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Economía de Canadá
Transparenteconomycanada.png
Historia económica de Canadá
Sectores
Sector primario
Sector secundario
Sector terciario
Finanzas
Compañías
Economía por provincia
Economía por ciudad

El transporte en Canadá , el segundo país más grande del mundo en área total, se dedica a tener un transporte multimodal eficiente y de alta capacidad que abarca a menudo grandes distancias entre los sitios de extracción de recursos naturales , las áreas agrícolas y urbanas . El sistema de transporte de Canadá incluye más de 1.400.000 kilómetros (870.000 millas) de carreteras, 10 aeropuertos internacionales importantes, 300 aeropuertos más pequeños, 72.093 km (44.797 millas) de vías férreas en funcionamiento y más de 300 puertos comerciales y puertos que brindan acceso a la Los océanos Pacífico , Atlántico y Ártico , así como los Grandes Lagos y elVía marítima de San Lorenzo . [1] En 2005, el sector del transporte representó el 4,2 por ciento del PIB de Canadá, en comparación con el 3,7 por ciento de las industrias de extracción de petróleo y gas y minería de Canadá. [2]

Transport Canada supervisa y regula la mayoría de los aspectos del transporte dentro de la jurisdicción federal, incluido el transporte interprovincial. Esto incluye principalmente el transporte ferroviario, aéreo y marítimo. Transport Canada está bajo la dirección del Ministro de Transporte del gobierno federal . La Junta de Seguridad en el Transporte de Canadá es responsable de mantener la seguridad del transporte en Canadá mediante la investigación de accidentes y la formulación de recomendaciones de seguridad.

Producto interno bruto, industrias del transporte, 2005 [2]
IndustriaParticipación en el
PIB del transporte (%)
Transporte aéreo9
Transporte ferroviario13
Transporte de agua3
Transporte de camiones35
Transporte terrestre y de tránsito de
pasajeros		12
Transporte por tubería11

Transporte escénico y turístico / Soporte de transporte		17
Total:100

Carreteras [ editar ]

Ver también: Carreteras en Canadá y Carreteras numeradas en Canadá
La autopista Trans-Canada en Chilliwack, BC

Hay un total de 1.042.300 km (647.700 millas) de carreteras en Canadá, de los cuales 415.600 km (258.200 millas) están pavimentadas, incluidos 17.000 km (11.000 millas) de autopistas (la tercera colección más larga del mundo, detrás de la autopista interestatal. Sistema del Sistema Nacional de Carreteras Troncales de Estados Unidos y China ). A partir de 2008, 626,700 km (389,400 millas) estaban sin pavimentar. [3]

En 2009, había 20.706.616 vehículos de carretera registrados en Canadá, de los cuales el 96% eran vehículos de menos de 4,5 toneladas (4,4 toneladas largas ; 5,0 toneladas cortas ), el 2,4% eran vehículos entre 4,5 y 15 toneladas (4,4 y 14,8 toneladas largas; 5,0 y 16,5 toneladas). toneladas cortas) y el 1,6% fueron 15 toneladas (15 toneladas largas; 17 toneladas cortas) o más. Estos vehículos recorrieron un total de 333,29 mil millones de kilómetros, de los cuales 303,6 mil millones fueron para vehículos de menos de 4,5 toneladas, 8,3 mil millones para vehículos de entre 4,5 y 15 toneladas y 21,4 mil millones para vehículos de más de 15 toneladas. Para los camiones de 4,5 a 15 toneladas, el 88,9% de los kilómetros por vehículo fueron viajes intraprovinciales, el 4,9% fueron interprovinciales, el 2,8% fueron entre Canadá y EE. UU.y el 3,4% fabricado fuera de Canadá. Para los camiones de más de 15 toneladas, el 59,1% de los kilómetros por vehículo fueron viajes intraprovinciales, el 20% viajes interprovinciales, el 13,8% viajes Canadá-Estados Unidos y el 7,1% viajes realizados fuera de Canadá. [4]

Ambassador Bridge entre Windsor, Ontario y Detroit , Michigan tiene una cuarta parte del comercio entre Estados Unidos y Canadá que lo cruza.

Los vehículos de Canadá consumieron un total de 31,4 millones de metros cúbicos (198  Mbbl ) de gasolina y 9,91 millones de metros cúbicos (62,3 Mbbl) de diésel . [4] El transporte por camión generó el 35% del PIB total del transporte, en comparación con el 25% del ferrocarril, el agua y el aire combinados (el resto se generó por las actividades de tránsito, oleoductos, escénicas y de apoyo de la industria). [2] Por tanto, las carreteras son el medio predominante de transporte de pasajeros y mercancías en Canadá.

Las carreteras y carreteras fueron administradas por las autoridades provinciales y municipales hasta la construcción del Sistema de Carreteras del Noroeste ( Carretera de Alaska ) y el inicio del proyecto de Carreteras Transcanadienses . La carretera de Alaska de 1942 se construyó durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial con fines militares y conectaba Fort St. John, Columbia Británica con Fairbanks, Alaska . [5] La carretera transcontinental, un gasto conjunto nacional y provincial, se inició en 1949 bajo el inicio de la Ley de Carreteras Trans Canada el 10 de diciembre de 1949. La carretera de 7.821 kilómetros (4.860 millas) se completó en 1962 con un gasto total de $ 1.4 mil millones. [6]

A nivel internacional, Canadá tiene conexiones por carretera con los 48 estados más bajos de EE . UU . Y Alaska . El Ministerio de Transporte mantiene la red de carreteras en Ontario y también emplea a Oficiales de Ejecución del Ministerio de Transporte con el fin de administrar la Ley de Transporte de Canadá y las reglamentaciones relacionadas. [7] [8] El Departamento de Transporte de New Brunswick también realiza una tarea similar en esa provincia .

Los reglamentos promulgados con respecto a las carreteras de Canadá son la Ley de seguridad de vehículos de motor de 1971 [9] y la Ley de tráfico de carreteras de 1990. [10]

La seguridad de las carreteras de Canadá es moderadamente buena según los estándares internacionales y está mejorando tanto en términos de accidentes por habitante como por mil millones de kilómetros por vehículo . [11]

Transporte aéreo [ editar ]

Más información: Categoría: Aeropuertos en Canadá y Categoría: Listas de aeropuertos en Canadá

El transporte aéreo representó el 9% de la generación del PIB del sector del transporte en 2005. La aerolínea más grande de Canadá y su aerolínea de bandera es Air Canada , que tenía 34 millones de clientes en 2006 y, en abril de 2010, opera 363 aviones (incluida Air Canada Jazz ) . [12] CHC Helicopter , el mayor operador de helicópteros comerciales del mundo, ocupa el segundo lugar con 142 aviones [12] y WestJet , una aerolínea de bajo coste formada en 1996, ocupa el tercer lugar con 100 aviones. [12] La industria aeronáutica de Canadá experimentó un cambio significativo tras la firma de los Estados Unidos-Canadáacuerdo de cielos abiertos en 1995, cuando el mercado se volvió menos regulado y más competitivo. [13]

La Agencia Canadiense de Transporte emplea agentes de control del transporte para mantener los estándares de seguridad de las aeronaves y realizar inspecciones periódicas de las aeronaves de todas las compañías aéreas. [14] La Autoridad Canadiense de Seguridad del Transporte Aéreo tiene a su cargo la responsabilidad de la seguridad del tráfico aéreo dentro de Canadá. En 1994 se promulgó la Política Nacional de Aeropuertos [15]

Aeropuertos principales [ editar ]

Más información: Sistema Nacional de Aeropuertos , Lista de los aeropuertos más transitados de Canadá y Lista de aeropuertos en Canadá

De más de 1.800 aeródromos canadienses registrados , aeropuertos certificados , helipuertos y bases de hidroaviones , [16] 26 están especialmente designados en el Sistema Nacional de Aeropuertos de Canadá [17] (NAS): estos incluyen todos los aeropuertos que manejan 200.000 o más pasajeros cada año, también como aeropuerto principal que atiende a cada capital federal, provincial y territorial. Sin embargo, desde la introducción de la política, solo se ha agregado uno, el aeropuerto de Iqaluit , y no se ha eliminado ningún aeropuerto a pesar de haber caído por debajo de los 200.000 pasajeros. [18] El Gobierno de Canadá, with the exception of the three territorial capitals, retains ownership of these airports and leases them to local authorities. The next tier consists of 64 regional/local airports formerly owned by the federal government, most of which have now been transferred to other owners (most often to municipalities).[17]

Below is a table of Canada's ten biggest airports by passenger traffic in 2019.

Toronto Pearson, Canada's busiest airport
Vancouver International
RankAirportLocationTotal
passengers		Annual
change
1Toronto Pearson International AirportToronto50,499,431[19]2.0%
2Vancouver International AirportVancouver26,395,820[20]1.8%
3Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International AirportMontreal20,305,106[21]4.5%
4Calgary International AirportCalgary17,957,780[22]3.5%
5Edmonton International AirportEdmonton8,151,532[23]1.2%
6Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International AirportOttawa5,106,487[24]0.1%
7Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International AirportWinnipeg4,484,249[25]0.0%
8Halifax Stanfield International AirportHalifax4,188,443[26]3.0%
9Billy Bishop Toronto City AirportToronto-−
10Kelowna International AirportKelowna2,032,144[27]1.3%

Railways[edit]

See also: Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway, and Via Rail
Further information: Rail transport in Canada and History of rail transport in Canada
A CPR freight train in Rogers Pass

In 2007, Canada had a total of 72,212 km (44,870 mi)[28] of freight and passenger railway, of which 31 km (19 mi) is electrified.[citation needed] While intercity passenger transportation by rail is now very limited, freight transport by rail remains common. Total revenues of rail services in 2006 was $10.4 billion, of which only 2.8% was from passenger services. In a year are usually earned about $11 billion, of which 3.2% is from passengers and the rest from freight. The Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railway are Canada's two major freight railway companies, each having operations throughout North America. In 2007, 357 billion tonne-kilometres of freight were transported by rail, and 4.33 million passengers travelled 1.44 billion passenger-kilometres (an almost negligible amount compared to the 491 billion passenger-kilometres made in light road vehicles). 34,281 people were employed by the rail industry in the same year.[29]

Nationwide passenger services are provided by the federal crown corporation Via Rail. Three Canadian cities have commuter rail services: in the Montreal area by AMT, in the Toronto area by GO Transit, and in the Vancouver area by West Coast Express. Smaller railways such as Ontario Northland, Rocky Mountaineer, and Algoma Central also run passenger trains to remote rural areas.

In Canada railways are served by standard gauge, 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm), rails. See also track gauge in Canada.

Canada has railway links with the lower 48 US States, but no connection with Alaska other than a train ferry service from Prince Rupert, British Columbia, although a line has been proposed.[30] There are no other international rail connections.

Waterways[edit]

See also: Category:Water transport in Canada and Steamboats in Canada
The Port of Vancouver, Canada's busiest port

In 2005, 139.2 million tonnes (137.0 million long tons; 153.4 million short tons) of cargo was loaded and unloaded at Canadian ports.[31] The Port of Vancouver is the busiest port in Canada, moving 68 million tonnes (67 million long tons; 75 million short tons) or 15% of Canada's total in domestic and international shipping in 2003.[32]

Transport Canada oversees most of the regulatory functions related to marine registration,[33] safety of large vessel,[34] and port pilotage duties.[35] Many of Canada's port facilities are in the process of being divested from federal responsibility to other agencies or municipalities.[36]

Inland waterways comprise 3,000 km (1,900 mi), including the St. Lawrence Seaway. Transport Canada enforces acts and regulations governing water transportation and safety.[37]

Container traffic in Canadian ports, 2006[38]
RankPortProvinceTEUsBoxesContainerized cargo (tonnes)
1VancouverBritish Columbia2,207,7301,282,80717,640,024
2MontrealQuebec1,288,910794,73511,339316
3HalifaxNova Scotia530,722311,0654,572,020
4St. John'sNewfoundland and Labrador118,00855,475512,787
5Fraser RiverBritish Columbia94,651N/A742,783
6Saint JohnNew Brunswick44,56624,982259,459
7TorontoOntario24,58524,585292,834

Ferry services[edit]

MV Spirit of Vancouver Island en route to Tsawwassen from Swartz Bay
See also: Category:Ferries of Canada
  • Passenger ferry service
Vancouver Island to the mainland
several Sunshine Coast communities to the mainland and to Alaska.
Internationally to St. Pierre and Miquelon
  • Automobile ferry service
Nova Scotia to Newfoundland and Labrador,
Quebec to Newfoundland across the Strait of Belle Isle
Labrador to Newfoundland.
Chandler to the Magdalen Islands, Quebec
Prince Edward Island to the Magdalen Islands, Quebec
Prince Edward Island to Nova Scotia
Digby, Nova Scotia, to Saint John, New Brunswick
  • Train ferry service
British Columbia to Alaska or Washington state.

Canals[edit]

Welland Canal, Port Weller, Lock #1
See also: List of canals of Canada

The St. Lawrence waterway was at one time the world's greatest[clarification needed] inland water navigation system. The main route canals of Canada are those of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. The others are subsidiary canals.

  • St. Lawrence Seaway
  • Welland Canal
  • Soo Locks
  • Trent-Severn Waterway
  • Rideau Canal

Ports and harbours[edit]

See also: Category:Port settlements in Canada

The National Harbours Board administered Halifax, Saint John, Chicoutimi, Trois-Rivières, Churchill, and Vancouver until 1983. At one time, over 300 harbours across Canada were supervised by the Department of Transport.[5] A program of divestiture was implemented around the turn of the millennium, and as of 2014, 493 of the 549 sites identified for divestiture in 1995 have been sold or otherwise transferred,[39] as indicated by a DoT list.[40] The government maintains an active divestiture programme,[41] and after divestiture Transport Canada oversees only 17 Canada Port Authorities for the 17 largest shipping ports.[42][43]

Merchant marine[edit]

Further information: Canadian Merchant Navy

Canada's merchant marine comprised a total of 173 ships (1,000 gross tonnage (GT) or over) 2,129,243 GT or 716,340 tonnes deadweight (DWT) at the end of 2007.[3]

Pipelines[edit]

The TransCanada pipeline route
See also: Category:Natural gas pipelines in Canada, Lakehead Pipeline, and TransCanada pipeline

Pipelines are part of the energy extraction and transportation network of Canada and are used to transport natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, synthetic crude and other petroleum based products. Canada has 23,564 km (14,642 mi) of pipeline for transportation of crude and refined oil, and 74,980 km (46,590 mi) for liquefied petroleum gas.[3]

Public transit[edit]

Main article: Public transport in Canada
Some North American cities arranged by size along the horizontal axis and public transportation use on the vertical axis.
Montreal Metro's McGill station during rush hour

Most Canadian cities have public transport, if only a bus system. Three Canadian cities have rapid transit systems, four have light rail systems, and three have commuter rail systems (see below). In 2016, 12.4% of Canadians used public transportation to get to work. This compares to 79.5% that got to work using a car (67.4% driving alone, 12.1% as part of a carpool), 5.5% that walked and 1.4% that rode a bike.[44]

Government organizations across Canada owned 17,852 buses of various types in 2016. Organizations in Ontario (38.8%) and Quebec (21.9%) accounted for just over three-fifths of the country's total bus fleet. Urban municipalities owned more than 85% of all buses.[1]

in 2016, diesel buses were the leading bus type in Canada (65.9%), followed by bio-diesel (18.1%) and hybrid (9.4%) buses. Electric, natural gas and other buses collectively accounted for the remaining 6.6%.[2]

Rapid transit systems[edit]

Main article: Rapid transit in Canada

There are three rapid transit systems operating in Canada: the Montreal Metro, the Toronto subway, and the Vancouver SkyTrain.

Rapid transit in Canada
LocationTransitWeekday daily ridershipLength/stations
Montreal, QuebecMontreal Metro1,254,700 (Q4 2016)[45]69.2 km (43.0 mi) / 68
Toronto, OntarioToronto subway1,207,300 (Q4 2016)[45]76.9 km (47.8 mi) / 75
Vancouver, British ColumbiaSkyTrain454,600 (December 2016)[46]79.6 km (49.5 mi) / 53

There is also an airport circulator, the Link Train, at Toronto Pearson International Airport. It operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and is wheelchair-accessible. It is free of cost.

Light rail systems[edit]

Main article: Light rail in Canada

There are light rail systems in four cities – the Calgary CTrain, the Edmonton LRT, the Ottawa O-Train, and Waterloo Region's Ion – while Toronto has an extensive streetcar system.

Light rail transit in Canada
LocationTransitWeekday daily ridershipLength/stations
Toronto, OntarioToronto streetcar system530,600 (Q4 2019)[47]82 km (51 mi) / 685[48]
Calgary, AlbertaCTrain313,800 (Q4 2019)[47]59.9 km (37.2 mi) / 45[49]
Edmonton, AlbertaEdmonton LRT113,804 (2019)[50]21 km (13 mi) / 15
Ottawa, OntarioO-Train159,000 (Q4 2019)[51]20.5 km (12.7 mi) / 18
Waterloo Region, OntarioIon rapid transitN/A19 km (12 mi) / 19

The 2016 Canada's Core Public Infrastructure Survey from Statistics Canada found that all of Canada's 247 streetcars were owned by the City of Toronto. The vast majority (87.9%) of these streetcars were purchased from 1970 to 1999, while 12.1% were purchased in 2016. Reflecting the age of the streetcars, 88.0% were reported to be in very poor condition, while 12.0% were reported to be in good condition.[3]

Commuter train systems[edit]

Commuter trains serve the cities and surrounding areas of Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver:

Commuter train systems in Canada
LocationTransitDaily ridershipSystem length
Toronto, OntarioGO Transit187,000 (2013)[52]390 km (240 mi)[53]
Montreal, QuebecAgence métropolitaine de transport83,100 (Q2 2013)[54]214 km (133 mi)
Vancouver, British ColumbiaWest Coast Express11,100 (Q2 2013)[54]69 km (43 mi)[55]

History[edit]

The standard history covers the French regime, fur traders, the canals, and early roads, and gives extensive attention to the railways.[56]

European contact[edit]

Prior to the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal peoples in Canada walked. They also used canoes, kayaks, umiaks and Bull Boats, in addition to the snowshoe, toboggan and sled in winter. They had no wheeled vehicles, and no animals larger than dogs.

Europeans adopted canoes as they pushed deeper into the continent's interior, and were thus able to travel via the waterways that fed from the St. Lawrence River and Hudson Bay.[57]

In the 19th century and early 20th century transportation relied on harnessing oxen to Red River ox carts or horse to wagon. Maritime transportation was via manual labour such as canoe or wind on sail. Water or land travel speeds was approximately 8 to 15 km/h (5 to 9 mph).[58]

Settlement was along river routes. Agricultural commodities were perishable, and trade centres were within 50 km (31 mi). Rural areas centred around villages, and they were approximately 10 km (6 mi) apart. The advent of steam railways and steamships connected resources and markets of vast distances in the late 19th century.[58] Railways also connected city centres, in such a way that the traveller went by sleeper, railway hotel, to the cities. Crossing the country by train took four or five days, as it still does by car. People generally lived within 5 mi (8 km) of the downtown core thus the train could be used for inter-city travel and the tram for commuting.

The advent of the interstate or Trans-Canada Highway in Canada in 1963 established ribbon development, truck stops, and industrial corridors along throughways.

Evolution[edit]

Different parts of the country are shut off from each other by Cabot Strait, the Strait of Belle Isle, by areas of rough, rocky forest terrain, such as the region lying between New Brunswick and Quebec, the areas north of Lakes Huron and Superior, dividing the industrial region of Ontario and Quebec from the agricultural areas of the prairies, and the barriers interposed by the mountains of British Columbia

— The Canada Year Book 1956[5]

The Federal Department of Transport (established 2 November 1936) supervised railways, canals, harbours, marine and shipping, civil aviation, radio and meteorology. The Transportation Act of 1938 and the amended Railway Act, placed control and regulation of carriers in the hands of the Board of Transport commissioners for Canada. The Royal Commission on Transportation was formed 29 December 1948, to examine transportation services to all areas of Canada to eliminate economic or geographic disadvantages. The Commission also reviewed the Railway Act to provide uniform yet competitive freight-rates.[5]

See also[edit]

  • Royal Commission on Railways
  • The Romance of Transportation in Canada, a National Film Board of Canada animated short
  • Taxicabs of Canada

References[edit]

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  55. ^ G.P. de T. Glazebrook, A history of transportation in Canada (1938; reprinted 1969)
  56. ^ Virtual Vault, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada
  57. ^ a b Rodrigue, Dr. Jean-Paul (1998–2008). "Historical Geography of Transportation - Part I". Dept. of Economics & Geography. Hofstra University. Archived from the original on 2008-01-12. Retrieved 2008-01-18.

Further reading[edit]

  • Brown, Ron. Rails Across the Prairies: The Railway Heritage of Canada's Prairie Provinces (Dundurn, 2012)
  • Currie, Archibald William. Economics of Canadian transportation (U of Toronto Press, 1954.)
  • Daniels, Rudolph L. Trains across the continent: North American railroad history (Indiana University Press, 2000)
  • Glazebrook, G.P. de T. A history of transportation in Canada (1938; reprinted 1969), The standard scholarly history
  • McCalla, Robert J. Water Transportation in Canada (1994)
  • McIlwraith, Thomas F. "Transportation in Old Ontario." American Review of Canadian Studies 14.2 (1984): 177–192.
  • Pigott, Peter. Canada: The History (2014); Pigott has numerous books on aviation in Canada
  • Schreiner, John. Transportation: The evolution of Canada's networks (McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1972)
  • Stagg, Ronald. The Golden Dream: A History of the St. Lawrence Seaway (Dundurn, 2010)
  • Willoughby, William R. The St. Lawrence waterway: a study in politics and diplomacy (University of Wisconsin Press, 1961)

External links[edit]

  • Directory of Canada Transportation Companies www.transportationindustry.ca
  • "Transportation and Maps" in Virtual Vault, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada
  • North American transportation statistics