A Stirling engine is a heat engine that is operated by the cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) between different temperatures, resulting in a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.[1][2]
More specifically, the Stirling engine is a closed-cycle regenerative heat engine, with a permanent gaseous working fluid. Closed-cycle, in this context, means a thermodynamic system in which the working fluid is permanently contained within the system. While regenerative describes the use of a specific type of internal heat exchanger and thermal store, known as the regenerator. Strictly speaking, the inclusion of the regenerator is what differentiates a Stirling engine from other closed-cycle hot air engines.[3]
In the Stirling engine, a gas is heated and expanded by energy supplied from outside the engine's interior space (cylinder). It is then shunted to a different location within the engine, where it is cooled and compressed. A piston (or pistons) move the gas to the correct places within the engine, at the correct time in the cycle, and extracts mechanical power from it. The gas oscillates between these heating and cooling spaces, changing temperature and pressure as it goes. A unique feature is the Regenerator, which acts as a temporary heat store by retaining heat within the machine rather than dumping it into the heat sink, thereby increasing its efficiency.
The heat is supplied from the outside, so the hot area of the engine can be warmed with any external heat source. Similarly, the cooler part of the engine can be maintained by an external heat sink, such as running water or air flow. The gas is permanently retained in the engine, allowing a gas with the most-suitable properties to be used, such as helium or hydrogen. There are no intake and no exhaust gas flows so the machine is practically silent.
The machine is reversible so that if the shaft is turned by an external power source a temperature difference will develop across the machine; in this way it acts as a heat pump.
The Stirling engine was invented by Scotsman Robert Stirling[4] in 1816 as an industrial prime mover to rival the steam engine, and its practical use was largely confined to low-power domestic applications for over a century.[5]
A model of a Stirling engine showing its simplicity. Unlike the steam engine or internal combustion engine, it has no valves or timing train. The heat source (not shown ) would be placed under the brass cylinder.
Illustration from Robert Stirling's 1816 patent application of the air engine design that later came to be known as the Stirling Engine
Alpha-type Stirling engine. There are two cylinders. The expansion cylinder (red) is maintained at a high temperature while the compression cylinder (blue) is cooled. The passage between the two cylinders contains the regenerator
Beta-type Stirling engine, with only one cylinder, hot at one end and cold at the other. A loose-fitting displacer shunts the air between the hot and cold ends of the cylinder. A power piston at the open end of the cylinder drives the flywheel
Top view of two rotating displacers powering the horizontal piston. Regenerators and radiator removed for clarity
Various free-piston Stirling configurations... F. "free cylinder", G. Fluidyne, H. "double-acting" Stirling (typically 4 cylinders).
Cutaway of the flat Stirling engine: 10 - Hot cylinder. 11 - A volume of hot cylinder. 12 - B volume of hot cylinder. 17 - Warm piston diaphragm. 18 - Heating medium. 19 - Piston rod. 20 - Cold cylinder. 21 - A Volume of cold cylinder. 22 - B Volume of cold cylinder. 27 - Cold piston diaphragm. 28 - Coolant medium. 30 - Working cylinder. 31 - A volume of working cylinder. 32 - B volume of working cylinder. 37 - Working piston diaphragm. 41 - Regenerator mass of A volume. 42 - Regenerator mass of B volume. 48 - Heat accumulator. 50 - Thermal insulation. 60 - Generator. 63 - Magnetic circuit. 64 - Electrical winding. 70 - Channel connecting warm and working cylinders.
Video showing the compressor and displacer of a very small Stirling Engine in action
Video of a bench top stirling engine demonstrating the speed and power.
A modern Stirling engine and generator set with 55 kW electrical output, for combined heat and power applications.
