El Nuevo Orden Mundial ( NWO ) es una teoría de la conspiración que plantea la hipótesis de un gobierno mundial totalitario que emerge en secreto . [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
El tema común en las teorías de la conspiración sobre un Nuevo Orden Mundial es que una élite de poder secreta con una agenda globalista está conspirando para eventualmente gobernar el mundo a través de un gobierno mundial autoritario , que reemplazará a los estados-nación soberanos , y una propaganda omnipresente cuyo La ideología aclama el establecimiento del Nuevo Orden Mundial como la culminación del progreso de la historia . Por lo tanto, se ha alegado que muchas figuras históricas y contemporáneas influyentes forman parte de una camarilla que opera a través de muchas organizaciones fachada para orquestar eventos políticos y financieros significativos, que van desde causar crisis sistémicas hasta impulsar políticas controvertidas , tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, como pasos. en un complot en curso para lograr la dominación mundial. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Antes de principios de la década de 1990, la conspiración del Nuevo Orden Mundial se limitaba a dos contraculturas estadounidenses, principalmente la derecha militantemente antigubernamental y, en segundo lugar, la parte del cristianismo fundamentalista preocupada por el surgimiento del Anticristo en los últimos tiempos . [8] Escépticos, como Michael Barkun y Chip Berlet , observaron que las teorías conspirativas populistas de derecha sobre un Nuevo Orden Mundial no solo habían sido acogidas por muchos buscadores de conocimiento estigmatizado sino que se habían filtrado en la cultura popular , inaugurando así un período durante el finales del siglo XX y principios del XXI en los Estados Unidos, donde la gente se está preparando activamente para escenarios milenarios apocalípticos . [4] [6] A esos politólogos les preocupa que la histeria masiva sobre las teorías de la conspiración del Nuevo Orden Mundial pueda eventualmente tener efectos devastadores en la vida política estadounidense, desde la escalada del terrorismo de lobo solitario hasta el ascenso al poder de demagogos ultranacionalistas autoritarios . [4] [6] [9]
Historia del término
Uso general (antes de la guerra fría)
Durante el siglo XX, figuras políticas como Woodrow Wilson y Winston Churchill utilizaron el término " nuevo orden mundial " para referirse a un nuevo período de la historia caracterizado por un cambio dramático en el pensamiento político mundial y en el equilibrio de poder global después de la Primera Guerra Mundial. y la Segunda Guerra Mundial . [10] El período de entreguerras y posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial fueron vistos como oportunidades para implementar propuestas idealistas para la gobernanza global mediante esfuerzos colectivos para abordar problemas mundiales que van más allá de la capacidad de resolución de los estados-nación individuales , respetando el derecho de las naciones. a la autodeterminación . Tales iniciativas colectivas se manifestaron en la formación de organizaciones intergubernamentales como la Liga de Naciones en 1920, las Naciones Unidas (ONU) en 1945 y la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN) en 1949, junto con regímenes internacionales como el sistema de Bretton Woods. y el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT), implementado para mantener un equilibrio de poder cooperativo y facilitar la reconciliación entre naciones para prevenir la perspectiva de otro conflicto global . Estos esfuerzos cosmopolitas para inculcar el internacionalismo liberal fueron regularmente criticados y opuestos por los nacionalistas empresariales paleoconservadores estadounidenses desde la década de 1930 en adelante. [11] [ necesita cotización para verificar ]
Los progresistas dieron la bienvenida a las organizaciones y regímenes internacionales como las Naciones Unidas después de las dos guerras mundiales, pero argumentaron que estas iniciativas adolecían de un déficit democrático y, por lo tanto, eran inadecuadas no solo para prevenir otra guerra mundial sino para fomentar la justicia global , como la ONU. fue constituida para ser una asociación libre de naciones-estados soberanos en lugar de una transición a un gobierno mundial democrático. Por lo tanto, los activistas cosmopolitas de todo el mundo, que percibían a las OIG como demasiado ineficaces para el cambio global, formaron un movimiento federalista mundial . [12]
El escritor y futurista británico HG Wells fue más lejos que los progresistas en la década de 1940 al apropiarse y redefinir el término "nuevo orden mundial" como sinónimo del establecimiento de un estado mundial tecnocrático y de una economía planificada , ganando popularidad en los círculos socialistas estatales . [13] [14]
Uso como referencia a una conspiración (era de la Guerra Fría)
Durante el Segundo Susto Rojo , los agitadores estadounidenses de derecha tanto secular como cristiana , en gran parte influenciados por el trabajo del teórico de la conspiración canadiense William Guy Carr , abrazaron y difundieron cada vez más temores dudosos de los masones , los Illuminati y los judíos como las supuestas fuerzas impulsoras de una " conspiración comunista internacional ". ". La amenaza del "comunismo sin Dios", en la forma de un gobierno mundial ateo y burocrático colectivista , demonizado como la "Amenaza Roja", se convirtió en el foco de la conspiracidad milenaria apocalíptica . El miedo rojo llegó a moldear una de las ideas centrales de la derecha política en Estados Unidos, que es que liberales y progresistas , con sus políticas de estado de bienestar y programas de cooperación internacional como la ayuda exterior , supuestamente contribuyen a un proceso gradual de globalización. colectivismo que inevitablemente conducirá a que las naciones sean reemplazadas por un gobierno mundial comunista / colectivista . [15] James Warburg , compareciendo ante el Comité de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado de los Estados Unidos en 1950, declaró: "Tendremos un gobierno mundial, nos guste o no. La pregunta es sólo si el gobierno mundial se logrará por consentimiento o por conquista." [dieciséis]
Los grupos de defensa populistas de derecha con una visión del mundo paleoconservadora , como la John Birch Society , difundieron una multitud de teorías de conspiración en la década de 1960 afirmando que los gobiernos de los Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética estaban controlados por una camarilla de internacionalistas corporativos. , banqueros "codiciosos" y políticos corruptos que tenían la intención de utilizar la ONU como vehículo para crear un "gobierno mundial". Este conspiracionismo antiglobalista alimentó la campaña para la retirada de Estados Unidos de la ONU . La escritora estadounidense Mary M. Davison, en su folleto de 1966 La revolución profunda , rastreó la supuesta conspiración del Nuevo Orden Mundial hasta el establecimiento de la Reserva Federal de los EE. UU . En 1913 por parte de banqueros internacionales, de quienes afirmó más tarde formaron el Consejo de Relaciones Exteriores en 1921 como un gobierno en la sombra . En el momento en que se publicó el folleto, muchos lectores habrían interpretado "banqueros internacionales" como una referencia a una supuesta "conspiración bancaria internacional judía" ideada por la familia Rothschild . [15]
Argumentando que el término "Nuevo Orden Mundial" es utilizado por una élite mundial secreta dedicada a la erradicación de la soberanía de las naciones del mundo, el escritor estadounidense Gary Allen, en sus libros None Dare Call It Conspiracy (1971), Rockefeller: Campaigning for the New World Order (1974), y di "¡No!" al Nuevo Orden Mundial (1987) —articuló el tema antiglobalista de la conspiración contemporánea de derecha en los EE.UU.Después de la caída del comunismo a principios de la década de 1990, el tema de facto del conspiracionismo del Nuevo Orden Mundial pasó de los criptocomunistas , percibidos estar conspirando para establecer un gobierno comunista mundial ateo, para los globalistas, percibido como conspirando para implementar en general un gobierno mundial colectivista y unificado controlado en última instancia por una oligarquía intocable de banqueros internacionales, políticos corruptos y corporativistas , o alternativamente, las propias Naciones Unidas . El cambio de percepción se inspiró en la creciente oposición al internacionalismo empresarial de la derecha estadounidense en la década de 1990. [15]
En su discurso, Toward a New World Order , pronunciado el 11 de septiembre de 1990 durante una sesión conjunta del Congreso de los Estados Unidos , el presidente George HW Bush describió sus objetivos para la gobernanza global posterior a la Guerra Fría en cooperación con los estados postsoviéticos . Él afirmó:
Hasta ahora, el mundo que hemos conocido ha sido un mundo dividido: un mundo de alambre de púas y bloques de hormigón, conflictos y guerra fría. Ahora, podemos ver un mundo nuevo a la vista. Un mundo en el que existe la perspectiva muy real de un nuevo orden mundial. En palabras de Winston Churchill, un "orden mundial" en el que "los principios de justicia y juego limpio ... protegen a los débiles contra los fuertes ..." Un mundo en el que las Naciones Unidas, liberadas del estancamiento de la guerra fría, están preparadas para cumplir la visión histórica de sus fundadores. Un mundo en el que la libertad y el respeto de los derechos humanos encuentren un hogar entre todas las naciones. [17]
El New York Times observó que los progresistas denunciaban este nuevo orden mundial como una racionalización de las ambiciones imperiales estadounidenses en el Medio Oriente en ese momento, mientras que los conservadores rechazaron por completo cualquier nuevo acuerdo de seguridad y criticaron cualquier posibilidad de un resurgimiento de la ONU. [18] Chip Berlet , un periodista de investigación estadounidense especializado en el estudio de los movimientos de derecha en Estados Unidos, escribió que la extrema derecha cristiana y laica estaban especialmente aterrorizadas por el discurso de Bush. Los grupos cristianos fundamentalistas interpretaron las palabras de Bush como una señal del fin de los tiempos , mientras que los teóricos más seculares lo abordaron desde un punto de vista anticomunista y anticolectivista y temieron una hegemonía sobre todos los países por parte de las Naciones Unidas. [4]
Uso posterior a la Guerra Fría
El televangelista estadounidense Pat Robertson , con su libro más vendido de 1991 El nuevo orden mundial , se convirtió en el divulgador cristiano más destacado de las teorías de la conspiración sobre la historia estadounidense reciente. Describe un escenario en el que Wall Street , el Sistema de la Reserva Federal, el Consejo de Relaciones Exteriores, el Grupo Bilderberg y la Comisión Trilateral controlan el flujo de eventos detrás de escena, empujando constantemente a la gente de manera encubierta en la dirección del gobierno mundial del Anticristo . [6]
Se observó que, a lo largo de la década de 1990, el lenguaje galvanizador utilizado por los teóricos de la conspiración como Linda Thompson , Mark Koernke y Robert K. Spear condujo a la militancia y al surgimiento del movimiento de milicias estadounidense . [19] La ideología antigubernamental del movimiento de la milicia se difundió (y se propaga) a través de discursos en mítines y reuniones, libros y cintas de vídeo vendidos en espectáculos de armas , radio por satélite y de onda corta, redes de fax y tablones de anuncios informáticos. [15] Se ha argumentado que fueron los programas de radio AM durante la noche y el contenido viral propagandístico en Internet lo que contribuyó de manera más efectiva a respuestas más extremistas a la amenaza percibida del Nuevo Orden Mundial. Esto condujo al crecimiento sustancial del conspiracionismo del Nuevo Orden Mundial, que retroactivamente encontró su camino en la literatura previamente apolítica de numerosos asesinos de Kennedy , ufólogos , teóricos de la tierra perdida y, parcialmente inspirado por los temores que rodean el "pánico satánico" , ocultistas . Desde mediados de la década de 1990 en adelante, el atractivo amorfo de esas subculturas transmitió la conspiración del Nuevo Orden Mundial a una audiencia más amplia de buscadores de conocimiento estigmatizado , con la característica común de la desilusión de la eficacia política . [6]
Desde mediados de la década de 1990 hasta principios de la de 2000, los programas de televisión y películas de conspiración y suspenso de Hollywood también desempeñaron un papel en la presentación de una audiencia general a varias teorías marginales y esotéricas relacionadas con la conspiración del Nuevo Orden Mundial, que en ese momento se había desarrollado para incluir helicópteros negros. , " Campos de concentración " de FEMA , etc., teorías que durante décadas antes estuvieron confinadas a subculturas mayoritariamente de derecha. La serie de televisión de 1993-2002 The X-Files , la película de 1997 Conspiracy Theory y la película de 1998 The X-Files: Fight the Future se citan a menudo como ejemplos notables. [6]
Tras el comienzo del siglo XXI, y específicamente durante la crisis financiera de finales de la década de 2000 , muchos políticos y expertos, como Gordon Brown [20] y Henry Kissinger , [21] utilizaron el término " nuevo orden mundial " en su defensa de un reforma integral del sistema financiero global y sus llamamientos para un "Nuevo Bretton Woods" teniendo en cuenta los mercados emergentes como China e India. Estas declaraciones públicas revitalizaron la conspiración del Nuevo Orden Mundial, culminando con el presentador de un programa de entrevistas, Sean Hannity, que declaró en su programa de Fox News , Hannity, que los "teóricos de la conspiración tenían razón". [22] Los grupos de vigilancia de los medios progresistas han criticado repetidamente a Fox News en general, y su opinión ahora difunta muestra a Glenn Beck en particular, no solo por difundir las teorías de la conspiración del Nuevo Orden Mundial a las audiencias principales, sino posiblemente por agitar al llamado " lobo solitario "extremismo, particularmente de la derecha radical . [23] [24]
En 2009, los directores de cine estadounidenses Luke Meyer y Andrew Neel lanzaron New World Order , un documental aclamado por la crítica que explora el mundo de los teóricos de la conspiración, como el presentador de radio estadounidense Alex Jones, que se oponen enérgicamente a lo que perciben como un nuevo orden mundial emergente. [25] La creciente difusión y popularidad de las teorías de la conspiración también ha creado una alianza entre los agitadores de derecha y los raperos de izquierda de la música hip hop (como KRS-One , el profesor Griff de Public Enemy and Immortal Technique ), lo que ilustra cómo El conspiracionismo antielitista puede crear aliados políticos poco probables en los esfuerzos por oponerse a un sistema político. [26]
Teorias de conspiracion
Existen numerosas teorías de conspiración sistémicas a través de las cuales se ve el concepto de un Nuevo Orden Mundial. La siguiente es una lista de los principales en orden cronológico aproximado: [27]
Hora de finalización
Desde el siglo XIX, muchos escatólogos cristianos milenarios apocalípticos , comenzando con John Nelson Darby , han predicho una conspiración globalista para imponer una estructura de gobierno tiránica del Nuevo Orden Mundial como el cumplimiento de las profecías sobre el " tiempo del fin " en la Biblia , específicamente en el Libro. de Ezequiel , el Libro de Daniel , el discurso del Monte de los Olivos que se encuentra en los Evangelios Sinópticos , 2 Esdras 11:32 y Apocalipsis 13: 7. [28] Afirman que las personas que han hecho un trato con el diablo para ganar riqueza y poder se han convertido en peones en un juego de ajedrez sobrenatural para hacer que la humanidad acepte un gobierno mundial utópico que descansa sobre los cimientos espirituales de una religión mundial sincrética - mesiánica. , que más tarde se revelará como un imperio mundial distópico que impone el culto imperial de una “Trinidad impía” de Satanás , el Anticristo y el Falso Profeta . En muchas teorías de la conspiración cristiana contemporánea, el Falso Profeta será el último Papa de la Iglesia Católica (preparado e instalado por una conspiración de Alta Vendita o jesuita ), un gurú del movimiento New Age , o incluso el líder de un cristiano fundamentalista de élite. organización como la Fraternidad , mientras que el Anticristo será el presidente de la Unión Europea , el califa de un estado panislámico o incluso el secretario general de las Naciones Unidas . [6] [28]
Algunos de los críticos más acérrimos de las teorías de la conspiración del tiempo del fin provienen del cristianismo. [15] En 1993, el historiador Bruce Barron escribió una severa reprimenda del conspiracionismo cristiano apocalíptico en el Christian Research Journal , al revisar el libro de Robertson de 1991 El Nuevo Orden Mundial . [29] Otra crítica se puede encontrar en el libro de 1997 del historiador Gregory S. Camp Selling Fear: Conspiracy Theories and End-Times Paranoia . [3] El erudito en estudios religiosos Richard T. Hughes sostiene que la retórica del "Nuevo Orden Mundial" difama la fe cristiana, ya que el "Nuevo Orden Mundial" tal como lo definen los teóricos de la conspiración cristiana no tiene base alguna en la Biblia. Además, argumenta que esta idea no solo es antibíblica, es positivamente anti-bíblica y fundamentalmente anti-cristiana , porque al malinterpretar pasajes clave en el Libro de Apocalipsis, convierte un mensaje reconfortante sobre el reino venidero de Dios en uno de miedo. , pánico y desesperación ante la supuesta aproximación de un gobierno mundial. [28] Los cristianos progresistas , como el predicador y teólogo Peter J. Gomes , advierten a los fundamentalistas cristianos que un " espíritu de miedo " puede distorsionar las Escrituras y la historia al combinar peligrosamente el literalismo bíblico , los horarios apocalípticos , la demonización y los prejuicios opresivos, [30] [31 ] mientras que Camp advierte del "peligro muy real de que los cristianos puedan recoger algo de equipaje espiritual adicional" al abrazar con credulidad las teorías de la conspiración. [3] Por lo tanto, llaman a los cristianos que se entregan a la conspiración a que se arrepientan . [32] [33]
Masonería
La masonería es una de las organizaciones fraternales seculares más antiguas del mundo y surgió entre finales del siglo XVI y principios del XVII en Gran Bretaña. A lo largo de los años, una serie de acusaciones y teorías de conspiración se han dirigido hacia la masonería, incluida la acusación de que los masones tienen una agenda política oculta y están conspirando para lograr un Nuevo Orden Mundial, un gobierno mundial organizado de acuerdo con los principios masónicos o gobernado solo por masones. . [15]
La naturaleza esotérica del simbolismo y los ritos masónicos llevó a los masones a ser acusados por primera vez de practicar el satanismo en secreto a fines del siglo XVIII. [15] La acusación original de una conspiración dentro de la masonería para subvertir religiones y gobiernos con el fin de apoderarse del mundo se remonta al autor escocés John Robison , cuyas teorías de conspiración reaccionarias cruzaron el Atlántico e influyeron en los brotes de la antimasonería protestante en los Estados Unidos. durante el siglo XIX. [15] En la década de 1890, el escritor francés Léo Taxil escribió una serie de folletos y libros denunciando la masonería y acusando a sus logias de adorar a Lucifer como el Ser Supremo y Gran Arquitecto del Universo . A pesar de que Taxil admitió que todas sus afirmaciones eran un engaño , numerosos teóricos de la conspiración las creyeron y repiten, y tuvieron una gran influencia en las posteriores afirmaciones anti-masónicas sobre la masonería. [34]
Algunos teóricos de la conspiración eventualmente especularon que algunos Padres Fundadores de los Estados Unidos , como George Washington y Benjamin Franklin , tenían diseños geométricos sagrados masónicos entrelazados en la sociedad estadounidense, particularmente en el Gran Sello de los Estados Unidos , el billete de un dólar de los Estados Unidos. , la arquitectura de los puntos de referencia del National Mall y las calles y carreteras de Washington, DC , como parte de un plan maestro para crear el primer "gobierno masónico" como modelo para el nuevo orden mundial que se avecina. [6]
Los masones refutan estas afirmaciones de una conspiración masónica. La masonería, que promueve el racionalismo , no otorga poder a los símbolos ocultos en sí mismos, y no es parte de sus principios ver el dibujo de símbolos, sin importar cuán grande sea, como un acto de consolidación o control del poder. [35] Además, no hay información publicada que establezca la membresía masónica de los hombres responsables del diseño del Gran Sello. [35] [36] Si bien los teóricos de la conspiración afirman que hay elementos de influencia masónica en el Gran Sello de los Estados Unidos y que estos elementos se usaron intencionalmente o no porque los creadores estaban familiarizados con los símbolos, [37] de hecho, el El Ojo de la Providencia que todo lo ve y la pirámide inacabada eran símbolos que se usaban tanto fuera de las logias masónicas como dentro de ellas a fines del siglo XVIII, por lo que los diseñadores se basaban en símbolos esotéricos comunes. [38] La frase latina " novus ordo seclorum ", que aparece en el reverso del Gran Sello desde 1782 y en el reverso del billete de un dólar desde 1935, se traduce como "Nuevo Orden de las Edades", [1] y alude al comienzo de una era en la que Estados Unidos de América es un estado-nación independiente; Los teóricos de la conspiración a menudo lo traducen erróneamente como "Nuevo Orden Mundial". [2]
Aunque la rama continental europea de la masonería tiene organizaciones que permiten la discusión política dentro de sus logias masónicas, el investigador masónico Trevor W. McKeown sostiene que las acusaciones ignoran varios hechos. En primer lugar, las muchas Grandes Logias son independientes y soberanas, lo que significa que actúan por su cuenta y no tienen una agenda común. Los puntos de creencia de las distintas logias a menudo difieren. En segundo lugar, los masones famosos individuales siempre han tenido puntos de vista que abarcan el espectro político y no muestran ningún patrón o preferencia particular. Como tal, el término "gobierno masónico" es erróneo; no hay consenso entre los masones sobre cómo sería un gobierno ideal. [39]
Illuminati
La Orden de los Illuminati fue una sociedad secreta de la era de la Ilustración fundada por el profesor universitario Adam Weishaupt el 1 de mayo de 1776 en la Alta Baviera , Alemania. El movimiento estaba formado por defensores del libre pensamiento , el secularismo , el liberalismo , el republicanismo y la igualdad de género , reclutados de las logias masónicas alemanas , que buscaban enseñar el racionalismo a través de escuelas de misterios . En 1785, la orden fue infiltrada, disuelta y reprimida por los agentes del gobierno de Charles Theodore, elector de Baviera , en su campaña preventiva para neutralizar la amenaza de que las sociedades secretas se convirtieran en focos de conspiraciones para derrocar a la monarquía bávara y su religión estatal . Catolicismo romano. [40] No hay evidencia de que los Illuminati de Baviera sobrevivieron a su supresión en 1785. [41]
In the late 18th century, reactionary conspiracy theorists, such as Scottish physicist John Robison and French Jesuit priest Augustin Barruel, began speculating that the Illuminati had survived their suppression and become the masterminds behind the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. The Illuminati were accused of being subversives who were attempting to secretly orchestrate a revolutionary wave in Europe and the rest of the world in order to spread the most radical ideas and movements of the Enlightenment—anti-clericalism, anti-monarchism, and anti-patriarchalism—and to create a world noocracy and cult of reason. During the 19th century, fear of an Illuminati conspiracy was a real concern of the European ruling classes, and their oppressive reactions to this unfounded fear provoked in 1848 the very revolutions they sought to prevent.[41]
During the interwar period of the 20th century, fascist propagandists, such as British revisionist historian Nesta Helen Webster and American socialite Edith Starr Miller, not only popularized the myth of an Illuminati conspiracy but claimed that it was a subversive secret society which served the Jewish elites that supposedly propped up both finance capitalism and Soviet communism in order to divide and rule the world. American evangelist Gerald Burton Winrod and other conspiracy theorists within the fundamentalist Christian movement in the United States—which emerged in the 1910s as a backlash against the principles of Enlightenment secular humanism, modernism, and liberalism—became the main channel of dissemination of Illuminati conspiracy theories in the U.S.. Right-wing populists, such as members of the John Birch Society, subsequently began speculating that some collegiate fraternities (Skull and Bones), gentlemen's clubs (Bohemian Club), and think tanks (Council on Foreign Relations, Trilateral Commission) of the American upper class are front organizations of the Illuminati, which they accuse of plotting to create a New World Order through a one-world government.[6]
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is an antisemitic canard, originally published in Russian in 1903, alleging a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy to achieve world domination. The text purports to be the minutes of the secret meetings of a cabal of Jewish masterminds, which has co-opted Freemasonry and is plotting to rule the world on behalf of all Jews because they believe themselves to be the chosen people of God.[42] The Protocols incorporate many of the core conspiracist themes outlined in the Robison and Barruel attacks on the Freemasons, and overlay them with antisemitic allegations about anti-Tsarist movements in Russia. The Protocols reflect themes similar to more general critiques of Enlightenment liberalism by conservative aristocrats who support monarchies and state religions. The interpretation intended by the publication of The Protocols is that if one peels away the layers of the Masonic conspiracy, past the Illuminati, one finds the rotten Jewish core.[15]
Numerous polemicists, such as Irish journalist Philip Graves in a 1921 article in The Times, and British academic Norman Cohn in his 1967 book Warrant for Genocide, have proven The Protocols to be both a hoax and a clear case of plagiarism. There is general agreement that Russian-French writer and political activist Matvei Golovinski fabricated the text for Okhrana, the secret police of the Russian Empire, as a work of counter-revolutionary propaganda prior to the 1905 Russian Revolution, by plagiarizing, almost word for word in some passages, from The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, a 19th-century satire against Napoleon III of France written by French political satirist and Legitimist militant Maurice Joly.[43]
Responsible for feeding many antisemitic and anti-Masonic mass hysterias of the 20th century, The Protocols has been influential in the development of some conspiracy theories, including some New World Order theories, and appears repeatedly in certain contemporary conspiracy literature.[6] For example, the authors of the 1982 controversial book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail concluded that The Protocols was the most persuasive piece of evidence for the existence and activities of the Priory of Sion. They speculated that this secret society was working behind the scenes to establish a theocratic "United States of Europe". Politically and religiously unified through the imperial cult of a Merovingian Great Monarch—supposedly descended from a Jesus bloodline—who occupies both the throne of Europe and the Holy See, this "Holy European Empire" would become the hyperpower of the 21st century.[44] Although the Priory of Sion itself has been exhaustively debunked by journalists and scholars as a hoax,[45] some apocalyptic millenarian Christian eschatologists who believe The Protocols is authentic became convinced that the Priory of Sion was a fulfillment of prophecies found in the Book of Revelation and further proof of an anti-Christian conspiracy of epic proportions signaling the imminence of a New World Order.[46]
Skeptics argue that the current gambit of contemporary conspiracy theorists who use The Protocols is to claim that they "really" come from some group other than the Jews, such as fallen angels or alien invaders. Although it is hard to determine whether the conspiracy-minded actually believe this or are simply trying to sanitize a discredited text, skeptics argue that it does not make much difference, since they leave the actual, antisemitic text unchanged. The result is to give The Protocols credibility and circulation.[8]
Round Table
During the second half of Britain's "imperial century" between 1815 and 1914, English-born South African businessman, mining magnate and politician Cecil Rhodes advocated the British Empire reannexing the United States of America and reforming itself into an "Imperial Federation" to bring about a hyperpower and lasting world peace. In his first will, written in 1877 at the age of 23, he expressed his wish to fund a secret society (known as the Society of the Elect) that would advance this goal:
To and for the establishment, promotion and development of a Secret Society, the true aim and object whereof shall be for the extension of British rule throughout the world, the perfecting of a system of emigration from the United Kingdom, and of colonisation by British subjects of all lands where the means of livelihood are attainable by energy, labour and enterprise, and especially the occupation by British settlers of the entire Continent of Africa, the Holy Land, the Valley of the Euphrates, the Islands of Cyprus and Candia, the whole of South America, the Islands of the Pacific not heretofore possessed by Great Britain, the whole of the Malay Archipelago, the seaboard of China and Japan, the ultimate recovery of the United States of America as an integral part of the British Empire, the inauguration of a system of Colonial representation in the Imperial Parliament which may tend to weld together the disjointed members of the Empire and, finally, the foundation of so great a Power as to render wars impossible, and promote the best interests of humanity.[47]
In 1890, thirteen years after "his now famous will," Rhodes elaborated on the same idea: establishment of "England everywhere," which would "ultimately lead to the cessation of all wars, and one language throughout the world." "The only thing feasible to carry out this idea is a secret society gradually absorbing the wealth of the world ["and human minds of the higher order"] to be devoted to such an object."[48]
Rhodes also concentrated on the Rhodes Scholarship, which had British statesman Alfred Milner as one of its trustees. Established in 1902, the original goal of the trust fund was to foster peace among the great powers by creating a sense of fraternity and a shared world view among future British, American, and German leaders by having enabled them to study for free at the University of Oxford.[47]
Milner and British official Lionel George Curtis were the architects of the Round Table movement, a network of organizations promoting closer union between Britain and its self-governing colonies. To this end, Curtis founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs in June 1919 and, with his 1938 book The Commonwealth of God, began advocating for the creation of an imperial federation that eventually reannexes the U.S., which would be presented to Protestant churches as being the work of the Christian God to elicit their support.[49] The Commonwealth of Nations was created in 1949 but it would only be a free association of independent states rather than the powerful imperial federation imagined by Rhodes, Milner and Curtis.
The Council on Foreign Relations began in 1917 with a group of New York academics who were asked by President Woodrow Wilson to offer options for the foreign policy of the United States in the interwar period. Originally envisioned as a group of American and British scholars and diplomats, some of whom belonging to the Round Table movement, it was a subsequent group of 108 New York financiers, manufacturers and international lawyers organized in June 1918 by Nobel Peace Prize recipient and U.S. secretary of state Elihu Root, that became the Council on Foreign Relations on 29 July 1921. The first of the council's projects was a quarterly journal launched in September 1922, called Foreign Affairs.[50] The Trilateral Commission was founded in July 1973, at the initiative of American banker David Rockefeller, who was chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations at that time. It is a private organization established to foster closer cooperation among the United States, Europe and Japan. The Trilateral Commission is widely seen as a counterpart to the Council on Foreign Relations.
In the 1960s, right-wing populist individuals and groups with a paleoconservative worldview, such as members of the John Birch Society, were the first to combine and spread a business nationalist critique of corporate internationalists networked through think tanks such as the Council on Foreign Relations with a grand conspiracy theory casting them as front organizations for the Round Table of the "Anglo-American Establishment", which are financed by an "international banking cabal" that has supposedly been plotting from the late 19th century on to impose an oligarchic new world order through a global financial system. Anti-globalist conspiracy theorists therefore fear that international bankers are planning to eventually subvert the independence of the U.S. by subordinating national sovereignty to a strengthened Bank for International Settlements.[51]
The research findings of historian Carroll Quigley, author of the 1966 book Tragedy and Hope, are taken by both conspiracy theorists of the American Old Right (W. Cleon Skousen) and New Left (Carl Oglesby) to substantiate this view, even though Quigley argued that the Establishment is not involved in a plot to implement a one-world government but rather British and American benevolent imperialism driven by the mutual interests of economic elites in the United Kingdom and the United States. Quigley also argued that, although the Round Table still exists today, its position in influencing the policies of world leaders has been much reduced from its heyday during World War I and slowly waned after the end of World War II and the Suez Crisis. Today the Round Table is largely a ginger group, designed to consider and gradually influence the policies of the Commonwealth of Nations, but faces strong opposition. Furthermore, in American society after 1965, the problem, according to Quigley, was that no elite was in charge and acting responsibly.[51]
Larry McDonald, the second president of the John Birch Society and a conservative Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives who represented the 7th congressional district of Georgia, wrote a foreword for Allen's 1976 book The Rockefeller File, wherein he claimed that the Rockefellers and their allies were driven by a desire to create a one-world government that combined "super-capitalism" with communism and would be fully under their control. He saw a conspiracy plot that was "international in scope, generations old in planning, and incredibly evil in intent."[52]
In his 2002 autobiography Memoirs, David Rockefeller wrote:
For more than a century ideological extremists at either end of the political spectrum have seized upon well-publicized incidents ... to attack the Rockefeller family for the inordinate influence they claim we wield over American political and economic institutions. Some even believe we are part of a secret cabal working against the best interests of the United States, characterizing my family and me as 'internationalists' and of conspiring with others around the world to build a more integrated global political and economic structure—one world, if you will. If that's the charge, I stand guilty, and I am proud of it.[53]
Barkun argues that this statement is partly facetious (the claim of "conspiracy" and "treason") and partly serious—the desire to encourage trilateral cooperation among the U.S., Europe, and Japan, for example—an ideal that used to be a hallmark of the internationalist wing of the Republican Party (known as "Rockefeller Republicans" in honor of Nelson Rockefeller) when there was an internationalist wing. The statement, however, is taken at face value and widely cited by conspiracy theorists as proof that the Council on Foreign Relations uses its role as the brain trust of American presidents, senators and representatives to manipulate them into supporting a New World Order in the form of a one-world government.
In a 13 November 2007 interview with Canadian journalist Benjamin Fulford, Rockefeller countered that he felt no need for a world government and wished for the governments of the world to work together and collaborate. He also stated that it seemed neither likely nor desirable to have only one elected government rule the whole world. He criticized accusations of him being "ruler of the world" as nonsensical.[54]
Some American social critics, such as Laurence H. Shoup, argue that the Council on Foreign Relations is an "imperial brain trust" which has, for decades, played a central behind-the-scenes role in shaping U.S. foreign policy choices for the post-World War II international order and the Cold War by determining what options show up on the agenda and what options do not even make it to the table;[55] others, such as G. William Domhoff, argue that it is in fact a mere policy discussion forum[56] which provides the business input to U.S. foreign policy planning.[citation needed] Domhoff argues that "[i]t has nearly 3,000 members, far too many for secret plans to be kept within the group. All the council does is sponsor discussion groups, debates and speakers. As far as being secretive, it issues annual reports and allows access to its historical archives." However, all these critics agree[citation needed] that "[h]istorical studies of the CFR show that it has a very different role in the overall power structure than what is claimed by conspiracy theorists."[56]
The Open Conspiracy
In his 1928 book The Open Conspiracy British writer and futurist H. G. Wells promoted cosmopolitanism and offered blueprints for a world revolution and world brain to establish a technocratic world state and planned economy.[57] Wells warned, however, in his 1940 book The New World Order that:
... when the struggle seems to be drifting definitely towards a world social democracy, there may still be very great delays and disappointments before it becomes an efficient and beneficent world system. Countless people ... will hate the new world order, be rendered unhappy by the frustration of their passions and ambitions through its advent and will die protesting against it. When we attempt to evaluate its promise, we have to bear in mind the distress of a generation or so of malcontents, many of them quite gallant and graceful-looking people.[13]
Wells's books were influential in giving a second meaning to the term "new world order", which would only be used by state socialist supporters and anti-communist opponents for generations to come. However, despite the popularity and notoriety of his ideas, Wells failed to exert a deeper and more lasting influence because he was unable to concentrate his energies on a direct appeal to intelligentsias who would, ultimately, have to coordinate the Wellsian new world order.[58]
New Age
British neo-Theosophical occultist Alice Bailey, one of the founders of the so-called New Age movement, prophesied in 1940 the eventual victory of the Allies of World War II over the Axis powers (which occurred in 1945) and the establishment by the Allies of a political and religious New World Order. She saw a federal world government as the culmination of Wells' Open Conspiracy but favorably argued that it would be synarchist because it was guided by the Masters of the Ancient Wisdom, intent on preparing humanity for the mystical second coming of Christ, and the dawning of the Age of Aquarius. According to Bailey, a group of ascended masters called the Great White Brotherhood works on the "inner planes" to oversee the transition to the New World Order but, for now, the members of this Spiritual Hierarchy are only known to a few occult scientists, with whom they communicate telepathically, but as the need for their personal involvement in the plan increases, there will be an "Externalization of the Hierarchy" and everyone will know of their presence on Earth.[59]
Bailey's writings, along with American writer Marilyn Ferguson's 1980 book The Aquarian Conspiracy, contributed to conspiracy theorists of the Christian right viewing the New Age movement as the "false religion" that would supersede Christianity in a New World Order.[60] Skeptics argue that the term "New Age movement" is a misnomer, generally used by conspiracy theorists as a catch-all rubric for any new religious movement that is not fundamentalist Christian. By this logic, anything that is not Christian is by definition actively and willfully anti-Christian.[61]
Paradoxically, since the first decade of the 21st century, New World Order conspiracism is increasingly being embraced and propagandized by New Age occultists, who are people bored by rationalism and drawn to stigmatized knowledge—such as alternative medicine, astrology, quantum mysticism, spiritualism, and theosophy.[6] Thus, New Age conspiracy theorists, such as the makers of documentary films like Esoteric Agenda, claim that globalists who plot on behalf of the New World Order are simply misusing occultism for Machiavellian ends, such as adopting 21 December 2012 as the exact date for the establishment of the New World Order for the purpose of taking advantage of the growing 2012 phenomenon, which has its origins in the fringe Mayanist theories of New Age writers José Argüelles, Terence McKenna, and Daniel Pinchbeck.
Skeptics argue that the connection of conspiracy theorists and occultists follows from their common fallacious premises. First, any widely accepted belief must necessarily be false. Second, stigmatized knowledge—what the Establishment spurns—must be true. The result is a large, self-referential network in which, for example, some UFO religionists promote anti-Jewish phobias while some antisemites practice Peruvian shamanism.[6]
Fourth Reich
Conspiracy theorists often use the term "Fourth Reich" simply as a pejorative synonym for the "New World Order" to imply that its state ideology and government will be similar to Germany's Third Reich.[citation needed]
Conspiracy theorists, such as American writer Jim Marrs, claim that some ex-Nazis, who survived the fall of the Greater German Reich, along with sympathizers in the United States and elsewhere, given haven by organizations like ODESSA and Die Spinne, have been working behind the scenes since the end of World War II to enact at least some principles of Nazism (e.g., militarism, imperialism, widespread spying on citizens, corporatism, the use of propaganda to manufacture a national consensus) into culture, government, and business worldwide, but primarily in the U.S. They cite the influence of ex-Nazi scientists brought in under Operation Paperclip to help advance aerospace manufacturing in the U.S. with technological principles from Nazi UFOs, and the acquisition and creation of conglomerates by ex-Nazis and their sympathizers after the war, in both Europe and the U.S.[62]
This neo-Nazi conspiracy is said to be animated by an "Iron Dream" in which the American Empire, having thwarted the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy and overthrown its Zionist Occupation Government, gradually establishes a Fourth Reich formerly known as the "Western Imperium"—a pan-Aryan world empire modeled after Adolf Hitler's New Order—which reverses the "decline of the West" and ushers a golden age of white supremacy.[63]
Skeptics argue that conspiracy theorists grossly overestimate the influence of ex-Nazis and neo-Nazis on American society, and point out that political repression at home and imperialism abroad have a long history in the United States that predates the 20th century. Some political scientists, such as Sheldon Wolin, have expressed concern that the twin forces of democratic deficit and superpower status have paved the way in the U.S. for the emergence of an inverted totalitarianism which contradicts many principles of Nazism.[64]
Alien invasion
Since the late 1970s, extraterrestrials from other habitable planets or parallel dimensions (such as "Greys") and intraterrestrials from Hollow Earth (such as "Reptilians") have been included in the New World Order conspiracy, in more or less dominant roles, as in the theories put forward by American writers Stan Deyo and Milton William Cooper, and British writer David Icke.[6][65][66]
The common theme in these conspiracy theories is that aliens have been among us for decades, centuries or millennia, but a government cover-up enforced by "Men in Black" has shielded the public from knowledge of a secret alien invasion. Motivated by speciesism and imperialism, these aliens have been and are secretly manipulating developments and changes in human society in order to more efficiently control and exploit human beings. In some theories, alien infiltrators have shapeshifted into human form and move freely throughout human society, even to the point of taking control of command positions in governmental, corporate, and religious institutions, and are now in the final stages of their plan to take over the world.[66] A mythical covert government agency of the United States code-named Majestic 12 is often imagined being the shadow government which collaborates with the alien occupation and permits alien abductions, in exchange for assistance in the development and testing of military "flying saucers" at Area 51, in order for United States armed forces to achieve full-spectrum dominance.[6]
Skeptics, who adhere to the psychosocial hypothesis for unidentified flying objects, argue that the convergence of New World Order conspiracy theory and UFO conspiracy theory is a product of not only the era's widespread mistrust of governments and the popularity of the extraterrestrial hypothesis for UFOs but of the far right and ufologists actually joining forces. Barkun notes that the only positive side to this development is that, if conspirators plotting to rule the world are believed to be aliens, traditional human scapegoats (Freemasons, Illuminati, Jews, etc.) are downgraded or exonerated.[6]
Brave New World
Antiscience and neo-Luddite conspiracy theorists emphasize technology forecasting in their New World Order conspiracy theories. They speculate that the global power elite is reactionary modernists pursuing a transhumanist agenda to develop and use human enhancement technologies in order to become a "posthuman ruling caste", while change accelerates toward a technological singularity—a theorized future point of discontinuity when events will accelerate at such a pace that normal unenhanced humans will be unable to predict or even understand the rapid changes occurring in the world around them. Conspiracy theorists fear the outcome will either be the emergence of a Brave New World-like dystopia—a "Brave New World Order"—or the extinction of the human species.[67]
Democratic transhumanists, such as American sociologist James Hughes, counter that many influential members of the United States Establishment are bioconservatives strongly opposed to human enhancement, as demonstrated by President Bush's Council on Bioethics's proposed international treaty prohibiting human cloning and germline engineering. Furthermore, he argues that conspiracy theorists underestimate how fringe the transhumanist movement really is.[68]
Implementaciones postuladas
Just as there are several overlapping or conflicting theories among conspiracists about the nature of the New World Order, so are there several beliefs about how its architects and planners will implement it:
Gradualism
Conspiracy theorists generally speculate that the New World Order is being implemented gradually, citing the formation of the U.S. Federal Reserve System in 1913; the League of Nations in 1919; the International Monetary Fund in 1944; the United Nations in 1945; the World Bank in 1945; the World Health Organization in 1948; the European Union and the euro currency in 1993; the World Trade Organization in 1998; the African Union in 2002; and the Union of South American Nations in 2008 as major milestones.[6]
An increasingly popular conspiracy theory among American right-wing populists is that the hypothetical North American Union and the amero currency, proposed by the Council on Foreign Relations and its counterparts in Mexico and Canada, will be the next milestone in the implementation of the New World Order. The theory holds that a group of shadowy and mostly nameless international elites are planning to replace the federal government of the United States with a transnational government. Therefore, conspiracy theorists believe the borders between Mexico, Canada and the United States are in the process of being erased, covertly, by a group of globalists whose ultimate goal is to replace national governments in Washington, D.C., Ottawa and Mexico City with a European-style political union and a bloated E.U.-style bureaucracy.[69]
Skeptics argue that the North American Union exists only as a proposal contained in one of a thousand academic and policy papers published each year that advocate all manner of idealistic but ultimately unrealistic approaches to social, economic and political problems. Most of these are passed around in their own circles and eventually filed away and forgotten by junior staffers in congressional offices. Some of these papers, however, become touchstones for the conspiracy-minded and form the basis of all kinds of unfounded xenophobic fears especially during times of economic anxiety.[69]
For example, in March 2009, as a result of the late-2000s financial crisis, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation pressed for urgent consideration of a new international reserve currency and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development proposed greatly expanding the I.M.F.'s special drawing rights. Conspiracy theorists fear these proposals are a call for the U.S. to adopt a single global currency for a New World Order.[70][71]
Judging that both national governments and global institutions have proven ineffective in addressing worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation-states to solve, some political scientists critical of New World Order conspiracism, such as Mark C. Partridge, argue that regionalism will be the major force in the coming decades, pockets of power around regional centers: Western Europe around Brussels, the Western Hemisphere around Washington, D.C., East Asia around Beijing, and Eastern Europe around Moscow. As such, the E.U., the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and the G-20 will likely become more influential as time progresses. The question then is not whether global governance is gradually emerging, but rather how will these regional powers interact with one another.[72]
Coup d'état
American right-wing populist conspiracy theorists, especially those who joined the militia movement in the United States, speculate that the New World Order will be implemented through a dramatic coup d'état by a "secret team", using black helicopters, in the U.S. and other nation-states to bring about a totalitarian world government controlled by the United Nations and enforced by troops of foreign U.N. peacekeepers. Following the Rex 84 and Operation Garden Plot plans, this military coup would involve the suspension of the Constitution, the imposition of martial law, and the appointment of military commanders to head state and local governments and to detain dissidents.[73]
These conspiracy theorists, who are all strong believers in a right to keep and bear arms, are extremely fearful that the passing of any gun control legislation will be later followed by the abolishment of personal gun ownership and a campaign of gun confiscation, and that the refugee camps of emergency management agencies such as FEMA will be used for the internment of suspected subversives, making little effort to distinguish true threats to the New World Order from pacifist dissidents.[24]
Before 2000, some survivalists wrongly believed this process would be set in motion by the predicted Y2K problem causing societal collapse.[74] Since many left-wing and right-wing conspiracy theorists believe that the 11 September attacks were a false flag operation carried out by the United States intelligence community, as part of a strategy of tension to justify political repression at home and preemptive war abroad, they have become convinced that a more catastrophic terrorist incident will be responsible for triggering Executive Directive 51 in order to complete the transition to a police state.[75]
Skeptics argue that unfounded fears about an imminent or eventual gun ban, military coup, internment, or U.N. invasion and occupation are rooted in the siege mentality of the American militia movement but also an apocalyptic millenarianism which provides a basic narrative within the political right in the U.S., claiming that the idealized society (i.e., constitutional republic, Jeffersonian democracy, "Christian nation", "white nation") is thwarted by subversive conspiracies of liberal secular humanists who want "Big Government" and globalists who plot on behalf of the New World Order.[15]
Mass surveillance
Conspiracy theorists concerned with surveillance abuse believe that the New World Order is being implemented by the cult of intelligence at the core of the surveillance-industrial complex through mass surveillance and the use of Social Security numbers, the bar-coding of retail goods with Universal Product Code markings, and, most recently, RFID tagging by microchip implants.[6]
Claiming that corporations and government are planning to track every move of consumers and citizens with RFID as the latest step toward a 1984-like surveillance state, consumer privacy advocates, such as Katherine Albrecht and Liz McIntyre,[76] have become Christian conspiracy theorists who believe spychips must be resisted because they argue that modern database and communications technologies, coupled with point of sale data-capture equipment and sophisticated ID and authentication systems, now make it possible to require a biometrically associated number or mark to make purchases. They fear that the ability to implement such a system closely resembles the Number of the Beast prophesied in the Book of Revelation.[6]
In January 2002, the Information Awareness Office (IAO) was established by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to bring together several DARPA projects focused on applying information technology to counter asymmetric threats to national security. Following public criticism that the development and deployment of these technologies could potentially lead to a mass surveillance system, the IAO was defunded by the United States Congress in 2003.[77] The second source of controversy involved IAO's original logo, which depicted the "all-seeing" Eye of Providence atop of a pyramid looking down over the globe, accompanied by the Latin phrase scientia est potentia (knowledge is power). Although DARPA eventually removed the logo from its website, it left a lasting impression on privacy advocates.[78] It also inflamed conspiracy theorists,[79] who misinterpret the "eye and pyramid" as the Masonic symbol of the Illuminati,[36][80] an 18th-century secret society they speculate continues to exist and is plotting on behalf of a New World Order.[40][41]
American historian Richard Landes, who specializes in the history of apocalypticism and was co-founder and director of the Center for Millennial Studies at Boston University, argues that new and emerging technologies often trigger alarmism among millenarians and even the introduction of Gutenberg's printing press in 1436 caused waves of apocalyptic thinking. The Year 2000 problem, bar codes and Social Security numbers all triggered end-time warnings which either proved to be false or simply were no longer taken seriously once the public became accustomed to these technological changes.[81] Civil libertarians argue that the privatization of surveillance and the rise of the surveillance-industrial complex in the United States does raise legitimate concerns about the erosion of privacy.[82] However, skeptics of mass surveillance conspiracism caution that such concerns should be disentangled from secular paranoia about Big Brother or religious hysteria about the Antichrist.[6]
Occultism
Conspiracy theorists of the Christian right, starting with British revisionist historian Nesta Helen Webster, believe there is an ancient occult conspiracy—started by the first mystagogues of Gnosticism and perpetuated by their alleged esoteric successors, such as the Kabbalists, Cathars, Knights Templar, Hermeticists, Rosicrucians, Freemasons, and, ultimately, the Illuminati—which seeks to subvert the Judeo-Christian foundations of the Western world and implement the New World Order through a one-world religion that prepares the masses to embrace the imperial cult of the Antichrist.[6] More broadly, they speculate that globalists who plot on behalf of a New World Order are directed by occult agencies of some sort: unknown superiors, spiritual hierarchies, demons, fallen angels or Lucifer. They believe that these conspirators use the power of occult sciences (numerology), symbols (Eye of Providence), rituals (Masonic degrees), monuments (National Mall landmarks), buildings (Manitoba Legislative Building[83]) and facilities (Denver International Airport) to advance their plot to rule the world.[6][84]
For example, in June 1979, an unknown benefactor under the pseudonym "R. C. Christian" had a huge granite megalith built in the U.S. state of Georgia, which acts like a compass, calendar, and clock. A message comprising ten guides is inscribed on the occult structure in many languages to serve as instructions for survivors of a doomsday event to establish a more enlightened and sustainable civilization than the one which was destroyed. The "Georgia Guidestones" have subsequently become a spiritual and political Rorschach test onto which any number of ideas can be imposed. Some New Agers and neo-pagans revere it as a ley-line power nexus while a few conspiracy theorists are convinced that they are engraved with the New World Order's anti-Christian "Ten Commandments." Should the Guidestones survive for centuries as their creators intended, many more meanings could arise, equally unrelated to the designer's original intention.[85]
Skeptics argue that the demonization of Western esotericism by conspiracy theorists is rooted in religious intolerance but also in the same moral panics that have fueled witch trials in the Early Modern period, and satanic ritual abuse allegations in the United States.[6]
Population control
Conspiracy theorists believe that the New World Order will also be implemented through the use of human population control in order to more easily monitor and control the movement of individuals.[6] The means range from stopping the growth of human societies through reproductive health and family planning programs, which promote abstinence, contraception and abortion, or intentionally reducing the bulk of the world population through genocides by mongering unnecessary wars, through plagues by engineering emergent viruses and tainting vaccines, and through environmental disasters by controlling the weather (HAARP, chemtrails), etc. Conspiracy theorists argue that globalists plotting on behalf of a New World Order are neo-Malthusians who engage in overpopulation and climate change alarmism in order to create public support for coercive population control and ultimately world government. United Nations Agenda 21 is condemned as "reconcentrating" people into urban areas and depopulating rural ones, even generating a dystopian novel by Glenn Beck where single-family homes are a distant memory.
Skeptics argue that fears of population control can be traced back to the traumatic legacy of the eugenics movement's "war against the weak" in the United States during the first decades of the 20th century but also the Second Red Scare in the U.S. during the late 1940s and 1950s, and to a lesser extent in the 1960s, when activists on the far right of American politics routinely opposed public health programs, notably water fluoridation, mass vaccination and mental health services, by asserting they were all part of a far-reaching plot to impose a socialist or communist regime.[86] Their views were influenced by opposition to a number of major social and political changes that had happened in recent years: the growth of internationalism, particularly the United Nations and its programs; the introduction of social welfare provisions, particularly the various programs established by the New Deal; and government efforts to reduce inequalities in the social structure of the U.S.[87] Opposition towards mass vaccinations in particular got significant attention in the late 2010s, so much so the World Health Organization listed vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats of 2019. By this time, people that refused or refused to allow their children to be vaccinated were known colloquially as "anti-vaxxers", though citing the New World Order conspiracy theory or resistance to a perceived population control agenda as a reason to refuse vaccination were few and far between.[88][89]
Mind control
Social critics accuse governments, corporations, and the mass media of being involved in the manufacturing of a national consensus and, paradoxically, a culture of fear due to the potential for increased social control that a mistrustful and mutually fearing population might offer to those in power. The worst fear of some conspiracy theorists, however, is that the New World Order will be implemented through the use of mind control—a broad range of tactics able to subvert an individual's control of his or her own thinking, behavior, emotions, or decisions. These tactics are said to include everything from Manchurian candidate-style brainwashing of sleeper agents (Project MKULTRA, "Project Monarch") to engineering psychological operations (water fluoridation, subliminal advertising, "Silent Sound Spread Spectrum", MEDUSA) and parapsychological operations (Stargate Project) to influence the masses.[90] The concept of wearing a tin foil hat for protection from such threats has become a popular stereotype and term of derision; the phrase serves as a byword for paranoia and is associated with conspiracy theorists.
Skeptics argue that the paranoia behind a conspiracy theorist's obsession with mind control, population control, occultism, surveillance abuse, Big Business, Big Government, and globalization arises from a combination of two factors, when he or she: 1) holds strong individualist values and 2) lacks power. The first attribute refers to people who care deeply about an individual's right to make their own choices and direct their own lives without interference or obligations to a larger system (like the government), but combine this with a sense of powerlessness in one's own life, and one gets what some psychologists call "agency panic," intense anxiety about an apparent loss of autonomy to outside forces or regulators. When fervent individualists feel that they cannot exercise their independence, they experience a crisis and assume that larger forces are to blame for usurping this freedom.[91][92]
Supuestos conspiradores
According to Domhoff, many people seem to believe that the United States is ruled from behind the scenes by a conspiratorial elite with secret desires, i.e., by a small secretive group that wants to change the government system or put the country under the control of a world government. In the past, the conspirators were usually said to be crypto-communists who were intent upon bringing the United States under a common world government with the Soviet Union, but the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 undercut that theory. Domhoff notes that most conspiracy theorists changed their focus to the United Nations as the likely controlling force in a New World Order, an idea which is undermined by the powerlessness of the U.N. and the unwillingness of even moderates within the American Establishment to give it anything but a limited role.[56]
Although skeptical of New World Order conspiracism, political scientist David Rothkopf argues, in the 2008 book Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making, that the world population of 6 billion people is governed by an elite of 6,000 individuals. Until the late 20th century, governments of the great powers provided most of the superclass, accompanied by a few heads of international movements (i.e., the Pope of the Catholic Church) and entrepreneurs (Rothschilds, Rockefellers). According to Rothkopf, in the early 21st century, economic clout—fueled by the explosive expansion of international trade, travel and communication—rules; the nation-state's power has diminished shrinking politicians to minority power broker status; leaders in international business, finance and the defense industry not only dominate the superclass, but they also move freely into high positions in their nations' governments and back to private life largely beyond the notice of elected legislatures (including the U.S. Congress), which remain abysmally ignorant of affairs beyond their borders. He asserts that the superclass' disproportionate influence over national policy is constructive but always self-interested and that across the world, few object to corruption and oppressive governments provided they can do business in these countries.[93]
Viewing the history of the world as the history of warfare between secret societies, conspiracy theorists go further than Rothkopf, and other scholars who have studied the global power elite, by claiming that established upper-class families with "old money" who founded and finance the Bilderberg Group, Bohemian Club, Club of Rome, Council on Foreign Relations, Rhodes Trust, Skull and Bones, Trilateral Commission, and similar think tanks and private clubs, are illuminated conspirators plotting to impose a totalitarian New World Order—the implementation of an authoritarian world government controlled by the United Nations and a global central bank, which maintains political power through the financialization of the economy, regulation and restriction of speech through the concentration of media ownership, mass surveillance, widespread use of state terrorism, and an all-encompassing propaganda that creates a cult of personality around a puppet world leader and ideologizes world government as the culmination of history's progress.[6]
Marxists, who are skeptical of right-wing populist conspiracy theories, also accuse the global power elite of not having the best interests of all at heart, and many intergovernmental organizations of suffering from a democratic deficit, but they argue that the superclass are plutocrats only interested in brazenly imposing a neoliberal or neoconservative new world order—the implementation of global capitalism through economic and military coercion to protect the interests of transnational corporations—which systematically undermines the possibility of a socialist one-world government.[94] Arguing that the world is in the middle of a transition from the American Empire to the rule of a global ruling class that has emerged from within the American Empire, they point out that right-wing populist conspiracy theorists, blinded by their anti-communism, fail to see is that what they demonize as the "New World Order" is, ironically, the highest stage of the very capitalist economic system they defend.[94]
Crítica
Skeptics of New World Order conspiracy theories accuse its proponents of indulging in the furtive fallacy, a belief that significant facts of history are necessarily sinister; conspiracism, a world view that centrally places conspiracy theories in the unfolding of history, rather than social and economic forces; and fusion paranoia, a promiscuous absorption of fears from any source whatsoever.[6]
Domhoff, a research professor in psychology and sociology who studies theories of power, wrote in 2005 an essay entitled There Are No Conspiracies. He says that for this theory to be true it required several "wealthy and highly educated people" to do things that don't "fit with what we know about power structures". Claims that this will happen go back decades and have always been proved wrong.
Partridge, a contributing editor to the global affairs magazine Diplomatic Courier, wrote a 2008 article entitled One World Government: Conspiracy Theory or Inevitable Future? He says that if anything nationalism, which is the opposite of a global government, is rising. He also says that attempts at creating global governments or global agreements "have been categorical failures" and where "supranational governance exist they are noted for their bureaucracy and inefficiency."
Although some cultural critics see superconspiracy theories about a New World Order as "postmodern metanarratives" that may be politically empowering, a way of giving ordinary people a narrative structure with which to question what they see around them,[95] skeptics argue that conspiracism leads people into cynicism, convoluted thinking, and a tendency to feel it is hopeless even as they denounce the alleged conspirators.[96]
Alexander Zaitchik from the Southern Poverty Law Center wrote a report titled "'Patriot' Paranoia: A Look at the Top Ten Conspiracy Theories", in which he personally condemns such conspiracies as an effort of the radical right to undermine society.[97]
Concerned that the improvisational millennialism of most conspiracy theories about a New World Order might motivate lone wolves to engage in leaderless resistance leading to domestic terrorist incidents like the Oklahoma City bombing,[98] Barkun writes that "the danger lies less in such beliefs themselves ... than in the behavior they might stimulate or justify" and warns "should they believe that the prophesied evil day had in fact arrived, their behavior would become far more difficult to predict."
Warning of the threat to American democracy posed by right-wing populist movements led by demagogues who mobilize support for mob rule or even a fascist revolution by exploiting the fear of conspiracies, Berlet writes that "Right-wing populist movements can cause serious damage to a society because they often popularize xenophobia, authoritarianism, scapegoating, and conspiracism. This can lure mainstream politicians to adopt these themes to attract voters, legitimize acts of discrimination (or even violence), and open the door for revolutionary right-wing populist movements, such as fascism, to recruit from the reformist populist movements."
Hughes, a professor of religion, warns that no religious idea has greater potential for shaping global politics in profoundly negative ways than "the new world order". He writes in a February 2011 article entitled Revelation, Revolutions, and the Tyrannical New World Order that "the crucial piece of this puzzle is the identity of the Antichrist, the tyrannical figure who both leads and inspires the new world order". This has in turn been the Soviet Union and the Arab world. He says that inspires believers to "welcome war with the Islamic world" and opens the door to nuclear holocaust."
Criticisms of New World Order conspiracy theorists also come from within their own community. Despite believing themselves to be "freedom fighters", many right-wing populist conspiracy theorists hold views that are incompatible with their professed libertarianism, such as dominionism, white supremacism, and even eliminationism.[15][99] This paradox has led Icke, who argues that Christian Patriots are the only Americans who understand the truth about the New World Order (which he believes is controlled by a race of reptilians known as the "Babylonian Brotherhood"), to reportedly tell a Christian Patriot group, "I don't know which I dislike more, the world controlled by the Brotherhood or the one you want to replace it with."
Ver también
- Anti-globalization movement
- Criticisms of globalization
- Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory
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(help)
Otras lecturas
The following is a list of non-self-published non-fiction books that discuss New World Order conspiracy theories.
- Carr, William Guy (1954). Pawns in the Game. Legion for the Survival of Freedom, an affiliate of the Institute for Historical Review. ISBN 0-911038-29-9.
- Still, William T. (1990). New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies. Huntington House Publishers. ISBN 0-910311-64-1.
- Cooper, Milton William (1991). Behold a Pale Horse. Light Technology Publications. ISBN 0-929385-22-5.
- Kah, Gary H. (1991). En Route to Global Occupation. Huntington House Publishers. ISBN 0-910311-97-8.
- Martin, Malachi (1991). Keys of This Blood: Pope John Paul II Versus Russia and the West for Control of the New World Order. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-74723-1.
- Robertson, Pat (1992). The New World Order. W Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8499-3394-3.
- Wardner, James (1994) [1993]. The Planned Destruction of America. Longwood Communications. ISBN 0-9632190-5-7.
- Keith, Jim (1995). Black Helicopters over America: Strikeforce for the New World Order. Illuminet Press. ISBN 1-881532-05-4.
- Cuddy, Dennis Laurence (1999) [1994]. Secret Records Revealed: The Men, The Money and The Methods Behind the New World Order. Hearthstone Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 1-57558-031-4.
- Marrs, Jim (2001) [2001]. Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-093184-1.
- Lina, Jüri (2004). Architects of Deception. Referent Publishing. ASIN B0017YZELI.
enlaces externos
- World Government summit Official Website
- Quotations related to New World Order at Wikiquote