Shi Xie

Para otros usos, vea Shi Xie (desambiguación) .

Shi Xie / Sĩ Nhiếp
士 燮
General de la Guardia (衛 將軍)
En el cargo después de 220-226 (after 220) (226)
Monarca	Sun Quan
General de Izquierda (左 將軍)
En la oficina 210-220 (210) (220)
Monarca	Emperador Xian de Han
General que estabiliza tierras lejanas (安 遠 將軍)
¿En la oficina ? -? (?) (?)
Monarca	Emperador Xian de Han
General de la familia que pacifica el sur (綏 南 中郎將)
¿En la oficina ? -? (?) (?)
Monarca	Emperador Xian de Han
Administrador de Jiaozhi (交趾 太守)
En la oficina 187-? (187) (?)
Monarca	Emperador Ling de Han / Emperador Xian de Han
Detalles personales
Nació	137 Condado de Cangwu , Guangxi
Fallecido	226 (89 años) Guangzhou , Guangdong
Relaciones	ver aqui
Niños	ver aqui
Padre	Shi Ci
Ocupación	Oficial
Nombre de cortesía	Weiyan (威 彥)
Nobleza	Marqués de Longbian (龍 編 侯)
Nombre póstumo	Thiện Cảm Gia Ứng Linh Vũ Đại Vương (善感 嘉應 靈武 大王) (otorgado por la dinastía Trần de Vietnam)

En este nombre chino , el apellido es Shi .

Shi Xie ( pronunciación ( ayuda · info ) ) (137–226), nombre de cortesía Weiyan , también conocido por su nombre vietnamita Sĩ Nhiếp , fue un funcionario que vivió durante la dinastía Han del Este y el período temprano de los Tres Reinos de China. ^[1] Se desempeñó como Administrador de la Comandancia Jiaozhi en el actual norte de Vietnam . El texto histórico del siglo III Registros de los tres reinos ( Sanguozhi ) es una fuente importante de tradiciones chinas sobre la vida de Shi Xie. ^[2] Promovió  Buddhism throughout his life. After his death, the Vietnamese attached many legends to him^[3] and honoured him as King Sĩ (Vietnamese: Sĩ Vương) in some temples.

Family background and early life

Shi Xie was in the sixth generation from his ancestors who migrated to northern Vietnam,^[4] born in Jiao Province, but his ancestral home was around present-day Tai'an, Shandong. His ancestors moved to Jiao Province when Wang Mang usurped the throne and established the Xin dynasty (9–23) with himself as its emperor. Shi Xie's father, Shi Ci (士賜), served as the Administrator of Rinan Commandery (日南郡) during the reign of Emperor Huan (r. 146–168) of the Eastern Han dynasty. The Shi family was one of the elite families of Han Chinese origin who later emigrated to present-day Vietnam and played a major role in developing Vietnamese civilisation.^[5]

In his youth, Shi Xie studied the Zuo Zhuan under the tutelage of one Liu Tao (劉陶) from Yingchuan Commandery (潁川郡). Later, he was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate) and served in the Han central government as a Gentleman of Writing (尚書郎) but was later dismissed because of "official reasons". After his father's death, he was nominated as a maocai (茂才) and was appointed as the Prefect of Wu County (巫縣; present-day Wushan County, Chongqing). In 187, the Han central government reassigned him to be the Administrator (太守) of Jiaozhi Commandery (交趾郡) in Jiao Province.^[5]

As a warlord in Jiao Province

Map showing the major warlords of the Han dynasty in the 190s, including Shi Xie

Around the time, Zhu Fu (朱符) had been appointed by the Han government to serve as the Inspector of Jiao Province. However, the locals in Jiao Province rebelled and killed him after he attempted to extract heavier taxes from them. The Han government then sent Zhang Jin (張津) to replace him, but Zhang Jin was later murdered by his subordinate Ou Jing (區景). When Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, heard about this, he appointed Lai Gong (賴恭) as the new Inspector of Jiao Province without authorisation from the Han central government. At the same time, he also sent his subordinate Wu Ju (吳巨) to replace the deceased Shi Huang (史璜) as the Administrator of Cangwu Commandery (蒼梧郡). To counter Liu Biao's attempts to extend his influence into Jiao Province, the Han central government issued an imperial decree appointing Shi Xie as General of the Household Who Pacifies the South (綏南中郎將) and putting him in charge of the seven commanderies in Jiao Province.

After Shi Xie sent his subordinate Zhang Min (張旻) to thank the Han central government and pay tribute, the Han central government further promoted him to General Who Stabilises Distant Lands (安遠將軍), in addition to enfeoffing him as the Marquis of Longdu Village (龍度亭侯). Around the time, the Han Empire was in a state of chaos, as various warlords fought for power and territories in northern and central China. Jiao Province, being a remote province in southern China, was not caught up in the chaos. Shi Xie was effectively a warlord in control of Jiao Province even though he was still a nominal subject of the Han Empire. Shi Xie's younger brothers also held important positions in Jiao Province: Shi Yi (士壹), Shi Hui (士䵋) and Shi Wu (士武) were respectively the Administrators of Hepu (合浦), Jiuzhen (九真) and Nanhai (南海) commanderies in Jiao Province.

In 210, Wu Ju got into conflict with Lai Gong and forced him out of Jiao Province. Sun Quan, the warlord who controlled the territories in the Jiangdong region bordering Jiao Province, appointed his subordinate Bu Zhi as the Inspector of Jiao Province to replace Lai Gong. Shi Xie led his followers to submit to Bu Zhi's governorship, but Wu Ju refused and secretly plotted to assassinate Bu Zhi. However, Bu Zhi sensed Wu Ju's intentions and managed to outwit and kill him. Sun Quan later appointed Shi Xie as General of the Left (左將軍) to honour him. At the same time, the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government, wanted to gain Shi Xie's support as an ally against Sun Quan, so he conferred the nine bestowments and other honours on Shi Xie in the name of Emperor Xian (the figurehead Han emperor under Cao Cao's control).

As a vassal of Eastern Wu

In the years after the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220, Sun Quan declared himself king and established the kingdom (later empire) of Eastern Wu. Shi Xie pledged loyalty to Sun Quan and sent one of his sons, Shi Xin (士廞), as a hostage to Sun Quan to ensure his allegiance towards Wu. He also regularly sent tribute to Sun Quan.^[5] During the conflict between Wu and its ally-turned-rival state Shu Han, Shi Xie se puso del lado de Wu e instigó a Yong Kai (雍 闓), un jefe tribal local en el territorio de Shu, a rebelarse contra el gobierno de Shu y desertar a Wu. En reconocimiento a los esfuerzos de Shi Xie para inducir a Yong Kai a desertar, Sun Quan nombró a Shi Xie como General de la Guardia (衛 將軍) y le otorgó el título de "Marqués de Longbian" (龍 編 侯). Shi Xie murió de una enfermedad en 226 a la edad de 89 años.

Familia

El árbol genealógico de Shi Xie
Shi Ci 士 賜 Shi Xie 士 燮 (137–226) Shi Yi 士 壹 Shi Hui 士 䵋 Shi Wu 士 武 Shi Xin 士 廞 Shi Zhi 士 祗 Shi Hui 士 徽 (165–227) Shi Gan 士 幹 Shi Song 士 頌 Shi Kuang 士 匡

Shi Xie had at least five sons (in decreasing order of seniority): Shi Xin (士廞), Shi Zhi (士祗), Shi Hui (士徽), Shi Gan (士幹) and Shi Song (士頌).

Después de la muerte de Shi Xie en 226, su tercer hijo, Shi Hui, lo sucedió como Administrador de la Comandancia Jiaozhi (交趾 郡) bajo el régimen de Wu del Este . En ese momento, el emperador Wu Sun Quan quería dividir la provincia de Jiao y crear otra provincia, la provincia de Guang (廣州): las comandancias de Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen (九 真) y Rinan (日南) seguirían siendo parte de la provincia de Jiao; Las comandancias Cangwu (蒼梧), Nanhai (南海), Yulin (鬱林) y Hepu (合浦) formarían la nueva provincia de Guang. Sun Quan luego nombró a Dai Liang (戴 良) y Lü Dai como inspectores de las provincias de Jiao y Guang, respectivamente. Chen Shi (陳 時), un colaborador cercano de Sun Quan, iba a reemplazar a Shi Hui como Administrador de la Comandancia Jiaozhi.

En 227, cuando Shi Hui se enteró de los nuevos arreglos, se negó a cumplir y se rebeló contra el gobierno de Wu enviando sus tropas para impedir que Dai Liang y Chen Shi entraran en la provincia de Jiao. En ese momento, Huan Lin (桓 鄰), uno de los subordinados de Shi Hui, le rogó a su superior que obedeciera la orden y entregara su cargo de gobernador de la Comandancia Jiaozhi a Chen Shi. Sin embargo, Shi Hui se negó e hizo azotar a Huan Lin hasta la muerte. El sobrino de Huan Lin, Huan Fa (桓 發), inició un motín contra Shi Hui y lo enfrentó en una batalla que duró unos meses. Hicieron las paces después de eso.

Mientras tanto, después de enterarse de la rebelión de Shi Hui, Sun Quan ordenó a Lü Dai, el inspector de la provincia de Guang, que dirigiera las tropas para recuperar la Comandancia Jiaozhi. Lü Dai, quien era cercano al primo de Shi Hui, Shi Kuang (士 匡; un hijo del hermano de Shi Xie, Shi Yi 士 壹), envió a Shi Kuang para persuadir a Shi Hui de que se rindiera prometiéndole que se salvaría si lo hacía. Shi Hui y sus hermanos abrieron las puertas de la Comandancia Jiaozhi y se rindieron a Lü Dai. Al día siguiente, Lü Dai atrajo a los hermanos Shi a una trampa durante un banquete, los arrestó y luego leyó una lista de los crímenes de Shi Hui. Luego los ejecutó a todos y envió sus cabezas a Sun Quan, quien estaba en Wuchang (武昌; actual Ezhou , Hubei ) en ese momento.

Los hermanos de Shi Xie, Shi Yi (士 壹) y Shi Hui (士 䵋), junto con sus familias, se salvaron de la muerte, pero fueron reducidos al estado de plebeyos. Algunos años después, Shi Yi y Shi Hui fueron ejecutados por cometer delitos.

A principios de la década de 220, Shi Xie había enviado a su hijo mayor, Shi Xin (士 廞), como rehén de Sun Quan para asegurarle al emperador Wu su lealtad hacia él. Shi Xin evitó así terminar como Shi Hui y sus otros hermanos, que fueron ejecutados por Lü Dai en 227. Como el resto de la familia Shi que sobrevivió (por ejemplo, sus tíos Shi Yi y Shi Hui 士 䵋), fue reducido a la estado de plebeyo después de la muerte de sus hermanos. Murió de enfermedad algún tiempo después y no tuvo un hijo que lo suceda.

Adoración del "Rey Sĩ", Sĩ Tiếp en Vietnam

Shi Xie ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese monarchs.^[6] In the words of Stephen O'Harrow, Shi Xie was essentially "the first Vietnamese."^[7] According to Holmgren, Shi Xie's rule "is one of the milestones in the development and fusion of two new social groups in Tongking - a sinicised Vietnamese group and a vietnamised Chinese group. The latter gradually came to identify with the interests of the delta rather than with the Chinese empire".^[8] Taylor (1983) also believed his imperial appointments gave formal legitimacy to "the emergence of a regional ruling class with strong ties to the local society". It is apparent from events following his death that he "presided over an aberrant regional power arrangement based on great Han-Viet families that could field private armies". From the Chinese's view, Shi Xie stood as a "frontier guardian"; from the Vietnamese side, he was the head of a regional ruling-class society. It was relatively easy for people to shift back and forth between these two perspectives. Thus, the man of Chinese or mixed ancestry playing a mixed role or, in some cases, an unambiguous Vietnamese role is a common figure in early Vietnamese history. "He was the first of many such people to emerge as strong regional leaders who nurtured the local society in the context of Chinese civilization".^[9] The people who emerged as Vietnamese leaders during this time were of mixed ancestry: most of their families had already been in Vietnam for several generations; they undoubtedly spoke Vietnamese; and their political outlook was based on the regional interests of Vietnamese society.^[10]

Shi Xie is still honoured in some Vietnamese temples today as "King Si" (Sĩ Vương).^[11] The Vietnamese history Việt Điện U Linh Tập (越甸幽靈集; c. 1400) adds significantly to the traditions of the Chinese records with local Vietnamese traditions.^[12]

See also

• Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
• Shi Dai
• Su Ding

References

1. de Crespigny (2007), p. 739.
2. Werner, Dutton & Whitmore (2012), p. 11.
3. Keown (2003), p. 326.
4. Taylor 1983, p. 85.
5. Taylor (1983), p. 70.
6. Walker 2012, p. 132.
7. de Crespigny, Rafe (2004) [1990]. "Empire in the South". Generals of the South: The Foundation and Early History of the Three Kingdoms State of Wu. Internet. Canberra, ACT: Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University. p. 739. ISBN 0731509013. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
8. Holmgren 1980, p. 61.
9. Taylor 1983, p. 71.
10. Taylor 1983, p. 86.
11. Schafer (1967), p. 99.
12. Dror (2007), p. 15.

• Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
• Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012), East Asia: A New History, ISBN 978-1477265161
• Holmgren, Jennifer (1980). Chinese Colonization of Northern Vietnam: Administrative Geography and Political Development in the Tonking Delta, First To Sixth Centuries A.D. Australian National University Press.
• de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
• Dror, Olga (2007). Cult, Culture, and Authority: Princess Liễu Hạnh in Vietnamese History. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824829727.
• Keown, Damien (2003). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press.
• Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
• Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967). The Vermilion Bird. University of California Press.
• Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
• Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of Vietnam (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 0520074173.
• Werner, Jayne; Dutton, George Edson; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012). Sources of Vietnamese Tradition. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231511108.

Preceded by none

Administrator of Jiaozhi Thái Thú Giao Châu 187–226

Succeeded by Shi Hui