Esta es una lista de ex ciudadanos desnaturalizados de los Estados Unidos , es decir, aquellos que se convirtieron en ciudadanos por naturalización y posteriormente fueron despojados de la ciudadanía. En los casos de Solomon Adler y Bhagat Singh Thind , posteriormente obtuvieron la ciudadanía estadounidense. Se restauró la nacionalidad de Frank Walus después de que surgieron dudas sobre la veracidad de las denuncias en su contra y se anuló su condena.
Según un comunicado del 2 de febrero de 2011 del Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos , desde 1979, el gobierno federal ha despojado de la ciudadanía a 107 personas por su presunta participación en crímenes de guerra cometidos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial a través de los esfuerzos de la Oficina de Investigaciones Especiales ( OSI). [1] Un informe íntegro del Departamento de Justicia de 600 páginas obtenido por The New York Times en 2010 declaró: "Más de 300 perseguidores nazis han sido deportados, despojados de la ciudadanía o bloqueados para ingresar a los Estados Unidos desde la creación de la OSI" [2 ] el los Angeles Times informó en 2008 que cinco de esos hombres desnaturalizados no podían ser deportados ya que ningún país los aceptaría, y que otros cuatro habían muerto mientras que en la misma situación. [3]
A otros se les ha despojado de su ciudadanía por delitos más mundanos; a menos que sea digno de mención, estas personas no están incluidas en esta lista. Algunas de las personas en la lista a continuación acordaron, después de una consulta legal y / o comunicaciones del Departamento de Estado, renunciar a su ciudadanía / nacionalidad de los Estados Unidos para evitar un enjuiciamiento legal y / o procedimientos exhaustivos de deportación / remoción, lo que no constituye una renuncia voluntaria de ciudadanía en contraste con la lista de ex ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos que renunciaron a su nacionalidad .
- Esta lista está incompleta.
Clave de razones
Ocultar los crímenes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial o su asociación con los nazis
Crímenes graves, sospecha de espionaje para los comunistas o asociación con terroristas
Todas las demás razones
Nombre | Razón | Fecha de desnaturalización | Estado |
---|---|---|---|
Adeneye, Ibraheem | Condenado por conspiración para cometer fraude matrimonial, fraude de naturalización y hacer una declaración falsa a una agencia federal. Adeneye indicó que estaba involucrado en la intermediación de matrimonios simulados entre ciudadanos nigerianos y ciudadanos estadounidenses para que los nigerianos pudieran obtener beneficios de inmigración, lo que finalmente conducía a la ciudadanía estadounidense. A cambio, los "cónyuges" ciudadanos estadounidenses recibieron pagos en efectivo para ayudar a los nigerianos en el engaño. [4] | 2010 | El juez federal de distrito Kenneth Hoyt condenó a Adeneye al tiempo que ya cumplió en prisión. El juez aceptó la moción del gobierno de despojar a Adeneye de su ciudadanía estadounidense . Adeneye se convirtió en un extranjero sujeto a ser trasladado de los Estados Unidos a Nigeria . |
Adler, Salomón (1909-1994) | Economista del gobierno bajo investigación como espía comunista. Se mudó a Gran Bretaña y fue desnaturalizado después de que expiró su pasaporte . | Hacia 1952 | |
Almallah, Rasmi Khader | Se convirtió en residente permanente a través de un matrimonio de 1981 cuatro días antes de que expirara su visa de estudiante (más tarde considerado "un matrimonio con tarjeta verde" por el Servicio de Inmigración y Naturalización ) y se naturalizó en 1988. [5] Almallah fue despojado de su ciudadanía estadounidense después de llegar a la atención de las autoridades por su conexión con la Holy Land Foundation [6] (considerada una entidad de recaudación de fondos de Hamas ) y también como antiguo empleador de uno de los terroristas del 11 de septiembre . [ cita requerida ] | 2007 | Apelado sin éxito ante la Corte de Apelaciones de los Estados Unidos , Quinto Circuito. [5] Residente de Jordania , donde es miembro del Senado de Jordania . [7] |
Artishenko, Basil (1923-1989) | Miembro de la policía controlada por los nazis en Khoiniki (actual Chojniki, Bielorrusia ), acusado de ayudar a ejecutar a unas 100 personas desarmadas. [8] | 11 de octubre de 1984 [9] | No deportado de los Estados Unidos en un acuerdo con el gobierno que le exigió renunciar a su ciudadanía y nacionalidad en 1984; [10] murió en 1989. |
Artuković, Andrija (19 de noviembre de 1899 - 16 de enero de 1988) | Ministro del Interior de Croacia , 1941-1942; 1943. | 1986 | Yugoslavia solicitó la extradición en 1951; solicitud rechazada 1959; deportado en 1986 a Yugoslavia. No ejecutado por edad y salud. Murió en un hospital de la prisión en 1988, a los 88 años. |
Avdzej, John, alias: Ivan Aŭdzej y Jan Awdziej (1905-1998) | Alcalde de Stolpce en la Polonia ocupada por los nazis . [11] | 2 de marzo de 1984 [12] | Dejó el país en febrero de 1984 hacia Alemania Occidental , donde renunció a su ciudadanía estadounidense como parte de un acuerdo para evitar el enjuiciamiento. [12] Murió en 1998. [13] |
Bartesch, Martin (1926-1989) | No reveló su pasado cuando solicitó la ciudadanía estadounidense: miembro de la División Prinz Eugen de las SS de 1943 a 1944; mientras era guardia en el campo de concentración de Mauthausen , mató a tiros a Gottfried Ochshorn cuando Ochshorn intentó escapar. | 29 de mayo de 1987 [14] | Huyó a Austria , donde murió más tarde. [15] |
Baumann, Anton (1911-1994) | Guardia del batallón SS Death Head en los campos de concentración de Stutthof y Buchenwald . [dieciséis] | 17 de mayo de 1991 [16] | Ordenó ser deportado a Alemania en 1993, pero la deportación nunca se llevó a cabo debido a su salud; murió en 1994. [17] |
Bellei, Aldo Mario | Nacido en Italia de padre italiano y madre estadounidense, Bellei perdió su ciudadanía por no mudarse y vivir en los Estados Unidos durante al menos cinco años antes de cumplir 28 años; véase Rogers v. Bellei . | 5 de abril de 1971 [18] [19] | La Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos anuló el fallo de la corte inferior, encontrando contra Bellei en 1971. La disposición bajo la cual Bellei fue desnaturalizada fue derogada (Ley Pública 95-432) por el Congreso en 1978. |
Berezowskyj, Walter (de soltera Wolodymyr Berezowskyj; 1924-2010) | Guardia en los campos de concentración de Trawniki , Poniatowa y Gusen . | 15 de septiembre de 1998 [20] | Nunca deportado de Estados Unidos por su salud; murió en 2010. [21] |
Berger, Friedrich Karl (nacido en 1926) | Guardia en Meppen , un subcampo del campo de concentración de Neuengamme cerca de Hamburgo . [22] | El juicio comenzó el 10 de mayo de 2019. [22] | Orden de deportación a Alemania , 28 de febrero de 2020. [22] Apelación denegada el 17 de noviembre de 2020. [23] |
Bernes, Peter John (né Petras Bernotavičius; 1922-2004) [24] | Adjunto al alcalde y comandante de policía designado por los nazis Werner Loew en Kupiškis , Lituania . | 23 de mayo de 2002 [25] | Huyó a Lituania en 2002, [26] donde murió más tarde. |
Bendice, Anton (1924-2004) | Guardia del batallón SS-Death's Head en el campo de concentración de Auschwitz . | 18 de diciembre de 1992 [27] | Huyó a Alemania en 1992, donde murió en 2004 [28]. |
Braunsteiner, Hermine (1919-1999) | No revelar la condena por crímenes de guerra; guardia de campo de concentración femenina. | 1971 [29] | Primer criminal de guerra nazi extraditado de Estados Unidos a Alemania . Condenado a cadena perpetua, pero puesto en libertad en 1996 por motivos de salud. |
Breyer, Hans Johann alias Johann Breyer (1925-2014) | Waffen SS; también vigilan en Buchenwald y Auschwitz . | Mayo de 1992 | El 17 de junio de 2013, el Tribunal de Distrito de Weiden , Alemania , emitió una orden de arresto contra Johan Breyer por complicidad en la comisión de asesinato mientras era guardia en Auschwitz. Fue arrestado en su casa en Filadelfia un año después y, aunque su salud era frágil a los 89 años, fue detenido sin derecho a fianza en espera de una audiencia de extradición. Teniendo en cuenta su edad y que era un adolescente cuando terminó la Segunda Guerra Mundial en Europa , es probable que sea la última persona perseguida por el gobierno de Estados Unidos por su servicio en las SS. [30] Murió en un hospital antes de que se llevara a cabo su audiencia de extradición. |
Bučmys, Ildefonsas (1920-2005) [31] | Guardia en el campo de concentración de Majdanek . | 17 de febrero de 2005 [32] | No deportado de los Estados Unidos en un acuerdo con el gobierno que le exigió renunciar a su ciudadanía y nacionalidad estadounidenses en 2005; [33] murió más tarde ese mismo año. |
Budreika, Joseph (de soltera Juozas Budreika; 1916–1996) | Miembro de la Schutzmannschaft lituana . | 28 de mayo de 1996 [34] | Huyó a Lituania el 14 de mayo de 1996, en acuerdo con la OSI. [34] Murió menos de un mes después de llegar a Lituania. [35] |
Čiurinskas, Kazys, alias: Casimir / Kasimir / Kazimeris / Charlie / Casey Čiurinskas (1918-2001) [36] | Miembro de la Schutzmannschaft lituana . | 18 de junio de 1997 [37] | Huyó a Lituania en 1999 después de dar su consentimiento para la deportación. [38] |
Dailidė, Algimantas (1921-2015) | Por haber "obtenido ilegalmente" la ciudadanía. [39] Miembro de la Policía de Seguridad de Lituania durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial . | 29 de enero de 1997 [39] | Huyó a Alemania en 2004 después de que se ordenara su deportación. [40] Condenado por un tribunal lituano en 2006, pero no encarcelado debido a su edad. |
Damrah, Fawaz Mohammed | Imam que fue condenado el 18 de junio de 2004 por mentir en su solicitud de naturalización acerca de su asociación con tres grupos clasificados como organizaciones terroristas por el gobierno de Estados Unidos . [41] | 23 de septiembre de 2004 [41] | Deportado a la Ribera Occidental palestina en enero de 2007. [ cita requerida ] |
Demjanjuk, John (1920–2012) | Supuestamente ocultó ser un guardia de un campo de concentración en Sobibor , Majdanek , Flossenbürg y Trawniki , cometiendo así un fraude de naturalización. | 25 de junio de 1981 . Ciudadanía restaurada el 20 de febrero de 1998. Desnaturalizada nuevamente el 21 de febrero de 2002. | Deportado a Alemania . El 13 de julio de 2009, Demjanjuk fue acusado formalmente de 28.060 cargos de cómplice de asesinato, uno por cada persona que murió en Sobibor durante el tiempo que fue acusado de servir como guardia en el campo de exterminio nazi . [42] El 30 de noviembre de 2009, comenzó el juicio de Demjanjuk en Munich . [43] Condenado por Alemania en 2011, pero puesto en libertad en espera de su apelación. [42] Murió en 2012 antes de que se pudiera escuchar la apelación, por lo que el tribunal de distrito de Munich lo declaró "presuntamente inocente". El tribunal confirmó que, de conformidad con la legislación alemana , la anterior condena provisional de Demjanjuk había sido invalidada y que Demjanjuk no tenía antecedentes penales . [44] |
Denzinger, Jakob Frank , también conocido como Jacob Frank Denzinger (1924-2016) | Guardia en los campos de concentración de Mauthausen , St. Georgen , Cracovia y Auschwitz . [45] | 27 de noviembre de 1989 [46] | Huyó a Alemania Occidental en agosto de 1989; viviendo en Croacia desde 2014 [update]. [47] [48] [49] |
Derkacz, Michael, también conocido como Michael Dercacz (1909-1983) | Miembro de la policía ucraniana que "ayudó a los nazis a perseguir a judíos civiles ". [50] [51] | 4 de febrero de 1982 [51] | Derkacz no presentó una notificación de apelación contra esta sentencia sumaria antes de que expirara el plazo para dicha apelación y, por lo tanto, la revocación de su ciudadanía se convirtió en definitiva. Murió en agosto de 1983 antes de que comenzaran las audiencias de deportación. [50] |
Deutscher, Albert [1920-1981] | Miembro de Selbstschutz en Ucrania . [52] | 17 de diciembre de 1981 | El Departamento de Justicia de Estados Unidos tomó medidas para desnaturalizarlo; No se procedió a ello ya que Deutscher de Brookfield , Illinois murió a causa de las heridas después de ser atropellado por un tren. [52] Cicero, Chicago , Illinois, 18 de diciembre de 1981 |
Didrichsons, Valdis (1913-1995) [53] | Miembro de la unidad militar Arajs Kommando en la Letonia ocupada por los nazis . | 5 de marzo de 1990 [54] | Nunca deportado de Estados Unidos por su salud; murió en 1995. [55] |
Fedorenko, Feodor (1907-1987) | Guardia en el campo de exterminio de Treblinka . | 11 de marzo de 1981 [56] | Extraditado a la Unión Soviética , donde fue ejecutado. [57] |
Firishchak, Osyp, alias: Osip / Yosef / Josif / Josyf; Firischtschak / Firiscak / Firischak / Firiszczak / Firischtschuk / Firitschak / Firschak (1919-2012) | Miembro de la Policía Auxiliar de Ucrania . | 30 de agosto de 2005 [58] | Ordenado deportado por un juez de inmigración; recurso denegado por la Corte Suprema el 21 de febrero de 2012. [59] Fallecido ese mismo año. [60] |
Friedrich, Adam (1921-2006) | Guardia en los campos de concentración de Gross-Rosen , Dyhernfurth y Flossenbürg . [61] | 24 de febrero de 2004 [62] | Murió en julio de 2006 antes de que comenzaran los procedimientos de deportación. [63] |
Galán, Orest (nacido en 1921) | Miembro de la Policía Auxiliar de Ucrania | Noviembre de 2006 [64] | Se le ordenó salir de Estados Unidos antes del 15 de noviembre de 2006 en un acuerdo de conciliación con la OSI. [64] Regresó a Ucrania . |
Geiser, Anton (1924-2012) | Guardia del Batallón de la Cabeza de la Muerte de las SS en Sachsenhausen y Buchenwald . | 29 de septiembre de 2006 [65] | Murió en 2012 mientras apelaba su deportación. [66] |
Gimžauskas, Kazys (1908-2001) | Adjunto de Aleksandras Lileikis en la Policía de Seguridad de Lituania . | Junio de 1996 [67] | Huyó a Lituania en 1993 o 1994. [67] Fue condenado por un tribunal lituano en 2001, pero no encarcelado "después de que los expertos concluyeran que no estaba mentalmente capacitado para asumir la responsabilidad de sus acciones pasadas". [68] Murió poco después. [68] |
Goldman, Emma (1869-1940) | Anarquista . | 1919 | Deportado el 21 de diciembre de 1919; Desembarcó en Finlandia el 17 de enero de 1920 y desde allí fue enviado a la frontera rusa . [69] |
Gorshkow, Mikhail (1923-2013) | Ex interrogador de la Gestapo acusado de participar en los asesinatos de unas 3.000 personas. [70] | 29 de julio de 2002 [71] | Huyó a Estonia antes de ser desnaturalizado. [70] Murió en 2013. [72] |
Gostić, Jadranko (nacido en 1963) | Sirvió en la Brigada de Infantería Zvornik del Ejército de los Serbios de Bosnia desde abril de 1992 hasta diciembre de 1995; participación encubierta en crímenes de guerra en Bosnia , incluida Srebrenica (1995). | 1 de junio de 2010 | Deportado a Serbia en 2010 después de aceptar admitir las acusaciones en su contra, ser desnaturalizado y renunciar a cualquier reclamo de residencia legal permanente. [73] |
Grabauskas, Joseph J. (né Juozas Grabauskas; 1918-2002) [74] | Miembro de la Schutzmannschaft lituana . [75] | Noviembre de 1993 [76] | Repatriado a Lituania según el acuerdo con la OSI en noviembre de 1993; murió en 2002. |
Gudauskas, Vytautas (1918-1997) [77] | Miembro de la Schutzmannschaft lituana . | 1994 [78] | No deportado de los Estados Unidos en un acuerdo con el gobierno que le exigía renunciar a su ciudadanía estadounidense; [79] murió en 1997. [80] |
Habich, Jakob, también conocido como Jacob Habich (1913-1995) [81] | Guardia del batallón SS-Death's Head en los campos de concentración de Lublin y Auschwitz. | 14 de marzo de 1990 [82] | Nunca deportado de Estados Unidos por su salud; murió en 1995. [83] |
Hajda, Bronisław, akas: Bronislaw Hajda y Bruno Hajda (1924-2005) [84] | Guardia en el campo de concentración de Trawniki y el campo de trabajo de Treblinka; miembro del batallón de las SS Streibel . [85] | 9 de abril de 1997 [85] | No deportado como ningún país lo aceptaría; murió en 2005. [86] |
Hammer, Ferdinand (1921-2004) | Presunto (nunca probado) guardia de las SS en los campos de concentración de Auschwitz y Sachsenhausen. [87] | 22 de mayo de 1996 [87] | Deportado a Austria en 2000, donde murió en 2004. [88] |
Hansl, John , né Johann Hansl [89] (1925-2007) | Guardia del batallón SS Death's Head en los campos de concentración de Sachsenhausen y Natzweiler . [90] [91] | 8 de abril de 2005 | Murió en 2007 en Des Moines, Iowa, antes de que pudieran comenzar los procedimientos de deportación. |
Hartmann, Martin (nacido c. 1919) | Guardia del batallón SS-Death Head en el campo de concentración de Sachsenhausen. [92] | Septiembre de 2007 [92] | Acordó partir definitivamente de los Estados Unidos hacia Alemania el 31 de agosto de 2007, en un acuerdo con la OSI. Se cree que vive en Berlín . [93] |
Haupt, Hans Max y Erna (de soltera Froehling) | Padres de Herbert Hans Haupt (ciudadano estadounidense naturalizado ejecutado en 1942 tras ser declarado culpable de espiar en suelo estadounidense para la Alemania nazi ). Hans Max y Erna (Froehling) Haupt fueron despojados de su ciudadanía estadounidense y deportados. Hans Max finalmente fue condenado a cadena perpetua y una multa de $ 10,000. En 1947 recibió una conmutación presidencial y fue deportado a Alemania , uniéndose a su esposa Erna, que había sido deportada en 1946 [94]. | 1946: Erna (de soltera Froehling) Haupt 1947: Hans Max Haupt [94] | Deportados, aunque su paradero no está claro ya que su Stettin natal se había convertido en parte de Polonia ( Szczecin ) después de la guerra, y la mayoría de la población alemana había sido expulsada. [95] |
Holejko, Nestor {Murió en 1991} | Agente de la Gestapo Checoslovaquia | 1968 | Agente de posguerra de la CIA; se rechazó la solicitud de posguerra de deportación a Checoslovaquia ; Murió en marzo de 1991 Florida |
Hrusitzky, Anatoly (1917–1992) | Miembro de la fuerza policial controlada por los nazis en Cherny Ostrov, Ucrania [96] | 29 de junio de 1984 [97] | Huyó a Venezuela en 1984, donde renunció a su ciudadanía estadounidense y luego murió en 1992 [98]. |
Hutyrczyk, Sergis (1924-1993) | Guardia en el campo de concentración de Koldyczewo . | 2 de octubre de 1992 [99] | Murió en 1993 apelando su desnaturalización. [100] |
Jean-Baptiste, Lionel (nacido en 1947) | No "establecer y mantener 'buen carácter moral'" [101] debido a condena como traficante de drogas después de la solicitud de ciudadanía, pero antes de su naturalización el 23 de abril de 1996. | alrededor de 2003 | Se le negó la entrada a Haití , su tierra natal, después de la desnaturalización, con el argumento de que había renunciado a su ciudadanía haitiana al convertirse en ciudadano estadounidense. Encarcelado en 2006 por un delito posterior relacionado con las drogas. Liberado por orden de supervisión después de que la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos dictaminó que los extranjeros que no podían ser deportados no podían ser detenidos indefinidamente. [ cita requerida ] |
Jordan, Gilberto (nacido en 1956) | Participó en la masacre de Dos Erres , Guatemala en diciembre de 1982. | 16 de septiembre de 2010 [102] | Actualmente cumple una sentencia de 10 años de prisión en FDC Miami por fraude de naturalización. [103] [104] |
Kairys, Liudas (né Liudvikas Kairys; 1920-1999) [105] y también conocido como Ludwig Kairys | Líder de pelotón en Treblinka . [106] [107] | 28 de diciembre de 1984 [50] | Deportado a Alemania en 1993. [106] Alemania suspendió su investigación sobre él en 1999, momento en el que ya había muerto. [108] |
Kalymon, John, de soltera Jan Kalymun, también conocido como Iwan Kalymon (1921-2014) | Servicio en Ukrainische Hilfspolizei (Policía Auxiliar de Ucrania) afiliada a los nazis durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial . El Departamento de Justicia de EE. UU. Dice que Kalymon afirmó haber disparado y matado a un judío en 1942 cuando los judíos eran sacados de lo que ahora es Lviv , Ucrania . Más tarde negó haberlo hecho. [109] | 29 de marzo de 2007 [110] | Murió en 2014 mientras esperaba la extradición a Alemania . |
Karkoc, Michael (1919-2019) | Servicio en la Legión de Autodefensa de Ucrania afiliada a los nazis / 14a División de Granaderos de las Waffen SS | Marzo de 2018 [111] | Investigado desde 2003. |
Kauls, Juris (1912-2008) | Subjefe e inspector de guardias en un campo de concentración cerca de Riga , Letonia . [112] | 8 de septiembre de 1988 [113] | Huyó a Alemania Occidental en agosto de 1988. [114] [115] Murió en Letonia en 2008. [116] |
Kiršteins, Miķelis (1916-1994) [117] | Miembro de la unidad militar Arajs Kommando en la Letonia ocupada por los nazis . | Diciembre de 1991 [118] | Nunca deportado de Estados Unidos por su salud; murió en 1994. [119] |
Klimavičius, Jonas (1907-1993) [120] | Miembro de la Schutzmannschaft lituana | 28 de noviembre de 1988 [121] | No deportado de los Estados Unidos en un acuerdo con el gobierno que le exigió renunciar a su ciudadanía y nacionalidad estadounidenses en 1988; murió en 1993. |
Knauer, Paul (1895-1962) | Falso juramento de lealtad debido a afiliaciones con German-American Bund , German-American Citizens Alliance y el German Winter Relief Fund, siendo el último una agencia oficial del gobierno alemán para la cual los consulados alemanes solicitaron dinero en los Estados Unidos . [122] | 10 de junio de 1946 [122] | Recuperó la entrada a los Estados Unidos en 1957. [123] |
Kolnhofer, Michael (1918-1997) | Guardia KZ | 1996 | llegó a Estados Unidos en 1952; El Departamento de Justicia de Estados Unidos presentó una demanda para despojarlo de la ciudadanía; No desnaturalizado ya que fue baleado y herido en Kansas City Kansas después de un tiroteo con la policía en el que disparó una pistola contra periodistas y policías el 31 de diciembre de 1996; [124] murió a causa de las heridas marzo de 1997 79/80 años |
Koréh, Ferenc (1909-1997) | Editor del periódico húngaro pro Eje Székely Nép . | 28 de junio de 1994 [125] | Ordenó ser deportado en 1997, pero la deportación no se llevó a cabo debido a su salud; [126] murió más tarde ese mismo año. [127] |
Kowalchuk, Serge, también conocido como Serhij Kowalczuk (1920-1998) [128] | Miembro de alto rango de la milicia de Lituania que apoya la persecución nazi de judíos en la ciudad de Lubomyl. [129] | 1 de julio de 1983 [130] | Huyó a Paraguay en 1987. [131] Murió en 1998. [132] |
Koziy, Bohdan alias: Bohdan Jozij, Bogdanus Kosij (1923-2003), [133] [134] | Miembro de la Policía Auxiliar de Ucrania. | 29 de marzo de 1982 [135] | Huyó a Costa Rica en 1985, donde murió en 2003 [136]. |
Krysa, Wasyl (1925-2004) | Guardia de las SS en los campos de concentración de Poniatowa y Gusen. | 5 de octubre de 2001 [137] | Murió en 2004, mientras apelaba su desnaturalización. [138] |
Kuhn, Fritz Julius (1896-1951) | Fraude en proceso de naturalización. | 1 de junio de 1943 [139] | Líder del Bund Alemán-Americano . Encarcelado como agente enemigo y deportado a Alemania a finales de 1945. |
Kumpf, Josias (1925-2009) | SS-Death's Head Guard en Sachsenhausen y Trawniki. [140] | 10 de mayo de 2005 [141] | Deportado a Austria en 2009, donde murió ese mismo año. |
Kungys, Juozas, también conocido como Joseph Kungys (1915-2009) [142] | Making false statements on his visa application.[143] | A district court decision in Kungys' favor was reversed by the Court of Appeals, and he was remanded for denaturalization on June 20, 1986.[144] The decision was overturned by the Supreme Court on May 2, 1988.[145] Kungys agreed to give up his U.S. citizenship in 1988 to avoid deportation.[146] | Died in Hudson County, New Jersey in 2009.[147] |
Kuras, Andrew, aka: Andrej/Andrij/Andrey/Andreas/Andrzej/Andre Kuras (1922–2007)[148] | Guard at Trawniki, Poniatowa, and Dorohucza concentration camps;[149] member of SS-Battalion Striebel. | April 14, 2004[149] | Never deported from the United States due to his health; died in 2007.[150] |
Kwoczak, Fedir (aka Fedor Kwoczak; 1921–2003)[151] | Guard at Trawniki and Poniatowa concentration camps; participated in liquidation of Warsaw and Białystok ghettos; member of SS-Battalion Streibel.[152] | June 27, 2002[153] | Died in 2003 while appealing his denaturalization.[154] |
Linnas, Karl (1919–1987) | Commandant of a Nazi concentration camp at Tartu, Estonia, who personally shot civilians. | 1981 | Sentenced to death in absentia by the Soviet Union. Deported in 1987 and died in a Soviet prison hospital while awaiting trial.[155] |
Leili, Stefan (1909–1995) | SS-Death's Head guard at Mauthausen concentration camp who admitted shooting a 17-year-old French Jew, Leon Axelroud, during an escape attempt.[156] | December 30, 1986[156] | Fled to West Germany in August 1986,[156] where he died in 1995.[157] |
Leprich, Johann (aka John M. Leprich 1925–2013)[158] | SS Death's Head Battalion guard at Mauthausen concentration camp.[159][160] | July 13, 1987[159][160][161] | Not deported as no country would accept him; died in 2013.[162][163] |
Li, Xunmei Grace | Convicted of [making] false statements, bigamy, an extramarital affair, and concealment or misrepresentation of facts to get citizenship.[164] | August 2014 | Li was married to two men at the same time, but she contended that one of the marriages was intended to appease the parents of her children's father (Gang Chen) and was not supposed to be real. (Gang Chen, a onetime green card holder, was deported in 2013.) Li was also implicated in the 2007 security breach at an Arizona intelligence center.[164] She worked for a Homeland Security contractor that had installed a facial recognition system in the Arizona Counter Terrorism Information Center, an intelligence-sharing hub run by the state. A Chinese contractor, whom she helped recruit, worked on the program before he quietly left the country in 2007 with equipment and possibly data and other information that belonged to the Phoenix-based company, Hummingbird Defense Systems Inc.[165] |
Lileikis, Aleksandras (1907–2000) | Accused of leading a secret Lithuanian police unit during World War II. | May 24, 1996[166][167] | Returned to Lithuania in 1996. War crimes trial suspended in 2000 due to ill health of defendant, who died the same year, aged 93.[168] |
Linnas, Karl (1919–1987) | Making false statements to gain citizenship. Commandant of a Nazi concentration camp. | July 30, 1981[169][170] | Deported to the Soviet Union. Died while awaiting trial. |
Lipschis, Hans aka Antanas Lipšys {1919–2016} | KZ Auschwitz Guard | Deported in 1983 for "lying about his Nazi past" from Chicago Illinois | Arrested Germany 2013; died 2016 |
Lytwyn, Wasyl (born 1921) | Guard at Trawniki concentration camp; participated in the liquidation of Warsaw ghetto; member of SS-Battalion Streibel.[171] | December 1995[171] | Repatriated to Ukraine in December 1995 as per agreement with the OSI.[172] |
Maikovskis, Boļeslavs (1904–1996) | Latavian Police CHief | 1987 | 1987 fled to Germany; judged too feeble to be tried for war crimes; died 1996 |
Mandycz, Iwan (1920–2017) | Guard at the Trawniki and Poniatowa camps near Lublin in Nazi-occupied Poland. Became a U.S. citizen in 1955. | February 28, 2005. Appeal dismissed May 22, 2006.[173] | Was not deported due to his health. Died September 6, 2017 Sterling Heights, Michigan age 97[174] |
Miling, Jakob (1924–2009) | SS-Death's Head Battalion guard at Gross-Rosen and Sachsenhausen concentration camps.[175] | August 4, 2003[176] | Fled to Serbia in September 2002, where he renounced his U.S. citizenship a year later and died in 2009.[177] |
Milius, Adolph (né Adolfas Milinavičius; 1918–1999) | Member of the Lithuanian Security Police. | August 17, 1998[178] | Fled to Lithuania in 1996, where he died in 1999.[179] |
Mineikis, Antanas (1918–1997)[180] | Stripped of his United States citizenship on suspicion of organizing reprisals during the Nazi occupation of the Baltic region during World War II.[181] | January 1992[181] | Deported to Lithuania in September 1992, where he died on November 24, 1997.[182] |
Mozumdar, A. K. (1864–1953) | Claimed to be Caucasian to satisfy a law then in effect restricting naturalization to "free white persons", becoming the first Asian Indian to gain American citizenship. United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ruled that Asian Indians were not white. | 1923 | |
Munyenyezi, Beatrice | Member of the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development, assisted in the Rwandan genocide | February 21, 2013[183] | Currently serving 10-year prison sentence at FCI Aliceville for naturalization fraud.[184] |
Naujalis, Janos [born 1920] | Lance Corporal 2nd Auxiliary Police Battalion attached to German 11th Police Reserve Battalion | Ordered deported 1997[185] | US Justice Department filed suit to denaturalize him in October 1995;[186] deported to native Lithuania March 2001 |
Negele, Michael (1920–2008) | Guard and attack dog handler at Sachsenhausen and Theresienstadt concentration camps.[187] | July 20, 1999[188] | Not deported as no country would accept him; died in 2008.[189] |
Negewo, Kelbessa (born 1950) | Convicted in Ethiopia in absentia of torture as a member of the then-ruling Derg. | 2006[190] | Deported to Ethiopia, where he is serving a life sentence.[190] |
Odeh, Rasmea (born 1947/1948) | Convicted and sentenced by an Israeli court to life in prison for: (i) her involvement in two terrorist bombings in Jerusalem; and (ii) involvement in an illegal organization, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).[191][192][193] Odeh was sentenced to 18 months in federal prison on March 12, 2015, for immigration fraud and for concealing her arrest, conviction, and imprisonment for fatal terrorist bombing. She was stripped of her United States citizenship, and will be deported from the United States to Jordan once she is done serving her time.[194][195] | 2015[196] | Sentenced to be deported to Jordan.[196] |
Osidach, Wolodymir (1904–1981) | Member of the Ukrainian police involved in the persecution of Jews in Rawa Ruska during German occupation.[50] | March 17, 1981[50][197] | Died while case was being appealed. |
Palčiauskas, Kazys (1907–1992)[198] | World War II-era mayor of Kaunas, Lithuania, complicit in the persecution of Jews.[199] | February 23, 1983[50][200] | Died in St. Petersburg Beach, Florida in 1992 while appealing his deportation.[201] |
Palij, Jakiw (1923–2019) | Failed to disclose he had been a concentration camp guard at the Trawniki concentration camp. | July 31, 2003[202][203] | Deported to Germany on 21 August 2018, on the basis of the deportation order issued by the Immigration Court[204] and a special decree issued by the German Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community accepting to take him in.[205] Died in Germany in January 2019.[206] |
Pasker, Mike (né Mečys Paškevičius; 1901–1993) | Failed to disclose his World War II era service in the Nazi-affiliated Lithuanian Security Police from 1941–44 | August 23, 1979 (consented to denaturalization)[207] | Never deported from the United States due to his health; died in 1993. |
Peláez, Vicky | Pleaded guilty to working in the United States as an unregistered foreign agent for Russia, and agreed to deportation on July 9, 2010, and to never return, in exchange for the U.S. dropping the more serious charge of money laundering and waiving any jail time. Her husband Mikhail Vasenkov; aka Juan Lazaro—who had long passed himself off as a native of Uruguay and denied being Russian—was returned to Russia but Peláez indicated she would return to her native Perú. Her two United States-born children elected to remain in the U.S.[208][209] | July 2010 | Pelaez indicated she would return to her native Perú. Her two United States-born children elected to remain in the U.S. According to one of her lawyers, Peláez's United States citizenship was "revoked", but did not specify if she had been denaturalized.[208][209] |
Prouty, Nada Nadim (born c. 1970) | Former CIA agent who pleaded guilty two felonies related to a sham (green card) marriage and to one misdemeanor count of unauthorized use of an FBI computer. Renounced all claims to United States citizenship. | 2007 | Granted withholding of deportation/removal due to perceived threat to her life in her native Lebanon; she must comply with an Order of Supervision issued by the Department of Homeland Security.[210] |
Quintus, Peter (1915–1997)[211] | SS guard at Majdanek concentration camp[212] | July 1988[213] | Never deported from the United States due to his health; died in 1997.[214] |
Reger, Stefan (1925–2003) | Reger, a native of Filipovo, Yugoslavia, was stripped of his United States citizenship due to naturalization fraud related to World War II service in the SS Death's Head Battalion (which he acknowledged) and at Birkenau (which he denied). | September 8, 1988[215] | Fled to West Germany in 1988, where he died in 2003.[216] |
Reimer, Jakob, a.k.a. Jack Reimer (1918–2005) | Trawniki concentration camp guard. | September 5, 2002[217] | Died before he could be deported to Germany.[218] |
Reve, Hiram Cristobal (born 1961) | Committed naturalization fraud when he failed to disclose his July 12, 1995 arrest for sexually assaulting a 14-year-old boy in May 1995 when submitting his naturalization application dated July 27, 1995. United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey Chris Christie (later Governor of New Jersey) successfully concluded that Reve knowingly tried to deceive the federal government in not disclosing his arrest. | January 31, 2003[219] | Reve presently resides in New Jersey as a legal permanent resident due to the former Wet feet, dry feet policy on repatriating Cuban nationals back to Cuba.[219] |
Rinkel,Elfriede Lina (Huth) (1922–2018) | SS Guard | 2006 | Deported to Germany |
Rudolph, Arthur (1906–1996) | German rocket scientist who worked on the V-2. Renounced citizenship under pressure.[12][220] | March 25, 1984[220] | Died in Hamburg, Germany in 1996. |
Rydlinski, Chester (né Wiatscheslaw Rydlinskis; 1924–1997) | Guard and attack dog handler at the Auschwitz concentration camp in Nazi-occupied Poland, the Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany and at Buchenwald's Laura subcamp. | July 21, 1995[221] | Fled to Germany in late 1994,[222] where he died in 1997.[223] |
Sawchuk, Dmytro (1924–2004)[224] | Guard at Trawniki concentration camp and Bełżec extermination camp; participated in liquidation of Białystok ghetto; member of SS-Battalion Streibel[225] | March 23, 1999[226] | Fled to Germany in 1999, where he renounced his US citizenship[226] and later died in 2004.[227] |
Schellong, Conrad (1910–1992) | For "concealing his role as a guard and later commander at the Sachsenburg and Dachau Nazi death camps from 1934 to 1939."[199] | September 9, 1982[129] | Deported to West Germany in 1988, where he later died.[228] |
Schiffer, Nikolaus (1919–2007) | Guard at Sachsenhausen, Hersbruck, Majdanek, and Trawniki concentration camps.[229] | August 25, 1993[230] (Born in the US, he expatriated himself by serving in the Romanian Army and Waffen SS during World War II.) | Deported to Romania in 2002, where he later died in 2007.[231] |
Schmidt, Michael (1923–2008) | Did not contest the Office of Special Investigations/Justice Department Criminal Division allegation that he participated in the persecution of civilians while serving as an armed guard at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[232] | January 3, 1990[233] | Agreed to permanently depart the United States by December 31, 1992 in an agreement with the OSI.[232] Died in Germany in 2008.[234] |
Schuk, Mykola (1909–1986)[235] | Member of Nazi police force in Ukraine. | November 1, 1985[236] | Not deported from the United States in a settlement with the government that required him to give up his U.S. citizenship and nationality in 1985; died a year later.[237] |
Schwinn, Hermann Max, a.k.a. Herman Schwinn (1905–1973) | Fraudulently and illegally procured naturalization. He became a United States citizen on July 22, 1932. Leader of the Western Division of the Friends of New Germany and the German-American Bund.[238] | Citizenship canceled on July 15, 1939; on May 10, 1940, judgment affirmed and appeal denied.[238] | Died in 1973 in Florida.[239] |
Shqaire, Vallmoe | Fraudulently and illegally procured naturalization. He became a United States citizen on November 6, 2008. Failed to mention serving time in an Israeli prison for a 1988 bus bombing and his ties to the Palestinian Liberation Organization, then considered a terrorist organization.[240] | Citizenship canceled on April 26, 2019; Will be deported to Jordan.[241] | Awaiting deportation order. |
Sokolov, Vladimir (aka Vladimir Sokolov-Samarin; 1913–1992) | Editor and propaganda writer for the pro-Nazi Russian newspaper Rech.[242] | June 2, 1986[243] | Fled to Canada in 1988, where he later died.[244] |
Soobzokov,Tscherim (1918/1924–1985} | 1st Lt in the SS; member of North Caucasus Legion; | 1979 | Postwar a spy for the CIA; US Justice Department began investigating suspect in 1974; denaturalization proceedings started in December 1979; dropped after he admitted involvement in North Caucasus Legion; injured by a bomb planted by persons or persons unknown August 15, 1985; died of injuries September 6, 1985 |
Sosa, Jorge (born 1958) | Participated in the Dos Erres massacre, Guatemala in December 1982. | February 10, 2014[245] | Sentenced to 10 years in prison for naturalization fraud on February 10, 2014.[245] |
Steimer, Mollie (born 1897, Tsarist Russia – died 1980, Mexico), et al. (3 co-defendants) | Anarchist; arrested in 1918 for violating the Espionage Act of 1917 | November 1, 1922, to Russia along with three co-defendants | Received a 15-year sentence in prison. Samuel Lipman (co-defendant) was executed on the orders of Stalin, Hyman Lachowsky (co-defendant) was killed by the Nazis, and Jacob Abrams (co-defendant) settled in Mexico, as did Steimer. |
Sproģis, Elmārs (Elmar Sprogis; 26 November 1914, Latvia – 10 July 1991, New York) | Assistant Chief of Police (Latvia) World War II; Emigrated to US 1950; 1983 Justice Department OSI moved to revoke citizenship on grounds he had concealed participation in killing of Jews in 1941; | October 1983 | "Exonerated" on May 18, 1984; residence firebombed September 6, 1985.[citation needed] Died 10 July 1991[246] |
Stelmokas, Jonas (né Stelmokevičius; 1916–1998) | Lithuanian officer in the 3rd Company of the 3rd Battalion of the Lithuanian] Schutzmannschaft "... acquiesced in the murder and persecution of Jews and other unarmed civilians in Lithuania. Around August 1944, at the time the German occupation of Lithuania ended, Stelmokas entered the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) in the 91st Light Flak Replacement Unit".[247] | August 2, 1995 (original decision); November 12, 1996 (appeal rejected by the United States Court of Appeals)[248] US Justice Deportment filed suit to denaturalize him June 1997[249] | Died in Pennsylvania in 1998 while appealing his deportation.[250] |
Szehinskyj, Theodor (1924–2014) | SS Death's Head Battalion guard at Gross-Rosen, Sachsenhausen and Nazi camp in Warsaw concentration camps.[3][251] | July 24, 2000[251][252] | Remained in the United States until his death in 2014, as no country was found that would accept him. |
Szendi, Joseph (né József Szendi; 1915–2004) | Member of Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie, a paramilitary unit which deported Hungarian Jews to Nazi-occupied Poland.[253] | June 18, 1993 | Fled to Hungary in 1993 in an agreement with the Justice Department; died in 2004.[254] |
Tannenbaum, Jacob (c. 1912–1989) | Jewish kapo at Goerlitz concentration camp.[255] | February 4, 1988[256] | Never deported from the United States due to his health; died in 1989.[255] |
Theodorovich, George (né Jurij Theodorowytsch; born 1922) | Member of Nazi-controlled police force in Ukraine | January 27, 1984[257] | Fled to Paraguay on December 18, 1988.[258] |
Thind, Bhagat Singh | Second attempt at citizenship. Naturalization revoked for being of Asian descent, based on then caselaw.[259][260][261][262] | December 13, 1918 and February 19, 1923 (two separate occasions) | Thind remained in the U.S. and eventually qualified under U.S. law to become a citizen, which he did in 1936 (his third attempt). |
Tittjung, Anton (1924–2012) | Guard at Mauthausen concentration camp.[263][264] | December 14, 1990[265] | Not deported as no country would accept him; died in 2012.[266] |
Trifa, Valerian, a.k.a. Viorel Trifa (1914–1987) | Former member of the fascist Iron Guard of Romania. He was Detroit Archbishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church until the Department of Justice's OSI investigation, which began in 1975.[267] Renounced U.S. citizenship. | August 26, 1980[268] | Fled to Portugal, where he died in 1987. |
Virkutis, Antanas (1913–1993) | Warden of Šiauliai prison in Nazi-occupied Lithuania[269] | April 1988[270] | Never deported from the United States due to his health; died in 1993.[271][272] |
von Bolschwing, Otto Albrecht Alfred aka Otto von Bolschwing [1909-1982] | SS Captain and advisor to Adolf Eichmann.[273] | December 22, 1981[273] | Gave up citizenship but Never deported from the United States due to his health; died in March 1982.[274] |
Walus, Frank, akas: Franzl Walus, Franciszek Walus, Fritz Wulecki (1922–1994) | Alleged to have worked with the Gestapo[275][276] | 1974 | Citizenship stripped from him, but later restored. |
Wasylyk, Mykola (1923–2010) | Concentration camp guard at Trawniki and Budzyn.[3][277] | July 13, 2001[278] | Remained in the U.S. after denaturalization as no other country would accept him. He died in 2010.[279] |
Wieland, Josef (1908–1992) | SS-Death's Head guard at Mauthausen concentration camp.[280] | June 19, 1986[280] | Fled to West Germany in 1986,[280] where he died in 1992.[281] |
Wittje, Joseph (1920–2006) | Waffen-SS guard at Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[282] | August 27, 2004[283] | Died in 2006 before deportation hearings could begin. |
Wojciechowski, Chester (1920–2003) | Guard at the Majdanek concentration camp.[284] | October 5, 1987[285] | Fled to West Germany, where he died in 2003.[286] |
Yazdi, Ebrahim (1931–2017) | Served as the Iranian Deputy Prime Minister (1979), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1979) and Member of Parliament (1980–1984) | 1979[287] | |
Zajančkauskas, Vladas (1915–2013) | Trawniki concentration camp guard who participated in the Nazi operation at the Warsaw Ghetto. | January 26, 2005[288][289] | Ordered deported by an immigration judge; appeal denied by Supreme Court on November 18, 2010.[290] |
Ziegler, John (né Johann Ziegler; 1907–1997)[291] | SS-Death's Head guard at Stutthof, Kauen, and Gotenhafen concentration camps.[292] | 1991[292] | Fled to Austria in 1991;[292] died in 1997. |
Zultner, Martin (1912–1997) | Guard at Schwechat, Floridsdorf, and Modling, three subcamps of Mauthausen in Austria. | October 23, 1990[293] | Moved to Austria in 1975,[294] where he renounced his US citizenship in 1990 and later died in 1997.[295] |
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External links
- Secret Justice Department Report Details How the U.S. Helped Former Nazis, obtained by The New York Times
- US parade magazine May 2008 Profiles of over 20 Nazi War Criminals in the United States