Kōyasan Reihōkan (高 野山 霊 宝 館, literalmente "Museo de Tesoros Sagrados de Kōyasan") es un museo de arte en Kōya-san , prefectura de Wakayama , Japón , que conserva y exhibe arte budista propiedad de los templos de Kōya-san. La colección se centra en artículos de los períodos Heian y Kamakura e incluye pinturas, caligrafía, sutras, esculturas y objetos rituales budistas. Entre estos se encuentran un conjunto del canon budista completo ( issaikyō ), escritos de Kūkai y Minamoto no Yoritomo , fundador del Shogunato de Kamakura., mandalas y retratos de sacerdotes. Los objetos más valiosos han sido designados como Tesoro Nacional o Bien Cultural Importante . [1] [2] [3]
高 野山 霊 宝 館 | |
Coordenadas | 34 ° 12′41 ″ N 135 ° 34′53 ″ E / 34.211278 ° N 135.581472 ° ECoordenadas : 34 ° 12′41 ″ N 135 ° 34′53 ″ E / 34.211278 ° N 135.581472 ° E |
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Colecciones | Bienes culturales de Koyasan |
Sitio web | www |
Historia
Kōbō-Daishi , fundador del budismo Shingon, fue un defensor del arte religioso como una forma de iluminación. En consecuencia, los templos de Shingon, como el de Koyasan, se encuentran entre los mayores depósitos de arte budista de Japón. Inicialmente, los tesoros religiosos de Koyasan se distribuyeron entre los varios subtemplos con la mayor concentración en Kongōbu-ji . Los objetos valiosos se guardaban bajo llave o, si se usaban litúrgicamente, se colocaban a una distancia del espectador y, a menudo, con poca luz. Desenrollar repetidamente rollos de manos o pinturas en rollos a pedido de los visitantes causó más daños. Tras la Restauración Meiji , a finales del siglo XIX, el gobierno introdujo una política de separación del sintoísmo y el budismo ( Shinbutsu bunri ) y muchos templos budistas quedaron en la indigencia. Algunas de las obras de arte de Koyasan terminaron en colecciones de museos en Tokio, Kioto o Nara o fueron vendidas a particulares, tanto a nivel nacional como a extranjeros. [4]
Para detener la salida de bienes culturales, el gobierno aprobó una serie de leyes que comenzaron con la Ley de preservación de templos y santuarios antiguos (古 社 寺 保存 法, koshaji hozonhō ) en 1897 y continuaron con la Ley de preservación de tesoros nacionales (国宝 保存 法, kokuhō hozonhō ) en 1929 y la Ley para la Protección de los Bienes Culturales (文化 財 保護 法, bunkazai hogohō ) de 1950 que, tras varias revisiones y ampliaciones, sigue vigente en la actualidad. [4]
El Koyasan Reihōkan se estableció con la ayuda de voluntarios de Kongōbu-ji , el templo principal de Koyasan, con el objetivo de preservar y exhibir el valioso patrimonio religioso y cultural de Koyasan. La construcción del edificio en una zona boscosa al suroeste de Daishi Kyōkai , el centro administrativo del budismo Shingon, se completó el 30 de septiembre de 1920. Este primer museo constaba de dos salas conectadas y se diseñó para parecerse vagamente al Salón Fénix en Byōdō-in , Uji. . La inauguración del museo se celebró el 15 de mayo de 1921 y el sacerdote principal de Kongōbu-ji, Hōryū Doki (土 宜 法 龍) asumió el cargo de primer director. Posteriormente, los sacerdotes principales del templo continuaron trabajando como director del museo. [5] [6] [4]
El 16 de septiembre de 1957, se estableció la Sociedad de Conservación de la Propiedad Cultural de Koyasan (高 野山 文化 財 保存 会) y se puso el museo bajo su control. El 1 de mayo de 1961, el museo se amplió con la construcción del Gran Tesoro de Koyasan (高 野山 大 宝 蔵) , en ese momento el más grande de su tipo en Japón y utilizado principalmente para bienes culturales tangibles designados a nivel nacional del tipo de bellas artes y oficios. En 1984, en el 1150 aniversario de la entrada de Kōbō-Daishi en el estado de meditación eterna ( nyūjō (入定)), se construyó un nuevo gran edificio independiente e incombustible al este de la antigua estructura, duplicando efectivamente el espacio de exhibición. También proporcionó al museo características modernas como iluminación adecuada, control total de temperatura y humedad; cosas que todavía faltan en la vieja estructura hoy. El 5 de mayo de 1988, cinco edificios del museo fueron designados como bienes culturales tangibles registrados. El espacio de almacenamiento se amplió aún más en 2003. La oficina de admisión y los tres edificios del museo están conectados por pasarelas protegidas. [6] [5] [4]
Colección
El museo almacena más de 50,000 artefactos de los cuales más de 28,000 han sido designados como valiosos. Esto incluye 186 objetos o conjuntos de objetos designados como 21 Tesoros Nacionales (aproximadamente 4800 artículos), 147 Bienes Culturales Importantes (aproximadamente 20,000 artículos), 16 Bienes Culturales Importantes de la Prefectura de Wakayama (aproximadamente 2850 artículos) y 2 Obras de Arte Importantes . [7] [8]
Tesoros nacionales
Pinturas
En el Reihōkan se almacenan ocho pinturas del Tesoro Nacional propiedad de seis de los templos de Koyasan. Un rollo colgante de 163,6 x 111,2 cm (64,4 x 43,8 pulgadas ) que muestra al Rey Dragón Zennyo (絹本 著色 善 女 竜 王 像, kenpon chakushoku zennyo ryūōzō ) ha sido designado como Tesoro Nacional. Pintado por Jōchi (定 智) en el período Heian 1145 con color sobre seda, el pergamino es propiedad de Kongōbu-ji. [9] [10]
Buddha's Nirvana (絹本 著色 仏 涅槃 図, kenpon chakushoku butsunehanzu ) , propiedad de Kongōbu-ji, es un pergamino colgante a gran escala de 267,6 cm × 271,2 cm (105,4 x 106,8 pulgadas) pintado con color sobre seda. Fechado en 1086, período Heian , es un tipo de pintura del Nirvana ( nehan-zu ) que representa la muerte y la entrada al nirvana del Buda histórico (Shaka). Típico de este niño de pinturas, Shaka aparece acostado en su lecho de muerte rodeado de dolientes. Esta pintura es la más antigua y la mejor de su tipo. [8] [10] [11] [12]
The Portrait of Buddhist monk Gonsō (絹本著色勤操僧正像, kenpon chakushoku gonsō sōshō zō) is a 12th century Heian period hanging scroll owned by Fūmon-in (普門院). The scroll painted in colors on silk measures 166.4 cm × 136.4 cm (65.5 in × 53.7 in). An inscription on the top tells of a wooden sculpture of Gonsō being created after his death by his pupils praying for happiness in the next world and praising Gonsō's learning and virtue.[13][8]
The triptych Coming of Amida Buddha and Saints of the Pure Land (絹本著色阿弥陀聖衆来迎図, kenpon chakushoku amida shōju raigō zu) depicts Amida Nyorai, surrounded by Buddhist saints playing musical instruments, come to greet the spirits of the deceased to escort them to the Pure Land, a topic known as raigō-zu (来迎図). Painted on three hanging scrolls with color on silk, this work dates to around 1200, the turn from the Heian to the Kamakura period and is owned by Yūshi Hachimankō Jūhakkain (有志八幡講十八箇院).[10]
Originally consisting of five scrolls, the mid-Heian period treasure known as Five great Bodhisattvas of strength (絹本著色五大力菩薩像, kenpon chakushoku godairiki bosatsuzō) now consists of only three hanging scrolls after two were destroyed by fire in 1888. Painted with color on silk, the remaining scrolls show Kongōku (金剛吼) (322.8 cm × 179.5 cm (127.1 in × 70.7 in)), Ryūōku (龍王吼) (237.6 cm × 179.5 cm (93.5 in × 70.7 in)) and Muijūrikiku (無畏十力吼) (179.5 cm × 179.5 cm (70.7 in × 70.7 in)). Owned by Yūshi Hachimankō Jūhakkain (有志八幡講十八箇院), they are in custody at the Reihōkan.[14][10]
Ryūkōin (龍光院) owns a 12th century, Heian period hanging scroll painted with color on silk showing the Senchū Yūgen Kannon (絹本著色伝船中湧現観音像, kenpon chakushoku den senchū yūgen kannonzō), a manifestation of Kannon who calms the raging waters. Literally the term Senchū Yūgen means inspired vision while on a boat. It is said that this Kannon appeared to the monk and founder of Shingon Buddhism, Kūkai in 806 while on a boat to China. Having the appearance of a deva and crowned with flowers, Senchū Yūgen Kannon is shown calming the waves with the hands.[10]
A Kamakura period hanging scroll of an Amida Trinity (絹本著色阿弥陀三尊像, kenpon chakushoku amida sansonzō) is held at the museum. Painted with color on silk, the scroll measures 154.0 cm × 135.0 cm (60.6 in × 53.1 in).[15][10]
Ike no Taiga, among the most famous Edo period painters, decorated fusuma sliding partitions with landscape scenes in the nanga style. The designated National Treasure known as Landscape and figures on sliding partitions (紙本著色山水人物図, shihon chakushoku sansui jinbutsuzu) consists of ten paintings with color on paper.[10]
Sculptures
There are two National Treasures in the sculpture category, both owned by Kongōbu-ji. An 8th century Tang dynasty Miniature Buddhist shrine (木造諸尊仏龕, mokuzō shoson butsugan) brought back from China by Kūkai is stored at the museum. This 23.1 cm (9.1 in) sandalwood, natural wood surface (素地,, kiji) carving contains various Buddhist images.[16][8][17]
Six of the group of Eight Attendants of Fudō Myōō (木造八大童子立像, mokuzō hachidai dōji ryūzō), the oldest, dating to 1197 Kamakura period by Unkei are National Treasures: Ekō (慧光), Eki (慧喜), Ukubaga (烏倶婆誐), Shōjō Biku (清浄比丘), Kongara (矜羯羅), Seitaka (制多迦). The remaining two (Anokuda (阿耨達), Shitoku (指徳)) were produced in the 14th century and are not included in this nomination. The group, made of colored hinoki wood with crystal eyes, was formerly enshrined in the Fudō-dō (不動堂). All sculptures are around 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in size, specifically: 96.6 cm (38.0 in) (Ekō), 98.8 cm (38.9 in) (Eki), 95.1 cm (37.4 in) (Ukubaga), 97.1 cm (38.2 in) (Shōjō), 95.6 cm (37.6 in) (Kongara), 103.0 cm (40.6 in) (Seitaka).[8][18][16][17][19]
Crafts
A small Chinese style chest (karabitsu) with maki-e, mother of pearl inlay (澤千鳥螺鈿蒔絵小唐櫃, sawachidori raden makie kokarabitsu) and plover motifs from the 12th century Heian period is the only crafts National Treasure at the museum. The chest is covered with black lacquer and gold dust has been sprinkled to form the image of plovers playing in the marsh. It is thought that the chest was once used to store Buddhist scriptures.[20]
Writings
Koyasan Reihōkan holds ten National Treasures related to writing, including six that are copies of sutras or sets of sutras, one religious study, two Japanese manuscripts of parts of the Wenguan cilin and one large set of ancient documents related to Mount Kōya.
- Buddhist writings
- Sutras
Known as Complete Buddhist scriptures in gold and silver letters (金銀字一切経, kinginji issaikyō) or Chūson-ji Sutras (中尊寺経, Chūson-ji kyō) is a large-scale collection of sutras, Buddhist regulations and sutra explanations initiated by Fujiwara no Kiyohira; dedicated to Chūson-ji and later presented to Kongōbu-ji by Toyotomi Hidetsugu. The articles are decorated with various pictures in gold and silver paint. A set of 15 similar scrolls that were part of the same collection remained at Chūson-ji and are part of another National Treasure. The items date to the Heian period from the second month 1117 to the third month 1126. In total there are 4,296 items: handscrolls with gold and silver letters on indigo blue paper.[21][8]
There are several National Treasures related to copies of specific sutras, including 18 handscrolls of the Fukū Kenjaku Shinpen Shingon Sutra (不空羂索神変真言経, fukū kenjaku shinpen shingonkyō) from the 8th century Nara period held by Sanbō-in (三宝院); seven scrolls of the Lotus Sutra in large characters (大字法華経, daiji hokekyō) (vol. 3 missing) from Ryūkō-in (龍光院) also from the 8th century, and one scroll, vol. 6 of the Lotus Sutra (法華経, hokekyō) from the Heian period owned by Kongōbu-ji. The latter is notable for being written on colored paper.Ryūkō-in (龍光院) owns two treasures of the Konkōmyō Saishōō Sutra from the 8th century Nara period: one, consisting of ten scrolls and known as Konkōmyō Saishōō Sutra with gilt letters (紫紙金字金光明最勝王経, shishikinji konkōmyō saishōōkyō) was one of the sutras enshrined in the state-sponsored "Temples for the Protection of the State by the Golden Light (of the) Four Heavenly Kings" founded by Emperor Shōmu. The other, Konkōmyō Saishōō Sutra in minute characters (細字金光明最勝王経, saiji konkōmyō saishōōkyō), consisting of two scroll is unusual in having 34 characters per line instead of the usual 17.[21][8]
- Treatises, commentaries
Written in 797 by the 24 year old monk and founder of Shingon Buddhism, Kūkai (Kōbō-Daishi), with the aim of affirming the superiority of Buddhism, the Rōkoshiiki (聾瞽指帰, Indications of the Teaching of the Three Religions) or Sangō Shiiki is a comparative study of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. The two scrolls at the museum are written in Kūkai's own handwriting and measure 28.3 cm × 1,011 cm (11.1 in × 398.0 in) (18 pages) and 28.3 cm × 1,176 cm (11.1 in × 463.0 in) (21 pages)).
- Chinese books
Shōchi-in (正智院) and Hōju-in (宝寿院) own Japanese manuscripts of parts of the Wenguan Cilin (文館詞林, Bunkan shirin, lit. "Forest of officials' poems and prose"), a Tang Dynasty imperial poetry collection. Other manuscripts of this work had been lost in China as early as the 9th century. The treasure from Shōchi-in amounts to twelve scrolls from the Tang Dynasty and Heian period, 677–823; the one from Hōju-in consists of a single scroll.[21][8]
- Ancient documents
A large set of documents on the history, territory, function, and other aspects of life at Mount Kōya from the Heian period – Azuchi-Momoyama period has been designated as National Treasure in the category ancient documents. This treasure consists of three parts: Hōkanshū (宝簡集), Zoku Hōkanshū (続宝簡集), Yūzoku Hōkanshū (又続宝簡集), consisting of 54/77/167 rolled scrolls and 0/6/9 bound double-leaved (袋とじ, fukuro-toji) books respectively. Included in this collection are letters of notable historical figures such as Minamoto no Yoritomo, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Saigyō Hōshi.[21][8]
Ver también
- List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures)
- List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)
- List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: others)
- List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Chinese books)
- List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: others)
- List of National Treasures of Japan (ancient documents)
Referencias
- ^ Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan. 4. Kōdansha. 1983. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-8701-1620-9.
- ^ Koyasan Reihokan Museum (PDF) (museum pamphlet), Koyasan Reihōkan, retrieved 2017-05-09
- ^ "考古" [Ancient items]. Koyasan Reihōkan Museum (in Japanese). Koyasan Reihōkan. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
- ^ a b c d Nicoloff, Philip L. Sacred Koyasan: A Pilgrimage to the Mountain Temple of Saint Kobo Daishi and the Great Sun Buddha. SUNY Press. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-0-7914-7929-2.
- ^ a b "概要" [Outline]. Koyasan Reihōkan Museum (in Japanese). Koyasan Reihōkan. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
- ^ a b "設立と沿革" [Foundation and history]. Koyasan Reihōkan Museum (in Japanese). Koyasan Reihōkan. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
- ^ "収蔵品紹介" [Collection]. Koyasan Reihōkan Museum (in Japanese). Koyasan Reihōkan. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i 国指定文化財 データベース [Database of National Cultural Properties] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
- ^ Zennyo ryuuou, JAANUS (Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System), retrieved 2009-12-05
- ^ a b c d e f g "絵画" [Paintings]. Koyasan Reihōkan Museum (in Japanese). Koyasan Reihōkan. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
- ^ 絹本著色仏涅槃図 [Buddha's Nirvana, color on silk] (in Japanese), Nara National Museum, archived from the original on 2011-07-19, retrieved 2009-09-19
- ^ Nehan-zu, JAANUS (Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System), retrieved 2009-12-05
- ^ 普門院縁起 [Origin of Fūmon-in] (in Japanese), Fūmon-in, archived from the original on 2010-07-21, retrieved 2011-09-24
- ^ godairiki bosatsu, JAANUS (Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System), retrieved 2009-12-05
- ^ 絵画‐古寺散策 [Paintings, strolling around old temples], Rakugaki-an, 2009, archived from the original on 2011-07-20, retrieved 2009-11-03
- ^ a b 仏教索引 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-06-14.
- ^ a b "彫刻" [Sculptures]. Koyasan Reihōkan Museum (in Japanese). Koyasan Reihōkan. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
- ^ Mary Neighbour Parent (2001). "JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System". Japanese Architectural and Art Historical Terminology (online ed.). Retrieved 2009-04-20.
- ^ Ogawa, Seki & Yamazaki 2009, pp. 658–665
- ^ "工芸" [Crafts]. Koyasan Reihōkan Museum (in Japanese). Koyasan Reihōkan. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
- ^ a b c d "書跡" [Writings]. Koyasan Reihōkan Museum (in Japanese). Koyasan Reihōkan. Retrieved 2017-05-09.
Bibliography
- Ogawa, Kouzou; Seki, Nobuko; Yamazaki, Takayuki (2009). 仏像. 山溪カラー名鑑 (in Japanese) (2nd ed.). 1-19-13 Akasaka Minato-ku Tokyo Japan: YAMA-KEI. ISBN 978-4-635-09031-5.CS1 maint: location (link).
enlaces externos
- [1]
- [2]
- [3]