Noreste de Tailandia o Isan ( Isan / Thai : อีสาน , pronunciado [ʔīː.sǎːn] ( escuchar ) ; Lao : ອີ ສານ ; también escrito como Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan o Esarn; de Pali īsānna o Sánscrito ईशान्य īśānya "noreste ") [3] consta de 20 provincias de la región nororiental de Tailandia . Isan es la región más grande de Tailandia , ubicada en la meseta de Khorat , bordeada por elRío Mekong (a lo largo de la frontera con Laos ) al norte y al este, por Camboya al sureste y la Cordillera Sankamphaeng al sur de Nakhon Ratchasima . Al oeste está separada del norte y centro de Tailandia por las montañas Phetchabun . Isan cubre 167.718 km 2 (64.756 millas cuadradas), por lo que es aproximadamente la mitad del tamaño de Alemania y aproximadamente el tamaño de Inglaterra y Gales. El área total de bosque es de 25.203 km 2 (9.731 millas cuadradas) o el 15 por ciento del área de Isan. [1]
Región noreste ภาค อีสาน | |
---|---|
De arriba a la izquierda a abajo a la derecha: Puente de la Amistad entre Tailandia y Laos , Phu Kradueng , Khao Yai , Phanom Rung y Candle Festival | |
Región noreste de Tailandia | |
Ciudad más grande | Nakhon Ratchasima |
Provincias | 20 provincias
|
Área [1] | |
• Total | 167,718 km 2 (64,756 millas cuadradas) |
Población (2019) [2] | |
• Total | 22,017,248 |
• Densidad | 130 / km 2 (340 / millas cuadradas) |
Demonym (s) | Khon Isan |
Zona horaria | UTC + 7 ( TIC ) |
Idioma | Isan • otros |
Identidad
Desde principios del siglo XX, el noreste de Tailandia se conoce generalmente como Isan , mientras que en contextos oficiales se puede usar el término phak tawan-ok-chiang-nuea ( ภาค ตะวันออก เฉียง เหนือ ; "región del noreste"). El término "Isan" se deriva de Isanapura , capital de Chenla [ cita requerida ] . La mayoría de la población de la región de Isan es étnicamente Lao, pero se distinguen no sólo desde el Lao de Laos , sino también desde el centro tailandés llamándose khon Isan o Tailandia Isan en general. Sin embargo, algunos se refieren a sí mismos simplemente como Laosianos , y los académicos se han referido recientemente a ellos como Lao Isan [4] o Thai Lao , siendo el principal problema de la autoidentificación como Lao el estigma asociado con la identidad Lao dentro de la sociedad tailandesa. [5]
La gente de Lao Isan es consciente de su origen étnico Lao , pero Isan se ha incorporado como territorio al estado tailandés moderno a través de más de cien años de reformas administrativas y burocráticas, políticas educativas y medios gubernamentales. A pesar de esto, desde la elección de Thaksin Shinawatra como primer ministro en las elecciones generales tailandesas de 2001 , ha resurgido la identidad de Lao Isan , y los Lao Isan son ahora el principal grupo etnolingüístico involucrado en el "movimiento de la camisa roja" pro-Thaksin de los Estados Unidos. Frente por la Democracia contra la Dictadura . [6] Varios primeros ministros tailandeses han venido de la región.
Historia
Isan tiene varios sitios importantes de la Edad del Bronce , con arte prehistórico en forma de pinturas de acantilados, artefactos y evidencia temprana del cultivo de arroz . Las herramientas de hierro y bronce , como las que se encuentran en Ban Chiang, pueden ser anteriores a herramientas similares de Mesopotamia .
La región más tarde quedó bajo la influencia de la cultura Dvaravati , seguida por el Imperio Khmer . Este último construyó docenas de prasats (santuarios) en todo Isan. Los más importantes se encuentran en el Parque Histórico Phimai y el Parque Histórico Phanom Rung . También se consideró que el templo de Preah Vihear estaba en Isan, hasta que la Corte Internacional de Justicia en 1962 dictaminó que pertenecía a Camboya.
Después de que el Imperio Khmer comenzara a declinar en el siglo XIII, Isan fue dominado por el reino Lao de Lan Xang , que había sido establecido por Fa Ngum . Debido a la escasez de información de los períodos conocidos como la edad oscura de Camboya , la meseta parece haber sido despoblada en gran medida. Había pocas líneas de demarcación, si es que había alguna, porque antes de la introducción del mapa moderno en el siglo XIX, la región estaba comprendida en lo que los estudiosos del siglo XX llamaban el " sistema mandala ". En consecuencia, en 1718 el primer Lao mueang en el valle del río Chi , y de hecho en cualquier lugar del interior de la meseta de Khorat, fue fundado en el distrito de Suwannaphum (en la actual provincia de Roi Et ) por un funcionario al servicio del rey Nokasad de la Reino de Champasak . [7]
La región fue poblada cada vez más por emigrantes laosianos y tailandeses. Tailandia dominó desde el siglo XVII y llevó a cabo traslados forzosos de población desde la orilla izquierda (este) más poblada del Mekong a la orilla derecha en los siglos XVIII y XIX. Esto se hizo más severo después de la rebelión de Laos (1826-1828) por la independencia completa de 1826-189. A raíz de la guerra franco-siamesa de 1893, el tratado resultante con Francia y el tratado anglo-siamés de 1909 convirtió la meseta en una región fronteriza entre Tailandia y Laos de la Indochina francesa .
A mediados del siglo XX, la política de asimilación apoyada por el estado llamada Thaificación promovió la integración étnica de Isan en la concepción moderna de la nacionalidad tailandesa y restó importancia al uso de marcadores étnicos, para las etnias Laos y Khmers, ya que se consideraba incivilizado y para prevenir la discriminación étnica entre los tailandeses.
El gobierno nacional afirmó que el nombre "Isan" se deriva del sánscrito Īśāna , un nombre de Shiva que, según ellos, se refería a su gobierno del noreste (sánscrito īśānya ). Esta interpretación tenía la intención de reforzar la identidad de Isan como el noreste de Tailandia, más que como parte del reino de Laos que fue creado recientemente por el discurso colonial francés, ya que "la raza era entonces una herramienta ideológica importante para los colonialistas franceses en el intento de apoderarse del Porciones 'laosianas' y 'camboyanas' de Siam ". [8]
Antes de que el gobierno central introdujera el alfabeto y el idioma tailandés en las escuelas regionales, la gente de Isan escribía en la escritura Tai Noi , una escritura muy similar a la que adoptó el tailandés. La mayoría de la gente habla Isan, una variedad de Laos, como su primer idioma. Una minoría significativa en el sur también habla jemer del norte .
El pueblo Kuy, un pueblo austroasiático concentrado alrededor del núcleo de lo que una vez se llamó "Chenla" y conocido como el Khmer Boran "antiguo Khmer", es un vínculo con la historia anterior a Tai de la región.
Geografía
Isan es más o menos colindante con la meseta de Khorat , que se inclina suavemente desde su esquina noroeste, donde está a unos 213 m (700 pies) sobre el nivel del mar hacia el sureste, donde la elevación es solo de unos 62 metros (200 pies). Excepto por unas pocas colinas en la esquina noreste, la región es principalmente tierra suavemente ondulada, la mayor parte varía en elevación de 90 a 180 m (300 a 600 pies), inclinándose desde las montañas Phetchabun en el oeste hacia el río Mekong . [9] : 1 La meseta consta de dos llanuras : la llanura del sur de Khorat está drenada por los ríos Mun y Chi , mientras que la llanura del norte de Sakon Nakhon está drenada por los ríos Loei y Songkhram . Las dos llanuras están separadas por las montañas Phu Phan . El suelo es principalmente arenoso , con importantes depósitos de sal .
El Mekong forma la mayor parte de la frontera entre Tailandia y Laos al norte y al este de Isan, mientras que el sur de la región limita con Camboya . El principal afluente tailandés del Mekong es el río Mun, que nace en el Parque Nacional Khao Yai cerca de la provincia de Nakhon Ratchasima y corre hacia el este, uniéndose al Mekong en la provincia de Ubon Ratchathani . El otro río principal en Isan es el río Chi, que atraviesa el centro de Isan antes de girar hacia el sur para encontrarse con el Mun en la provincia de Sisaket . Los ríos más pequeños Loei y Songkhram también son afluentes del Mekong, el primero fluye hacia el norte a través de la provincia de Loei y el segundo fluye hacia el este a través de las provincias de Udon Thani , Sakon Nakhon , Nakhon Phanom y Nong Khai .
El rango de temperatura promedio es de 30,2 ° C (86,4 ° F) a 19,6 ° C (67,3 ° F). La temperatura más alta registrada fue de 43,9 ° C (111,0 ° F) en Udon Thani, la más baja de -1,4 ° C (29,5 ° F) en la estación agrícola de Sakhon Nakhon. [ cita requerida ]
Las precipitaciones son impredecibles, pero se concentran en la temporada de lluvias de mayo a octubre. La precipitación anual promedio varía de 2.000 mm (79 pulgadas) en algunas áreas a 1.270 mm (50 pulgadas) en las provincias del suroeste de Nakhon Ratchasima , Buriram , Maha Sarakham , Khon Kaen y Chaiyaphum . La temporada de lluvias comienza con lluvias ocasionales cortas pero fuertes, que eventualmente llueven mucho durante períodos más largos casi todos los días, generalmente al final de la tarde o por la noche, hasta que termina abruptamente al comienzo de la estación fría.
La temporada fresca va de octubre a febrero y la temporada cálida de febrero a mayo con el pico de altas temperaturas en abril.
parques Nacionales
Hay alrededor de veintiséis parques nacionales . La provincia de Khon Kaen tiene cuatro parques nacionales, de los cuales, el Parque Nacional Phu Pha Man con la cueva Klang Khao es notable por su gran éxodo diario de murciélagos al anochecer, formando una formación de unos 10 kilómetros (6 millas) de largo. Los campos de tulipanes de Siam se encuentran en el Parque Nacional Sai Thong y el Parque Nacional Pa Hin Ngam , ambos en la provincia de Chaiyaphum. El Parque Nacional de Phu Phan en la provincia de Sakon Nakhon incluye el puente de piedra natural Tang Pee Parn de ocho metros (26 pies) de largo. Entre los parques nacionales más conocidos de Tailandia se encuentran el Parque Nacional Khao Yai en la provincia de Nakhon Ratchasima y el Parque Nacional Phu Kradueng en la provincia de Loei.
La biodiversidad
La región cuenta con una alta biodiversidad y muchas especies endémicas, con varios parques nacionales. Tanto la vida silvestre como las especies vegetales se explotan ilegalmente. Especies valiosas de árboles de madera dura, en particular el palo de rosa siamés , se extraen para la venta, especialmente en el mercado chino de muebles. Estos árboles son tan valiosos que los cazadores furtivos que cruzan la frontera desde Camboya están fuertemente armados, y tanto los guardabosques como los cazadores furtivos han muerto por ellos. En los parques nacionales como Ta Phraya , los guardabosques son entrenados desde 2015 en medidas de lucha contra la caza furtiva de estilo militar por el escuadrón de guardabosques de élite Hasadin [10]
Economía
Isan alberga a un tercio de los 67 millones de habitantes de Tailandia, pero solo contribuye con el diez por ciento del PIB nacional . [11]
En términos de valor agregado regional per cápita, Isan es la región más pobre de Tailandia. Bangkok es la más rica, seguida por el centro de Tailandia , el sur de Tailandia y luego el norte de Tailandia . Este orden no ha cambiado durante décadas. [12] : 57 El sistema fiscal altamente centralizado de Tailandia refuerza el statu quo. Un ejemplo obvio de esta política centrada en Bangkok es la asignación de presupuestos: Bangkok representa alrededor del 17 por ciento de la población y el 25,8 por ciento del PIB, pero se beneficia de alrededor del 72,2 por ciento del gasto total. Isan representa alrededor del 34 por ciento de la población y el 11,5 por ciento del PIB, pero recibe solo el 5,8 por ciento de los gastos. [12] : 58
La agricultura es el sector más grande de la economía y genera alrededor del 22 por ciento del producto regional bruto (en comparación con el 8,5 por ciento de Tailandia en su conjunto). El arroz glutinoso, el alimento básico de la región, es el principal cultivo agrícola (que representa alrededor del 60 por ciento de la tierra cultivada). Prospera en arrozales mal drenados y donde los campos pueden inundarse por arroyos, ríos y estanques cercanos. A menudo, son posibles dos cosechas cada año. Los agricultores se están diversificando cada vez más hacia cultivos comerciales como la caña de azúcar y la yuca , que se cultivan a gran escala y, en menor medida, el caucho. La producción de seda es una industria artesanal importante y contribuye significativamente a la economía. [ cita requerida ]
La provincia de Nong Khai , que se extiende a lo largo del río Mekong, se caracteriza por la producción de piñas , tabaco (que las familias secan, curan y trituran antes de que los fabricantes de cigarrillos lo recojan) y tomates , que se cultivan a escala industrial, en particular en el distrito de Si Chiang Mai .
A pesar de su dominio de la economía, la agricultura en la región es problemática. El clima es propenso a la sequía , mientras que el terreno llano de la meseta a menudo se inunda en la temporada de lluvias. La tendencia a las inundaciones hace que una gran parte de la tierra no sea apta para el cultivo . Además, el suelo es muy ácido , salino e infértil por el uso excesivo. Desde la década de 1970, la agricultura ha ido perdiendo importancia a medida que aumenta el comercio y el sector de servicios .
Muy pocos agricultores todavía utilizan búfalos de agua en lugar de tractores . Hoy en día, los búfalos de agua son conservados principalmente por casi todas las familias rurales como símbolos de estatus. La principal pieza de equipo agrícola que se utiliza hoy en día es el "rot tai na" (en tailandés : รถ ไถนา , literalmente "campo de arado de vehículos"), conocido coloquialmente como "kwai lek" (en tailandés : ควาย เหล็ก , o "búfalo de hierro / acero "), o más generalmente por el nombre de su fabricante de" Kobota ", un mini tractor compuesto por un pequeño motor diesel montado sobre dos ruedas con manillares largos de madera o metal para la dirección. Por lo general, se adjunta a un remolque o un arado. Los búfalos ahora se utilizan principalmente para pastar en el rastrojo del arrozal, que a su vez fertilizan con su estiércol. Los principales animales criados para la alimentación son ganado, cerdos, pollos, patos y peces.
La mayoría de la población rural pobre de Tailandia vive en Isan. [11] La pobreza de la región se refleja en su infraestructura: ocho de las diez provincias de Tailandia con la menor cantidad de médicos per cápita se encuentran en Isan. La provincia de Sisaket tiene la menor cantidad, con un médico por cada 14.661 personas en 2001, con un promedio nacional de 3.289. También tiene ocho de las diez provincias con la menor cantidad de camas de hospital por habitante. La provincia de Chaiyaphum tiene la menor cantidad, con una por cada 1.131 en 2001 (el promedio nacional fue de 453). Sin embargo, como en el resto de Tailandia, todos los distritos ( amphoe ) tienen un hospital y todos los subdistritos ( tambon ) tienen clínicas que brindan atención primaria de salud. La introducción de la tarjeta sanitaria de " 30 baht " ha cambiado drásticamente el número de personas que acuden a los hospitales para recibir tratamiento, ya que ha significado que todos los que se inscriban tengan acceso a una atención médica completa por sólo 30 baht por visita. Los pocos que pueden permitírselo viajan a los modernos hospitales y clínicas privados de las grandes ciudades para recibir atención y consultas especializadas no urgentes.
The region lags in new technology: there was only one Internet connection per 75 households in 2002 (national average: one per 22 households) [update needed], but by 2006 every district town (amphoe) had at least one publicly accessible Internet connection, either in a local computer shop or in the district office.
Extension of landline telephones to remote areas not previously served has been largely superseded by the use of mobile phones, primarily of GSM format, which now covers the entire region with the exception of a few sparsely populated mountainous areas and large national parks. Many people, even the poorest and frequently also children, have cellular telephones, although they have no fixed-line telephone. In this sense, Isan has led advanced nations where land-line service is now being superseded by cellular technology. The region also has the lowest literacy rate when compared with other regions in Thailand.[citation needed]
By the beginning of 2008, most amphoe had been provided with ADSL by the TOT, leaving the majority of the rural population dependent on dial-up connections for those few who have land-line telephones. This results in slow service that does not adequately meet modern data-hungry needs. Most rural people rely on smart phones for data services. Internet shops with high speed connections have for many years provided service to those who cannot afford or do not have access to high speed Internet. They are heavily patronized by primary and secondary school children who come not only to use the Internet but also to play online games, use VOIP, or just to use the computer and printers. Resident Western expatriates and foreign tourists are also frequent customers. For those outside the district towns who require a serious use of the Internet in their homes, the mobile phone or an iPstar broadband satellite connection is the only alternative, although more expensive than a DSL connection. It is far less reliable and suffers considerable downtime due to overloading, heavy cloud cover, and rain. Despite, in theory, being "always on", it often lacks adequate stability for streaming and clarity of VOIP.[citation needed]
Many Isan people seek higher-paying work outside the region, particularly in Bangkok. Some of these people have settled permanently in the city, while some migrate to and fro. Others have emigrated in search of better wages. Rather than relocate as a family, they usually leave their babies and school-age children in the care of relatives, friends, or neighbours.[citation needed]
Average wages in Isan were the lowest in the country in 2002 at 3,928 baht per month (the national average was 6,445 baht).
A Khon Kaen University study (2014) found that marriages with foreigners by Thai northeastern women boosted the gross domestic product of the northeast by 8.67 billion baht (2014: €211 million or US$270 million). According to the study, after a northeastern woman married a foreigner, she will send 9,600 baht a month on average to her family to help with its expenses. The activity also created 747,094 jobs, the study found.[13] The 2010 census found that 90 percent of the slightly more than 27,000 foreigners living in the northeastern region were married to women from there.[14]
Tourism
According to the governor of Nakhon Phanom Province, "The entire Northeast [Isan] gained only 2.9 percent of [the] country's tourism income of 2.7 trillion baht [in 2017]."[15]
Demografía
Population
Isan's total population as of 2010 was 21,305,000. Forty percent of the population is concentrated in the provinces of Khorat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, and Khon Kaen, known as "big four of Isan". These provinces surround the four major cities of the same names. As of 2010, their populations were: Khorat 142,169; Udon Thani 137,979; Khon Kaen 113,828; and Ubon Ratchathani 83,148. However, as of 2010 only 50 percent of the region's population lived in municipal areas. Kalasin was the most urbanised province (with almost 100 percent in municipal areas), and Roi Et the least (2.8 percent). Thus, the population is still largely rural, but concentrated around the urban centres.
There is a substantial Khmer minority, concentrated in the southern provinces of Buriram, Surin, and Sisaket, and some Vietnamese refugees in Mukdahan and Nakhon Phanom. The Khmer-speaking minority and the Kuy people ("Soui"), who live in the south of Isan, speak Austroasiatic languages and follow customs more similar to those of Cambodia than to those of the Thai and Lao, who are Tai peoples.[16]
Language family | Ethnic group | Persons |
---|---|---|
Tai | Lao Isan / Thai Lao | 13,000,000 |
Tai | Central Thai | 800,000 |
Tai | Thai Khorat / Tai Beung / Tai Deung | 600,000 |
Tai | Thai-Loei | 500,000 |
Tai | Phu Thai | 500,000 |
Tai | Nyaw | 500,000 |
Tai | Kaleung | 200,000 |
Tai | Yoy | |
Tai | Phuan | |
Tai | Tai-Dam (Song) | (not specified) |
Tai | Total | 16,103,000 |
Austroasiatic | Thailand Khmer / Northern Khmer | 1,400,000 |
Austroasiatic | Kuy / Kuay | 400,000 |
Austroasiatic | So | 70,000 |
Austroasiatic | Bru | |
Austroasiatic | Vietnamese | 20,000 |
Austroasiatic | Nyeu | 10,000 |
Austroasiatic | Nyah Kur / Chao Bon / Khon Dong | 7,000 |
Austroasiatic | Aheu people | 1,500 |
Austroasiatic | Mon | 1,000 |
Austroasiatic | Total | 1,909,000 |
Cannot identify ethnicity and amount | 3,288,000 | |
Total | Total | 21,300,000 |
Languages
The main language is Isan, the name by which the Lao language is referred to in Thailand due to political reasons, though most people in the Isan region still refer to language as Lao among themselves and in non-official settings.[18] The number of speakers of Isan has been estimated at between 15–23 million, the majority of those living in Isan. Currently written with the Thai alphabet (instead of the historically used Tai Noi script), Isan belongs to the Chiang Saeng and Lao–Phutai language groups, which along with Thai are members of the Tai languages of the Kra–Dai language family. Central Thai (Khorat Thai) is also spoken by almost everyone and is the language used in education but natively spoken by one-fourth the population of in Nakhon Ratchasima Province only. The Khorat dialect, spoken by around 10,000 people,[19] occupies a linguistic position somewhere between Lao and standard Thai, and is an archaic Central Thai dialect with heavy Khmer and some Lao influence
The 'tribal' Tai languages, referred to as 'tribal' due to their origins in mountainous areas of Laos or their adherence to animism, most of which such as Phuthai, Yo, Kaloeng, Phuan and Tai Dam languages are closely related to Isan and all but the latter are generally mutually intelligible. Even in areas with a heavy linguistic minority presence, native Isan speakers of Lao descent comprised anywhere from sixty to seventy-four per cent of the population, although minority language speakers are also bi- or trilingual in Isan, Thai or both.[20][21][22]
Isan is home to many speakers of Austroasiatic languages, with one and one-half million speakers of the Northern Khmer dialect and one-half million speakers of the Kuy language, both of which are found in the southernmost provinces of Isan. Khmer is widely spoken in areas along the Cambodian border: Buriram, Surin, and Sisaket. There are several small ethnic groups speaking various other Austroasiatic languages, but most are fairly small and restricted to a few villages, or such as Vietnamese, spoken by small groups in cities.
Other languages spoken in Isan, mainly by tribal minorities, are as follows:
Language family | Language | Speakers | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
Austroasiatic | Khmer, Northern | 1,400,000 | Buriram, Sisaket, Surin, Roi Et, Nakhon Ratchasima |
Kuy | 400,000 | Surin, Sisaket, Buriram | |
Vietnamese | 20,000 | Spoken by small groups in most major cities | |
Bru, Western | 20,000 | Mukdahan | |
Nyah Kur/Mon | 8,000 | Nakhon Ratchasima, Chayaphum | |
Bru, Eastern | 5,000 | Sakhon Nakhon, Amnat Charoen | |
Aheu | 740 | Sakhon Nakhon | |
Mlabri | 300 | Loei | |
Kra-Dai | Central Thai | 800,000 | First-language speakers in cities, understood throughout Isan and common second or third language. |
Khorat Central Thai | 600,000 | Nakhon Ratchasima, Buriram, Chaiyaphum | |
Phuthai | 500,000 | Mukdahan, Nakhon Phanom, Ubon Ratchathani, Kalasin and Sakon Nakhon | |
Tai Yo (Tai Gno) | 500,000 | Sakhon Nakhon, Nongkhai, Nakhon Phanom, Maha Sarakham | |
Tai Yoy (Tai Gnoi) | 50,000 | Sakhon Nakhon | |
Saek (Sèk) | ~7,000 | Nakhon Phanom | |
Sino-Tibetan | Chinese, Minnan | Unknown, dying | Mostly Teochew, also Hokkien and Hailam, spoken by oldest members of the Sino-Isan community. |
Hmong-Mien | Hmong/Mong | Unknown | Loei |
Educación
Education is well-provided for by the government in terms of numbers of establishments and is supplemented in the larger cities by the private sector (mostly Catholic and international schools). Following the national pattern of education in Thailand, there are primary (elementary) schools in all larger villages and (tambon) capitals, with secondary (high) schools to grade 12 (approximately age 18) in the district (amphoe) towns.
Many other secondary schools provide education only to grade 9, while some combined schools provide education from grade 1 through grade 9. Rural schools are generally less well equipped than the schools in the large towns and cities and the standard of instruction, particularly for the English language, is much lower. Many children of poorer families leave school after grade 6 (age 12) to work on the farms. A number move to areas of dense or tourist populations to work in the service industry.
Many primary schools operate their own websites[24] and almost all schoolchildren in Isan, at least from junior high school age,[25] are now (2008) largely computer literate in basic programs.
In 2001, there were 43 government vocational and polytechnic colleges throughout the region, several specialised training colleges in the private sector, and large colleges of agriculture and nursing in Udon Thani Province.
Universities are found in the major cities of Khon Kaen (one of the country's largest), Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani, and the smaller provincial capital of Maha Sarakham. Some Bangkok-based universities have small campuses in Isan, and Khon Kaen University maintains a large installation on the outskirts of Nong Khai. Most provinces have a government-run Rajabhat University, formerly known as Rajabhat Institutes, which originated as teacher training colleges.
Cultura
Isan's culture is predominantly Lao, and has much in common with that of the neighbouring country of Laos. This affinity is shown in the region's cuisine, dress, temple architecture, festivals, and arts.
Isan food has elements most in common with Laos and is somewhat distinct from central Thai cuisine. The most obvious difference is the consumption of sticky rice that accompanies almost every meal rather than non-sticky long-grain rice. French and Vietnamese influences found in Lao cuisine are absent in Isan. Popular Lao dishes that are also staples in Isan include tam mak hung, or in central Thai, som tam (green papaya salad),[26] larb (meat salad), and kai yang (grilled chicken). These dishes have spread to other parts of Thailand, but normally in versions which temper the extreme heat and sourness favoured in Isan for the more moderate central Thai palate. Conversely, central Thai food has become popular in Isan. The people of the Isan region in Thailand, a mixture of Lao, Vietnamese, Khmer, Mon, Cham, and other Tai groups, famously eat a wide variety of creatures, such as lizards, frogs, and fried insects such as grasshoppers, crickets, silkworms, and dung beetles. Originally forced by poverty to be creative in finding foods, Isan people now savour these creatures as delicacies or snacks. Food is commonly eaten by hand using sticky rice pressed into a ball with the fingers of the right hand. Soups are a frequent element of any meal, and contain either vegetables and herbs, noodles, chunks of fish, balls of ground pork, or a mixture of these. They are eaten using a spoon and chopsticks at the same time.
The traditional dress of Isan is the sarong. Women's sarongs most often have an embroidered border at the hem, while men's are in a chequered pattern. Men also wear a pakama, a versatile length of cloth which can be used as a belt, a money and document belt, as headwear for protection from the sun, as a hammock, or as a bathing garment.
Isan is a centre for the production of Thai silk. The trade received a major boost in the post-war years, when Jim Thompson popularised Thai silk among Westerners. One of the best-known types of Isan silk is mut-mee, which is tie-dyed to produce geometric patterns on the thread.
The Buddhist temple (or wat) is the major feature of most villages. These temples are used not only for religious ceremonies, but also for festivals, particularly mor lam, and as assembly halls. They are mostly built in Lao-style, but with less ornamentation than the more elaborate central Thai temples or the Lao-style temples in central Laos. Lao-style Buddha images are also prevalent.
The people of Isan celebrate many traditional festivals, such as the Bun Bungfai Rocket Festival. This fertility rite, originating in pre-Buddhist times, is celebrated in a number of locations both in Isan and in Laos, At present day not only most vigorously and most famously in Yasothon Province, today Isan peoples know well for the most of number BungFai parade float are made in Roi Et province and one of traditional Bun Bungfai is in Suwannaphume which the original Bungfai decoration and most of number Rocket fire or Bungfai in the world in Phnomprai both are located in Roi et province . Other Isan festivals are the Candle Festival, which marks the start of vassa in July in Ubon and other locations; the Silk Festival in Khon Kaen, which promotes local handicrafts; the Elephant Round-up in Surin; and the bangfai phayanak or Naga fireballs of Nong Khai.
The main indigenous music of Isan is mor lam. It exists in a number of regional variants, plus modern forms.[27] Since the late 1970s it has acquired greater exposure outside the region thanks to the presence of migrant workers in Bangkok. Many mor lam singers also sing central Thai luk thung music, and have produced the hybrid luk thung Isan form. Another form of folk music, kantrum, is popular with the Khmer minority in the south.
Mor lam needs a special mention as its festival-type production, which is very commonplace in Isan, has not been exported to other regions. Although it is a very exciting affair, not being on the tourist trail it is largely ignored by foreign visitors. When the locals speak of mor lam (pronounced mor'ram with stress on the second syllable), one will often hear them say pai doo morram (lit. "go see mor'ram"). They are referring to the most common form of evening entertainment in the region. Somewhere, in a village within easy reach, there will be a mor lam festival on a Friday or Saturday evening. Usually, the rock-festival-sized stage is constructed either in a temple compound or on a sports field. Thousands of people will sit on mats on the ground and watch the fun-filled program of variety entertainment. The traditional music and song is accompanied by extremely colorful choreography, executed by a group of up to 50 female (and some male katoey) dancers. The fantastic costumes are changed several times throughout the program, and the transitions are bridged by often-raunchy gags, slapstick comedy, and speeches by local dignitaries. A mor lam festival is a family affair and the area is surrounded by food and drink stalls.
Although there is no tradition of written secular literature in the Isan language, in the latter half of the 20th century the region produced several notable writers, such as Khamsing Srinawk (who writes in Thai) and Pira Sudham (who writes in English).
Isan is known for producing a large number of muay Thai boxers. Isan's most famous sportsman, however, is tennis player Paradorn Srichaphan, whose family is from Khon Kaen.
Marriage and courtship in Isan still mainly follows strict tradition, especially in rural areas, and most young women are married by the time they are 20 years old. Many girls, in spite of the legal requirement, marry as young as 14 to escape poverty, as usually marriage is associated with a dowry paid by the husband to the bride's family. A dowry will not normally be less than 40,000 baht, and according to the status of the bride and/or her family, can often greatly exceed 300,000 baht.
Despite the influence of tradition, in 2013, according to UNICEF, 191.5 births out of every 1,000 births in Isan were to adolescents aged 15–19. This is four times higher than the 2018 global average of 44 births per 1,000 according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In September 2019, the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security set a target to reduce the number of unintended teenage pregnancies countrywide to 25 births per 1,000 by 2026.[28]
Isan women rarely have boyfriends until they meet the man whom they will eventually marry, and tradition requires that the betrothal is then announced. Younger fiancées will be chaperoned, usually by a female friend, brother, or sister while in the company of their future husband. The wedding ceremony usually takes place in the bride's home and is normally officiated by one or several monks or a respected village elder who has been a monk. Young couples are increasingly registering their marriages at the city hall, which they can do if they are over 17. The extended family system is still very much the traditional social structure in Isan, with newlywed couples often living with in-laws or building a home on the family compound or farmland.
It is not unusual, however, for many women to remain single until much later. Tradition demands that the youngest or only daughter continues to live at home to take care of her parents. They are then only free to marry when both parents are deceased. There is also the tradition that a woman should "marry up" in status. If the woman is tied to an occupation in a rural area as a farm or business owner, teacher, or similar profession, finding a suitable husband who is prepared to relocate is often not easy.
Water buffalo are a regular feature, even in the suburbs, being walked to and from the fields at dawn and dusk. Although rarely used nowadays for working the land, they are considered an important status symbol. The current value (2010) of one head of buffalo is about 20,000 baht (2010: US$620).
The cultural separation from central Thailand, combined with the region's poverty and the typically dark skin of its people, has encouraged a considerable amount of discrimination against the multi-ethnic people of Isan from non-ethnic Thais of Chinese descent.[citation needed] Even though many Isan people now work in the cities rather than in the fields, many hold lower-status jobs such as construction workers, stall vendors, and tuk-tuk taxi drivers, and discriminatory attitudes have been known to persist with many Thai-Chinese inhabitants. Nevertheless, Isan food and music have both been enthusiastically adopted and adapted to the tastes of the rest of the country.
The process of Thaification, resulting from central Thais' perceived threat of Lao cultural dominance in the Isan region, has diluted somewhat the distinctive character of Isan culture, particularly in the cities and in provinces, such as Khorat, which are closest to the central Thai heartlands and which have been under Thai rule the longest.[29]
Religión
As in the rest of Thailand, the population is mostly Theravada Buddhist, although this is combined with elements of animism. Larger cities have Christian churches. Many major district towns have a small Christian church or chapel, usually Roman Catholic, and there are others in rural areas.
Thaificación
Anouvong, the last of the kings of Vientiane rebelled against Siamese suzerainty, and lost in a war that raged on for two years. Khorat was then repopulated by forced migration of Mekong Valley Lao,[30] with a heavy influx of voluntary Chinese migrants. The plateau was claimed by Siam when France and Siam divided Lao territories following the Franco-Siamese War of 1893. Roi Et was established early in the 20th century to further Siamese control, and to further assimilation of the population into the kingdom.
Transporte
Communications
Traditionally, messages between the government in Bangkok and Isan provincial outposts had been carried by "pony express" or by fast boat. During the reign of King Chulalongkorn (r. 1868–1910), the Ministry of Interior maintained a schedule which specified that messages between Bangkok and Nong Khai took 12 days, between Bangkok and Ubon Ratchathani, 12 days, and between Bangkok and Luang Prabang, 17 days outbound and 13 days inbound.[9]:18–19
Rail
Until 1900, when the first rail line from Bangkok to Khorat was opened, the shipment of goods took at least eight or nine days to go between the two. Now goods could be transported in a day. The speed with which goods could reach Khorat from Bangkok permitted the introduction into Isan of items previously too expensive or too perishable to transport. By 1928 a section of the northeastern rail line was extended to Ubon and by 1933 another section had reached Khon Kaen. It would not extend to Nong Khai until 1955. Trading patterns between the central region and Isan were forever altered.[9]:18–19, 69
The State Railway of Thailand has two main lines in Isan, both connecting the region to Bangkok. One runs east from Khorat, through Surin to Ubon; the other runs north through Khon Kaen and Udon to Nong Khai. In early-2009, a rail link from Nong Khai came into operation. It crosses the Friendship road bridge into Laos territory to a terminus a few kilometres north of the land border crossing. It remains unclear whether this line will be extended the remaining 20 kilometres to Vientiane, the capital of Laos.
Road
According to one report in 1895, it took about three weeks to travel overland by ox cart from Nong Khai to Khorat and another eight or nine days to travel from Khorat to Bangkok. Automobile transport made its first appearance in Isan sometime in the 1920s but did not expand rapidly until after the Second World War.[9]:18–19
There are 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of highway, centered on the Thanon Mitraphap ("Friendship Highway") from Khorat to Nong Khai built by the United States in the 1960s at a cost of US$20 million to supply its northeastern military bases.[9]:56–57 A road bridge (the Saphan Mitraphap or Friendship Bridge) jointly built by the Australian, Lao, and Thai governments forms the border crossing over the Mekong River on the outskirts of Nong Khai to Vientiane, the capital of Laos, about 25 km (16 mi) away.
Most roads in Isan are paved. All major roads interconnecting the provincial capitals are in excellent condition for driving, and most are centrally divided four or six-lane highways. Many roads connecting province capitals to larger district towns are also currently (2008) being widened to four-lane highways with median strips. The paving on some very minor roads in the poorer districts may be navigable with difficulty due to large, deep potholes. Unpaved, graded roads link some of the smaller, more remote villages, but they are comfortably navigable at normal driving speeds for wheeled vehicles. Most of the stretches of paved roads through villages are lighted at night, many with powerful sodium lighting, some of which are on independently solar-powered masts. Reflective "cats-eyes" marking the central line of two-lane roads are a common feature. Crash barriers are installed along the sides of dangerous bends and precipitous verges. Signposting is excellent and follows international style. Since 2002 (with the exception of some poorer sub-districts), all signs are bilingual in Thai and Roman script.
The main highways have frequent, Western-style rest and refueling stations which accept payment by major credit/debit cards. In 2006, all fuel stations sell 91 and 95 octane gasoline/petrol and diesel fuel. LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) and NGV (natural gas for vehicles) were till recently very rare outside the cities of Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, and Udon Thani. As of 2012, many new LPG and NGV stations have opened. Since 2009, bio-diesel fuel has become increasingly available.
Air
In 1960 air service by Thai Airways to several northeastern towns was inaugurated. By 1963 there were regular flights between Bangkok and Nakhon Phanom, Ubon, Khon Kaen, and Udon.[9]:57
There are airports at Khorat (at the present time no scheduled services due to its proximity to Bangkok making air service difficult to justify financially), Khon Kaen (domestic), Ubon Ratchathani (domestic), Udon Thani (international), Nakhon Phanom (domestic, scheduled services), Sakon Nakhon (domestic, scheduled services), Roi Et (domestic, scheduled services), Buriram (domestic, scheduled services) and Loei (domestic, scheduled services).
Domestic air travel between the capital and the region is well developed, and has become a viable alternative to rail, long-distance bus, and self-driving. Fares are cheap by foreign standards, and Udon and Khon Kaen which both opened brand new airport terminals in 2005 and 2006 respectively, are served by many daily flights and also have routes connecting other major destinations in Thailand with some companies operating wide-bodied aircraft. Most domestic flights to and from Bangkok operate to and from Don Muang, the original Bangkok international airport, while Thai Airways flights serve Bangkok International Airport at Suvarnabhumi.
Bus
Buses provide mass transport throughout the region. All provincial cities are connected to Bangkok by daily and nightly, direct, air-conditioned bus routes. All district amphoe towns operate at least one similar nightly route to and from Bangkok. All towns and villages are interconnected with frequent services of songthaew (Thai: สองแถว, lit. "two rows") a covered truck-style bus or covered pick-up trucks with bench seats in the cargo bed.
Taxi transport is not well developed, even in the very large cities, where samlor (Thai: สามล้อ, lit. "three wheels"), three-wheeled motorcycle taxis similar to the Bangkok tuk-tuk, provide the mainstay of urban transport. The large cities do have some pick-up trucks operating on regular inner-city and suburban routes. Airports are served by collective vans, which tend to be expensive for the local population, and samlors for private hire.
Waterways
In this region, rapids and variable flow make navigation difficult on the Mekong River, so large boat traffic is limited in connection with downriver areas. Bridges are rare because of the high cost of spanning the wide river; numerous passenger and vehicle ferries link its two sides. The Second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge, spanning the Mekong between the cities of Mukdahan (Thailand) and Savannakhet (Laos), was completed and officially opened for traffic on 20 December 2006. Some new bridges, not included on the 2005 maps, have been built over smaller rivers and dams. Passenger and vehicle ferries also operate across some large reservoirs.
Improved infrastructure and ease of travel restrictions between Thailand and Laos has allowed the continued movement of thousands of people every day, with people on either side crossing the river to visit relatives, shop, participate in religious festivals, conduct business or day-trip, with the Nong Khai-Vientiane Mukdahan-Savannakhét and Nakhon Phanom-Thakhèk border crossings particularly important due to the construction of bridges. Other major border crossings include Bueng Kan-Pakxan and the only non-Mekong checkpoint Chong Mek-Vangtao, although ferries cross the river in other areas. The familiarity of the language makes travel and business easy for Isan speakers, who are able to use their language freely in Laos and be understood.[31][32]
divisiones administrativas
Isan is divided into 20 provinces, grouped into three statistical subregions. Nakhon Ratchasima Province is considered by some to be in central Thailand.
Flag | Seal | Province | Capital | DOPA | Population | Area (km2) | Density | ISO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bueng Kan | Bueng Kan | 27 | 424,091 | 4,003 | 106 | TH-38 | ||
2 | Nong Khai | Nong Khai | 70 | 522,311 | 3,275 | 160 | TH-43 | ||
3 | Loei | Loei | 55 | 642,950 | 10,500 | 61 | TH-42 | ||
4 | Nong Bua Lamphu | Nong Bua Lamphu | 71 | 512,780 | 4,099 | 125 | TH-39 | ||
5 | Udon Thani | Udon Thani | 74 | 1,586,646 | 11,072 | 143 | TH-41 | ||
6 | Sakon Nakhon | Sakon Nakhon | 57 | 1,153,390 | 9,580 | 121 | TH-47 | ||
7 | Nakhon Phanom | Nakhon Phanom | 20 | 719,136 | 5,637 | 127 | TH-48 | ||
8 | Mukdahan | Mukdahan | 44 | 353,174 | 4,126 | 87 | TH-49 | ||
9 | Kalasin | Kalasin | 4 | 983,418 | 6,936 | 142 | TH-46 | ||
10 | Chaiyaphum | Chaiyaphum | 11 | 1,137,357 | 12,698 | 91 | TH-36 | ||
11 | Khon Kaen | Khon Kaen | 6 | 1,802,872 | 10,659 | 169 | TH-40 | ||
12 | Maha Sarakham | Maha Sarakham | 43 | 962,665 | 5,607 | 172 | TH-44 | ||
13 | Roi Et | Roi Et | 48 | 1,305,211 | 7,873 | 166 | TH-45 | ||
14 | Yasothon | Yasothon | 46 | 537,299 | 4,131 | 130 | TH-35 | ||
15 | Amnat Charoen | Amnat Charoen | 73 | 378,438 | 3,290 | 115 | TH-37 | ||
16 | Ubon Ratchathani | Ubon Ratchathani | 77 | 1,878,146 | 15,626 | 120 | TH-34 | ||
17 | Sisaket | Sisaket | 56 | 1,472,859 | 8,936 | 165 | TH-33 | ||
18 | Surin | Surin | 69 | 1,396,831 | 8,854 | 157 | TH-32 | ||
19 | Buriram | Buriram | 28 | 1,595,747 | 10,080 | 159 | TH-31 | ||
20 | Nakhon Ratchasima | Nakhon Ratchasima | 21 | 2,648,927 | 20,736 | 128 | TH-30 |
Note: Populations as of 31 December 2019.[2]
Isan returns 136 of the national parliament's 400 constituency MPs. In the 2005 election, the Thai Rak Thai party took 126 of these seats, with six for Chart Thai and two each for the Democrat party and Mahachon Party.[33]
Nativos o residentes notables
- Buddhist monks
- Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta Thera, born in Ubon Ratchathani Province
- Luang Por Ajahn Chah, born in Ubon Ratchathani Province
- Luangta Ajahn Maha Bua, born in Udon Thani Province
- Luang Por Khun Parissuddho, born in Nakhon Ratchasima Province
- Politicians
- Sarit Thanarat, born in Bangkok, but he is half-blooded from the provinces of Bangkok and Mukdahan Province.[34] His father is a native of Bangkok and his mother is a native Mukdahan Province.[34]
- Praphas Charusathien, born in Udon Thani Province
- Anon Nampa, born in Roi Et Province
- Prayut Chan-o-cha, born in Nakhon Ratchasima Province
- Newin Chidchob, born in Buriram Province
- Writers
- Pira Sudham, born in Buriram Province[35]
- Actors
- Nadech Kugimiya, born in Khon Kaen Province
- Sukollawat Kanarot, born in Khon Kaen Province
- Sombat Metanee, born in Ubon Ratchathani Province
- Tony Jaa, born in Surin Province
- Comedians
- Mum Jokmok, born in Yasothon Province
- Sudarat Butrprom, born in Udon Thani Province
- Martial arts choreographers
- Panna Rittikrai, born in Khon Kaen Province
- Singers
- Jintara Poonlarp, born in Roi Et Province, singing styles: mor lam, Thai pop music, Luk thung
- Honey Sri-Isan, born in Kalasin Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Siriporn Ampaipong, born in Udon Thani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Banyen Rakgan, born in Ubon Ratchatani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Tai Orathai, born in Ubon Ratchathani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Mike Phiromphon, born in Udon Thani Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Maithai Huajaisin, born in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Phai Phongsathon, born in Yasothon Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Monkaen Kaenkoon, born in Yasothon Province, singing styles: Mor lam, Luk thung
- Asanee–Wasan, born in Loei Province, singing style: Rock
- Pongsit Kamphee, born in Nong Khai Province, singing style: Songs for Life
- Seksan Sukpimai, born in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, singing style: Rock
- Lalisa Manoban, born in Buriram Province , K-pop singer
- Sports
- Somluck Kamsing, the first Thai Olympic gold medalist in amateur boxer, born in Khon Kaen Province.
- Paradorn Srichaphan, tennis player, born in Khon Kaen Province.
- Ratchanok Intanon, badminton player, born in Yasothon , She is half-blooded from the provinces of Roi Et and Yasothon. Her father is a native of Yasothon and her mother is a native of Roi Et.[36][37][38]
- Surat Sukha, football player, born in Sakon Nakhon Province, who played with Melbourne Victory FC, Victoria, Australia between 2009 and 2011, and currently plays for Buriram United F.C..
- Kiatisuk Senamuang, football coach and former player, born in Udon Thani Province and resides at Khon Kaen Province.
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Otras lecturas
- Alpha Research Co. Pocket Thailand in Figures. Alpha Research Co. 2005. ISBN 974-90374-7-2
- Brow, James (1976). Population, land and structural change in Sri Lanka and Thailand. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-04529-3.
- Lapanun, Patcharin (2019). Love, Money and Obligation: Transnational Marriage in a Northeastern Thai Village. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 978-981-4722-91-9.
- Rhoden, T. F. (1 July 2019). "The Thai women who marry Western men: lessons from one village in northeast Thailand in Love, Money and Obligation". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
enlaces externos
- Grandstaff, T. B., Grandstaff, S., Limpinuntana, V., & Suphanchaimat, N. "Rainfed revolution in northeast Thailand." Southeast Asian Studies Vol. 46, No. 3, December 2008, 289–376. PDF
- McCargo, Duncan, and Krisadawan Hongladarom. "Contesting Isan‐ness: discourses of politics and identity in Northeast Thailand." Asian Ethnicity 5.2 (2004): 219-234.
- The Isaan Record
- Ethnologue report on Thailand
- Annual population data for Thailand to 1997 (Chulalongkorn University)
- Population statistics from citypopulation.de
- Estimates to 2004, from world-gazeteer.com
- Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy: Northeastern Thailand
Coordinates: 16°N 103°E / 16°N 103°E / 16; 103