Actress and a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film.[263]
Marianna Bishop, Sarah Michelle Gellar, and Roma Downey portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 1991 miniseries A Woman Named Jackie, covering her entire life until the death of Aristotle Onassis.[264] Of being contacted for the role, Downey reflected: "I thought I was a strange choice because I didn't think I looked anything like her and I was Irish."[265] Half of Downey's wardrobe was designed by Shelley Komarov[266] and Downey stated that though she had long harbored "great respect and admiration" for Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, she was unaware of the troubles in her childhood.[267] Reviewer Rick Kogan praised Downey with doing "a surprisingly fine job in the demanding title role",[268] while Howard Rosenberg lamented Downey's performance failing to "pierce this thick glaze of superficiality".[269] Ability credited the role with raising Downey's profile.[270] In 1992, the miniseries won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries.[271]
Rhoda Griffis portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1992 film Love Field, set shortly before and in the aftermath of JFK's assassination.[272] It was Griffis's feature film debut.[273] Griffis said she had been told by her orthodontist of her resemblance to Kennedy and was cast as her upon walking into the auditions for the role.[274]
Sally Taylor-Isherwood, Emily VanCamp, and Joanne Whalley portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 2000 television miniseries Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, covering chronologically her entire life.[275] Whalley prepared for the role by listening to recordings of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's voice along with working with a dialect coach; by the end of production, she developed an attachment to her.[276] Laura Fries assessed Whalley as lacking Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's charisma despite being "soulful and regal" in her own right[277] while Ron Wertheimer viewed Whalley as being passive in the role and lamented "the filmmakers render Jackie as Forrest Gump in a pillbox hat, someone who keeps passing close to the center of things without really touching – or being touched by – very much."[278]
Stephanie Romanov portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2000 film Thirteen Days, taking place during the Cuban Missile Crisis.[279] Philip French of The Guardian noted her small role and being out of "the loop" was accurate of women's roles in "the early Sixties".[280] Laura Clifford called Romanov "unconvincing" in the role.[281]
Jill Hennessy portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2001 television film Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot.[282][283] Hennessy prepared for the performance by watching hours of archival footage of Kennedy and cited one of the reasons for her favoring of the miniseries was its distinctiveness in not focusing "strictly on the men or only on Jackie".[284] Reviewers Anita Gates[285] and Terry Kelleher[286] believed Hennessy brought "elegance" to the role while Steve Oxman panned the performance: "Hennessy simply doesn't possess the right natural grace. But this pic has a habit of telling us more that it shows us, and the actress manages to communicate the most important elements of the story without ever making it especially convincing."[287]
Jacqueline Bisset portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2003 film America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story.[288] Bisset said the glasses she used during the film were holdovers from a prior role in The Greek Tycoon.[289] Neil Genzlinger thought Bisset "should have known better" in taking on the role[290] while Kristen Tauer wrote Bisset portraying Kennedy as a mother was a "different central light than many proceeding films".[291]
Jeanne Tripplehorn portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2009 film Grey Gardens for a single scene.[292][293] Tripplehorn said questions she had about Edith Bouvier Beale that she thought would be answered by being a part of the film remained unsolved.[294] Tripplehorn received diverse reactions to her performance[295][296][297] while Brian Lowry noted her resemblance to Kennedy and small role.[298]
Katie Holmes portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, set during the Kennedy presidency and its 2017 sequel The Kennedys: After Camelot, focusing on her life after 1968.[299][300] Mary McNamara[301] and Hank Stuever[302] regarded Holmes's performance with neutrality in their reviews of The Kennedys while Hadley Freeman called her "bloodless" in the role.[303] Holmes stated reprising the role was a "bigger challenge" for having to act through later periods of Kennedy's life.[304] When asked of the concurrent Jackie film, Holmes said, "I think its really exciting. It's just is a testament to how amazing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was and how much she meant to our country."[305] Holmes also stated both should be watched due to covering different periods of Jackie's life.[306] In The Kennedys: After Camelot, Holmes's performance was viewed favorably by Daniel Feinberg[307] and Allison Keane[308] while Kristi Turnquist panned her.[309]
Minka Kelly portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2013 film The Butler, giving the film's protagonist Cecil one of her husband's neckties after his assassination.[310][311] Kelly said she was intimidated and scared taking on the role.[312] Kelly admitted to having difficulty with perfecting Kennedy's voice, going "to sleep listening to her", and having discomfort with the wool clothing associated with the role.[311]
Ginnifer Goodwin portrays her in the 2013 television film Killing Kennedy.[313][314] Goodwin used intimate photos to better portray Jacqueline Kennedy and was concerned "to do her justice and to play her as accurately as possible without ever doing an impression of her".[315] Costar Rob Lowe said of seeing Goodwin in the pink Chanel suit, "It made it real. If I were under any illusions about what we were doing, seeing her in that iconic moment was, I would say, sobering."[316] Tom Carson wrote that Goodwin's "trademark vulnerability humanizes Jackie considerably"[317] while Bruce Miller called her a miscast[318] and Robert Lloyd[319] and Brian Lowry[320] panned her performance.
Kim Allen portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film LBJ.[321] Ray Bennett noted in his review of the film that Allen was in a non-speaking role.[322]
Natalie Portman portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film Jackie, set during the JFK presidency and the immediate aftermath of the assassination.[323][324] Portman admitted being intimidated taking the role and doing research in preparation for filming.[325] Nigel M. Smith wrote that by portraying Kennedy, Portman was "taking on arguably the biggest challenge of her career".[326] Manohla Dargis,[327] David Edelstein,[328] and Peter Bradshaw[329] praised her performance. Portman was nominated for Best Actress by Academy Awards,[330] AACTA Awards,[331] AWFJ,[332] AFCA,[333] and BSFC,[334] and won the category by the Online Film Critics Society.[335]
Jodi Balfour portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the eighth episode of the second season of Netflix's original drama series, The Crown, titled 'Dear Mrs. Kennedy,' set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to Buckingham Palace and the immediate reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[336]
Ver también
- Kennedy family tree
Notas
- ^ Her French family had its origins in the Rhone River valley village of Pont-Saint-Esprit and left France for the US in the first years of the 19th century.[11] Although the French and English ancestors of the Bouviers were mostly middle class, her paternal grandfather John Vernou Bouvier, Jr., fabricated a more noble ancestry for the family in his vanity family history book, Our Forebears, later disproved by the research by her cousin John Hagy Davis.[12]
- ^ At first she had opposed the magazine's offer of the cover, not wanting the baby to be used to benefit her husband's political career, but changed her mind in exchange for a promise from her father-in-law that John would stop campaigning during the summer to go to Paris with her.[68]
- ^ There were some mixed feelings about whether she should testify, Earl Warren in particular indicating an unwillingness to interview her while John J. McCloy outright opposed such an inquiry. Future president Gerald Ford, who served on the Warren Commission, proposed "most informally" having her interviewed by an associate.[125] With the varying opinions of what to do lingering, Warren held a short meeting with Kennedy at her apartment.[125][126]
- ^ In May 1965, she, Robert and Ted Kennedy joined Queen Elizabeth II at Runnymede, England, where they dedicated the United Kingdom's official memorial to JFK. The memorial included several acres of meadowland given in perpetuity from the UK to the US, near where King John had signed the Magna Carta in 1215.[140] In 1967, she attended the christening of the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)[141] in Newport News, Virginia, a memorial in Hyannis Port, and a park near New Ross, Ireland. She also attended a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery that saw the moving of her husband's coffin, after which he was reinterred so that officials at the cemetery could construct a safer and more stable eternal flame and accommodate the tourists' extensive foot traffic.[142]
- ^ Prior to her publishing employment, she had gained experience by being involved with several posthumous biographies of President Kennedy. The first of these was John F. Kennedy, President, by Hugh Sidey, which was published the year after his death in 1964. Simon Michael Bessie, Sidey's editor at Atheneum, recalled her as having read galleys and submitted detailed notes on them. Despite this recollection, Sidey did not acknowledge her contribution in the book. The following year, she helped Ted Sorensen with his book Kennedy. Sorensen told Greg Lawrence that after finishing the "first draft" of his "first big book", he gave Onassis the manuscript since he thought she would be helpful, and she provided him with several comments on the book. Sorensen lauded her assistance in his memoir Counselor, as he wrote that she had "proved to be a superb editor, correcting typographical errors, challenging mistaken assumptions, defending some of her husband's personnel decisions, suggesting useful clarifications, and repeatedly setting the record straight on matters not known to me".[172]
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- ^ Pottker, p.181
- ^ Leitch, Will (December 2, 2016). "Jackie: Death Becomes Her". New Republic.
Jackie has been played, in turn, by Jacyln Smith in a 1981 made-for-TV movie, Roma Downey in 1991's A Woman Named Jackie: The Bouvier Years, and Katie Holmes in the 2011 dramatization, The Kennedys, three actresses who are so different they hardly seem to occupy the same profession.
- ^ O'Connor, John J. (October 14, 1981). "TV: 'Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy'". The New York Times.
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- ^ Kilian, Michael (July 15, 1991). "Jackie Ode". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018.
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- ^ Fries, Laura (November 1, 2000). "Review: 'Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis'". Variety.
Joanne Whalley does her best to mirror the gracefulness and stoicism of Jackie, and even though her performance is at times appropriately soulful and regal, she lacks the charisma that was a major part of Jackie's appeal.
- ^ Wertheimer, Ron (November 3, 2000). "TV WEEKEND; Rule No. 1: Smile. Appear Cool and Detached. Always". The New York Times.
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Jill Hennessy brings elegance and confidence to her portrayal of Jackie.
- ^ "Picks and Pans Review: Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot". People. March 5, 2001.
What counts is that Hennessy compares favorably to Joanne Whalley, this season's previous pretend Jackie. Hennessy brings charm and elegance to the role, achieving a nice balance of beguiling softness and cool pragmatism
- ^ Oxman, Steve (March 1, 2001). "Review: 'Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot'". Variety.
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- ^ "Tripplehorn adds color to 'Grey Gardens'". Reuters. November 5, 2007.
- ^ Nussbaum, Emily (April 12, 2009). "Hampton Gothic". New York.
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scene, which focuses on her complicated reaction to a visit to the ramshackle house. "I thought that by being in this project I would have some questions answered about exactly what was going on psychologically with Little Edie," Ms. Tripplehorn said.
- ^ Patterson, Troy (April 17, 2009). "Decaying Preppies". Slate.
- ^ "Grey Gardens". Los Angeles Times. April 18, 2009.
Lange, we are reminded once again, is an actress who can do anything, anything, including play a bedraggled, gray-haired woman who stands amid piles of rotting garbage and cat feces, looks Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (a terrific Jeanne Tripplehorn) straight in the eye and says in her most beguiling tones: "You know, chicken, if you ever need a place to stay, you're always welcome here."
- ^ Wiegand, David (April 18, 2009). "TV review: Drew Barrymore in 'Grey Gardens'". San Francisco Chronicle.
The film also benefits from spot-on work by Ken Howard as Edith's husband, Phelan; Malcolm Gets as Edith's sycophantic piano accompanist in her younger days; and Jeanne Tripplehorn as Jacqueline Onassis.
- ^ Lowry, Brian (April 9, 2009). "Review: 'Grey Gardens'". Variety.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 13, 2014). "Katie Holmes To Return As Jackie O In 'The Kennedys: After Camelot' Reelz Mini". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
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- ^ McNamara, Mary (April 1, 2011). "Television review: 'The Kennedys'". Los Angeles Times.
Holmes is pretty as Jackie, but her emotions are confined to happy ("I love him") and sad ("He cheats on me"), with absolutely no nuance and only the occasional flash of spirit, intellect and inner strength that made Jacqueline Kennedy an icon in her own right.
- ^ Stuever, Hank (March 31, 2011). "TV review: About the Kennedys, like the Kennedys, but never fully 'The Kennedys'". The Washington Post.
And is Holmes's whispery Jackie sounding a tad Edith Bunker in the later episodes? She's not altogether terrible in the part, which doesn't give her a lot to work with; as written, Jackie is a jittery phantom in capri pants and Oleg Cassini gowns.
- ^ "The Kennedys retreads of old grounds in life and lore of JFK". The Guardian. April 4, 2011.
- ^ Bianco, Robert (January 13, 2017). "Katie Holmes compares her 'Jackie' to Natalie Portman's". USA Today.
- ^ Stanhope, Kate (January 13, 2017). "Katie Holmes Talks Reprising Jackie Kennedy Role After 'Jackie': There's Room for Both". The Hollywood Reporter.
- ^ "Matthew Perry on Ted Kennedy: "By far the most challenging role I've ever played"". Star Tribune. March 30, 2017.
- ^ Feinberg, Daniel (March 31, 2017). "'The Kennedys: After Camelot': TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter.
- ^ Keane, Allison (March 31, 2017). "'The Kennedys – After Camelot' Review: Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry Take on Accents, Accountability". Collider.
Holmes embodies the reserved but hopeful Jackie much more so than Perry feels right as Ted (though Holmes has had more practice at it). But the reality is that the material is never more than a boilerplate biopic, plodding along with a conventional set up and a schmaltzy score that tries to infuse emotion where it hasn't been earned.
- ^ Turnquist, Kristi (April 1, 2017). "'The Kennedys: After Camelot' buries Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry in bad wigs and lousy writing (review)". The Oregonian.
- ^ Derschowitz, Jessica (May 25, 2012). "Minka Kelly to play Jackie Kennedy in 'The Butler'". CBS News.
- ^ a b Cress, Jennifer (February 8, 2013). "Minka Kelly: 'I'm Not Worthy' of Acting with Oprah". People.
- ^ "Minka Kelly: It Was "Intimidating" Playing Jackie Kennedy in 'The Butler'". Life & Style. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
- ^ Hibberd, James (May 28, 2013). "Rob Lowe to play JFK in Nat Geo movie". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
- ^ Barnes, Bronwyn (June 20, 2013). "Who makes a better Jackie Kennedy: Ginnifer Goodwin or Katie Holmes? – POLL". Entertainment Weekly.
- ^ Truitt, Brian (November 10, 2013). "Ginnifer Goodwin channels Jackie Kennedy's intimate side". USA Today.
- ^ "'Killing Kennedy': Co-star Ginnifer Goodwin says Rob Lowe was channeling JFK". Fox News. November 8, 2013.
- ^ Carson, Tom (November 8, 2013). "The GQ Review: Killing Kennedys Is Way More Fun Than The Zillion Other JFK Biopics". GQ.
- ^ Miller, Bruce (November 9, 2013). "Review: 'Killing Kennedy' offers respectful but grating view of assassination". Sioux City Journal.
- ^ Lloyd, Robert (November 8, 2013). "Review: 'Killing Kennedy' is not the stuff of legend". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Lowry, Brian (November 5, 2013). "TV Review: 'Killing Kennedy'". Variety.
- ^ McNary, Dave (August 19, 2015). "Kim Allen Cast as Jackie Kennedy in Rob Reiner's 'LBJ'". Variety.
- ^ "TIFF FILM REVIEW: Rob Reiner's 'LBJ'". thecliffedge.com. September 15, 2016.
- ^ Hopewell, John (May 14, 2015). "Natalie Portman to Star as Jacqueline Kennedy in New Drama (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
- ^ Whipp, Glenn (January 26, 2017). "Natalie Portman's four steps — some simple, some not — to becoming Jackie Kennedy". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Gurrrasio, Jason (September 14, 2016). "How Natalie Portman prepared for her Oscar-worthy performance as Jackie Kennedy". Business Insider. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
- ^ Smith, Nigel M. "Natalie Portman: bringing Jackie Onassis back to life". The Guardian.
- ^ Dargis, Manohla (December 1, 2016). "'Jackie': Under the Widow's Weeds, a Myth Marketer". The New York Times.
- ^ Edelstein, David (December 1, 2016). "Jackie Is Brutally Intimate and Admirably Brittle". Vulture.
Apart from that voice, Portman is so damn smart. She nails Jackie's irreducible mix of shyness and slyness, each quality reinforcing the other. She also understands what the White House refurbishment meant for Jackie's sense of self.
- ^ Bradshaw, Peter (January 19, 2017). "Jackie review – Natalie Portman intelligent and poised as JFK's widow". The Guardian.
- ^ "Natalie Portman on her Oscar nomination for Jackie role". BBC. February 20, 2017.
- ^ "Nicole Kidman, Mel Gibson win AACTA international awards ahead of Golden Globes". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. January 7, 2017.
- ^ Merin, Jennifer (December 16, 2016). "2016 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees". Alliance of Women Film Journalists. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ Anderson, Erik (December 15, 2016). "Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations: The Handmaiden Lands Top Mentions, Trevante Rhodes Double Nominated". AwardsWatch.com. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
- ^ "The 2016 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Nominees". Chicago Film Critics Association. December 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ^ "20th Annual Online Film Critics Society Awards Nominations". Online Film Critics Society. December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ Gaudette, Emily (December 18, 2017). "The Queen and Jackie Kennedy's Blood-covered Dress: Did Elizabeth Really Meet Jacqueline Onassis?". Newsweek. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
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enlaces externos
- Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
- Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy at the White House
- Jacqueline Kennedy at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image
- Jackie Kennedy at the National First Ladies' Library
- The Last Will and Testament of Jacqueline K. Onassis
- Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis at IMDb
- Appearances on C-SPAN
Honorary titles | ||
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Preceded by Mamie Eisenhower | First Lady of the United States 1961–1963 | Succeeded by Lady Bird Johnson |