Pelham Bay Park es un parque municipal ubicado en la esquina noreste del distrito del Bronx en la ciudad de Nueva York . Es, con 2.772 acres (1.122 ha), [a] el parque público más grande de la ciudad de Nueva York. El parque es más de tres veces el tamaño de Manhattan 's Central Park . El parque es operado por el Departamento de Parques y Recreación de la Ciudad de Nueva York (NYC Parks).
Parque Pelham Bay | |
---|---|
Tipo | Municipal |
Localización | El Bronx , Nueva York, EE. UU. |
Coordenadas | 40 ° 51′56 ″ N 73 ° 48′30 ″ W / 40.86556 ° N 73.80833 ° WCoordenadas : 40 ° 51′56 ″ N 73 ° 48′30 ″ W / 40.86556 ° N 73.80833 ° W |
Área | 2.772 acres (1.122 ha) [a] |
Creado | 1888 |
Operado por | Departamento de Parques y Recreación de la Ciudad de Nueva York |
Acceso al transporte público | Metro : Pelham Bay Park () MTA New York City Bus : Bx29 Bee-Line Bus : 45 |
Pelham Bay Park contiene muchas características geográficas, tanto naturales como artificiales. El parque incluye varias penínsulas, como Rodman's Neck , Tallapoosa Point y las antiguas islas Hunter y Twin . Una laguna atraviesa el centro de Pelham Bay Park, y Eastchester Bay divide la esquina suroeste del resto del parque. También hay varias áreas recreativas dentro del parque. Orchard Beach corre a lo largo de Pelham Bay en la costa este del parque. Dos campos de golf y varios senderos naturales se encuentran dentro de la sección central del parque. Otros puntos de referencia incluyen la mansión Bartow-Pell , un símbolo de la ciudad, así como la Columna de la Victoria del Bronx y Memorial Grove.
Antes de su creación, la tierra que comprende el actual Pelham Bay Park era parte de la efímera colonia disidente de Anne Hutchinson . Parte de Nueva Holanda , que fue destruida en 1643 por un Siwanoy ataque en represalia por las matanzas no relacionadas realizadas en el marco Willem Kieft 's dirección de la Dutch West India Company ' s New Amsterdam colonia. En 1654, un inglés llamado Thomas Pell compró 50.000 acres (200 km²) de Siwanoy, tierra que se conocería como Pelham Manor después de la carta de 1666 de Carlos II . Durante la Guerra Revolucionaria Estadounidense , la tierra fue un amortiguador entre la ciudad de Nueva York controlada por los británicos y Westchester controlada por los rebeldes, sirviendo como el sitio de la Batalla de Pell's Point , donde la milicia de Massachusetts se escondía detrás de muros de piedra (aún visible en uno de los campos de golf) detuvo un avance británico.
El parque fue creado en 1888, bajo los auspicios del Departamento de Parques del Bronx, inspirado en gran medida por la visión de John Mullaly , y pasó a la ciudad de Nueva York cuando la parte del Bronx al este del río Bronx se anexó a la ciudad en 1895. Orchard Beach, una de las más populares de la ciudad, se creó gracias a los esfuerzos de Robert Moses en la década de 1930.
Historia
Época precolonial
Antes de la colonización de lo que hoy es el estado de Nueva York en el siglo XVII, Pelham Bay Park comprendía un archipiélago de islas separadas por marismas y playas peninsulares . [6] Geológicamente, la mayor parte de la tierra del parque se formó durante el final de la última edad de hielo , la glaciación de Wisconsin , que ocurrió entre 10.000 y 15.000 años antes de la llegada de los primeros colonos. El derretimiento de los glaciares provocó la formación de las actuales marismas. El aumento del nivel del mar debido al derretimiento de los glaciares provocó la sedimentación a lo largo de la costa, creando arena y marismas . Gradualmente, el pasto de agua salada comenzó a retener sedimentos, lo que provocó que algunas de las marismas del interior se inundaran solo durante la marea alta . [7]
Los Siwanoy (transliterados como "gente del sur") fueron la primera tribu de nativos americanos en habitar la costa norte de Long Island Sound al este de Connecticut . Vivían una existencia mayoritariamente de cazadores-recolectores . [8] [9] Los Siwanoy usaron el sitio del parque actual como un sitio ceremonial y de entierro, como lo demuestran los cinturones de wampum encontrados en el área, [10] que se usaron con fines diplomáticos entre las tribus nativas americanas locales. [11] Dos glaciares erráticos en el parque, depositados durante el final de la última edad de hielo, fueron utilizados ceremonialmente por los Siwanoy: el "Grey Mare" en Hunter Island , y Mishow cerca del Theodore Kazimiroff Nature Trail . [8]
Siglos XVII y XVIII
La Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Occidentales compró la tierra en 1639. [11] La llamaron Vreedelandt , que se traduce aproximadamente como "tierra de la libertad", [9] [12] y alternativamente Oostdorp , que significa "aldea del este". [12] Oostdorp se convirtió en el área conocida como Westchester Square , al suroeste del parque actual. [13] [14]
En 1642, Anne Hutchinson y su familia se mudaron de Rhode Island a Split Rock, a lo largo del río Hutchinson en lo que ahora es Pelham Bay Park. Aunque la familia era inglesa, la tierra era parte de Nueva Holanda bajo la autoridad holandesa. [15] Se desconoce la ubicación exacta de la casa Hutchinson, y un erudito dijo que la casa estaba en el parque moderno en el lado este del río Hutchinson, [16] : 231 y otro dijo que la casa estaba en el lado oeste del río en ahora Baychester . [17] Los Siwanoy destruyeron el asentamiento de Hutchinson y mataron a la familia en agosto de 1643, [16] : 239 [18] en represalia por las masacres no relacionadas llevadas a cabo bajo la dirección de Willem Kieft de la colonia de New Amsterdam de la Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Occidentales . [19] [16] : 237 [15]
En 1654, un inglés llamado Thomas Pell compró 50.000 acres (20.000 ha) del Siwanoy, que comprende la tierra del actual Pelham Bay Park, así como la cercana ciudad de Pelham, Nueva York , y construyó su propiedad en 9.188 acres (3.718 ha). de esa tierra. [20] [21] El parque actual consiste en la parte más al sur de la propiedad de Pell, excluyendo Hart Island y City Island . [22] La tierra de Pell se conoció como Pelham Manor después de la carta de 1666 de Carlos II , [21] [23] y partes de la reclamación de tierras de Pell estaban en conflicto con la de otros colonos cercanos. [13] Pell murió en 1669, entregando su propiedad a su sobrino John, [13] [24] quien vendió City Island en 1685. [13] La concesión de tierras se renovó en 1687. [21] Al año siguiente, Jacob Leisler compró 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) de la propiedad restante en nombre de los hugonotes , y con esa tierra, fundó la ciudad de New Rochelle para los hugonotes. [13] [22] Tras la muerte de John Pell en 1700, le cedió la propiedad a su hijo Joseph, quien a su vez transfirió la propiedad a su propio hijo, John. La propiedad de la mansión pasó luego a la familia Bartow, [25] que eran descendientes maternos de la familia Pell. [12] La parcela de entierro de la familia Pell daba a la costa de Pelham Bay en el lado este de la mansión. [26] [27]
La tierra fue el sitio de la Batalla de Pell's Point durante la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos . [28] Después de que las fuerzas británicas intentaron infructuosamente atrapar al cuerpo principal del Ejército Continental en la isla de Manhattan , el comandante en jefe del Ejército británico, el general Sir William Howe, buscó otro lugar a lo largo de Long Island Sound para desembarcar sus tropas. [29] : 246, 255 El 18 de octubre de 1776, desembarcó 4.000 hombres en Pelham , cerca del parque actual. [30] : 5 Una brigada de 750 hombres bajo el mando del coronel estadounidense John Glover ya estaba tierra adentro, y atacaron a las unidades de avanzada británicas desde detrás de una serie de muros de piedra. [30] : 14-17 Después de una serie de ataques, los británicos se separaron y los estadounidenses se retiraron. [29] : 255 [20] [31]
En 1836, Robert Bartow, un descendiente de Thomas Pell, [3] compró 30 acres (12 ha) de la antigua propiedad de su antepasado. En 1842, se completó la construcción de la mansión Bartow-Pell , la mansión de la familia. [32] Bartow murió en 1868 y su familia vendió la mansión a la ciudad en 1880. [32] La mansión se mantuvo hasta 1914, cuando la ciudad y el International Garden Club asumieron el mantenimiento conjunto del edificio. [32] [33]
Décadas de 1870 y 1880: creación
En la década de 1870, el arquitecto paisajista Frederick Law Olmsted imaginó un cinturón verde en todo el Bronx, que consistiría en parques y avenidas que se alinearían más con la geografía existente que un sistema de cuadrícula similar al Plan de los Comisionados de 1811 en Manhattan. Esa cuadrícula había dado lugar a Central Park , un parque con características en su mayoría artificiales dentro de los límites de la cuadrícula. [34] [35] Sin embargo, en 1877, la ciudad se negó a actuar según su plan. [36] Casi al mismo tiempo, el editor del New York Herald , John Mullaly, impulsó la creación de parques en la ciudad de Nueva York, especialmente alabando las propiedades de las familias Van Cortlandt y Pell en el oeste y este del Bronx, respectivamente. Formó la Asociación de Parques de Nueva York en noviembre de 1881. [37] [38] Hubo objeciones al sistema, que aparentemente estaría demasiado lejos de Manhattan, además de impedir el desarrollo en el sitio. [39] [40] Sin embargo, los periódicos y los cabilderos prominentes, que apoyaron tal sistema de parques, pudieron presentar la propuesta de ley al Senado del Estado de Nueva York , y luego a la Asamblea del Estado de Nueva York (la cámara baja de la legislatura ). [41] [42] En junio de 1884, el gobernador Grover Cleveland firmó la nueva Ley de Parques en la ley, que autoriza la creación del sistema de parques. [41] [43] [40] [44]
Las disputas legales se prolongaron durante años. Los opositores argumentaron que la construcción de un sistema de parques desviaría fondos de infraestructura más importante y que todos en la ciudad tendrían que pagar impuestos para pagar la construcción de los parques, independientemente de si vivían cerca de los parques. En particular, Pelham Bay Park estaba ubicado dentro del condado de Westchester en ese momento, fuera de los límites de la ciudad. [45] La ciudad se mostró reacia a pagar para comprar el parque debido al costo y la ubicación. [46] Los partidarios argumentaron que los parques eran para el beneficio de todos los ciudadanos de la ciudad; que el valor de las propiedades cercanas a los parques se apreciaría mucho con el tiempo; que el sitio de Pelham Bay Park podría convertirse fácilmente en un parque; y que Pelham Bay Park pronto se anexaría a la ciudad. Finalmente, los parques se establecieron gracias a los esfuerzos de los partidarios. [45]
Después de mucho litigio, la ciudad adquirió el terreno para el parque. [46] Aunque los residentes de Pelham inicialmente habían apoyado la creación del parque, llegaron a oponerse a él cuando descubrieron que la creación del parque disminuiría los ingresos fiscales de la ciudad. [47] Los 1.700 acres de tierra para el parque eran parte del área de 3.000 acres (1.200 ha) de la ciudad en ese momento, pero no podían ser gravados, casi reduciendo a la mitad los ingresos fiscales de la ciudad por área de tierra. La carta de un residente de Pelham al alcalde de la ciudad de Nueva York, Abram Hewitt , solicitando ayuda financiera para complementar la creciente tasa impositiva de la ciudad, se publicó en The New York Times en febrero de 1887. [48] Un mes después, un grupo de residentes de Pelham solicitó a Hewitt que oponerse al plan del parque. [49] [47] El gobierno de la ciudad de Nueva York tampoco quiso pagar impuestos a la ciudad de Pelham si compraba el terreno para el parque, que había sido una de las razones de su oposición inicial a adquirir el terreno. [50] Hubo una propuesta para que la ciudad de Nueva York pagara impuestos a Pelham si adquiría el terreno, lo que el Departamento de Impuestos de la ciudad calificó como "completamente nuevo y, por supuesto, incorrecto". [51]
A pesar de la oposición de los residentes de Pelham al parque, la ciudad adquirió el terreno para Pelham Bay Park en 1887, y se convirtió oficialmente en un parque en 1888. [52] : 693 [46] Pelham Bay Park se convirtió en un área de recreación bajo los auspicios de la Departamento de Parques del Bronx, [53] que compró la tierra por $ 2,746,688, equivalente a $ 79,114,787 en 2020. [9] El parque usó tierra de múltiples propiedades distribuidas en un exceso de 1,700 acres (690 ha). [9] [46] [54] Algunas de las mansiones de las antiguas propiedades todavía estaban en pie veinte años después. [55] Para aliviar las preocupaciones de los propietarios de Westchester que perdieron terrenos durante la adquisición del sistema de parques, los Comisionados de Estimación de la Ciudad de Nueva York distribuyeron pagos de compensación. [52] : 694 Los Comisionados de Estimación pagaron un total de $ 9 millones (equivalente a $ 259,233,333 en 2020), pero algunos propietarios de tierras demandaron más compensación en 1889. [56]
De 1890 a 1920: primeros años
En 1890, Mullaly propuso utilizar el sitio para la Exposición Universal de 1893 debido a su tamaño; [57] sin embargo, la feria finalmente se adjudicó a Chicago en su lugar. [58] La bóveda funeraria de la familia Pell también se marcó para su conservación ese año, [59] : 34 (PDF p.135) y en julio de 1891, los descendientes de la familia Pell recibieron permiso para mantener y restaurar la parcela. [60] : 70 (PDF p.128) Después de la apertura del parque, se permitió que varias personas residieran en las mansiones dentro del parque. En 1892, el Departamento de Parques Públicos de la ciudad de Nueva York permitió por separado la ocupación de las casas Hunter, Hoyt y Twin Island. [61] : 9 (PDF pág. 67); 32 (PDF pág. 89); 109 (PDF p.193) Al año siguiente, se subastaron dos edificios cerca de Pelham Bridge. [62] : 404 (PDF p.471)
La propiedad de Pelham Bay Park pasó a la ciudad de Nueva York cuando la parte del Bronx al este del río Bronx se anexó a la ciudad en 1895. [54] A pesar de que el parque era de uso público, algunas de las antiguas propiedades permanecieron en pie, con un pocos ocupados por familias particulares. Debido a su distancia de la ciudad, NYC Parks decidió mantener 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) de Pelham Bay y Van Cortlandt Parks en su estado natural, a diferencia de algunos de los otros parques más cercanos a Manhattan, que estaban siendo extensamente ajardinados. [63] : PDF pp.442–443 Ninguna de las casas se alquiló en 1899, [64] : 23 pero en 1900, treinta y seis casas en el parque se usaban como residencias privadas, lo que representa el 75% de las casas alquiladas dentro de los parques. en el Bronx. [65] : 20 Este número se redujo a treinta y tres el año siguiente. [66] : 65
En la primavera de 1902, NYC Parks destruyó dos casas en el parque y usó la madera restante para construir baños gratuitos, que fueron utilizados por unos 700 bañistas por día durante ese verano. [67] : 116 (PDF p.85) Alrededor de 1903, Hunter Island se convirtió en un popular destino de vacaciones de verano. [68] [69] Debido al hacinamiento en Hunter Island, NYC Parks abrió un campamento dos años más tarde en Rodman's Neck en el extremo sur de la isla, con 100 baños. [69] [46] [54] [70] Orchard Beach, en ese momento una pequeña área recreativa en el extremo noreste de Rodman's Neck, [71] se expandió ese año. [70] En 1904, se abrió un campo de atletismo dentro de Pelham Bay Park. [72]
En 1917, Hunter Island recibió medio millón de visitantes estacionales. [69] Orchard Beach también se hizo popular, con un promedio de 2,000 visitantes durante la semana de verano y 5,000 visitantes los fines de semana de verano en 1912. [46] Sin embargo, la condición del parque comenzó a declinar en la década de 1920 a medida que se desarrollaron las áreas circundantes. Las instalaciones del parque estaban sucias y deterioradas debido al uso excesivo, y hubo mucho vandalismo. [46] [54] Hunter Island se cerró y se prohibió acampar, por lo que algunos clientes del parque comenzaron a acampar ilegalmente. [73]
1930-1960: proyectos de renovación de Moisés
El área recreativa actual de Orchard Beach y el campo de golf Split Rock se crearon gracias a los esfuerzos del comisionado de parques de la ciudad de Nueva York, Robert Moses . [74] [3] [75] Inmediatamente después de asumir su cargo en 1934, Moisés ordenó a los ingenieros que hicieran un inventario de todos los parques de la ciudad para ver qué era necesario renovar. [76] Él ideó planes para una nueva área de recreación en Orchard Beach después de ver la popularidad del campamento de Hunter Island. [69] El 11 de febrero de 1934, Moses anunció un plan para el nuevo campo de golf. [74] Dos semanas después, anunció otro plan para la playa mejorada, que se había inspirado en el diseño de Jones Beach en Long Island . [77] La playa y el campo de golf existente se reconstruirían a través de Works Progress Administration (WPA) en el marco del programa New Deal de la década de 1930 . [3] [78] [74] [79]
Moses canceló 625 arrendamientos para el proyecto, y después de que los campistas demandaron sin éxito a la ciudad, [80] el sitio fue despejado de campistas en junio. [81] Moses decidió conectar la isla Hunter y las islas gemelas con el cuello de Rodman rellenando la mayor parte de la bahía de LeRoy. [71] La deteriorada Hunter Mansion fue demolida con la construcción de la playa. [82] Los campos de golf se reabrieron en junio de 1935, dieciséis meses después de que comenzara la construcción. John van Kleek diseñó el nuevo campo de golf Split Rock como parte del programa de la ciudad para mejorar o construir diez campos de golf alrededor de la ciudad. [83] [84]
Un diseño final para la playa se dio a conocer en julio de 1935. [85] [86] [87] El proyecto de playa implicó rellenar aproximadamente 110 acres (45 ha) de las bahías de LeRoy y Pelham con vertedero, [3] seguido de un total de 4,000,000 yardas cúbicas (3,100,000 m 3 ) de arena. [88] [89] Moses pensó que los desechos del Departamento de Saneamiento de la ciudad de Nueva York serían más baratos que la arena. [88] A principios de 1935, los trabajadores comenzaron a colocar el relleno de basura [90] alrededor de Rodman's Neck, Twin Island y Hunter Island. [90] [91] Después de que la basura comenzó a lavarse en la playa, el resto del sitio se rellenó con arena a partir de 1936. [88] [92] La playa, diseñada por Gilmore David Clarke y Aymar Embury II , fue dedicado en julio de 1936 [75] [91] a pesar de estar solo parcialmente completo. [93] [94] La playa se inauguró oficialmente el 25 de junio de 1937. [95] Poco después de la apertura de Orchard Beach, se amplió, comenzando con el vestuario sur en 1939. [96] [97] El agua entre Hunter y Twin Las islas se rellenaron durante 1946 y 1947, con nuevos embarcaderos en cada extremo de la playa. El paseo se extendió sobre el relleno y se inauguró en 1947, [98] [73] [69] [99] Se hicieron más mejoras al pabellón de la casa de baños en 1952 y al embarcadero norte en 1955. Se agregó un nuevo puesto de concesión al norte de el pabellón en 1962, [98] y un campo de prácticas de golf financiado con fondos privados también se agregó ese año. [100] La playa fue renovada a partir de 1964. [101]
En 1959, después de que la sección de Rodman's Neck del parque se hubiera utilizado para diversos fines, el Departamento de Policía de la ciudad de Nueva York utilizó la tierra del parque para crear el campo de tiro de Rodman's Neck en el extremo sur de la península. Anteriormente, el parque en Rodman's Neck había sido infrautilizado, y la policía de Nueva York y el Ejército de los Estados Unidos usaron el terreno en varias ocasiones. [102] [103]
1960-presente: limpieza y restauración
La Ciudad inició operaciones de relleno sanitario en Tallapoosa Point en Pelham Bay Park en 1963. [104] [105] Planes para expandir los rellenos sanitarios en Pelham Bay Park en 1966, lo que habría creado el segundo sitio de disposición de basura más grande de la Ciudad junto a Fresh Kills en Staten Island , se encontraron con una amplia oposición de la comunidad. [104] La expansión del relleno sanitario se vio como una forma de aliviar las acumulaciones de desechos de la ciudad, y Tallapoosa fue vista como el único lugar adecuado para colocar el relleno sanitario. [106] El esfuerzo de preservación fue encabezado por el Dr. Theodore Kazimiroff , un historiador del Bronx y director de la Sociedad Histórica del Bronx. Sufrió reveses en agosto de 1967 cuando la Junta de Estimaciones de la Ciudad de Nueva York votó en contra de un esfuerzo inicial para crear un área protegida en el sitio de expansión del vertedero propuesto. [107] [108] Sin embargo, los gobiernos estatal y federal no favorecieron que el vertedero se ubique en Tallapoosa. [109] El 11 de octubre de 1967, el alcalde John Lindsay firmó una ley que autorizaba la creación de dos refugios de vida silvestre , el Santuario de Vida Silvestre Thomas Pell y el Santuario de Geología y Zoología Marina de Hunter Island , en el sitio donde se planeaba expandir el vertedero. . [104] Tallapoosa West siguió utilizándose como vertedero hasta mayo de 1968, cuando se revocó el permiso del vertedero. [106] En noviembre de ese año, Tallapoosa West pasó a formar parte del refugio Pell. [110] El vertedero todavía estaba en funcionamiento hasta 1975, cuando se describió que la basura tenía diez pisos de altura. [111] El vertedero se cerró en 1978. [105] Sin embargo, un informe publicado en 1983 afirmó que el vertedero de Tallapoosa, así como otros cinco en toda la ciudad, estaban muy contaminados con "desechos tóxicos" vertidos entre 1964 y 1979. [112 ] [113] Los desechos del vertedero supuestamente provocaron problemas de salud para los residentes de comunidades cercanas como Country Club . El vertedero de Tallapoosa en Pelham Bay Park fue designado como un sitio de desechos peligrosos en 1988 y la limpieza comenzó en 1989. [105]
En 1983, se propuso el Centro Ambiental Theodore Kazimiroff para el parque, junto a un sendero natural que atravesaría el terreno del parque. [114] Se nombraría por respeto al difunto historiador, [114] que había muerto en 1980. [115] El sendero natural Kazimiroff y el Centro Ambiental del Parque Pelham Bay se abrieron en junio de 1986. [116] [115] [ 73] En 1986 se completó una renovación de $ 1 millón de los pabellones de Orchard Beach (equivalente a $ 2,361,000 en 2020). [117] A fines de la década, se arrojaron grandes cantidades de restos humanos y animales en Pelham Bay Park, incluidos 65 cuerpos humanos que fueron arrojados al parque de 1986 a 1995. Pelham Bay Park también estaba muy sucio, y la basura desechada de varias décadas antes todavía era visible. [118] Los oficiales de policía de Nueva York en estos casos teorizaron que la frecuencia de los vertidos de cadáveres podría atribuirse a dos cosas: la ubicación remota del parque cerca de las carreteras, así como la creencia de que el parque está embrujado por los restos del Siwanoy enterrado allí. [119]
En 1990, NYC Parks recibió una donación de $ 6.3 millones para mejoras en Pelham Bay Park y otros veinte parques alrededor de la ciudad. NYC Parks usó el dinero para renovar senderos y limpiar la maleza. [120] Una renovación de Orchard Beach comenzó en 1995. [121] Se propuso un parque acuático para la playa, pero finalmente se canceló en 1999. [122] Unos años más tarde, como parte de la oferta finalmente infructuosa de la ciudad para el verano de 2012 Olimpiadas , se propusieron mejoras en varias instalaciones en Pelham Bay Park. Las nuevas instalaciones habrían incluido un centro de tiro en Rodman's Neck; una pista de equitación de 350 metros (1150 pies) ; y una instalación de esgrima , natación y waterpolo en el pabellón de Orchard Beach. [123] La oferta finalmente se adjudicó a Londres en su lugar. [124]
En 2010, comenzó la construcción de la ampliación del embarcadero en Orchard Beach a un costo de $ 13 millones. [125] [126] Poco después, se inició el trabajo en un proyecto de $ 2,9 millones para restaurar la costa de Pelham Bay Park, que implicó la renovación del malecón, la adición de un parque para perros y la creación de un nuevo sendero para caminar. [127] En 2012, se encontraron basureros de conchas de nativos americanos en Tallapoosa Point , lo que provocó una investigación arqueológica. [128] Otras excavaciones en el sitio descubrieron más de cien artefactos, algunos de los cuales datan del siglo III d . C. El trabajo en el proyecto de restauración se detuvo en junio de 2015 como resultado de los hallazgos. [127] [129] El proyecto de restauración se reinició en septiembre de 2015. [130]
Geografía
Con 2.772 acres (1.122 ha), [a] Pelham Bay Park es el más grande de la ciudad, [5] [131] siendo un poco más de tres veces el tamaño del Central Park de 843 acres (341 ha). [132] [5] Pelham Bay Park incluye 13 millas (21 km) de costa [132] , así como tierra a ambos lados del río Hutchinson . Hunter Island , Twin Island y Two-Trees Island, todas anteriormente islas verdaderas en Pelham Bay, ahora están conectadas al continente por relleno y son parte del parque. [2] Varias islas en Long Island Sound (incluidas las islas Sweeps de Chimney ), [133] así como la isla Goose en el río Hutchinson, también forman parte de Pelham Bay Park. [134] El parque está dividido en varias secciones, incluidas dos secciones principales divididas aproximadamente por Eastchester Bay . [135] [136]
En la sección este de Pelham Bay Park se encuentra Orchard Beach y su estacionamiento. La sección este también contiene el Santuario de Vida Silvestre de Hunter Island en Twin y Hunter Islands. El sendero natural Kazimiroff serpentea a través de esta sección. [136] La sección noroeste, dividida de la sección oriental a través de la Laguna. Contiene ambos campos de golf , así como el Santuario Thomas Pell; los bosques de Bartow-Pell; Pantano de Goose Creek; y los senderos Siwanoy, Bridle y Split Rock . El parque es atravesado por Amtrak 's corredor noreste del ferrocarril en este lugar, así como por la Hutchinson River Parkway y el New England Thruway . [136] Una sección central contiene un bosque central, donde está presente el sendero Siwanoy y el campo de práctica de Turtle Cove. También incluye Rodman's Neck y una parte del parque conocido como "The Meadow". [136] El puente Pelham lleva el tráfico a través de la bahía de Eastchester entre la sección suroeste y el resto del parque. [136]
The park contains many different habitats. The largest habitat is the 782-acre (316 ha) forests, followed by the 195-acre (79 ha) salt marshes, the 161-acre (65 ha) salt flats, the 83-acre (34 ha) meadows, the 751-acre (304 ha) mixed scrub, and the 3-acre (1.2 ha) fresh water marsh.[137] In total, about 67% of the park is estimated to be in its natural state, while 33% of the park is estimated to be developed.[138]:129 In the latter half of the 20th century, Pelham Bay Park's biodiversity decreased: in that time, the park was observed to have lost 25% of its 569 native species of plants as well as 12.5% of its 321 non-native species.[138]:132
Land features
Hunter Island
Hunter Island ( 40°52′36″N 73°47′24″W / 40.876773°N 73.789866°W / 40.876773; -73.789866 (Hunter Island)) is a 166-acre (67 ha) peninsula filled with woodlands; it had previously been 215 acres (87 ha) until Robert Moses extended Orchard Beach in the 1930s.[82] A former island, it was part of the Pelham Islands, the historical name for a group of islands in western Long Island Sound that once belonged to Thomas Pell. The Siwanoy referred to the island as "Laap-Ha-Wach King", or "place of stringing beads".[82][139] The island was then renamed after John Hunter, a successful businessman and politician, who purchased the property in 1804[140] and moved his family to the island in 1813.[141] They built a mansion in the English Georgian style[139][142] at the highest point on the island (90 feet above sea level).[82] The mansion was destroyed in 1937 during the construction of Orchard Beach.[82][141] In 1967, the island became part of the Hunter Island Wildlife Sanctuary.[82]
Twin Island
Twin Island, at 40°52′16″N 73°47′04″W / 40.871186°N 73.784389°W / 40.871186; -73.784389 (Twin Island), is wooded with exposed bedrock with glacial grooves. The East and West Twin Islands (or the "Twins") were once true islands in Pelham Bay but are now connected to each other and to Orchard Beach and nearby Rodman's Neck by a landfill created in 1937.[139][143][144] East Twin Island, a rocky formation with "ribbons of color" caused by sedimentary erosion, is connected to neighboring Two Trees Island via a thin mudflat land bridge. Two Trees Island itself consists of a rocky plateau upon which one can see Orchard Beach and the environmental center.[143] West Twin Island was at one time connected to neighboring Hunter Island via a man-made stone bridge,[145][146] which now lies in ruins in one of the city's last remaining salt marshes.[147]
The two islands that are now combined as Twin Island have been owned by NYC Parks since the 1888 acquisition of Pelham Bay Park.[146] A tennis court was built on the island in 1899.[64]:26 Twin Island was restored in 1995 as part of the Twin Islands Salt Marsh Restoration Project, which cost $850,000.[147]
Rodman's Neck
Rodman's Neck is a peninsula located in the central section of the park (at 40°51′09″N 73°48′02″W / 40.852501°N 73.800556°W / 40.852501; -73.800556 (Rodman's Neck)). The southern third of the peninsula is used as a firing range by the New York City Police Department (NYPD); the remaining wooded section is part of Pelham Bay Park.[136][148] The north side, which is joined to the rest of Pelham Bay Park near Orchard Beach, contains several baseball fields.[136][149] Two small land berms between Rodman's Neck and City Island consist of the island's only connecting road to the mainland.[2]
Rodman's Neck was part of the historic Pell property,[150] and since the city acquired the peninsula in 1888, it has been used for multiple purposes.[103] It was used as a United States Army training location during World War I,[102] and was converted to under-utilized parkland in the 1920s.[102][103] From 1930 to 1936, the peninsula was incorporated as part of Camp Mulrooney, a summer camp for the NYPD.[102][103] The Army used Rodman's Neck again in the 1950s during the Cold War.[102] and the NYPD built the current firing range at the peninsula's southern tip in 1959.[102]
Tallapoosa Point
Tallapoosa Point is located in the southwest of Pelham Bay Park, near the Pelham Bridge.[136] It used to be a separate island south of Eastchester Bay, having been private property, but was connected to the mainland during the colonial period. The point then became a popular fishing spot.[151] In 1879, the Tallapoosa Club political group started leasing part of the peninsula from the city during the summer, hosting activities there. The club's presence gave the peninsula its current name, and in turn, the club's name was derived from Tallapoosa, Georgia, where some of its members had fought during the American Civil War.[152] The Tallapoosa Club used a mansion originally built by the Lorillard family.[153] They used the mansion until October 1, 1895.[154]:50 (PDF p.138)
Tallapoosa Point was used as a dump from 1963[104] until 1968, when landfill operations ceased[106] and it became a part of the Wildlife Refuge.[110] Since then it has been a part of the park, but there was an obscure proposal in the 1970s to make Tallapoosa into a ski slope.[151] Tallapoosa Point was later re-planted and serves as a bird habitat.[155]
Waterways
Pelham Bay
Between City Island and Orchard Beach is a sound named Pelham Bay ( 40°51′59″N 73°47′25″W / 40.866335°N 73.790321°W / 40.866335; -73.790321 (Pelham Bay)), but contrary to its name, it is not a bay, but rather a sound since it is open to larger bodies of water at both ends. It connects to Eastchester Bay at the south, and opens onto Long Island Sound and City Island Harbor at the east.[136] Approximately one third of the original bay was filled in to create Orchard Beach from 1934 to 1938.[3]
Eastchester Bay
Eastchester Bay is a body of water that separates City Island and most of the park from the park's southwest portion and the rest of the Bronx.[136][156] It is crossed by the Pelham Bridge, which connects the two parts of the park.[156] It is technically also a sound, and the northern end connects via a narrow channel to Pelham Bay. The Hutchinson River empties into Eastchester Bay near the northern end. The lower portion of the bay opens onto the East River, Little Neck Bay, and Long Island Sound.[157]
Lagoon
A lagoon within the park was once part of Pelham Bay, separating Hunter and Twin Islands from the mainland, and was called LeRoy's Bay until the mid-20th century. It was popular for rowing regattas,[158] but could not be used for regulation rowing races as it was blocked by the causeway to Hunter Island.[159] By 1902, there were calls to remove the causeway so LeRoy's Bay could be used as a raceway.[159] The New York City Department of Public Parks decided to create a "temporary" wooden bridge and remove the causeway to allow the bay's tides to flow freely.[160]
Most of the lagoon was filled in during the mid-1930s reconstruction of Orchard Beach, and the bay became known as the "Orchard Beach Lagoon", or the Lagoon for short.[92][161] The lagoon between Orchard Beach and the Westchester border had been popular for regattas, or boat races, for decades, but it was neglected through the 1940s and 1950s. Rocks, weeds, and unwanted cars were tossed into the lagoon regularly.[162]
The lagoon was chosen as the site of the 1964 Summer Olympics rowing trials,[2] at which point it was widened and dredged, becoming a four-lane, 2,000-meter (6,600 ft) rowing track.[163][164][165] The track, which cost $630,000,[163] was hosted jointly by the city and the organizers of the 1964 New York World's Fair. New York City hosted several of the 1964 Olympic trials at various locations as part of the World's Fair the same year.[164] Afterward, the now-unnamed lagoon was used by New York-area colleges for boating regattas, since it had been determined to be one of the most suitable locations for boat racing in the United States. Multiple colleges, including Columbia, Manhattan, St. John's, Fordham, Iona, and Yale, utilized the lagoon for collegiate rowing practice.[162]
Turtle Cove
Turtle Cove is a small cove along the north side of City Island Road west of Orchard Beach Road.[136] Around the early 1900s, a land berm was created across Turtle Cove for rails for horsecars. This berm caused the north end of Turtle Cove to become mostly freshwater, which attracted freshwater drinking rare birds in the meadow. A 3-foot (0.91 m) diameter concrete culvert was placed across the berm to allow salt water from Eastchester Bay, but leaves and vegetation blocked this culvert.[134] Starting in June 2009, NYC Parks started a restoration project for the cove, removing the old culvert and digging a canal to flood the north end of the cove with salt water. NYC Parks then placed a foot bridge across the canal. Some 11 acres (4.5 ha) of forest were also restored, with 10,000 trees being replaced.[166] The cove also contains a batting cage and a golf center with miniature golf, PGA simulators, and grass tees.[167]
Notable natural features
Glover's Rock
Glover's Rock ( 40°51′54″N 73°48′19″W / 40.86507°N 73.805244°W / 40.86507; -73.805244 (Glover's Rock)), a giant granite glacial erratic, has a bronze plaque commemorating the Battle of Pell's Point.[20] However, contrary to popular belief, the rock had nothing to do with the battle.[168] In their respective books, Henry B. Dawson (1886) and William Abbatt (1901) both wrote that Colonel John Glover reputedly stood on the rock and watched the British forces land during the battle.[169][30]:255 This claim is erroneous, as these distances were computed based on an inaccurate map using estimates recorded by Glover in his "Letter from Mile Square" on October 24, 1776.[168] The actual location where Glover watched British forces land is closer to the second tee of the current Split Rock Golf Course.[168] The rock is only known as such today because Abbatt includes a labeled photograph of it in his book.[30]:4
Split Rock
Split Rock ( 40°53′11″N 73°49′02″W / 40.886479°N 73.817119°W / 40.886479; -73.817119 (Split Rock)), a large dome-shaped granite boulder measuring approximately 25 feet (7.6 m) from north to south and 15 feet (4.6 m) from east to west, is located at the intersection of the New England Thruway and Hutchinson River Parkway, on a triangular parcel of land formed by these roads and a ramp that leads from the northbound Parkway to the northbound Thruway.[170] The only public access to the rock is by a pedestrian trail that begins on Eastchester Place, outside the park. The Bridle Trail passes close to the rock, but is separated from the rock by the parkway's exit ramp.[136] Another park trail, called the Split Rock Trail, leads from the Bartow Circle to the rock.[171]
The Split Rock Golf Course was named after the rock.[2] Split Rock also gives its name to Split Rock Road in Pelham Manor,[172] which used to extend into the park itself.[173] The rock appears to be a glacial erratic and derives its name from a large crevice dividing the stone into two half domes. The huge rock broke in half about 10,000 years ago under the stress of glacial movements.[174][175]
Split Rock is also the location near where, in 1643, Anne Hutchinson and members of her family were massacred by Native Americans of the Siwanoy Tribe. Her daughter, Susanna, the only member of the family to survive the massacre, was at the rock during the time of the attack, which took place at the house, a distance away.[16]:237 In 1904, the New York State Legislature approved the placement of a bronze tablet on Split Rock in honor of Anne Hutchinson.[176] The tablet was installed in 1911 by the Colonial Dames of New York.[177][178] However, it was stolen in 1914.[179][180] The plaque reads:[180][181]
ANNE HUTCHINSON
Banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638[b]
Because of her Devotion to Religious Liberty This Courageous Woman
Sought Freedom from Persecution in New Netherland
Near this Rock in 1643 She and her Household
were Massacred by Indians
This Tablet is placed here by the Colonial Dames of the State of New York
ANNO DOMINI MCMXI Virtutes Majorum Filiae Conservant[181]
The boulder is of enough historic importance that in the 1950s, Theodore Kazimiroff of the Bronx Historical Society convinced officials to move the planned Interstate 95 (New England Thruway) a few feet north to save Split Rock from being dynamited.[182][183]
Treaty Oak
Treaty Oak ( 40°52′16″N 73°48′14″W / 40.871°N 73.804°W / 40.871; -73.804 (Treaty Oak)) is located on the Pell estate near the Bartow-Pell Mansion. It was said that under this oak tree, a treaty was signed between Thomas Pell and Siwanoy Chief Wampage, selling Pell all land east of the Bronx River in what was then Westchester.[13][184] The Society of the Daughters of the Revolution erected a protective fence and a plaque near the tree, but it was destroyed by lightning in 1906[185][13] and toppled in a storm in March 1909.[186] A replacement tree was planted in 1915,[187] and the current tree at the location is an elm.[188]
Wildlife sanctuaries
Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary and the Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary consist of a total of 489 acres (1.98 km2) of marshes and forests within Pelham Bay Park. They were created in 1967 as a result to opposition to a planned landfill on the site of the current sanctuaries.[189] Much of the forests in these sanctuaries are estimated to be at least three centuries old, dating to colonial times.[190] The park also has two nature centers at Orchard Beach and in the southwestern section of the park.[134][191]
Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary
The Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary, named for Thomas Pell, makes up the westerly part of Pelham Bay Park.[192] Included within its bounds are Goose Creek Marsh and the saltwater wetlands adjoining the Hutchinson River[136] as well as Goose Island, Split Rock, and the oak–hickory forests in tidal marshes bordering the Split Rock Golf Course.[193] The area is home to a variety of wildlife including raccoon, egrets, hawks, and coyotes.[134]
Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary
Located north of Orchard Beach, the Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary encompasses all of Twin Islands, Cat Briar Island, Two Trees Island, and the northeastern shoreline of Hunter Island.[194][195] It contains many glacial erratics, large boulders that were deposited during the last ice age,[194][193] as well as the largest continuous oak forest in Pelham Bay Park. The sanctuary supports a unique intertidal marine ecosystem that is rare in New York State.[134][82][147]
The park is a popular spot for bird watching, with up to 264 species having been spotted. Common bird species observed within the park include great horned owl, northern saw-whet owl, barn owl, red-tailed hawk, and warblers on Hunter Island;[196] American woodcock, willow flycatcher, northern harrier, woodpeckers, black-capped chickadee, tufted titmouse, and white-breasted nuthatch in the meadow west of Orchard Beach;[197] and various songbirds and sparrows north of the Pelham Bay Golf Course.[198] Birds in the park's waters include loons, grebes, cormorants, anseriformes, and gulls from the Twin Island coasts;[199] greater yellowlegs, lesser yellowlegs, loons, hooded merganser, Canada goose, mallard, and egrets in Eastchester Bay and Turtle Cove;[198] and osprey and waterbirds in the lagoon.[200] This is a result of Pelham Bay Park's location within one of the major seasonal bird migration corridors. The National Audubon Society has designated the park as one of four "Important Bird Areas" within the city.[201][202]
Saltwater fishing is also popular within the park, but is prohibited on Orchard Beach when the beach is open during the summer.[202] There are two major areas where fishing is allowed: in the southern part of Pelham Bay Park near Eastchester Bay; and in the northern part near the Lagoon, Turtle Cove, and northern beach jetty.[203]
South of Orchard Beach is a 25-acre (10 ha) meadow that hosts the only known population of the moth species Amphipoea erepta ryensis.[134][204][205] Another population used to exist in Rye, Westchester County.[206][207]
Surroundings
Pelham Bay Park is bounded by the town of Pelham, New York, to the north; City Island and Long Island Sound to the east; Watt Avenue and Bruckner Expressway to the south; and the Hutchinson River Parkway to the west.[2][136]
North of the park is the village of Pelham Manor in Westchester County, and a 250-foot-wide (76 m) strip of land that is part of New York City due to a boundary error. Owners of the several dozen houses on the strip have a Pelham Manor zip code and phone numbers and their children attend Pelham public schools, but as Bronx residents pay much lower property taxes than their Westchester County neighbors.[208]
To the southeast, the City Island Bridge connects the park to City Island.[209][210]
Monumentos, atracciones y características recreativas
Orchard Beach
Orchard Beach ( 40°52′02″N 73°47′45″W / 40.867304°N 73.795946°W / 40.867304; -73.795946 (Orchard Beach)), a public beach, is part of Pelham Bay Park[69] and comprises the borough's only beach.[93] The 1.1-mile-long (1.8 km), 115-acre (47 ha)[211] beach faces the Long Island Sound and is laid out in a crescent shape with a width of 200 feet (61 m) during high tide.[212] An icon of the Bronx, Orchard Beach is sometimes called the Bronx Riviera,[93][213][214][215] the Riviera of New York City,[216] Hood Beach,[215] or the Working Class Riviera.[217] It contains a set of twin pavilions, which were both landmarked by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2006.[218]
Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove
The Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove is a 70-foot-tall (21 m) limestone column that supports a bronze statue of Winged Victory on Crimi Road in the park. The grove of trees that surround the statue were originally planted on the Grand Concourse in 1921 by the American Legion;[219] they were removed in 1928 when construction began on the IND Concourse Line (B and D trains).[220] In 1930, the American Legion revealed plans to relocate the grove to Pelham Bay Prk, where there would be a new monument to honor Bronx servicemen. The monument was designed by John J. Sheridan and sculpted by Belle Kinney and Leopold Scholz.[220][219] On September 24, 1933, the monument and grove was dedicated to the 947 Bronxites who died in World War I.[220][221] The column is supported by a 18-foot-tall (5.5 m) pedestal. The statue itself is 18 feet tall and 3,700 pounds (1,700 kg), located atop a series of 14 discs. This brings the monument's aggregate height to more than 120 feet (37 m).[221] While officially a memorial to servicemen from the Bronx,[220] it is also a favorite location for wedding photography.[222]
Bartow-Pell Mansion
A 19th-century plantation-style mansion called Bartow-Pell Mansion (located at 40°52′18″N 73°48′21″W / 40.871611°N 73.805944°W / 40.871611; -73.805944 (Bartow-Pell Mansion)) is a colonial remnant done in Greek revival style.[223][32] The mansion, originally built in 1842, was sold to the city in 1880 and went maintained until 1914, when the city and International Garden Club assumed joint maintenance of the building.[32][33] Since 1975, it has been a National Historic Landmark.[224][33]
Pelham Bay and Split Rock Golf Courses
The Pelham Bay Golf Course opened in 1901, followed by the Split Rock Golf Course in 1935.[84] The courses, consisting of eighteen holes each, share an Art Deco clubhouse (located at 40°52′30″N 73°48′35″W / 40.874967°N 73.80972°W / 40.874967; -73.80972 (Golf Course Clubhouse)).[225] The courses are separated by the Northeast Corridor railroad tracks, with the Split Rock course to the northwest and the Pelham Bay course to the southeast.[136]
Plans for a golf course in Pelham Bay Park have existed since soon after the park was founded. In 1899, the New York Athletic Club approached Lawrence Van Etten, an architect renowned for designing golf courses, for a request to construct an 18-hole course within the park.[84] The proposed course would be bounded by Pelham Manor to the north; the Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad (now Northeast Corridor) tracks to the west; and Shore Road to the southeast. The city was building Van Cortlandt Park's golf course at the time, but the Bronx district parks commissioner approved Van Etten's plan. Originally, the club wanted to construct a park on Hunter Island, but Van Etten felt that the island was too small for a full 18-hole course.[226] Once the Van Cortlandt Park course was opened, city officials started focusing on plans for the Pelham course.[227]
In April 1900, surveyors began studying part of the park as a possible location for a golf course.[228][227] Later that month, workers began construction at the northwest course location. It was expected that the course would open in June or July of that year,[228][229] but that the work would not be fully complete until September.[227] New York City greenskeeper Val Flood later stated that he thought the course would open by August; however, by September 1900, work on the course had hardly started due to a lack of workers.[230] By the end of 1900, NYC Parks reported that seeds had been planted for nine greens, and two bunkers and one hazard had been created.[65]:23 The course opened in 1901,[66]:69 but did not gain popularity until 1903 when overcrowding at the Van Cortlandt course drove players to use the less crowded Pelham Bay course instead.[231]
In 1934, a new 18-hole course was announced for the north side of the park, along with a renovation to the Pelham Bay course under the WPA.[74][232] It was part of the rebuilding of 10 golf courses in the city.[233] The new course brought the total number of holes in the park's courses to 36, with each course being between 3,000 and 3,300 feet (910 and 1,010 m) between the first and last tees. This comprised two 18-hole courses or four 9-hole courses. There was also a new two-story brick Greek Revival clubhouse adjacent to both of the 18-hole courses, with a golf store, Pro Shop, cafeteria, lockers, restrooms, and showers. Construction started on the new course and clubhouse in September 1934.[234] The new Split Rock course, based on a plan from John van Kleek, opened in 1935[84] along with the rebuilt Pelham Bay course.[83]
Bronx Equestrian Center
The northern section of Pelham Bay Park is the home of the Bronx Equestrian Center on Shore Road, where visitors can ride horses and ponies through the parks' trails or obtain riding lessons.[235][132] The Bronx Equestrian Center also provides wagon rides and hosts wedding events.[132]
Southwestern section
The southwestern part of Pelham Bay Park contains several recreational facilities, but unlike the rest of the park, the southwestern section mainly serves the nearby neighborhoods.[4][236] The southwest park's largest point of interest is the Aileen B. Ryan Recreational Complex, which contains a running track, two baseball fields, and the Playground for All Children, a play area with special features for physically handicapped children.[237] Another playground, the Sweetgum Playground, is located near Bruckner Boulevard. The 0.25-mile (0.40 km) Pelham Track and Field includes an artificial turf football field as well as long jumping.[219] The southwest park also contains a dog run, four more baseball fields (for a total of six), two bocce courts, several basketball courts, and nine tennis courts.[238] This section of the park also includes the Pelham Bay Nature Center.[219] The neighborhood of Pelham Bay is across the Bruckner Expressway from this section of the park.[4]
A long and narrow 41-acre (17 ha) woodland called Huntington Woods, located on the southern border of this park, is named after the tract's last owners. Archer Milton Huntington, the founder of the Hispanic Society of America, and his wife, sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington, had acquired the property in 1896 after the park had been established. The city added 31.6 acres (12.8 ha) of Huntington's estate to the park in 1925 and annexed the remaining land in 1933.[239]
The southwestern park also contains two monuments. American Boy was commissioned in 1923 by French sculptor Louis St. Lannes and carved from one block of Indiana Limestone.[237] A tribute to the athletic body, it once stood outside the Rice Stadium and Recreation Building; the stadium, named and funded by the widow of Isaac Leopold Rice, stood at the site from the 1920s until 1989. The former stadium site is now the Pelham Track and Field.[237][240] The other is the Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove.[219][221][220]
Gestión
A nonprofit organization called Friends of Pelham Bay Park (founded in 1992) manages the park, while NYC Parks owns and operates the land and facilities.[241] Compared to the Central Park Conservancy, Friends of Pelham Bay Park does not receive as much funding.[242] Before 1992, there was no private maintenance of the park;[243] the earliest efforts for such a thing date to 1983, when an administrator was appointed to oversee both Van Cortlandt and Pelham Bay Parks.[244]
Transporte
Bridges
As part of the city's acquisition of Pelham Bay Park in 1888, NYC Parks claimed responsibility for maintenance over the western end of the City Island Bridge, which was within the park.[245]:433 (PDF p.502)[52]:695 The City Island Bridge had been built by the 1870s.[246] By 1892, the bridge was in need of maintenance,[61]:PDF p.114 and a proposal for a replacement bridge was approved in 1895.[63]:41 (PDF p.115) The replacement bridge started construction in late 1898 and was completed in 1901.[247]
The Pelham Bridge, which had opened in 1871 on the site of two previous bridges,[248] was also incorporated into the park.[63]:PDF p.443[52]:695 Planning for a new bridge started in 1901,[66]:64 and NYC Parks transferred the responsibility for constructing the new bridge to the Department of Bridges in 1902.[67]:117 (PDF p.86) A new stone bridge was opened in 1908 to accommodate higher volumes of traffic.[249][250]
The century-old City Island Bridge was subsequently replaced again in the 2010s. Planning for the new bridge started in 2005,[251] though a lack of funding delayed the start of construction to 2012.[252] The new bridge was completed in 2015, and the old one was demolished soon after.[253]
Roads
The park is traversed by the Hutchinson River Parkway on its west side.[3] The New England Thruway (I-95), a partial toll road, also has a short highway section in the park's northwest corner.[209][136] A partial interchange between the two roads is located within the park.[209] To the south, an exit from the Hutchinson River Parkway provides direct access to the park, Orchard Beach, and City Island. The exit and entrance ramps lead east to the Bartow Circle, where the ramps intersect with Shore Road, which runs roughly southwest-northeast, and with Orchard Beach Road, which leads southeast to the Orchard Beach parking lot.[209] Slightly to the southwest of Bartow Circle is the T intersection of Shore Road and City Island Road, which marks the northwest terminus of the latter road. Shore Road continues across the Pelham Bridge to the southwest corner of the park, then turns west and continues onto Pelham Parkway.[209] Meanwhile, City Island Road continues southeast to City Island Circle, where it intersects with Park Drive, a road that connects to Orchard Beach Road in the north and Rodman's Neck in the south. City Island Road then continues southeast across the City Island Bridge to the eponymous island.[209]
NYC Parks assumed responsibility for the park's roads in 1888 and gradually paved and expanded them over the following decades.[52]:695 An expansion of Eastern Boulevard (later Shore Road) began in 1895.[63]:PDF p.175 In 1897, the city started extending Pelham Parkway through to Eastern Boulevard.[254]:258 (PDF p.328) By 1902, Eastern Boulevard was referred to as "the Shore drive" since it ran close to the LeRoy's Bay shore. The same year, NYC Parks built a 4,230-foot (1,290 m) dirt path, which connected Glover's Rock to Shore Road. Another 4,870-foot-long (1,480 m) dirt road to Pelham Bridge was also built, and a 6,485-foot (1,977 m) pedestrian path from City Island Bridge to Bartow Station was built.[67]:116–117 (PDF pp.85–86)
The Hutchinson River Parkway in Pelham Bay Park replaced the old Split Rock Road in the park. The original roadway was an undivided, limited-access parkway, designed with gently sloping curves, stone arch bridges, and wooden lightposts. The original 11-mile (18 km) section included bridle paths along the right-of-way. There was also a riding academy where the public could rent horses.[255] The parkway is named for Anne Hutchinson and her family, and passes through the part of the park near where the Hutchinsons were killed by the Siwanoy.[255] The modern-day parkway was extended south from Westchester through Pelham Bay Park in December 1937.[256][173]
The second highway through the park, the New England Thruway, opened in its entirety in October 1958, connecting the Bruckner Expressway in the south with the Connecticut Turnpike in the northeast.[257]
Public transport
Pelham Bay Park is served by the New York City Subway at its eponymous station on the west side of the Bruckner Expressway,[258] which is served by the 6 and <6> trains.[259] The station is part of the former Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)'s Pelham Line. The line's northern terminus is located at the southeast corner of Pelham Bay Park, and the IRT station there opened in December 1920.[260][261] An exit from the station leads onto a pedestrian bridge that crosses the expressway and leads directly to the park.[236][258]
MTA Regional Bus Operations' Bx29 route and Bee-Line Bus System's 45 route also stop at the park.[262] The southbound Bx29 makes three stops in the park: on Bruckner Boulevard near the subway station; at the intersection of Shore Road and City Island Road; and at City Island Circle.[263] Meanwhile, Bee-Line's 45 route stops near Bartow-Pell Mansion.[236] The Bx5 bus also serves Orchard Beach during the summertime only,[264] and the Bx12 and Bx12 SBS services serve Orchard Beach during summer weekends.[265]
Railroads
The Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad was chartered in 1866,[266] connecting the Harlem River in the south and Port Chester in the north. The railroad opened in 1873, with some portions passing through the current park.[267] The route, a branch of the New Haven Line operated by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, contained six stations. One of these stations, called alternatively City Island or Bartow, in Pelham (now part of the park).[268] In 1895, the railroad re-acquired some of the land from the park[154]:205 (PDF p.297) In 1906, ownership of the Shore Road overpass over the Harlem and Port Chester railroad line was transferred to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.[269]
A railroad of some sort also connected City Island and Pelham Bay Park from 1887 to 1919. Originally composed of the separate Pelham Park Railroad Company and the City Island Railroad, the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge horsecar route was operated by the former of the two companies, which ran service between the Bartow station of the Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad and Brown's Hotel on City Island. The 3.2-mile (5.1 km) route was complete by 1892.[270] The IRT absorbed the two companies in 1902 and started designing its own monorail in 1908.[270][271] The monorail's first journey in July 1910 ended with the monorail toppling on its side,[272][273][271] and although service resumed in November 1910, the monorail went into receivership in December 1911.[274] The monorail ceased operation on April 3, 1914,[275][276][277] and was subsequently sold to the Third Avenue Railway,[278] which abandoned the line on August 9, 1919.[279]
The Harlem River and Port Chester tracks were maintained by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.[280]:1092 New stations designed by Cass Gilbert were opened in 1908, but the line's stations were all closed by 1937, having suffered from low ridership.[277] During the late 20th century, the old Harlem River and Port Chester tracks went through a series of ownership changes, and in 1976, Amtrak bought the tracks and integrated the route into its Northeast Corridor.[280]:81 The station house for the line's Bartow station still exists, albeit as a deteriorated shell;[281] the station's roof burned down after it was closed.[277] An overgrown path leads from the bridle trail to the former station site.[282]
The city renovated the Shore Road railroad overpass in the early 2000s. Citing the 1906 deed that transferred the bridge's maintenance to the company that owned the railroad below it, the city then filed a lawsuit to make Amtrak pay for the renovation. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in favor of Amtrak in 2013.[269][283]
Paths
Bicycle paths go to all parts of the park and west to Bronx Park, east to City Island, and north to Mount Vernon.[284] The bike trails within the park itself are of varying difficulties.[132]
Scenic trails
The Kazimiroff Nature Trail, a wildlife observation trail, opened in 1986.[116][115] It traverses 189 acres (76 ha) of Hunter Island. Much of the island's natural features are found along the trail.[285] It was opened in 1986[116] and comprises two overlapping lasso-shaped paths, one slightly longer than the other.[115][285]
The Siwanoy Trail consists of a trail system that originates in the Central Woodlands section of the park. Originating at City Island Road, it bears to the northeast before splitting into two spurs, one going east to the Rodman's Neck meadow and the other going north around Bartow Circle. At the circle's eastern side, the trail splits again. One spur goes northeast in a self-closing loop to the Bartow-Pell Mansion, and the other goes northwest to connect to Split Rock Trail before going around the Hutchinson River Parkway's interchange with Orchard Beach Road.[136]
Split Rock Trail originates at Bartow Circle and stretches for 1.5 miles (2.4 km) along the west side of the park.[136][171][194] First designated in 1938 along the path of the former Split Rock Road,[173] the path was renovated in summer 1987.[171]
The park is also traversed by a bridle path.[2] That path circumscribes both golf courses, with a spur to the Bronx Equestrian Center.[136]
notas y referencias
Notes
- ^ a b c The exact size is disputed, with some sources giving 2,764 acres (1,119 ha),[1][2] 2,765 acres (1,119 ha),[3] or 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).[4] Recalculations of city park sizes in 2013 determined that Pelham Bay Park was 2,772 acres.[5]
- ^ The New York Times quotes this line as "Massachusetts Colonies" rather than "Massachusetts Bay Colony".[180]
References
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 13.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jackson 2010, p. 986.
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Sarah Harrison (2013). "Exploring Sand and Architecture at Pelham Bay Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
- ^ a b c Gregor, Alison (April 27, 2014). "Pelham Bay, the Bronx: A Blend of Urban and Suburban". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- ^ a b c Foderaro, Lisa W. (May 31, 2013). "How Big Is That Park? City Now Has the Answer". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
- ^ O'Hea Anderson 1996, p. 4.
- ^ New York City Parks Department 1987, p. 2.
- ^ a b O'Hea Anderson 1996, p. 5.
- ^ a b c d "Pelham Bay Park Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. September 29, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- ^ "Siwanoy Trail". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. March 20, 1989. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
- ^ a b Leslie Day (May 10, 2013). "Chapter 2: The Bronx". Field Guide to the Natural World of New York City. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1149-1.
- ^ a b c Stevens, J.A.; DeCosta, B.F.; Johnston, H.P.; Lamb, M.J.; Pond, N.G.; Abbatt, W. (1892). The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries. A. S. Barnes. p. 408. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g Twomey 2007, p. 212.
- ^ "Owen F. Dolen Park Monuments". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. April 30, 1926. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
- ^ a b Champlin, John Denison (1913). "The Tragedy of Anne Hutchinson". Journal of American History. 5 (3): 11.
- ^ a b c d LaPlante, Eve (2004). American Jezebel, the Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman who Defied the Puritans. San Francisco: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-056233-1.
- ^ Barr 1946, p. 5.
- ^ Anderson, Robert Charles (2003). The Great Migration, Immigrants to New England 1634–1635. Vol. III G-H. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. pp. 479–481. ISBN 0-88082-158-2.
|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ Darlene R. Stille (August 2006). Anne Hutchinson: Puritan Protester. Capstone. pp. 85–88. ISBN 978-0-7565-1784-7.
- ^ a b c "War Record of Pelham Bay Park; War Record of Pelham Bay Park" (PDF). The New York Times. August 14, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
- ^ a b c Pell 1917, p. 5.
- ^ a b Jenkins 2007, p. 35.
- ^ O'Hea Anderson 1996, p. 12.
- ^ Pell 1917, p. 12.
- ^ Pell 1917, p. 16.
- ^ ASHPS Annual Report 1909, p. 63.
- ^ Jenkins 2007, p. 313.
- ^ McCullough, David (2006). 1776. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperback. p. 209. ISBN 0-7432-2672-0.
- ^ a b Ward, Christopher (1952). The War of the Revolution, Volume 1. New York: The Macmillan Company.
- ^ a b c d Abbatt, William (1901). The Battle of Pell's Point. New York: University of California.
- ^ Jackson 2010, p. 161.
- ^ a b c d e Gray, Christopher (April 28, 2002). "STREETSCAPES / THE BARTOW-PELL MANSION IN THE BRONX; 1842 Home, Now a Museum, in City's Largest Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
- ^ a b c Castellucci, John (March 18, 1977). "Garden club's mansion official landmark now" (PDF). The Daily News. Tarrytown, New York. p. A5. Retrieved October 2, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ Olmsted, Frederick Law; Vaux, Calvert; Croes, John James Robertson (1968). Fein, Albert (ed.). Landscape into cityscape: Frederick Law Olmsted's plans for a greater New York City. Cornell University Press. p. 331. ISBN 9780442225391.
- ^ Gonzalez 2004, p. 47.
- ^ Golan, Michael (1975). "Bronx Parks: A Wonder From the Past". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. The Bronx County Historical Society. 12 (2): 32–41.
- ^ Gonzalez 2004, p. 49.
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- ^ Mullaly, John (1887). The New Parks Beyond the Harlem: With Thirty Illustrations and Map. Descriptions of Scenery. Nearly 4,000 Acres of Free Playground for the People. New York: Nabu Press. pp. 117–138. ISBN 978-1-141-64293-9.
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- ^ a b New York City Parks Department & Storch Associates 1986a, pp. 57–58.
- ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 3.
- ^ a b "Pelham as Sick of the Park as We Are". New York Sun. March 25, 1887. p. 4. Retrieved October 6, 2017 – via Library of Congress.
- ^ "PELHAM IN DESPAIR.; FORESEEING BANKRUPTCY THROUGH THE PARK SCHEME" (PDF). The New York Times. February 5, 1888. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
- ^ "THE PELHAM PARK.; WESTCHESTER PEOPLE ASK MAYOR HEWITT'S AID TO KILL THE SCHEME" (PDF). The New York Times. March 25, 1887. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
- ^ "Rough on Pelham, but Must We Pay for It?". The Sun. February 5, 1888. p. 11. ISSN 1940-7831. Retrieved October 7, 2017 – via Library of Congress.
- ^ "TO TAX PELHAM BAY PARK — TRYING TO BLEED NEW-YORK HEAVILY — AN ALMOST USELESS PARK THAT MAY COME NIGH — TWO SIDES TO THE STORY". New York Tribune. February 5, 1888. ISSN 1941-0646. Retrieved October 7, 2017 – via Library of Congress.
- ^ a b c d e Laws of the State of New York: Passed at the Session of the Legislature. New York State Legislature. 1888. pp. 693–696. hdl:2027/nyp.33433090742036. Retrieved October 16, 2017 – via HathiTrust.
- ^ Jackson 2010, p. 987.
- ^ a b c d Pelham Bay Park: History (Report). New York City: City of New York. 1986. pp. 2, 11–12.
- ^ ASHPS Annual Report 1909, pp. 64–66.
- ^ "The Courts". New York Tribune. March 16, 1889. p. 4. Retrieved October 6, 2017 – via Library of Congress.
- ^ "PELHAM BAY PARK" (PDF). The New York Times. August 30, 1889. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
- ^ Bolotin, Norm; Laing, Christine (1992). The World's Coumbian Exposition: The Chicago World's Fair of 1893. University of Illinois Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780252070815.
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- ^ "Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks – Minutes and Documents: May 1, 1893 – April 25, 1894" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. April 30, 1894. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks – Minutes and Documents: May 2, 1894 – April 25, 1895" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. April 30, 1895. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
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- ^ a b Caro 1974, p. 366.
- ^ "PUBLIC ATHLETIC FIELD" (PDF). New York Evening Post. July 16, 1904. p. 8. Retrieved June 5, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ a b c Seitz & Miller 2011, p. 132.
- ^ a b c d "THE NEW DEAL FOR THE PARKS OUTLINED BY THEIR DIRECTOR; Commissioner Moses Would Develop the City's Recreation Areas And Then Coordinate Them With the State Park System By DOROTHY DUNBAR BROMLEY". The New York Times. February 11, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
- ^ a b Forero, Juan (July 9, 2000). "Slice of the Riviera, With a Familiar Bronx Twist". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
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- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 2.
- ^ "WORK RELIEF BOOMS PARKS; Moses Pushes Program to Expand Greatly the Present Facilities for Recreation" (PDF). The New York Times. September 22, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
- ^ "MOSES IS UPHELD IN PARK CAMP BAN; Court Refuses to Interfere in Razing of 625 Bungalows at Orchard Beach" (PDF). The New York Times. May 16, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
- ^ "Moses Wins Again in Row Over Camps; Clearing of Orchard Beach Sites Is Begun" (PDF). The New York Times. June 12, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Hunter Island". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
- ^ a b Britton, A.D. (June 2, 1935). "TAKING MENTAL HAZARD OUT OF CITY GOLF; The Player on the Public Links Has a New Dispensation, for Old Courses Have Been Improved and Others Built" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Cornish, G.S.; Whitten, R.E. (1993). The architects of golf: a survey of golf course design from its beginnings to the present, with an encyclopedic listing of golf course architects and their courses. HarperCollins. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-06-270082-7. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 7.
- ^ Caro 1974, p. 367.
- ^ "TO EXHIBIT MODEL OF ORCHARD BEACH; Park Department Will Display Miniature Tomorrow at Bronx Court House". The New York Times. July 7, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
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- ^ "PARKS' OWN POLAR CIRCLE". The Daily Plant. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. February 7, 2001. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
- ^ a b "REFUSE DUMPING OPPOSED; Bronx Civic Leaders Criticize Pelham Bay Park Project" (PDF). The New York Times. May 28, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
- ^ a b "TWO NEW BEACHES TO OPEN SATURDAY; Orchard, in Pelham Bay Park, Although Not Completed, Will Be Ready for Bathers" (PDF). The New York Times. June 13, 1937. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ^ a b "Pelham Bay Dam Approved" (PDF). The New York Times. April 14, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
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- ^ "PUBLIC IS GREETED AT ORCHARD BEACH; Uncompleted Aquatic Center Dedicated -- Mayor, Moses Exchange Thrusts. FORMER DECRIES CENSURE Also Hails WPA as an 'American' Relief System -- Park Head Defends Criticism. PUBLIC IS GREETED AT ORCHARD BEACH" (PDF). The New York Times. July 26, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
- ^ "TWO CITY BEACHES OPEN FOR SEASON; Jacob Riis Park, on the Ocean, Attracts 2,500--Few Bathers Brave the Chilly Water 3,000 AT ORCHARD BEACH At Least 1,000 Try Swimming in Long Island Sound--Joint Capacity of 500,000 NEW YORK OPENS TWO NEW RECREATIONAL AREAS TO PUBLIC". The New York Times. June 26, 1937. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
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Sources
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Otras lecturas
- "1905 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1905. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- "1907 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. December 31, 1907. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
- "1908 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report, Part 2" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1908. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- "1909 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1909. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- "1911 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1911. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- "1912 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report (Part 2)" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1912. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
- "1914 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report (Part 3)" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1913. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
- "1914 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report (Part 2)" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1914. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
- "1915 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report (Part 2)" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1915. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
- "1916 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report". New York City Parks Department. 1916. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
- "Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks – Minutes: January 4, 1917 – December 27, 1917" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. December 27, 1917. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
- Hennessy, Joseph P. (1919). "1919 Bronx Borough Parks Department Annual Report" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
- Hennessy, Joseph P. (1920). "1920 Bronx Borough Parks Department Annual Report" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
- Hennessy, Joseph P. (1921). "1921 Bronx Borough Parks Department Annual Report" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
- Hennessy, Joseph P. (1922). "1922 Bronx Borough Parks Department Annual Report" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
enlaces externos
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap |
Download coordinates as: KML |
- Official website
- NYC Department of Parks & Recreation Pelham Bay Park Virtual Tour