Zahi A. Hawass ( árabe : زاهي حواس ; nacido el 28 de mayo de 1947) es un arqueólogo egipcio , egiptólogo y exministro de Estado para Asuntos de Antigüedades. También ha trabajado en sitios arqueológicos en el Delta del Nilo , el Desierto Occidental y el Alto Valle del Nilo .
Zahi Hawass زاهي حواس | |
---|---|
1er Ministro de Antigüedades | |
En el cargo 31 de enero de 2011 - 3 de marzo de 2011 | |
presidente | Hosni Mubarak |
Primer ministro | Ahmed Shafik |
Precedido por | Oficina creada |
Sucesor | Mohamed Ibrahim Ali |
En el cargo del 5 de abril de 2011 al 17 de julio de 2011 | |
Primer ministro | Essam Sharaf |
Sucesor | Mohamed Said |
Detalles personales | |
Nació | Damietta , Reino de Egipto | 28 de mayo de 1947
Nacionalidad | egipcio |
alma mater | Universidad de Pensilvania Universidad de El Cairo Universidad de Alejandría |
Profesión | Egiptólogo |
Sitio web | drhawass |
Vida temprana
Hawass nació en un pequeño pueblo cerca de Damietta , Egipto. Aunque originalmente soñaba con convertirse en abogado, [1] obtuvo una licenciatura en arqueología griega y romana de la Universidad de Alejandría en Alejandría, Egipto en 1967. En 1979, Hawass obtuvo un diploma en Egiptología de la Universidad de El Cairo . [2] Luego trabajó en las Grandes Pirámides como inspector, una combinación de administrador y arqueólogo.
Cuando tenía 33 años, Hawass recibió una beca Fulbright para asistir a la Universidad de Pensilvania en Filadelfia para estudiar Egiptología, [1] obteniendo una Maestría en Egiptología y Arqueología Siropalestina en 1983, y su Doctorado en Egiptología en 1987 [1] [2] del Grupo de Graduados en Arte y Arqueología del Mundo Mediterráneo (AAMW), concentrándose en "Los establecimientos funerarios de Khufu, Khafra y Menkaura durante el Imperio Antiguo". [3]
A menudo se le confunde con cristiano debido a su nombre, aunque es musulmán . [4]
Carrera profesional
Arqueología y carrera gubernamental temprana
Hawass fue Director Asociado de Excavación en Hermópolis en 1968 y Tarrana 1970–74. Desde 1975 ha sido director de excavación y director de restauración en varios sitios en todo Egipto, principalmente en Giza . [5]
De 1969 a 1975, Hawass fue inspector de antigüedades para una multitud de expediciones arqueológicas, por ejemplo, la Expedición de Yale en Abydos, Egipto en 1969, y Abu Simbel entre 1972 y 74. [6]
De forma esporádica enseñó arqueología, historia y cultura egipcias en universidades de Egipto y Estados Unidos entre 1988 y 2001, sobre todo en la American University en El Cairo , la Universidad de California, Los Ángeles y la Universidad de Alexandria . Hawass ha descrito sus esfuerzos como intentar ayudar a instituir un programa sistemático para la preservación y restauración de monumentos históricos, mientras capacita a los egipcios para mejorar su experiencia en métodos de excavación, recuperación y preservación. [7]
Giza
Hawass fue inspector de antigüedades de Giza de 1972 a 1974, primer inspector hasta 1979 e inspector jefe en 1980.
A partir de 1987 ocupó el cargo de "Director General de los monumentos de Giza ", que incluye los sitios de Giza, Saqqara , Memphis , Dahshur , Abusir y Bahariya Oasis .
Después del descubrimiento de la Puerta de Gantenbrink en 1993, dejó el cargo - según Hawass, una renuncia [8] - pero fue reinstalado varios meses después, tras un cambio de liderazgo y la transformación de la "Organización de Antigüedades Egipcias" en el Consejo Supremo. de Antigüedades .
Fue ascendido a "Subsecretario de Estado para los Monumentos de Giza" en 1998. [9]
Hawass continúa involucrado en proyectos arqueológicos en Giza y otros sitios en Egipto. Actualmente, dirige el comité científico que supervisa el proyecto Scanpyramids . [10]
Política
En 2002, Hawass fue nombrado secretario general del Consejo Supremo de Antigüedades .
Cuando el presidente de Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, visitó El Cairo en junio de 2009, Hawass le ofreció recorridos personales por los lugares del antiguo Egipto. [11]
Enfrentando la jubilación obligatoria, fue ascendido por el presidente Hosni Mubarak al cargo de Viceministro de Cultura a finales de 2009. [12] [13]
2011 protesta contra el vandalismo
El 29 de enero de 2011, en medio de las protestas egipcias de ese año , Hawass llegó al Museo Egipcio y descubrió que se habían allanado varias cajas y varias antigüedades dañadas, por lo que se trajo a la policía para asegurar el museo. . [14] Según Andrew Lawler, informando para Science, Hawass "envió por fax a un colega en Italia que 13 casos fueron destruidos. 'Mi corazón está roto y mi sangre está hirviendo'", dijo el arqueólogo. [15]
Hawass le dijo más tarde a The New York Times que los ladrones que buscaban oro rompieron 70 objetos, incluidas dos esculturas de Tutankamón , y se llevaron dos cráneos de un laboratorio de investigación, antes de ser detenidos cuando salían del museo. [dieciséis]
Ministro de Antigüedades
Hawass fue nombrado Ministro de Estado para Asuntos de Antigüedades, un puesto de gabinete recién creado, por Mubarak el 31 de enero de 2011 como parte de una reorganización del gabinete durante las protestas de 2011. [15] [16] [17] [ enlace muerto ] Un comunicado de prensa que incluía una declaración de Hawass declaró que "continuará excavando, escribiendo libros y representando a su país", [18] asegurándose de que los sitios arqueológicos en Egipto estén siendo protegidos y los objetos saqueados devueltos. [ cita requerida ] Con respecto al saqueo del Museo Egipcio, dijo que "El museo estaba a oscuras y los nueve ladrones no reconocieron el valor de lo que había en las vitrinas. Abrieron trece cajas, arrojaron los setenta objetos al suelo y los rompieron, incluido un caso de Tutankamón, en el que rompieron la estatua del rey en una pantera. Sin embargo, todos los objetos rotos pueden ser restaurados, y comenzaremos el proceso de restauración esta semana ". [ Esta cita necesita una cita ] [17] Hawass rechazó las comparaciones con el saqueo de antigüedades en Irak y Afganistán. [dieciséis]
El 13 de febrero, Mahmoud Kassem de Bloomberg informó que Hawass afirmó lo siguiente: "18 artefactos, incluidas estatuas del rey Tutankamón", fueron robados del Museo Egipcio en enero; Kassem, parafraseando a Hawass, continúa: "Los objetos que faltan incluyen 11 estatuillas de madera de shabti de Yuya, una estatua de madera dorada de Tutankamón llevada por una diosa y una estatua de Nefertiti haciendo ofrendas". [19]
La televisión estatal egipcia informó que Hawass pidió a los egipcios que no creyeran en las "mentiras y fabricaciones" de los canales de televisión por satélite Al Jazeera y Al Arabiya . [20] Hawass dijo más tarde: “Deberían darnos la oportunidad de cambiar las cosas y, si no pasa nada, pueden volver a marchar. Pero no puedes traer un nuevo presidente ahora, en este momento. Necesitamos que Mubarak se quede y haga la transición ”. [16] El 3 de marzo de 2011 renunció después de que se publicara una lista en su sitio web personal de decenas de sitios en todo Egipto que fueron saqueados durante las protestas de 2011. [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
Hawass fue reelegido Ministro de Antigüedades por el entonces Primer Ministro Essam Sharaf , [26] [27] [28] El 30 de marzo de 2011 se publicó un tweet que decía "¡Estoy muy feliz de ser el Ministro de Antigüedades una vez más!" [29] pero renunció el 17 de julio de 2011, [ cita requerida ] después de que Sharaf le informara que no continuaría en el puesto. [30] Según el informe de opinión de un comentarista egipcio de The Guardian, Hawass fue "despedido". [31] [ dudoso ] [se necesita una mejor fuente ]
Cargos posministeriales
Desde entonces, Hawass ha comenzado a trabajar como conferencista en Egipto y en todo el mundo, [ cita requerida ] y promocionando el turismo de Egipto a nivel mundial en cooperación con el Ministerio de Turismo del país. [ cita requerida ] También escribe artículos semanales en varios periódicos y revistas, [ cita requerida ] y continúa trabajando como arqueólogo y consultor. [ cita requerida ]
Descubrimientos reclamados
Como señala su biografía en la página web de National Geographic Explorers, afirma que es
responsable de muchos descubrimientos recientes, incluidas las tumbas de los constructores de pirámides en Giza y el Valle de las Momias Doradas en Bahariya. En Giza, también descubrió la pirámide satélite de Keops. En 2005, como parte del Proyecto de Momias Egipcias patrocinado por la National Geographic Society para aprender más sobre los patrones de enfermedad, salud y mortalidad en el antiguo Egipto, dirigió un equipo que escaneó por tomografía computarizada la momia del rey Tutankamón. Su equipo continúa escaneando momias, tanto reales como privadas, y espera resolver algunos de los misterios que rodean las vidas y muertes de figuras tan importantes como Hatshepsut y Nefertiti . [32]
Obras
Hawass ha escrito y coescrito muchos libros relacionados con la egiptología , incluido The Curse of the Pharaohs: My Adventures with Mummies, [ cita requerida ] y King Tutankhamon: The Treasures from the Tomb , [33] este último publicado para coincidir con un importante exposición en el Reino Unido. [34] [35] [se necesita una mejor fuente ] [ investigación original? ] También ha escrito sobre Tutankamón para la revista bimestral Ancient Egypt , con sede en el Reino Unido . [ cita requerida ]
Hawass es columnista habitual de la revista Egypt Today , [ cita requerida ] y de la comunidad histórica en línea Heritage Key . [ cita requerida ] Ha narrado varios videos sobre egiptología, incluida una serie sobre Tutankhamon. [36]
Apariciones
Hawass ha aparecido en especiales de televisión en canales como National Geographic Channel , The History Channel y Discovery Channel . [37] Hawass también ha aparecido en varios episodios del programa de televisión estadounidense Digging for the Truth , discutiendo momias , las pirámides, Tutankamón, Cleopatra y Ramsés II . También apareció en Unsolved Mysteries durante un segmento sobre la maldición de la tumba de Tutankhamon. En 2010, Hawass apareció en un programa de televisión basado en la realidad en The History Channel llamado Chasing Mummies . [38]
Hawass también trabajó junto al egiptólogo Otto Schaden durante la apertura de la tumba KV63 en febrero de 2006, la primera tumba intacta que se encuentra en el Valle de los Reyes desde 1922. [39]
En junio de 2007, Hawass anunció que él y un equipo de expertos podrían haber identificado la momia de Hatshepsut , [40] en KV60 , una pequeña tumba en el Valle de los Reyes. [ cita requerida ] La apertura de la tumba sellada fue descrita en 2006 como "uno de los eventos más importantes en el Valle de los Reyes durante casi cien años". [41]
Hawass presentó y desempeñó otros papeles creativos [ aclaración necesaria ] en el documental Los diez mayores descubrimientos de Egipto . [ se necesita cita completa ]
Puntos de vista
Regreso de artefactos a Egipto
Hawass encabezó un movimiento para devolver muchos artefactos del Antiguo Egipto únicos y / o tomados irregularmente , como la Piedra Rosetta , el busto de Nefertiti , la pintura del techo del zodíaco de Dendera del Templo de Dendera , el busto de Ankhhaf (el arquitecto de la Pirámide de Khafre ), los rostros de la tumba de Amenhotep III en el Museo del Louvre , el obelisco del Templo de Luxor en la Place de la Concorde y la estatua de Hemiunu , sobrino del faraón Keops, constructor de la pirámide más grande, a Egipto de colecciones en varios otros países. En julio de 2003, los egipcios solicitaron la devolución de la Piedra Rosetta del Museo Británico . Hawass, como secretario general del Consejo Supremo de Antigüedades en El Cairo, dijo a la prensa: "Si los británicos quieren ser recordados, si quieren restaurar su reputación, deben ofrecerse como voluntarios para devolver la Piedra Rosetta porque es el ícono de nuestra Identidad egipcia ". [42] [43] Refiriéndose a las antigüedades del Museo Británico, Hawass dijo “Estos son monumentos egipcios. Haré la vida miserable a cualquiera que las guarde ". Gran Bretaña se ha negado a devolverlos. [44]
Alex Joffe del Wall Street Journal expresó la opinión de que el saqueo de antigüedades durante los disturbios civiles de 2011 en Egipto hizo que la búsqueda de Hawass para devolver las antigüedades egipcias a Egipto "fuera equivocada o al menos en el momento oportuno". [14]
Pruebas de ADN de momias egipcias
Hawass se ha mostrado escéptico sobre las pruebas de ADN de las momias egipcias; "Por lo que tengo entendido", ha dicho, "no siempre es exacto y no siempre se puede hacer con total éxito cuando se trata de momias. Hasta que no sepamos con certeza que es exacto, no lo usaremos en nuestra investigación". " [45]
In December 2000, a joint team from Waseda University in Japan and Cairo's Ain Shams University tried to get permission for DNA testing of Egyptian mummies, but was denied by the Egyptian Government.[46] Hawass stated at the time that DNA analysis was out of the question because it would not lead to anything.[citation needed][47]
In February 2010, Hawass and his team announced that they had analyzed the mummies of Tutankhamun and ten other mummies and said that the king could have died from a malaria infection that followed a leg fracture.[48] German researchers Christian Timmann and Christian Meyer have cast doubt on this theory, suggesting other possible alternatives for Tutankhamun's cause of death.[49]
In 2012, a study signed by Hawass disclosed that Ramses III may have had a haplogroup that is associated with the Bantu expansion and is the most dominant in Sub-Saharan Africa, E1b1a.[50]
Reconocimientos y premios
Hawass is the recipient of the Egyptian state award of the first degree for his work in the Sphinx restoration project.[51] In 2002, he was awarded the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate and the glass obelisk from US scholars for his efforts to the protection and preservation of Ancient Egyptian monuments.[51][52] In 2003, Hawass was given international membership in the Russian Academy for Natural Sciences (RANS),[51] and in 2006, he was chosen as one of the world's 100 most influential people by Time magazine.[51]
Controversias
Relationships with other archaeologists
Hawass has been accused of domineering behaviour, forbidding archaeologists to announce their own findings, and courting the media for his own gain after they were denied access to archaeological sites because, according to Hawass, they were too amateurish.[53] A few, however, have said in interviews that some of what Hawass has done for the field was long overdue.[53] Hawass has typically ignored or dismissed his critics, and when asked about it he indicated that what he does is for the sake of Egypt and the preservation of its antiquities.[54]
Views on Jews and Israel
Hawass has been a long-standing opponent of normalised relations between Israel and Egypt.[55] In January 2009 Hawass wrote in Asharq Al-Awsat that "The concept of killing women, children, and elderly people ... seems to run in the blood of the Jews of Palestine" and that "the only thing that the Jews have learned from history is methods of tyranny and torment — so much so that they have become artists in this field." He explained that he was not referring to the Jews' "[original] faith" but rather "the faith that they forged and contaminated with their poison, which is aimed against all of mankind."[56] In an interview on Egyptian television in April 2009 Hawass stated that "although Jews are few in number, they control the entire world" and commented on the "control they have" of the American economy and the media.[57][58][59] He later wrote that he was using rhetoric to explain political fragmentation among the Arabs and that he does not believe in a "Jewish conspiracy to control the world".[60]
Aftermath of 2011 protests
Criticism of Hawass, in Egypt and more broadly, increased following the protests in Egypt in 2011. On July 12, 2011, The New York Times reported on a story on page A1 that Hawass receives an honorarium each year "of as much as $200,000 from National Geographic to be an explorer-in-residence even as he controls access to the ancient sites it often features in its reports."[61] The Times also reported that he has relationships with two American companies that do business in Egypt.[61]
On April 17, 2011, Hawass was sentenced to jail for one year for refusing to obey a court ruling[62] relating to a contract for the gift shop at the Egyptian Museum to a company with links to Hawass.[61] The ruling was appealed and this specific sentence was suspended pending appeal.[62][63] The following day, the National Council of Egypt's Administrative Court issued a decree to overturn the court's original ruling, specifying that he would serve no jail time, and would instead remain in his position as Minister of Antiquities. The jail sentence was lifted after a new contract was solicited for the running of the gift shop.[61][64]
Association with Mubarak
As Minister of Antiquities, Hawass has been closely associated with the government of former President Hosni Mubarak. His resignation as minister on March 3, 2011 and his re-appointment to the Ministry on March 30, 2011 have been seen as part of the overall events surrounding Mubarak's resignation. It was reported that his re-appointment angered numerous factions, who opposed the appointment of any of the old guard under Mubarak to new positions in the government.[65] The 2011 Egyptian protests resulted in increased criticism of Hawass. Demonstrators called for his resignation, and the upheaval has increased attention on his relationship with the Mubarak family and the way in which he has increased his public profile in recent years.[61]
Commercial endeavours
Hawass has lent his name to a line of men's apparel, described by The New York Times as "a line of rugged khakis, denim shirts and carefully worn leather jackets that are meant, according to the catalog copy, to hark "back to Egypt’s golden age of discovery in the early 20th century"; the clothing was first sold at Harrods department store in London, in April 2011.[62] Critics say the Hawass clothing commercializes Egyptian history, and objected to their understanding that "models had sat on or scuffed priceless ancient artifacts during the photo shoot," an accusation that was denied by Hawass and the clothing manufacturers.[62] Hawass already sells a line of Stetson hats reproducing the ones he wears, which "very much resemble" the ones worn by Harrison Ford in the Indiana Jones movies.[62]
Otras lecturas
- Schulz, Matthias (2010). "Egypt's Avenger of the Pharaohs" (online). Spiegel Online International (May 28). Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- Tierney, John (2009). "Science, Findings: A Case in Antiquities for 'Finders Keepers'" (online). The New York Times (November 16). Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- Parker, Ian (2009). "Letter from Cairo, The Pharaoh: Is Zahi Hawass bad for Egyptology?" (print, online) (November 16): 53–63. Retrieved January 25, 2016. Cite journal requires
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Honores
- Algeria: Second Class of the National Order of Merit (Algeria)
- Austria: Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
- Egypt: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Egypt)
- France: Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
- Italy: Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
- Peru: Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru
- Poland: Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis
- Spain: Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters of Spain
Referencias
- ^ a b c Hammer, Joshua. "The Rise and Fall and Rise of Zahi Hawass". Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
- ^ a b "DR ZAHI – Dr Zahi". drhawass.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
- ^ AAMW (2009). "Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World (AAMW) Alumni: Dissertations related to Mediterranean and Near Eastern Art and Archaeology (since 1898)". Philadelphia, PA, USA: University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Zahi Abass Hawass / The Funerary Establishments of Khufu, Khafra and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom / 1987
- ^ "حفل لدخولي الإسلام". aawsat.com (in Arabic). October 31, 2013.
- ^ "DR ZAHI". drhawass.com.
- ^ "Dr. Zahi Hawass". guardians.net.
- ^ Hawass, Zahi (May 2005). "A New Era for Museums in Egypt". Museum International. 57 (1–2): 7–23. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0033.2005.00505.x. S2CID 162438360.
- ^ [1] Archived January 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Dr. Hawass Promoted". guardians.net.
- ^ "Egypt archaeologist criticises pyramid void 'discovery'". phys.org. November 5, 2017.
- ^ Knoller, Mark (June 4, 2009). "Obama Checks Out Sphinx And Pyramids" Archived December 12, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. CBS News. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)[third-party source needed]
- ^ a b Joffe, Alex (2011). "Arts Link: Egypt's Antiquities Fall Victim to the Mob" (online). The Wall Street Journal (February 1). Archived from the original on November 24, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Subtitle: A definitive answer to the question: Should the Elgin Marbles be returned to Greece?
- ^ a b Lawler, Andrew (2011). "Archaeologists Hold Their Breaths on Status of Egyptian Antiquities" (online). Science. No. January 31. Washington, DC, USA: AAAS. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
The current political upheaval in Egypt has put the country's famed antiquities, from its museums to archaeological sites, under siege. / On 29 January, a small band of looters entered Cairo's Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, slicing the heads from two mummies, smashing display cases, and damaging other artifacts, according to media reports and Zahi Hawass, the director of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. Hawass, who a source says has been promoted to the new position of Minister of Antiquities as part of a cabinet shakeup yesterday, faxed a colleague in Italy that 13 cases were destroyed. "My heart is broken and my blood is boiling," the U.S.-trained archaeologist lamented.
- ^ a b c d Taylor, Kate (2011). "Middle East: Antiquities Chief Says Sites Are Largely Secure" (online). The New York Times (February 1). Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
A vast majority of Egypt’s museums and archaeological sites are secure and have not been looted, Zahi Hawass, Egypt’s chief antiquities official, said in a telephone interview on Tuesday. He also rejected comparisons between the current situation in Egypt and scenes of chaos and discord that resulted in the destruction of artifacts in Iraq and Afghanistan. / 'People are asking me, "Do you think Egypt will be like Afghanistan?" ' he said. 'And I say, "No, Egyptians are different — they love me because I protect antiquities." '
- ^ a b [3] Archived January 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Supreme Council of Antiquities – Principal Mission" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ Kassem, Mahmoud (2011). "Egyptian Museum Says Two King Tut Statues Missing". Bloomberg Business (February 13). Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
The Egyptian Museum reported that 18 artifacts, including statues of King Tutankhamun, are missing after a break-in last month, said Zahi Hawass, the head of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. / The police and army are following up on the disappearances with people in custody, Hawass said on his website. The missing objects include 11 wooden shabti statuettes from Yuya, a gilded wooden statue of Tutankhamun carried by a goddess and a statue of Nefertiti making offerings, according to Hawass.
- ^ Fahim, Kareem (2011). "Middle East: State TV in Egypt Offers Murky Window Into Power Shift" (online). The New York Times (February 1). Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
As hundreds of Egyptian protesters filled Tahrir Square on Monday, many calling for their president to go into exile, one of the two state-owned television stations had its cameras focused elsewhere, capturing the steady flow of traffic on a Cairo bridge. … The channel announced that Zahi Hawass, the chairman of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, had called on Egyptian citizens not to believe the 'lies and fabrications' of Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya channels. Mr. Hawass was back on the air on Monday, when he was appointed to Mr. Mubarak’s cabinet.
- ^ Taylor, Kate (2011). "ArtsBeat: Egyptian Antiquities Chief Says He Will Resign" (online). The New York Times (March 3). Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ [4] Archived July 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Vergano, Dan (2011). "ScienceFair: Egyptology: Zahi Hawass Confirms Resignation" (online). USA Today (March 6). Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ El-Aref, Nevine (2011). "Hawass Loyalists Call for Him to Stay On" (online). USA Today (March 6). Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Demonstrations of Egyptian Archaeologists Call for Egypt's New Prime Minister to Persuade Zahi Hawass to Remain Minister for Antiquities.
- ^ [5] Archived December 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Taylor, Kate (2011). "ArtsBeat: Egyptian Antiquities Minister Returns Less Than a Month After Quitting" (online). The New York Times (March 30). Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ People's Daily Online Staff (2011). "Egypt's Minister of State for Antiquities Sworn In". People's Daily Online (April 5). Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ [6] Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hawas, Zahi (2011). "Dr Zahi Hawass (@ZahiHawass) [6:47 AM – 30 Mar]". self. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
"Verbatim and complete: I am very happy to be the Minister of Antiquities once again!
- ^ [7] Archived April 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Diab, Osama (2011). "Opinion, You Told Us: Sacking Zahi Hawass Is a Sign of Egypt's Ongoing Revolution" (online). The Guardian (July 22). Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
He may liken himself to Indiana Jones, but the minister of antiquities epitomised all that was wrong with Mubarak's Egypt.
- ^ National Geographic Staff [Z. Hawass] (2016). "Explorers, Bio: Zahi Hawass, Archaeologist, Explorer-in-Residence, 2000–2011" (online). Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
World-renowned archaeologist Zahi Hawass serves as minister of state for antiquities and director of excavations at Giza, Saqqara, and the Bahariya Oasis. / He is responsible for many recent discoveries, including the tombs of the pyramid builders at Giza and the Valley of the Golden Mummies at Bahariya. At Giza, he also uncovered the satellite pyramid of Khufu. In 2005, as part of the National Geographic Society-sponsored Egyptian Mummy Project to learn more about patterns of disease, health, and mortality in ancient Egypt, he led a team that CT scanned the mummy of King Tutankhamun. His team is continuing to CT scan mummies, both royal and private, and hopes to solve some of the mysteries surrounding the lives and deaths of such important figures as Hatshepsut and Nefertiti.
- ^ "King Tutankhamun: The Treasures from the Tom". Thames & Hudson. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
- ^ [8] Archived April 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Pendry, Cheryl (2008). "King Tut and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs: Exhibition: London". PassPorter (May 29). Archived from the original (online) on September 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
It's amazing to think how the story of a boy king, who ruled for only about a decade thousands of years ago, still attracts the interest of millions of people, but that's exactly what's happened with Tutankhamun. / Known more fondly these days as King Tut, which may have something to do with a struggle to spell his full name, an exhibition of the wonders found with him in his final resting place is once again touring the world. / When the exhibit first went on tour in the 1970s, the exhibition set records for the numbers of people who passed through the doors at various venues around the world to see it. It was last in London at the British Museum in 1972 – the year I was born – so when I heard it would be returning to the city, I figured this could be our once in a lifetime opportunity to see it. / The exhibition is made up of 11 galleries… Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs is open at the O2 Dome in London from now until August 30, 2008. Its next stop will be in Dallas, Texas, where the exhibition will open on October 3, 2008.
- ^ "The Death of King Tut: Murder or Accident? (feat. Dr. Zahi Hawass) – Heritage Key". November 21, 2009. Archived from the original on November 21, 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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- ^ "History Channel: "Chasing Mummies" Archaeologist Profile: Dr. Zahi Hawass". History.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
- ^ "KV-63". KV-63.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
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- ^ "King Tut's Mystery Tomb Opened", video documentary, Discovery Channel, first aired July 9, 2006
- ^ Charlotte Edwardes & Catherine Milner (July 20, 2003). "Egypt demands return of the Rosetta Stone". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ Henry Huttinger (July 28, 2005). "Stolen Treasures: Zahi Hawass wants the Rosetta Stone back, among other things". Cairo Magazine. Archived from the original on December 1, 2005. Retrieved October 6, 2006.
- ^ Williams, Daniel (January 27, 2010). "Egypt Relics Chief Pulls in Revenue as He Fights for Nefertiti". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on February 1, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 30, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "DNA Tests Halted on King Tut's Mummy". ABC News. January 7, 2006. Archived from the original on November 1, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
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- ^ Roberts, Michelle (2010). "'Malaria and Weak Bones' May Have Killed Tutankhamun" (online). BBC News (February 16). Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
The Egyptian "boy king" Tutankhamun may well have died of malaria after the disease ravaged a body crippled by a rare bone disorder, experts say. / The findings could lay to rest conspiracy theories of murder. [Announcement of results only; no scientific journal referenced.
- ^ Timmann, Christian & Christian G. Meyer (2010). "Malaria, Mummies, Mutations: Tutankhamun's Archaeological Autopsy". Trop. Med. Int. Health. 15 (11, November): 1278–1280. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02614.x. PMID 20723182. S2CID 9019947.
Abstract: The cause of death of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun has now for decades been matter of speculation and various hypotheses. A recent article in… JAMA... provided new evidence and suggested malaria, together with Köhler’s disease, as the most probable cause of death of the boy king. We are sceptical towards this elucidation of the cause of death… and discuss alternative and differential diagnoses, among them, …sickle cell disease and Gauche’s disease.
- ^ Hawass, Zahi; Somaia Ismail; Ashraf Selim; Sahar N. Saleem; Dina Fathalla; Sally Wasef; Ahmed Z. Gad; Rama Saad; Suzan Fares; Hany Amer; Paul Gostner; Yehia Z. Gad; Carsten M. Pusch & Albert R. Zink (2012). "Revisiting the Harem Conspiracy and Death of Ramesses III: Anthropological, Forensic, Radiological, and Genetic Study" (online). The British Medical Journal. 345 (December 17): e8268. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8268. hdl:10072/62081. PMID 23247979. S2CID 206896841. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
quote = "Abstract. Objective: To investigate the true character of the harem conspiracy described in the Judicial Papyrus of Turin and determine whether Ramesses III was indeed killed. / Design Anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study of the mummies of Ramesses III and unknown man E, found together and taken from the 20th dynasty of ancient Egypt (circa 1190–1070 BC). / Results Computed tomography scans revealed a deep cut in Ramesses III’s throat, probably made by a sharp knife. During the mummification process, a Horus eye amulet was inserted in the wound for healing purposes, and the neck was covered by a collar of thick linen layers. / Forensic examination of unknown man E showed compressed skin folds around his neck and a thoracic inflation. Unknown man E also had an unusual mummification procedure. According to genetic analyses, both mummies had identical haplotypes of the Y chromosome and a common male lineage. / Conclusions This study suggests that Ramesses III was murdered during the harem conspiracy by the cutting of his throat. Unknown man E is a possible candidate as Ramesses III’s son Pentawere. … [Specifically] Genetic kinship analyses revealed identical haplotypes in both mummies… using the Whit Athey’s haplogroup predictor, we determined the Y chromosomal haplogroup [to be] E1b1a.
- ^ a b c d Nevine El Aref (May 4–10, 2006). "He made it in Time". Al Ahram Weekly. 793. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
- ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
- ^ a b Waxman, Sharon (2005). "Art & Design: The Show-Biz Pharaoh of Egypt's Antiquities" (online). The New York Times (June 13). Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
The King Tut exhibition set to open on June 16 in Los Angeles, bringing the boy king's treasures to the United States for the first time in a quarter-century, is in just about every sense a reflection of Zahi Hawass, the man who made the show possible. / Dr. Hawass, who controls Egypt's vast archaeological trove as secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, is part Indiana Jones, part P.T. Barnum – intent on dusting off Egypt's holdings through a mix of entertainment, commerce and archaeology.
- ^ Parker, Ian (2009). "Letter from Cairo, The Pharaoh: Is Zahi Hawass bad for Egyptology?" (print, online) (November 16): 53–63. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ "Egypt antiquities chief: I gave the Zionist enemy a slap in the face". Haaretz. Archived from the original on March 31, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
- ^ "The Middle East Media Research Institute". Memritv. Archived from the original on September 4, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ "The Jews secret weapon bickering". Retrieved April 20, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ "MEMRI: Renowned Egyptian Archeologist Zahi Hawass: Jews Control the Entire World". Memritv.org. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ "Clip Transcript". Memritv.org. February 11, 2009. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ Hawass, Zahi (2009). "Clarification of Remarks on Jewish History". drhawass.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Taylor, Kate (2011). "Middle East: Revolution Dims Star Power of Egypt's Antiquities Chief" (print, online). The New York Times (July 12). p. A1ff. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Until recently Zahi Hawass, Egypt’s antiquities minister, was a global symbol of Egyptian national pride. A famous archaeologist in an Indiana Jones hat, he was virtually unassailable in the old Egypt, protected by his success in boosting tourism, his efforts to reclaim lost artifacts and his closeness to the country’s first lady, Suzanne Mubarak. / But the revolution changed all that. / Now demonstrators in Cairo are calling for his resignation as the interim government faces disaffected crowds in Tahrir Square.
- ^ a b c d e Taylor, Kate (2011). "Art & Design: Using History to Sell Clothes? Don't Try It With the Pharaohs" (online). The New York Times (April 18). Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Zahi Hawass, Egypt’s longtime chief antiquities official, has been criticized in recent months for many things: his closeness to former President Hosni Mubarak, some inconsistent reports on the safety of archaeological sites during the uprising and for his role in a dispute over an Egyptian museum bookstore, for which he now possibly faces jail time. / But the source of the latest controversy to beset Mr. Hawass resembles something straight from the mouth of J. Peterman, the character on 'Seinfeld' based on the clothing catalog retailer of the same name. / Mr. Hawass has lent his name to a men’s wear brand: a line of rugged khakis, denim shirts and carefully worn leather jackets that are meant, according to the catalog copy, to hark 'back to Egypt’s golden age of discovery in the early 20th century.'
- ^ "Egypt antiquities chief faces jail time – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on April 18, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
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enlaces externos
- Official website
- Unknown author. "Unravelling the Mummy Mystery—Using DNA". Egyptology Online. Archived from the original on November 13, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
Cites interview appearing in 'Travel Egypt' magazine, 2004.
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Zahi Hawass on Charlie Rose
- Zahi Hawass at IMDb
- Works by or about Zahi Hawass in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Biography at the Minnesota State University
- The king of the pharaohs, Tim Radford, The Guardian, November 27, 2003
- Interview with Dr. Zahi Hawass, Director of the Pyramids, Pyramid on PBS NOVA
- Egypt's man from the past who insists he has a future, Jack Shenker in Cairo, The Guardian, May 19, 2011
- Art Zulu Zahi Hawass page
- The Rise and Fall and Rise of Zahi Hawass, Joshua Hammer, Smithsonian magazine, June 2013