The following is a list of rulers during the history of Bavaria. Bavaria was ruled by several dukes and kings, partitioned and reunited, under several dynasties. Since 1949, Bavaria has been a democratic state in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Rulers of Bavaria
Ducal Bavaria (also known as the "Old Stem duchy")
Agilolfing Dynasty
Around 548 the kings of the Franks placed the border region of Bavaria under the administration of a duke — possibly Frankish or possibly chosen from amongst the local leading families — who was supposed to act as a regional governor for the Frankish king. The first duke we know of, and likely the first, was Gariwald, or Garibald I, a member of the powerful Agilolfing family. This was the beginning of a series of Agilolfing dukes that was to last until 788.
Name | Image | Title | Start term | End term | Part | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garibald I | Duke of Bavaria | 555 (c.) | 591 | Some sources call him "King of the Bavarians".[1] | ||
Tassilo I | Duke of Bavaria | 591 (c.) | 610 | Named rex (king) at his ascension. | ||
Garibald II | Duke of Bavaria | 610 (c.) | 630 | |||
Theodo | Duke of Bavaria | 680 (c.) | 716 (?) | By the time of Theodo, who died in 716 or 717, the Bavarian duchy had achieved complete independence from the Frankish kings. Theodo's sons divided the duchy, but by 719 the rule had returned to Grimoald. | ||
Theodbert | Duke | 702 (c.) | 719 | Salzburg | Son of Theodo. | |
Theobald | Duke | 711 (c.) | 719 | Parts of Bavaria | Son of Theodo. | |
Tassilo II | Duke | 716 (c.) | 719 | Passau | Son of Theodo. | |
Grimoald | Duke | 716 (c.) | 725 | Freising | Son of Theodo, later ruling all of Bavaria. | |
Hugbert | Duke | 725 | 737 | Son of Theudbert. In 725(?), Charles Martel, ruler in fact though not in name of the Frankish realm, reasserted royal supremacy over Bavaria, defeating and killing Grimoald and annexing portions of Bavaria during the rule of Hugbert. | ||
Odilo | 737 | 748 | Son of Gotfrid. | |||
Grifo | 748 | 748 | Carolingian Usurper. | |||
Tassilo III | Duke of Bavaria | 748 | 788 | In 757 Tassilo III recognized the suzerainty of the Frankish kings Pippin III and did homage to Charlemagne in 781, and again in 787, while pursued an independent policy. In 788, Charlemagne had Tassilo sentenced to death on a charge of treason. Tassilo, granted pardon, entered a monastery and formally renounced his duchy at Frankfurt am Main in 794. |
Carolingian dynasty and dominion from the Holy Roman Empire
The kings (later emperors) of the Franks now assumed complete control, placing Bavaria under the rule of non-hereditary governors and civil servants. They were not dukes but rather kings of Bavaria. Emperor Louis the Pious divided control of the Empire among his sons, and the divisions became permanent in the decades following his death in 840. The Frankish rulers controlled Bavaria as part of their possessions.
Name | Image | Title | Start term | End term | Part | Note | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charlemagne | Emperor | 788 | 814 | Prefects of Bavaria: Gerold (794–799) and Audulf (799–818) | |||
Louis the Pious | Emperor | 814 | 826 | In 814, Louis appointed his eldest son Lothair I as governor of Bavaria. In 817, Louis bestowed Bavaria upon his other son, Louis the German, who took charge of the province in 826, as King of Bavaria. | |||
Louis the German | King of Bavaria | 826 | 865 | In 826, Louis started to rule as King of Bavaria, subordinate to his father, until the latter's death in 840. From 843, Bavaria was merged in Louis the German's Kingdom of East Francia. In 864, Louis the German gave control of Bavaria to his son Carloman, and died in 876. Louis' two younger sons, Louis and Charles — the latter of whom briefly recovered control of all the Frankish possessions — ruled Bavaria in succession after Carloman. | |||
Carloman | King of Bavaria | 864 | 880 | Eldest son of Louis the German. | |||
Louis the Younger | King of Bavaria | 880 | 882 | Son of Louis the German. | |||
Charles the Fat | King of Bavaria | 882 | 887 | Youngest son of Louis the German. Carloman's bastard son, Arnulf of Carinthia, rebelled against Charles and took power in eastern Francia shortly before Charles' death. | |||
Arnulf of Carinthia | King of Bavaria | 887 | 899 | Son of Carloman. | |||
Louis the Child | King of Bavaria | 899 | 911 | Son of Arnulf of Carinthia. | |||
Engeldeo | Margrave of Bavaria | 890 | 895 | Non-dynastic. Deprived of his title marchio Baioariorum and replaced by Luitpold. |
Ducal Bavaria (also known as the "Younger Stem duchy")
Ruled by an array of dukes from an array of rivaling houses, individually appointed to office
Luitpolding dynasty, 911–947
- Luitpolding dynasty
Luitpold, founder of the Luitpolding dynasty, was not a duke of Bavaria but a margrave of Carinthia under the rule of Louis the Child. Frankish power had waned in the region due to Hungarian attacks, allowing the local rulers greater independence. Luitpold's son, Arnulf, claimed the title of duke (implying full autonomy) in 911 and was recognized as such by King Henry the Fowler of Germany in 920.
German kings, 947–1070
- Ottonian dynasty Salian dynasty
From 947 until the 11th century, the kings of Germany repeatedly transferred Bavaria into different hands (including their own), never allowing any one family to establish itself. Bavaria was ruled by a series of short-lasting, mostly unrelated dynasties.
Houses of Welf and Babenberg, 1070–1180
- Houses of Welf and Babenberg
In 1070, Emperor Henry IV deposed Duke Otto, granting the duchy instead to Welf I, a member of the Italo-Bavarian family of Este. Welf I subsequently quarreled with King Henry and was deprived of his duchy for nineteen years, during which it was directly administered by the German crown. Welf I recovered the duchy in 1096, and was succeeded by his sons Welf II and Henry IX — the latter was succeeded by his son Henry X, who also became Duke of Saxony.
Name | Image | Title | Start term | End term | House | Part | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Luitpold | Margrave of Bavaria | 895 | 907 | Luitpolding | |||
Arnulf the Bad | Duke of Bavaria | 907 | 920 | Luitpolding | Son of Luitpold. Arnulf the Bad claimed the title of duke — implying full autonomy — in 911, and was recognized as such by King Henry the Fowler in 920. | ||
Eberhard | Duke of Bavaria | 937 | 938 | Luitpolding | |||
Berthold | Duke of Bavaria | 938 | 947 | Luitpolding | Younger son of Luitpold. The German King Otto I reasserted central authority, banishing Arnulf's son Eberhard and re-granting the title to Berthold, a younger son of Luitpold. | ||
Henry I | Duke of Bavaria | 947 | 955 | Ottonian | Son of Henry the Fowler. On Berthold's death, Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, gave the duchy to his own brother Henry (I), who was also Arnulf the Bad's son-in-law. | ||
Henry II the Quarrelsome | Duke of Bavaria | 955 | 976 | Ottonian | Henry II made war upon his cousin, Emperor Otto II, and was deprived of his duchy in 976 in favor of his cousin Otto, Duke of Swabia (who now acquired two dukedoms). | ||
Otto I | Duke of Bavaria | 976 | 982 | Ottonian | |||
Henry III the Younger | Duke of Bavaria | 983 | 985 | Luitpolding | Bavaria was given to Berthold's son Henry III, briefly restoring the Luitpolding dynasty. Henry III exchanged Bavaria for Carinthia, and Henry II received Bavaria again. | ||
Henry II the Quarrelsome | Duke of Bavaria | 985 | 995 | Ottonian | Restored | ||
Henry IV | Duke of Bavaria | 995 | 1004 | Ottonian | Son of Henry II the Quarrelsome. Henry IV was elected as Holy Roman Emperor Henry II, who gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law Henry V, Count of Luxemburg in 1004. | ||
Henry V | Duke of Bavaria | 1004 | 1009 | Luxemburg | Son of Siegfried of Luxembourg. | ||
Henry IV | Duke of Bavaria | 1009 | 1017 | Ottonian | Henry IV reasserted direct control. | ||
Henry V | Duke of Bavaria | 1017 | 1026 | Luxemburg | Son of Siegfried of Luxembourg. Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Germany, gave Bavaria to his son Henry VI after the death of Henry V in 1026. | ||
Henry VI the Black | Duke of Bavaria | 1026 | 1042 | Salian | Son of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor. Later Henry was elected as Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, and became King of Germany in 1039. | ||
Henry VII | Duke of Bavaria | 1042 | 1047 | Luxemburg | Son of Frederick of Luxembourg. In 1042, Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, granted the duchy to Henry VII, Count of Luxemburg, nephew of Henry V. | ||
Conrad I (Kuno) | Duke of Bavaria | 1049 | 1053 | Ezzonen | Son of Liudolf of Lotharingia. After Henry VII's death, the dukedom was vacant for a couple of years. Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, then gave the duchy to Kuno, Count of Zütphen, in 1049. Kuno was deposed in 1053. | ||
Henry VIII | Duke of Bavaria | 1053 | 1054 | Salian | Son of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. During his reign in Bavaria Henry VIII was a minor (born 1050). In 1056 he became King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor as Henry IV in 1084. | ||
Conrad II | Duke of Bavaria | 1054 | 1055 | Salian | (minor, born 1052, died 1055) Son of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor | ||
Henry VIII | Duke of Bavaria | 1055 | 1061 | Salian | (minor: born 1050) Son of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Henry VIII became King of Germany (1056) and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor in 1084. | ||
Otto II | Duke of Bavaria | 1061 | 1070 | Nordheim | In 1061 Empress Agnes — the 11-year-old King Henry IV's mother and regent — entrusted the duchy to Otto of Nordheim. | ||
Welf I | Duke of Bavaria | 1070 | 1077 | Welf | Welf I subsequently quarreled with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and was deprived of his duchy for nineteen years, during which it was directly administered by the German crown. | ||
Henry VIII | Duke of Bavaria | 1077 | 1096 | Salian | (minor: born 1050) Son of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Henry VIII became King of Germany (1056) and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor in 1084. | ||
Welf I | Duke of Bavaria | 1096 | 1101 | Welf | Welf I recovered the duchy in 1096. | ||
Welf II | Duke of Bavaria | 1101 | 1120 | Welf | Son of Welf I | ||
Henry IX the Black | Duke of Bavaria | 1120 | 1126 | Welf | Son of Welf I. Abdicated. | ||
Henry X the Proud | Duke of Bavaria | 1126 | 1138 | Welf | Son of Henry IX the Black. In a power struggle with King Conrad III of Germany, Henry X lost his duchy to the King, who granted it to his follower Leopold Margrave of Austria. | ||
Leopold I | Duke of Bavaria | 1139 | 1141 | Babenberg | When Leopold died, Conrad III of Germany resumed the duchy and granted it to Leopold's brother Henry XI. | ||
Henry XI Jasomirgott | Duke of Bavaria | 1143 | 1156 | Babenberg | Brother of Leopold. | ||
Henry XII the Lion | Duke of Bavaria | 1156 | 1180 | Welf | When Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, became king of Germany, he restored Bavaria to the Welf line in the person of Henry X's son, Henry XII the Lion, Duke of Saxony. |
Ducal Bavaria (Hereditary dukes)
In 1180, Henry XII the Lion and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, fell out. The emperor consequently dispossessed the duke and gave his territory to Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach. From now on, Bavaria remained in the possession of various branches of the family for 738 years until the end of the First World War.
First partition, 1253–1340
In 1253, on Otto II's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria and Louis of Upper Bavaria. From this point until the beginning of the 16th century, the territories were frequently divided between brothers, making the Dukes difficult to list.
In Lower Bavaria, Henry XIII was succeeded by his three sons, Otto III, Louis III, and Stephen I ruling jointly. Otto III's successor in the joint dukedom was his son Henry XV. Stephen's successors were his sons Otto IV and Henry XIV. Henry XIV's son was John I.
In Upper Bavaria, Louis II was succeeded by his sons Rudolf I and Louis IV. The latter was elected King of Germany in 1314. After John I's death in 1340, Louis IV unified the Bavarian duchy.
The dukes of Upper Bavaria served also as Counts Palatinate of the Rhine. In 1329 Louis IV released the Palatinate of the Rhine including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to the sons of Rudolf I. The Upper Palatinate would be reunited with Bavaria in 1623, the Lower Palatinate in 1777.
Second partition 1349–1503
From 1349 until 1503 the second partition of Bavaria took place. In 1349, the six sons of Louis IV partitioned Bavaria into Upper and Lower Bavaria again. In 1353, Lower Bavaria was partitioned into Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing. Upper Bavaria was partitioned between Bavaria-Straubing and Bavaria-Landshut in 1363. After the death of Stephan II in 1392, Bavaria-Landshut was broken into three duchies, John II gained Bavaria-Munich, Frederick, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut received a smaller Bavaria-Landshut, and in Bavaria-Ingolstadt ruled Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria.
Following the Landshut War (1503–1505), the Duke of Bavaria-Munich Albert IV the Wise became ruler of Bavaria. In 1506 Albert decreed that the duchy should pass according to the rules of primogeniture.
In 1623 Maximilian I was granted the title Prince-elector (German: Kurfürst) of the Rhenish Palatinate.
House of Wittelsbach
Partitions of Bavaria under Wittelsbach rule
Duchy of Bavaria (1180–1253) | ||||||||
Lower Bavaria (1st creation) (1253–1340) | Upper Bavaria (1st creation) (1253–1340) | |||||||
Duchy of Bavaria (Upper line) (1340–1349) | ||||||||
Lower Bavaria (2nd creation) (1349–1353) | Upper Bavaria (2nd creation) (1349–1363) (divided among the other duchies) | |||||||
Landshut (1353–1503) | ||||||||
Straubing (1353–1432) (divided among the other duchies) | ||||||||
Munich (1392–1503) | Ingolstadt (1392–1445) | |||||||
Dachau (1467–1501) | ||||||||
Duchy of Bavaria (Munich line) (1503–1623) |
Table of rulers
(Note: Here the numbering of the dukes is the same for all duchies, as all were titled Dukes of Bavaria, despite of the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers. The dukes are numbered by the year of their succession.)
Ruler | Born | Reign | Death | Ruling part | Consort | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Otto III the Redhead | 1117 | 1180–1183 | 11 July 1183 | Bavaria | Agnes of Loon 1169 eleven children | In 1180 Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor gave Bavaria to Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach. | |
Agnes of Loon (regent) | 1150 | 1183–1189 | 1191 | Bavaria | Otto III the Redhead 1169 eleven children | Regent on behalf of her son, Louis I. She managed to secure the inheritance of her son. | |
Louis I the Kelheimer | 23 December 1173 | 1189–1231 | 15 September 1231 | Bavaria | Ludmilla of Bohemia 1204 one child | Son of Otto III. Louis obtained the Palatinate of the Rhine in 1214. So Louis I served also as Count Palatine of the Rhine. He was assassinated 1231. | |
Otto IV the Illustrious | 7 April 1206 | 1231–1253 | 29 November 1253 | Bavaria | Agnes of the Palatinate 1222 Worms eleven children | Otto IV served also as Count Palatine of the Rhine. On Otto IV's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. Henry became duke of Lower Bavaria, and Louis of Upper Bavaria. From this point until the beginning of the 16th century, the territories were frequently divided between brothers. | |
Henry XIII | 19 November 1235 | 1253–1290 | 3 February 1290 | Lower Bavaria | Elizabeth of Hungary 1250 ten children | Son of Otto IV. After the partition of 1253, received Lower Bavaria. | |
Louis II the Strict | 13 April 1229 | 1253–1294 | 2 February 1294 | Upper Bavaria | Maria of Brabant 2 August 1254 (executed) no children Anna of Głogów 1260 two children Matilda of Austria 24 October 1273 four children | Son of Otto IV. After the partition of 1253, received Upper Bavaria. | |
Otto V | 11 February 1261 | 1290–1312 | 9 November 1312 | Lower Bavaria | Catherine of Austria January 1279 two children Anna of Głogów 18 May 1309 two children | Sons of Henry XIII, ruled jointly. In 1305 Otto became also King of Hungary and Croatia, as grandson of Béla IV of Hungary. | |
Louis III | 9 October 1269 | 1290–1296 | 9 October 1296 | Lower Bavaria | Isabella of Lorraine 1287 no children | ||
Stephen I | 14 March 1271 | 1290–1310 | 10 December 1310 | Lower Bavaria | Judith of Świdnica-Jawor 1299 eight children | ||
Matilda of Austria (regent) | 1253 | 1294–1296 | 23 December 1304 | Upper Bavaria | Louis II the Strict 24 October 1273 four children | Widow of Louis II. Regent on behalf of her sons. | |
Rudolph I the Stammerer | 4 October 1274 | 1296–1317 | 12 August 1319 | Upper Bavaria | Matilda of Nassau 1 September 1294 Nuremberg six children | Ruled jointly with his brother Louis IV. In 1317 Rudolph abdicated of his rights to his brother, who in 1328 was elected Holy Roman Emperor, and in 1340 reunited Bavaria. | |
Henry XIV the Elder | 29 September 1305 | 1312–1339 | 1 September 1339 | Lower Bavaria | Margaret of Bohemia 12 August 1328 two children | Sons of Stephen I (Henry XIV and Otto VI) and Otto V (Henry XV), ruled jointly. | |
Otto VI | 3 January 1307 | 1312–1334 | 14 December 1334 | Lower Bavaria | Richardis of Jülich 1330 one child | ||
Henry XV the Natternberger | 28 August 1312 | 1312–1333 | 18 June 1333 | Lower Bavaria | Anna of Austria between 1326 and 1328 no children | ||
John I the Child | 29 November 1329 | 1339–1340 | 20 December 1340 | Lower Bavaria | Anna of Upper Bavaria 18 April 1339 Munich no children | Left no male heirs, which allowed his cousin (and brother-in-law) Louis to reunite the Bavarian lands. | |
Louis IV the Bavarian | 5 April 1282 | 1296–1340 | 11 October 1347 | Upper Bavaria | Beatrice of Świdnica-Jawor 14 October 1308 six children Margaret II, Countess of Holland-Hainaut 26 February 1324 Cologne ten children | Co-ruled with his brother Rudolf I until 1317 — then alone. Louis IV was elected King of Germany in 1314. In the Treaty of Pavia (1329) Louis IV released the Palatinate of the Rhine including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to the sons of Rudolf I. After John I the Child's death in 1340, Louis IV unified the Bavarian duchy. | |
1340–1347 | Bavaria | ||||||
Louis V the Brandenburger | May 1315 | 1347–1349 | 18 September 1361 | Bavaria | Margaret of Denmark 1324 no children Margaret, Countess of Tyrol 10 February 1342 Meran four children | The six sons of Louis IV, ruled jointly until 1349, when they divided the land: Louis V, Louis VI and Otto VII kept Upper Bavaria; William, Albert and Stephen Lower Bavaria. In 1351 Louis VI and Otto gave up their inheritance in Bavaria, in exchange of the Electoral dignity in Brandenburg. Having lost the Electorate of Brandenburg in 1373, Otto returned to Bavaria to claim new inheritance, and shared the part of Stephen II's sons (his nephews) in Landshut. In Lower Bavaria, the three brothers divided the land again in 1353: Stephen kept Landshut, William and Albert shared Straubing, and from 1389 the two shared Straubing also with Albert I's son, Albert II. | |
1349–1361 | Upper Bavaria | ||||||
Louis VI the Roman | 7 May 1328 | 1347–1349 | 17 May 1365 | Bavaria | Cunigunde of Poland before 1349 no children Ingeborg of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1360 no children | ||
1349–1351 | Upper Bavaria | ||||||
Otto VII the Lazy | 1340/42 | 1347–1349 | 15 November 1379 | Bavaria | Catherine of Bohemia 19 March 1366 no children | ||
1349–1351 | Upper Bavaria | ||||||
1375–1379 | Bavaria-Landshut | ||||||
Stephen II the Representative | 1319 | 1347–1349 | 13 May 1375 | Bavaria | Elisabeth of Sicily 27 June 1328 four children Margaret of Nuremberg 14 February 1359 three children | ||
1349–1353 | Lower Bavaria | ||||||
1353–1375 | Bavaria-Landshut | ||||||
William I the Mad | 12 May 1330 | 1347–1349 | 15 April 1389 | Bavaria | Matilda of England 1352 London no children | ||
1349–1353 | Lower Bavaria | ||||||
1353–1389 | Bavaria-Straubing | ||||||
Albert I | 25 July 1336 | 1347–1349 | 13 December 1404 | Bavaria | Margaret of Brzeg after 19 July 1353 Passau seven children Margaret of Clèves 1394 Heusden no children | ||
1349–1353 | Lower Bavaria | ||||||
1353–1404 | Bavaria-Straubing | ||||||
Albert II | 1368 | 1389–1397 | 21 January 1397 | Bavaria-Straubing | Unmarried | ||
Meinhard I | 9 February 1344 | 1361–1363 | 13 January 1363 | Upper Bavaria | Margaret of Austria 4 September 1359 Passau no children | Left no male descendants. After his death Upper Bavaria was divided between Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing. | |
Definitively annexed by Bavaria-Landshut (1/2) and Bavaria-Straubing (1/2) | |||||||
Frederick I the Wise | 1339 | 1375–1393 | 4 December 1393 | Bavaria-Landshut | Anna of Neuffen 1360 one child Maddalena Visconti 2 September 1381 five children | Ruled jointly. Shared rule, until 1379, with their uncle Otto VII. In 1392 the brothers divided the land once more. Frederick retained Landshut, Stephen kept Ingolstadt and John received Munich. | |
Stephen III the Magnificent | 1337 | 1375–1392 | 26 September 1413 | Bavaria-Landshut | Taddea Visconti 13 October 1364 two children Anna of Neuffen 16 January 1401 Cologne no children | ||
1392–1413 | Bavaria-Landshut-Ingolstadt | ||||||
John II | 1341 | 1375–1392 | 14 June/1 July 1397 | Bavaria-Landshut | Catherine of Gorizia 1372 three children | ||
1392–1397 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | ||||||
Henry XVI the Rich | 1386 | 1393–1450 | 30 July 1450 | Bavaria-Landshut | Margaret of Austria 25 November 1412 Landshut six children | Annexed Ingolstadt in 1445. | |
Ernest | 1373 | 1397–1438 | 14 June/1 July 1397 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Elisabetta Visconti 26 January 1395 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm four children | Ruled jointly. | |
William III | 1375 | 1397–1435 | 12 September 1435 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Margaret of Cleves 1433 two children | ||
William II | 5 April 1365 | 1404–1417 | 31 May 1417 | Bavaria-Straubing | Margaret of Burgundy 12 April 1385 Cambrai one child | Eldest son of Albert I. | |
Louis VII the Bearded | 1368 | 1413–1443 | 1 May 1447 | Bavaria-Landshut-Ingolstadt | Anne de Bourbon-La Marche 1 October 1402 two children Catherine of Alençon 1413 two children | Imprisoned by his son, who was allied with Henry XVI. Died in prison. | |
Jacqueline | 15 July 1401 | 1417–1432 | 8 October 1436 | Bavaria-Straubing | John, Dauphin of France 6 August 1415 The Hague no children John IV, Duke of Brabant 10 March 1418 The Hague (dubious annulment in 1422) no children Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 7 March 1423 Hadleigh (secretly; dubious annulment in 1428) no children Frank van Borssele 1434 no children | Contested by her uncle, John III in 1432 abdicated of all her titles and lands. Straubing therefore was divided between its neighbours. | |
John III the Pitiless (opponent) | 1374 | 1417–1425 | 6 January 1425 | Bavaria-Straubing | Elizabeth I, Duchess of Luxembourg 11418 no children | Son of Albert I. Contested Jacqueline until his death 1425. | |
Definitively annexed by the remaining Bavarian duchies | |||||||
Albert III | 27 March 1401 | 1438–1460 | 29 February 1460 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Agnes Bernauer c. 1432? (morganatic) no children Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen 22 January 1437 Munich ten children | Son of Ernest. | |
Louis VIII the Hunchback | 1 September 1403 | 1443–1445 | 7 April 1445 | Bavaria-Landshut-Ingolstadt | Unmarried | After his death Ingolstadt was annexed by Landshut. | |
Definitively annexed by Bavaria-Landshut | |||||||
Louis IX the Rich | 23 February 1417 | 1450–1479 | 18 January 1479 | Bavaria-Landshut | Amalia of Saxony 21 March 1452 Landshut four children | ||
John IV | 4 October 1437 | 1460–1463 | 18 November 1463 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Unmarried | Son of Albert III, ruled jointly with his brothers Sigismund and Albert IV. | |
Sigismund | 26 July 1439 | 1460–1467 | 1 February 1501 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Unmarried | In 1467, Sigismund created a smaller duchy with its center in Dachau, but left no descendants, and this duchy was merged again in Bavaria-Munich after his death. | |
1467–1501 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich-Dachau | ||||||
Definitively annexed by Bavaria-Munich | |||||||
George I the Rich | 15 August 1455 | 1479–1503 | 1 December 1503 | Bavaria-Landshut | Hedwig of Poland 14 November 1475 Landshut five children | Left no male descendants at his death. His duchy was annexed to Bavaria-Munich, which reunited the Bavarian duchy. | |
Albert IV the Wise | 15 December 1447 | 1460–1503 | 18 March 1508 | Bavaria-Landshut-Munich | Kunigunde of Austria 3 January 1487 Munich seven children | Co-ruled with his brothers John IV and Sigismund. Reunited the duchy in 1503. In 1506 Albert decreed that the duchy should pass according to the rules of primogeniture. | |
1503–1508 | Bavaria | ||||||
William IV the Steadfast | 13 November 1493 | 1508–1550 | 7 March 1550 | Bavaria | Jakobaea of Baden 5 October 1522 Munich four children | Sons of Albert IV, the last Bavarian pair of brothers ruling together. | |
Louis X | 18 September 1495 | 1516–1545 | 22 April 1545 | Bavaria | Unmarried | ||
Albert V the Magnanimous | 29 February 1528 | 1550–1579 | 24 October 1579 | Bavaria | Anna of Austria 4 July 1546 Regensburg seven children | ||
William V the Pious | 29 September 1548 | 1579–1597 | 7 February 1626 | Bavaria | Renata of Lorraine 22 February 1568 Munich ten children | ||
Maximilian I the Great | 17 April 1573 | 1597–1623 | 27 September 1651 | Bavaria | Elisabeth of Lorraine 9 February 1595 Nancy no children Maria Anna of Austria 15 July 1635 Vienna two children | Son of William V. Maximilian I, was an ally of Emperor Ferdinand II in the Thirty Years' War. When the Elector of the Palatinate, Frederick V, head of a senior branch of the Wittelsbachs, became involved in the war against the Emperor, he was stripped of his Imperial offices and the Prince-elector title. Maximilian I was granted the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1623. |
Electorate of Bavaria
Name | Image | Title | Start term | End term | House | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximilian I | Prince-elector of Bavaria | 25 February 1623 | 27 September 1651 | Wittelsbach | In 1648, Frederick of the Palatinate's heir was restored to his Rhenish territory — but not to the Oberpfalz ceded to Bavaria — together with a new Electorate; Maximilian retained the Electorate granted him in 1623. | |
Ferdinand Maria | Prince-elector of Bavaria | 27 September 1651 | 26 May 1679 | Wittelsbach | Son of Maximilian I. 1651–1654 under regency of his uncle Albert VI of Bavaria. | |
Maximilian II Emanuel | Prince-elector of Bavaria | 26 May 1679 | 26 February 1726 | Wittelsbach | Son of Ferdinand Maria and Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy. Maximilian II took part in the War of the Spanish Succession on the side of France, against the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. He was accordingly forced to flee Bavaria following the Battle of Blenheim and deprived of his Electorate on 29 April 1706. He regained his Electorate in 1714 by the Peace of Baden and ruled until 1726. | |
Charles Albert Karl Albrecht | Prince-elector of Bavaria | 26 February 1726 | 20 January 1745 | Wittelsbach | Son of Maximilian II Emanuel. Charles Albert once again took on the House of Habsburg in the War of the Austrian Succession, again in combination with France, succeeding so far as to be elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1742 (as Charles VII). However, the Austrians occupied Bavaria (1742–1744), and the Emperor died shortly after returning to Munich. | |
Maximilian III Joseph | Prince-elector of Bavaria | 20 January 1745 | 30 December 1777 | Wittelsbach | Son of Charles Albert. Maximilian III, who had no children, was the last of the direct Bavarian Wittelsbach line descended from Louis IV. He was succeeded by the Elector of the Palatinate, Charles Theodore, who thereby regained their old titles for the senior Wittelsbach line — descended from Louis IV's older brother Rudolf I. | |
Charles Theodore Karl Theodor | Elector of the Palatinate | 30 December 1777 | 16 February 1799 | Wittelsbach | Son of John Christian, Count Palatine of Sulzbach and Marie Anne Henriëtte Leopoldine de La Tour d'Auvergne. Distant cousin of Maximilian III; Elector Palatine from 1743. Charles Theodore was also childless, and was succeeded by a distant cousin, the Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Maximilian IV Joseph — later King Maximilian I. | |
Maximilian IV Joseph | Elector of the Palatinate | 16 February 1799 | 6 August 1806 | Wittelsbach | Son of Count Palatine Frederick Michael of Zweibrücken. Distant cousin of Charles Theodore; Count Palatine of Zweibrücken from 1795. In the chaos of the wars of the French Revolution, the old order of the Holy Roman Empire collapsed. In the course of these events, Bavaria became once again the ally of France, and Maximilian IV Joseph became King Maximilian I of Bavaria — whilst remaining Prince-Elector and Arch-steward of the Holy Roman Empire until 6 August 1806, when the Holy Roman Empire was abolished. |
Kingdom of Bavaria
In 1805 under the Peace of Pressburg between the Napoleonic France and the Holy Roman Empire several duchies were elevated to kingdoms. The Wittelsbach rulers of Bavaria held the title King of Bavaria from 1806 until 1918. The prince-elector of Bavaria, Maximilian IV Joseph formally assumed the title King Maximilian I of Bavaria on 1 January 1806. The well-known so called Märchenkönig (Fairy tale king) Ludwig II constructed Neuschwanstein Castle, Herrenchiemsee, and Linderhof Palace during his reign (1864–1886), threatening not only to go bankrupt in person, but also to bankrupt the country in the process. In 1918 Ludwig III lost his throne in the German Revolution of 1918–1919.
Name | Image | Title | Start term | End term | House | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximilian I | King of Bavaria | 1 January 1806 | 13 October 1825 | Wittelsbach | see above | |
Ludwig I | King of Bavaria | 13 October 1825 | 20 March 1848 | Wittelsbach | Son of Maximilian I Joseph. Abdicated in the Revolutions of 1848 | |
Maximilian II | King of Bavaria | 20 March 1848 | 10 March 1864 | Wittelsbach | Son of Ludwig I | |
Ludwig II | King of Bavaria | 10 March 1864 | 13 June 1886 | Wittelsbach | Son of Maximilian II Ludwig II was called the Märchenkönig (Fairy tale king). He grudgingly acceded to Bavaria becoming a component of the German Empire in 1871, was declared insane in 1886.[2] | |
Otto | King of Bavaria | 13 June 1886 | 5 November 1913 | Wittelsbach | Brother of Ludwig II and son of Maximilian II. From a mathematical, calendrical point of view, his marked the longest "reign" amongst the Kings of Bavaria. However, Otto was mentally ill since teenhood and throughout all of his later life, hence the royal functions had to be carried out by the following princes regent:
| |
Ludwig III | King of Bavaria | 5 November 1913 | 13 November 1918 | Wittelsbach | Cousin of Otto, son of Prince Luitpold and grandson of Ludwig I. Prince regent from 1912 until 1913. Declared King of Bavaria following a controversial change of the constitution, discharging his cousin Otto from "office". Lost the throne in the German Revolution of 1918–1919 at the end of World War I. Marks the end of 738 years of uninterrupted Wittelsbach rule over Bavaria. |
Post-monarchy
In 1918 — at the end of the First World War in the German Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavaria became a democratic republic within the Weimar Republic; the name for the period of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Since then the rulers of Bavaria are minister presidents.
Family Tree
Note that Dukes called Louis are usually numbered from Louis the Kelheimer (r. 1189–1231), although four Dukes of Bavaria had been called Louis before that. The same applies to Dukes called Otto, who are sometimes renumbered starting with Otto III, the first Wittelsbach Duke of Bavaria. The highest number has been used in this chart to minimise confusion, with one exception: Ludwig is the German for Louis, but Kings Ludwig I, II and III are not numbered XV, XVI and XVII.
The colours denote the Dukes, Electors and Kings over the following regions of Bavaria and under the following circumstances: |
– Dukes of Bavaria – Regents and pretenders to the Bavarian throne – Dukes of Lower Bavaria – Dukes of Upper Bavaria – Dukes of Bavaria-Lanshut | – Dukes of Bavaria-Ingolstadt – Dukes of Bavaria-Munich – Dukes of Bavaria-Munich-Dachau – Dukes of Bavaria-Straubing – Dukes of Bavaria-Straubing, disputed |
AGILOLFING | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Garibald I 540–555–591 | Waldradaof Neustria 531–572 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tassilo I 560–591–610 | Romildaof Friuli died 611 | Gisulf IIof Friuli 545–611 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Garibald II 565–610–625 | Geila of Friuli | Irminaof Ören died c. 707 | PfalzgrafHugobert died 697 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAROLINGIAN | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bertradaof Prüm 670–721 | Theodo I uncertain | Alpaida c. 654 – 714 | Pepin ofHerstal 635–714 | Plectrude died 718 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Caribertof Laon died c. 762 | Theodo II 625–680–716 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AHALOLFING | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
unknown daughter | Godfrey ofAlemannia c. 650 – 709 | Grimoald ?–716–725 | Biltrude fl. 725 | Theobald ?–711–717 | Tassilo II ?–716–719 | Theodebert 685–702–719 | Regintrud c. 663 – 735 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Huoching ofAlemannia c. 675 – 744 | Desideriusof the Lombards died 786 | Rotrudeof Hesbaye died 724 | CharlesMertel 688–741 | Swanachild fl. 726 | Hugbert r. 725–736 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hnabi ofAlemannia 710–789 | Odilo ?–736–748 | Hiltrude ofthe Franks 716–754 | Bertradaof Laon c. 718 – 783 | Pepinthe Short 714–768 | Grifo 726–748–748–753 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UDALRICHING | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Emma of Alemannia died c.789 | Gerold 725–794–799 | Tassilo III 741–748– 788–796 | Liutberga ofthe Lombards fl. 763 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hildegardof Vinzgau 754–783 | Charles I the Great 748–788– 794–799–814 | Desiderataof the Lombards fl. 770 | Welf theElder died c. 825 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ermengardeof Hesbaye 778–818 | Louis I the Pious 778–817– 829–840 | Judithof Bavaria 797–843 | Eticho of Ammergau | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Counrad Iof Auxerre died 864 | Lothair 795–814– 817–855 | Louis II the German 810–817– 865–876 | Emma ofAltdorf 803–876 | Gisela ofthe Franks c. 821 – 870 | Eberhardof Friuli 815–867 | Charlesthe Bald 823–877 | Ermentrudeof Orléans 823–869 | Engeldeo r. 890–895 | Henry of the Golden Wagon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conrad II ofTransjuraneBurgundy died 876 | Louis III the Younger 835–880–882 | Charles II the Fat 839–882– 887–888 | Carloman 828–864–880 | Liutswind | Ernest of the Nordgau | Gisela of Swabia | Uruoch IIIof Friuli 840–874 | Ansgarde ofBurgundy died c. 881 | Louis IIof France 836–879 | Adelaideof Paris 853–901 | Berengar Iof Italy 845–924 | Rudolf I of Altdorf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LUITPOLDING | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rudolf I ofBurgundy 859–912 | Guilla ofProvence died c. 924 | Ota of theHessengau c. 874 – 901 | Arnulf I 850–887–899 | Leopold I r. 899–907 | Cunigundeof Swabia 878–918 | Eberhard of the Sülichgau died c. 889 | Ermentrudeof France born c. 875 | Charlesthe Simple 879–929 | Matilda ofRingelheim 892–988 | Giselaof Friuli 876–913 | Albert Iof Ivrea died c. 829 | Rudolf IIof Altdorf died c. 990 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OTTONIAN | ARDENNE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rudolf II ofBurgundy 880–937 | Berthaof Swabia 907–966 | Henry theFowler 876–936 | Louis IV the Child 893–899–911 | Judith of Friuli born c. 888 | Arnulf II the Bad r. 907–937 | Berthold 900–938–947 | Wiltrude of Bergen | Cunigundeof France c. 893 – 923 | Wigeric ofLotharingia died c. 923 | Berengar IIof Italy died 966 | Louis IVof France 921–954 | Gerbergaof Saxony 913–968 | Welf II of Altdorf died 1030 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adelaideof Italy 931–999 | Otto I,Holy RomanEmperor 912–973 | Edith ofEngland 910–946 | Henry I 919–948–955 | Judith ofBavaria 925–985 | Eberhard r. 937–938 | Henry III the Younger 940–983–985–989 | Hedwig ofthe Nordgau 922–993 | Sigfried ofthe Ardennes 922–998 | Adelaide of Bellay | Conrad I ofBurgundy 925–993 | Matildaof France 943–982 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SALIAN | ESTE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liudolfof Swabia 930–957 | Liutgardeof Saxony 932–953 | Conrad ofLorraine 922–955 | Henry II the Quarreller 951–955– 976–985–995 | Gisela ofBurgundy 955–1007 | Adalbertof Italy 932–971 | Hermann IIof Swabia died 1003 | Gerberga ofBurgundy 966–1018 | Albert Azzo IIof Milan 1009–1097 | Cunigundeof Altdorf c. 1020 – 1054 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Otto I 954–976–982 | Otto ofCarinthia died 1004 | Henry IV 973–995–1004– 1009–1017–1024 | Cunigunde ofLuxembourg 975–1040 | Henry V ?–1004–1009– 1017–1026 | Sigfried I of Nordheim | Frederick ofLuxembourg 965–1019 | Ermentrude of Gielberg | Liutgarde ofLuxembourg 955-c. 1005 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Theophanoof Rome 955–991 | Otto II,Holy RomanEmperor 955–983 | Henry ofSpeyer died c. 992 | Adelaideof Metz 970–1046 | Otto–William ofBurgundy 958–1026 | Bernard I of Nordheim | Henry VII r. 1042–1047 | Dirk IIIof Holland 982–1039 | Judith ofFlanders c. 1033 – 1095 | Welf I c. 1037 – 1070–1077– 1096–1101 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
EZZONEN | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Matilda ofGermany 979–1025 | Ezzo ofLotharingia 955–1034 | Conrad II,Holy RomanEmperor 990–1032 | Giselaof Swabia 990–1043 | William V ofAquitaine 969–1030 | Agnes ofBurgundy died 1068 | Otto II of Nordheim 1020–1061– 1070–1083 | Richenzaof Swabia c. 1025–1083 | Swanhilde of Holland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Matildaof Tuscany 1046–1115 | Liudolf ofLotharingia 1000–1031 | Henry VI the Black 1016–1026– 1042–1056 | Agnes ofPoitou 1025–1077 | Henry ofFrisia c. 1055 – 1101 | Gertrude ofBrunswick c. 1060 – 1117 | Arnold Iof Loon c. 1050-c. 1130 | Wulfhildeof Saxony 1072–1116 | Henry IX the Black 1075–1120–1126 | Welf II the Fat 1072–1101–1120 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conrad I c. 1020 – 1049 – 1053–1055 | Conrad II 1052–1054–1055 | Henry VIII 1050–1053– 1054–1055– 1061–1077– 1096–1106 | Berthaof Savoy 1051–1087 | Arnold IIof Loon died 1146 | Richenzaof Nordheim c. 1088 – 1141 | Lothair III,Holy RomanEmperor 1075–1137 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Babenberg | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Frederick Iof Swabia c. 1050 – 1105 | Agnes ofWaiblingen c. 1072 – 1143 | Leopold IIIof Austria 1073–1136 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Agnes of Saarbrücken | Frederick IIof Swabia 1090–1147 | Frederick III of Pettendorf | Heilika of Swabia | Leopold II the Generous 1108–1139–1141 | Henry XI Jasomirgott 1112–1141– 1156–1177 | Gertrude ofSüpplingenburg 1115–1143 | Henry X the Proud 1108–1126– 1138–1139 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
WITTELSBACH | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heilika ofPettendorf-Lengenfeld c. 1103 – 1170 | Otto IV ofWittelsbach 1083–1156 | Agnes of Metz c. 1114 – 1177 | Louis Iof Loon c. 1107 – 1171 | Conrad of thePalatinate c. 1135 – 1195 | Matildaof England 1156–1189 | Henry XII the Lion 1129–1156– 1180–1195 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Berthold Iof Istria c. 1116 – 1188 | Otto III the Redhead 1117–1180–1183 | Agnesof Loon 1150–1191 regent 1183–1191 | Agnes ofHohenstaufen 1176–1204 | Henry V of thePalatinate 1173–1127 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hedwig of Wittelsbach | Louis V the Kelheimer 1173–1189–1231 | Ludmillaof Bohemia died 1240 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HABSBURG | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Richardis of Bavaria | Cunigunde of Andechs- Merania | Gertrudeof Merania 1185–1213 | Andrew IIof Hungary 1177–1235 | Otto IV the Illustrious 1206–1231–1253 | Agnes of thePalatinate 1201–1267 | Rudolf I,Holy RomanEmperor 1218–1291 | Gertrude ofHohenburg c. 1225 – 1281 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Matilda of Guelders | Hildegunde of Eberstein | Béla IV ofHungary 1206–1270 | MariaLaskarina c. 1206 – 1270 | Louis VI 1229–1253–1294 | Matilda ofHabsburg 1253–1304 regent 1294–1296 | Judith ofHabsburg 1271–1297 | Albert Iof Germany 1255–1308 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Walram IIof Nassau c. 1220 – 1276 | Adelheid of Katzenelnbogen | Elizabethof Hungary 1236–1271 | Henry XIII 1235–1253–1290 | Elizabethof Bohemia 1292–1330 | Albert IIof Austria 1298–1358 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adolf ofGermany c. 1255 – 1208 | Agnes Piast | Otto V 1261–1290–1312 | Louis VII 1269–1290–1296 | Judith of Jawor and Schweidnitz 1287–1320 | Stephen I 1271–1290–1310 | Beatriceof Jawor andSchweidnitz | Louis VIII 1282–1340–1347 Upper Bavaria 1301–1340 | Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut 1290–1322 | Margaretof Bohemia 1296–1322 | Albert IIIof Austria 1349–1395 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mechtildof Nassau c. 1280 – 1323 | Rudolf the Stammerer 1274–1294–1317–1319 | Henry XV of Nattenberg 1312–1312–1331 | Otto VI 1307–1312–1334 | Henry XIV the Elder 1305–1312–1339 | Margaretof Bohemia 1313–1341 | William I the Mad 1330–1353–1389 Lower Bavaria 1347–1353 | Otto VII the Lazy 1341–1375–1379 Upper Bavaria 1347–1351 | Louis Iof Brzeg 1321–1398 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adolf of thePalatinate 1300–1327 | MargaretMaultaschof Tyrol 1318–1369 | Louis IX of Brandenburg 1315–1347–1361 | BarnabòVisconti 1321–1385 | Stephen II 1319–1353–1375 Lower Bavaria 1347–1353 | Elisabethof Sicily 1309–1349 | John I the Child 1329–1339–1340 | Anna of Bavaria 1326–1361 | Louis X the Roman 1328–1347–1353–1365 | Albert I 1336–1353–1404 Lower Bavaria 1347–1353 | Margaretof Brzeg 1342–1386 | Albert IVof Austria 1377–1404 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rupert II of thePalatinate 1325–1398 | Meinhard 1344–1361–1363 | TaddeaVisconti 1351–1381 | Stephen III 1337–1392–1413 Landshut 1375–1392 | John II 1341–1392–1397 Landshut 1375–1392 | Catherineof Gorizia died 1391 | Frederick 1339–1375–1393 | MaddalenaVisconti 1366–1404 | John III the Pitiless disputed 1374–1417–1425 | William II 1365–1404–1417 | Margaret of Burgundy 1374–1441 | ViridisVisconti 1352–1414 | Leopold IIIof Austria 1351–1386 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stephen ofSimmern-Zweibrücken 1385–1459 | Anna of the Palatinate 1346–1415 | Rupert of thePalatinate 1352–1410 | Anne ofBourbon andLa Marche 1380–1408 | Louis XI the Bearded 1368–1413– 1443–1447 | ElisabethVisconti 1372–1432 | Ernest 1373–1397–1438 | William III 1375–1397–1435 | Henry XVI the Rich 1386–1393–1450 | Margaret of Austria 1395–1447 | Jacqueline disputed 1401–1417– 1432–1436 | Ernestthe Iron of Austria 1377–1424 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Louis I ofZweibrücken 1424–1489 | Jeanne of Croÿ 1435–1504 | Louis III of thePalatinate 1378–1436 | Louis XII the Hunchback 1403–1443–1445 | Anna ofBrunswick-Grubenhagen 1414–1474 | Albert III the Pious 1401–1438–1460 | Eleanor of Portugal 1434–1467 | Frederick III,Holy RomanEmperor 1415–1493 | Margaretof Austria 1416–1486 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alexander ofZweibrücken 1462–1514 | Philip Iof Hesse 1504–1567 | Louis IV of thePalatinate 1424–1449 | Margaretof Bavaria 1442–1479 | John IV 1437–1460–1463 | Sigismund 1439–1467–1501 Munich 1460–1467 | Albert IV 1447–1503–1508 Munich 1467–1503 | Kunigundeof Austria 1465–1520 | Louis XIII the Rich 1417–1450–1479 | Amaliaof Saxony 1436–1501 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Louis II ofZweibrücken 1502–1532 | Elisabethof Hesse 1503–1563 | ClaraGonzaga 1464–1503 | Philip of thePalatinate 1448–1508 | Louis XIV 1495–1508–1545 | Maximilian I,Holy RomanEmperor 1459–1519 | George the Rich 1455–1479–1503 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wolfgang ofZweibrücken 1526–1569 | Anna ofHesse 1529–1591 | Renée ofBourbon 1494–1593 | Antoineof Lorraine 1489–1–1544 | Elisabeth ofthe Palatinate 1483–1522 | Philip Iof Castile 1478–1506 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Isabellaof Austria 1501–1526 | Maria Jacobeaof Baden-Sponheim 1507–1580 | William IV the Steadfast 1493–1508–1550 | Ferdinand I,Holy RomanEmperor 1503–1564 | Charles V,Holy RomanEmperor 1500–1558 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
William Iof Jülich-Cleves-Berg 1516–1592 | Maria ofAustria 1531–1581 | Francis Iof Lorraine 1517–1545 | Christinaof Denmark 1521–1590 | Albert V the Magnanimous 1528–1550–1579 | Anna ofAustria 1528–1590 | Joannaof Austria 1547–1578 | Philip IIof Spain 1527–1598 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
John I ofZweibrücken 1550–1604 | Magdaleneof Jülich-Cleves-Berg 1533–1633 | Philip Louisof Neuburg 1547–1614 | Anna ofJülich-Cleves-Berg 1552–1632 | Charles IIIof Lorraine 1543–1608 | Claude ofFrance 1547–1575 | Renata ofLorraine 1544–1602 | William V the Pious 1548–1579– 1597–1628 | Maria Annaof Bavaria 1551–1608 | Charles IIof Austria 1540–1590 | Maria Annaof Bavaria 1551–1608 | CatherineMichaelaof Spain 1567–1597 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
John II ofZweibrücken 1584–1635 | Charles I ofZweibrücken-Birkenfeld 1560–1600 | WolfgangWilliam ofNeuburg 1578–1653 | Magdaleneof Bavaria 1587–1628 | John Williamof Jülich-Cleves-Berg 1562–1609 | Antonia ofLorraine 1568–1610 | Maria Annaof Bavaria 1574–1616 | Ferdinand II,Holy RomanEmperor 1578–1637 | Christineof France 1606–1663 | VictorAmadeus Iof Savoy 1587–1637 | Philip IIIof Spain 1578–1621 | Margaretof Austria 1584–1611 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MagdaleneCatherineof Zweibrücken 1607–1648 | Christian I ofBirkenfeld-Bischweiler 1598–1654 | PhilipWilliamof Neuburg 1615–1690 | ElisabethAmaile ofHesse-Darmstadt 1635–1709 | John IIISobieskiof Poland 1629–1696 | Elisabethof Lorraine 1574–1635 | Maximilian I the Great 1573–1597–1651 | Maria Annaof Austria 1610–1665 | Ferdinand III,Holy RomanEmperor 1608–1657 | Maria Annaof Spain 1606–1646 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Christian II of Zweibrücken 1637–1717 | Augustusof Sulzbach 1582–1632 | HedwigElisabethof Neuburg 1673–1722 | James LouisSobieski 1667–1737 | LudwikaKarolinaRadziwiłł 1667–1696 | Charles IIIPhilip ofNeuburg 1661–1742 | FerdinandMaria 1636–1651–1679 | HenrietteAdelaideof Savoy 1636–1676 | Maria Annaof Austria 1634–1696 | Philip IVof Spain 1605–1665 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ChristianAugustusof Sulzbach 1622–1708 | EleonorMagdaleneof Neuburg 1655–1720 | Leopold I,Holy RomanEmperor 1640–1705 | MargaretTheresaof Spain 1651–1673 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Christian IIIof Zweibrücken 1674–1735 | TheodoreEustace ofSulzbach 1659–1732 | TheresaCunigundeSobieskaof Poland 1676–1730 | Maximilian IIEmanuel 1662–1679–1726 | MariaAntoniaof Austria 1669–1692 | Joseph I,Holy RomanEmperor 1678–1711 | WilhelmineAmaila ofBrunswick-Lüneburg 1673–1742 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Caroline ofZweibrücken 1721–1774 | JosephCharles ofSulzbach 1694–1726 | ElisabethAugustaSofia ofNeuburg 1693–1728 | JohnChristianof Sulzbach 1700–1733 | MariaHenriettade la Tourd'Auvergne 1708–1728 | CharlesAlbert 1697–1726–1745 | Maria Amaliaof Brunswick-Lüneburg 1701–1756 | Augustus IIIof Poland 1696–1763 | MariaJosephaof Saxony 1699–1757 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FrederickMichael ofZweibrücken 1724–1767 | MariaFranziskaof Sulzbach 1724–1794 | FrederickWilliam IIof Prussia 1744–1797 | ElisabethAugusta ofSulzbach 1721–1794 | CharlesTheodore 1724–1777–1799 | Francis I,Holy RomannEmperor 1708–1765 | MariaTheresaof Austria 1717–1780 | Maximilian IIIJoseph 1727–1745–1777 | Maria AnnaSophia ofSaxony 1728–1797 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amalie ofHesse-Darmstadt 1754–1832 | CharlesLouis ofBaden 1755–1801 | FrederickWilliam IIIof Prussia 1770–1840 | Leopold II,Holy RomanEmperor 1747–1790 | Maria Luisaof Spain 1745–1792 | Ferdinand Iof the TwoSicilies 1751–1825 | MariaCarolinaof Austria 1752–1814 | FerdinandCharles ofAustria-Este 1754–1806 | MariaBeatriceof Este 1750–1829 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carolineof Baden 1776–1841 | Maximilian IVJoseph 1756–1799–1825 | AugustaWilhemineof Hesse-Darmstadt 1765–1796 | Wilhelmof Prussia 1783–1851 | Ferdinand IIIof Tuscany 1769–1824 | Luisa ofNaplesand Sicily 1773–1802 | Josephof Hungary 1776–1847 | Francis IVof Modena 1779–1846 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
FrederickWilliam IVof Prussia 1795–1861 | ElisabethLudovikaof Bavaria 1801–1873 | Ludwig I 1786–1825–1848–1868 | Theresaof Saxe-Hildburghausen 1792–1854 | Maria Annaof Saxony 1799–1832 | Leopold IIof Tuscany 1797–1870 | Ludovikaof Bavaria 1808–1892 | ElisbathFranziskaof Austria 1831–1903 | CharlesVictor ofAustria-Este 1821–1849 | AmaliaAugusta ofBavaria 1801–1877 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximilian V 1811–1848–1864 | Marie ofPrussia 1825–1889 | Luitpold 1821–1912 regent 1886–1912 | AugustaFerdinandeof Austria 1825–1864 | CharlesTheodoreof Bavaria 1839–1909 | Sophieof Saxony 1845–1867 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ludwig II the FairyTale King 1845–1864–1886 | Otto (VIII) 1848–1886– 1913–1916 | Ludwig III 1845–1913– 1918–1921 regent 1912–1913 in pretence 1918–1921 | MariaTheresa ofAustria-Este 1849–1919 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rupert 1869–1955 in pretence 1921–1955 | MarieGabrielleof Bavaria 1876–1912 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MariaDraskovichof Trakostjan 1904–1969 | Albert VI 1905–1996 in pretence 1955–1996 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Franz 1933– in pretence 1996– | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ Paul the Deacon (1907), History of the Langobards (Historia Langobardorum) Archived 24 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, William Dudley Foulke, trans. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania), III, x Archived 25 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, calls him "king of the Bavarians". The mid-thirteenth-century Series Ducum Bavariæ calls him Garibaldus rex, see FMG.
- ^ King, Greg (1996), The Mad King: The Life and Times of Ludwig II of Bavaria., ISBN 978-1-55972-362-6
External links
- Media related to Dukes of Bavaria at Wikimedia Commons
- Media related to Kings of Bavaria at Wikimedia Commons