Aktobe (en kazajo : Ақтөбе , romanizado: Aqtöbe ) es una ciudad en el río Ilek en Kazajstán . Es el centro administrativo de la región de Aktobe . En 2020, tenía una población de 500,757 personas.
Aktobe Ақтөбе, Aqtöbe (en kazajo) | |
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Ciudad | |
Sello | |
Aktobe Ubicación en Kazajstán | |
Coordenadas: 50 ° 17′0 ″ N 57 ° 10′0 ″ E / 50.28333 ° N 57.16667 ° E | |
País | Kazajstán |
Región | Región de Aktobe |
Fundado | 1869 |
Gobierno | |
• Akim ( alcalde ) | Askhat Shakharov |
Área | |
• Ciudad | 400 km 2 (200 millas cuadradas) |
Elevación | 219 m (719 pies) |
Población (01/01/2020) | |
• Ciudad | 500,757 [1] |
• Metro | 420,778 |
Zona horaria | UTC + 5 ( UTC + 5 ) |
Código Postal | 030001 |
Código (s) de área | +7 7132 |
Registro de Vehículo | D |
Clima | Dfa |
Sitio web | http://www.akimataktobe.gov.kz/ |
Aktobe se encuentra en el oeste de Kazajstán . La plaza de la ciudad tiene unos 428.469 km2. Hay 2 depósitos de agua: Aktobe y Sazdy.
Aktobe ocupa el cuarto lugar entre las ciudades de Kazajstán en términos de número de habitantes y es la ciudad más grande del oeste de Kazajstán. Es ciudad nacional diversa. El 79% de la población son kazajos y el 14,8% son rusos. Las religiones predominantes de los ciudadanos son el Islam y el cristianismo. Se espera que la aglomeración de Aktobe aumente hasta 1,3 millones de personas, incluidos los asentamientos más cercanos. [1]
Etimología
El nombre "Aktobe" proviene del kazajo "ақ" (blanco) y "төбе" (colina); el nombre es una referencia a las alturas en las que se encontraba el asentamiento original del siglo XIX.
Hasta 1999 se conocía oficialmente como Aktyubinsk (en ruso : Актюбинск ). El nombre anterior todavía se usa comúnmente en el idioma ruso y por los rusos en Kazajstán . [2]
Historia
Fundación y crecimiento
El territorio de la actual región de Aktobe ha sido testigo del ascenso y la caída de muchas culturas e imperios de Asia central. La región ocupó un lugar destacado en la historia de la " Pequeña Horda " kazaja . El señor de la guerra kazajo Eset Batyr basó sus campañas contra los Dzungar de esta zona. Su mausoleo se encuentra a 35 kilómetros (22 millas) al sur de la ciudad de Aktobe. Abulkhair Khan (1693-1748) también se basó en esta región.
En marzo de 1869, se construyó un fuerte militar ruso con una guarnición de 300 personas en la confluencia de los ríos Kargala e Ilek, a lo largo de la ruta de las caravanas Orenburg - Kazalinsk . A partir de ese período, los colonos eslavos comenzaron a migrar a la región para cultivar y muy pronto se construyeron barrios alrededor del fuerte. En 1874, el tamaño del fuerte se amplió y se trazaron calles hacia y desde la puerta del fuerte. En 1891, el asentamiento fue etiquetado como una ciudad de distrito y oficialmente llamado Aktyubinsk.
A finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, el asentamiento se expandió rápidamente en tamaño. Mientras que la población de 1889 figuraba en 2.600, en 1909 la población había aumentado más de cuatro veces hasta los 10.716 residentes oficiales. Las características físicas de la ciudad también se habían desarrollado, y para el cambio de siglo la ciudad tenía dos iglesias, un seminario, una mezquita tártara , una escuela para niños y niñas ruso-kirguís, una clínica, un banco, una oficina de correos, un parque municipal, un cine y dos molinos. El ferrocarril Trans-Aral se extendió por la ciudad en 1901. En los años previos a la Primera Guerra Mundial, la industria comenzó a desarrollarse en la ciudad, incluida la construcción de una fábrica de electricidad, una fábrica de ladrillos y el establecimiento de una feria comercial anual. .
La ciudad fue afectada por la Revolución Rusa de 1905 , y se produjeron huelgas y disturbios entre 1905 y 1907. Los revolucionarios bolcheviques fueron muy activos en la ciudad, según las historias oficiales soviéticas. El 8 de enero de 1918, los bolcheviques tomaron el control del Soviet local y el 21 de enero de 1918, los bolcheviques habían asegurado la ciudad bajo su control.
Guerra civil rusa
Con su ubicación en el Ferrocarril Trans-Aral, Aktyubinsk fue un punto estratégico, muy disputado entre el Ejército Rojo y sus oponentes blancos durante la Guerra Civil Rusa . Los habitantes kazajos y rusos de Aktyubinsk y sus alrededores apoyaron activamente a ambas partes en el conflicto.
A mediados de 1918, elementos del primer regimiento bolchevique de Orenburg y del vigésimo octavo regimiento, comandados por Georgy Zinoviev , fueron efectivamente sitiados en Aktyubinsk por fuerzas comandadas por Ataman Dutov . Dutov, al mando de aproximadamente 10.000 rifles, 5.000 sables y 500 jigits (guerreros) del recién formado Segundo Regimiento Montado Kazajo del movimiento Alash Orda , atacó la ciudad en octubre de 1918. El ataque sólo llegó hasta el pueblo de Ak Bulak . [3]
En el otoño de 1918, Mikhail Frunze 's Quinto Ejército y Mijaíl Tujachevski ' s primer ejército recibieron la orden de abrirse paso y despejar la vía férrea, con el fin de permitir que las fuerzas del Ejército Rojo para enlazar con bolcheviques a lo largo del Syr Darya . La presión blanca sobre Aktyubinsk se alivió con la captura de Frunze de Uralsk , Orenburg y Orsk a principios de 1919, pero en abril Dutov y el almirante Kolchak pudieron lanzar una contraofensiva combinada. Aktyubinsk finalmente cayó ante los blancos el 18 de abril de 1919, rompiendo una vez más los enlaces ferroviarios bolcheviques con Asia Central. [4] En esta ofensiva, los blancos también lograron capturar y ejecutar a Amangeldy Imanov , un líder militar kazajo que había estado operando en la región de Aktyubinsk con el apoyo de los bolcheviques en Moscú.
En junio de 1919, Frunze había recibido refuerzos y había vuelto a la ofensiva. El 10 de septiembre, Aktyubinsk fue asegurado por el Quinto Ejército después de una batalla de ocho días. 20.000 de las tropas de Kolchak fueron capturadas, junto con la parte más oriental de la ciudad. [5] Desde este punto, las fuerzas bolcheviques pudieron controlar el ferrocarril a Tashkent.
El 13 de marzo de 1920 se celebró en la ciudad una Conferencia de Trabajadores Soviéticos de toda Kazajstán. Esta fue la primera de una serie de conferencias organizativas regionales celebradas por los bolcheviques que finalmente llevaron a la creación de la República Socialista Soviética Autónoma de Kirguizia , que finalmente se convertiría en la República Soviética de Kazajstán.
Historia moderna
En 1932, Aktyubinsk fue nombrada capital de la región de Aktyubinsk. La ciudad se desarrolló ampliamente durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial como resultado de la evacuación y reconstrucción de fábricas de Ucrania y Moscú, incluida una cooperativa de trabajadores, una fábrica de ferroaleaciones y una fábrica de rayos X. El cromo también comenzó a extraerse y procesarse en la región. En la década de 1960, las autoridades soviéticas emprendieron una gran expansión de la ciudad, lo que resultó en la construcción de un centro de la ciudad y un estadio deportivo.
La sociedad y la economía de la ciudad han cambiado drásticamente desde la independencia de Kazajstán en 1991. Las industrias pesadas más antiguas han decaído y han sido reemplazadas en importancia por el sector energético. La ciudad ha seguido expandiéndose con nuevas construcciones y con muchos inmigrantes kazajos que se mudan a la ciudad desde el campo circundante.
En 1999, el nombre oficial se cambió de Aktyubinsk a Aktobe por decreto presidencial, como parte de un esfuerzo nacional para apoyar el idioma kazajo. [6]
El 17 de mayo de 2011, Aktobe fue el lugar de uno de los primeros ataques terroristas de Kazajstán, cuando un atacante suicida se inmoló en la sede de los servicios de seguridad nacional locales . Algunos analistas han interpretado esto como una señal de una creciente inestabilidad en la región rica en petróleo, pero socialmente desigual. [7]
Otros ataques de presuntos militantes islamistas ocurrieron del 5 al 6 de junio de 2016.
Geografía
La región de Aktobe se encuentra en el oeste de Kazajstán y es la segunda región más grande por área en Kazajstán. La ciudad de Aktobe se encuentra donde se encuentran los ríos Kargala e Ilek. Está en la parte centro-norte de la región de Aktobe. La ciudad rusa de Orenburg se encuentra a unos 200 kilómetros (120 millas) al noroeste, mientras que la ciudad rusa de Orsk está a unos 150 kilómetros (93 millas) al noreste. El área alrededor de la ciudad de Aktobe es principalmente estepa plana, con colinas bajas que se elevan hacia el noreste. Otros ríos, como el Emba y el río Ural , atraviesan la región. La región limita al sur con el Mar de Aral. La cubierta vegetal natural alrededor de la ciudad de Aktobe es estepa, mientras que las partes del sur de la región son semidesérticas.
Hidrografía
La ciudad está ubicada en el lugar donde Kargaly desemboca en el río Ilek y su valle se expande a 15 km. Directamente en el centro de la ciudad fluye el afluente izquierdo de Ilek - el río Sazdy, en el noroeste - el afluente izquierdo de Ilek - el río Zhinishke. Dado que el canal del río Sazdy se encuentra en la parte central de Aktobe y a lo largo de él hay grandes centros comerciales y de entretenimiento. En la parte sur de la ciudad se encuentran los tramos inferiores del afluente izquierdo de Ilek, el río Tamda, pero en el período de aguas bajas este canal se seca, formando varios tramos. En las afueras del norte del distrito de Zarechny, fluye el río Peschanka, el afluente izquierdo del Kargaly, más allá del cual se encuentra el pueblo de Kargaly. Al oeste del distrito de Kirpichny, separándolo del pueblo de Akzhar, el río Butak fluye por la parte inferior del afluente derecho del Kargaly.
A 10 km al sureste de la ciudad se encuentra el embalse de Aktobe con un volumen de 245 millones de m 3 , llamado los habitantes del mar de Aktobe, fue puesto en servicio en 1988. El embalse de Sazdinskoye, a 8 km al suroeste de la ciudad, que es un lugar de descanso tradicional para los ciudadanos, fue construido en 1967, y el embalse de Kargaly, que es el embalse artificial más grande cerca de Aktobe (ubicado fuera del territorio de la administración de la ciudad), cuyo volumen es de 280 millones de m 3 , se puso en servicio en 1975 y se encuentra a 60 km al noreste de la ciudad.
Clima
Aktobe tiene un clima continental húmedo ( clasificación climática de Köppen Dfa ), con amplias variaciones estacionales de temperatura. En invierno, las temperaturas pueden alcanzar un mínimo de -48 ° C (-54 ° F), con un mínimo diario promedio de -16 ° C (3 ° F). Las temperaturas de verano pueden alcanzar un máximo de 43 ° C (109 ° F), con una temperatura máxima promedio de 30 ° C (86 ° F). El clima puede cambiar rápidamente, especialmente durante la primavera y el otoño (los días especialmente ventosos de marzo, cuando los cambios climáticos se conocen localmente como Бес Қонақ, o "Cinco invitados"). Las precipitaciones suelen producirse a principios de primavera y finales de otoño / principios de invierno, y por lo demás son esporádicas durante todo el año. En general, Aktobe recibe alrededor de 330 milímetros (13 pulgadas) de precipitación por año.
Los datos climáticos de Aktobe | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro alto ° C (° F) | 4,5 (40,1) | 5,5 (41,9) | 23,6 (74,5) | 30,9 (87,6) | 39,0 (102,2) | 40,2 (104,4) | 42,2 (108,0) | 42,9 (109,2) | 38,3 (100,9) | 29,7 (85,5) | 17,0 (62,6) | 11,2 (52,2) | 42,9 (109,2) |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | −8,1 (17,4) | −7,1 (19,2) | −0,4 (31,3) | 13,3 (55,9) | 22,0 (71,6) | 28,2 (82,8) | 29,9 (85,8) | 28,3 (82,9) | 21,7 (71,1) | 12,1 (53,8) | 0,7 (33,3) | −5,7 (21,7) | 11,2 (52,2) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | −12,3 (9,9) | −11,9 (10,6) | −5,4 (22,3) | 7,0 (44,6) | 14,9 (58,8) | 20,9 (69,6) | 22,7 (72,9) | 20,7 (69,3) | 14,0 (57,2) | 5,7 (42,3) | −3,2 (26,2) | −9,7 (14,5) | 5,3 (41,5) |
Promedio bajo ° C (° F) | −16,5 (2,3) | −16,3 (2,7) | −9,8 (14,4) | 1,4 (34,5) | 7,9 (46,2) | 13,4 (56,1) | 15,6 (60,1) | 13,5 (56,3) | 7,4 (45,3) | 0,6 (33,1) | −6,5 (20,3) | −13,6 (7,5) | −0,2 (31,6) |
Registro bajo ° C (° F) | −48,5 (−55,3) | −45,0 (−49,0) | −37,0 (−34,6) | −18,9 (−2,0) | −7,6 (18,3) | −0,9 (30,4) | 4,1 (39,4) | 0,7 (33,3) | −7,9 (17,8) | −26,3 (−15,3) | −35,0 (−31,0) | −41,5 (−42,7) | −48,5 (−55,3) |
Promedio de precipitación mm (pulgadas) | 25 (1,0) | 23 (0,9) | 26 (1,0) | 31 (1,2) | 34 (1,3) | 35 (1,4) | 29 (1,1) | 27 (1,1) | 19 (0,7) | 27 (1,1) | 28 (1,1) | 29 (1,1) | 333 (13,1) |
Días lluviosos promedio | 3 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 97 |
Días de nieve promedio | 21 | 18 | 13 | 3 | 0,2 | 0,03 | 0 | 0 | 0,1 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 92 |
Media de humedad relativa (%) | 81 | 79 | 79 | 66 | 57 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 58 | 69 | 80 | 82 | 68 |
Promedio de horas de sol mensuales | 87 | 133 | 176 | 237 | 311 | 317 | 333 | 300 | 227 | 137 | 78 | 67 | 2.403 |
Fuente 1: Pogoda.ru.net [8] | |||||||||||||
Fuente 2: NOAA (sol, 1961-1990) [9] |
Vegetación
A finales del siglo XIX, la región en la que se encontraba Aktobe se describió como prácticamente desprovista de flora forestal, pero al mismo tiempo muy rica en vegetación esteparia. La deforestación en el entonces distrito de Aktyubinsk provocó la expansión de la arena del distrito vecino de Irgiz y la desaparición de la vegetación anteriormente rica. En la época soviética, se tomaron medidas para crear un "cinturón verde" alrededor de la ciudad para protegerse contra las tormentas de invierno y las tormentas de polvo de verano.
El territorio de la ciudad es parte del distrito florístico de Aktobe, que ocupa más de la mitad de la región de Aktobe y la parte noreste de la región de Kazajstán Occidental. Los siguientes tipos de plantas están muy extendidos en Aktobe y sus alrededores: salvia del desierto, amapola de trébol y otras.
Fauna
The territory of Kazakhstan consists of 22 zoogeographic sites. The city of Aktobe and the entire northern part of the Aktobe region belongs to the western steppe site, in which, unlike other steppe sites, representatives of European forest species live. In addition, in the western steppe area, the desert fauna is richer than in other steppe areas. The widespread desert species of dressings here is found only occasionally, from the Mongolian fauna you can usually see an Eversman hamster. Kazakh desert species also live here, and near Aktobe you can find the Turanian species of combed gerbils.
Demographics
Aktobe ranks first in terms of population in Western Kazakhstan and is the fourth city in the country by this indicator (after Alma-Ata, Nur-Sultan and Shymkent). Aktobe rose in October 2019 from fifth to fourth place in terms of the number of inhabitants when the population of the city reached 497,381 inhabitants, overtaking Karaganda (496,701 people) in this indicator. By the end of 2019, the population of the city stepped over 500,000 people and as of January 1, 2020, numbered 500,803 people. The population density in the territory of the city administration (2,338 km2) is 214.2 people per km2.
There are several reasons for changes of this position. First, the statistical authorities began to take into account 59,000 residents of rural districts near Aktobe, disbanded in 2018 and included in the city. Secondly, the natural population growth in Aktobe for nine months of 2019 numbered 6,807 people, while in Karaganda during the same period the natural increase reached 2,712 people. Thirdly, during the same period in Aktobe there was a migration increase numbering 2580 people, while in Karaganda there was a migration decrease numbering 3,741 people.
Aktobe is one of the fastest growing cities in Kazakhstan - in 2003-2013 the population increased by 50%. For comparison, the population of the cities of Turkestan, Zhanaozen and Kaskelen, which showed the most impressive growth rates, grew by 78% over the indicated period. An increase in the birth rate and a decrease in the number of child deaths contribute to the city's population.
The main sources of urban population growth are natural growth and migration. So (data for the territory subordinated to the city administration) for the period from January 1, 2011 to October 1, 2015, the natural population growth numbered 36,158 people, and the positive balance of migration growth numbered 3,798 people, but the latter figure hides the multi-directional migration flows.
Migration outside the CIS (mainly ethnic Germans, as well as Russians traveling to Germany as members of mixed families) is insignificant, its balance was 76 people, while migration outflow to Germany numbered 103 people, migration exchange with other countries outside the CIS was weakly positive.
Migration within the CIS had a slight positive balance (371 people), but this is the result of the mutual compensation of two significant migration flows: the outflow of Russians (migration balance - 1,221 people, mainly to Russia) and the influx of ethnic Kazakhs (migration balance of 1,173 people), mainly from the countries of Central Asia).
Migration exchange with other regions of Kazakhstan had a negative migration balance of 5,437 people, mainly it was an outflow of ethnic Kazakhs (balance −5,073 people).
Intraregional migrations forming a migratory influx of the population of 9,685 people is the result of the mutual compensation of two significant migration flows: the outflow of Russians (migration balance - 1,221 people, mainly to Russia) and the influx of ethnic Kazakhs (migration balance of 1,173 people), mainly from the countries of Central Asia).
Migration exchange with other regions of Kazakhstan had a negative migration balance of 5,437 people, mainly it was an outflow of ethnic Kazakhs (balance −5,073 people). Intraregional migrations formed a migratory influx of the population of 9,685 people.
Ethnic groups (2020):[1]
- Kazakh: 79.91%
- Russian: 14.23%
- Ukrainian: 2.16%
- Tatar: 1.33%
- Others: 2.36%
Ley y gobierno
Aktobe is the capital city of Aktobe Region. An akim (governor) is appointed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan to act as chief executive. Aktobe has both the region and the municipal government (whose chief is also called Akim). The Municipal akim is appointed by the regional akim.
Region headquarters for the Kazakh National Security Committee (KNB), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and for the Registry of the Republic of Kazakhstan are located in Aktobe.
Aktobe is the Headquarters for the Western Military District of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This district's responsibilities include defence of the Caspian Sea region, and the district is commanded by a Rear-Admiral.[10] A Russian military presence is maintained in the region at the Emba missile testing range.[10]
Economía
Agriculture and ranching play a large role in Aktobe Region's economy and in rural employment. Beef, mutton and dairy products are major products in this area.
Heavy industry was established in Aktobe during the Second World War. Many of today's fastest-growing industries in Aktobe are related to food production (such as the company "Ramazan"), construction ("Dastan") or vodka distilling ("Wimpex" and "Ayazhan"). A number of foreign companies, notably German and Austrian firms, have established partnerships with local light industry firms. Both copper and chromite are mined in the Khromtau district of Aktobe Region.
However, the major engine of economic growth in Aktobe and Aktobe Region has been the development of energy resources. The Chinese National Petroleum Company (CNPC) owns a 60% stake in AktobeMunaiGaz, and is investing heavily in oil and natural gas extraction from Aktobe Region oilfields.[11] A pipeline has been constructed to transport oil to Xinjiang (see Energy and Utilities).
The revenues from oil and gas extraction have helped to develop banking, real estate, and support services in Aktobe.
The region also possesses large deposits of phosphorite. One of the largest known being Chilisai deposit, the British company Sunkar Resources Plc (2008) has built an integrated production facility to develop one of the lowest cost producers of phosphate fertiliser in the world with its Chilisai Project (800Mt of ore averaging 10.5% P2O5).[12]
Industry
Aktobe is a large industrial center, closely connected with chromite deposits east of the city. It houses plants of ferroalloys, chromium compounds, agricultural machinery, X-ray equipment, etc. The chemical, light, and food industries are developed.
In 1930, south of the city, the construction of one of the first and largest chemical industry enterprises in Kazakhstan, the Aktobe Chemical Plant, near which the city of Alga later grew, began. After the collapse of the USSR, production at a chemical plant was suspended and the once city-forming enterprise fell into complete decline. In 2018, the regional authorities decided to completely liquidate the plant. The Aktobe Ferroalloy Plant (Aktobe Ferroalloy Plant), commissioned in 1943, became the first ferrous metallurgy enterprise in Kazakhstan.
The cost of production of the city's enterprises in 2014 reached 257.9 billion tenge (1.44 billion US dollars) and amounted to 20.7% of the total regional indicators, which is 1.7% lower than the previous year. The metallurgical industry accounts for more than 30% of all production produced in the city, and the chemical industry accounts for 10.3% of the total.
The largest enterprises of the city are the Aktobe ferroalloy plant, Aktyubrentgen, Aktobe plant of chromium compounds and a number of food industry enterprises. AFP produces 22% of Kazakhstan's ferroalloys. Aktobe plant of chromium compounds is the only enterprise in the country producing chromium oxide, chromic anhydride, tannins, sodium dichromate.
In Aktobe there are large food industry enterprises producing flour, confectionery and pasta, vegetable oil and other products.
Aktobe region and Aktobe - one of the four regions of Kazakhstan, where the production of alcoholic beverages is concentrated. The local vodka producer GEOM LLP (Wimpex) is one of the largest vodka producers in Kazakhstan and occupies 22% of this market. Alcohol production is also carried out by Aktobe Champagne Wine Factory LLP, Arai CJSC, Centaur LLP, Aktobe Distillery Crystal, Kazakh-German joint venture Omirbek and Transmars LLP. The Omirbek and GEOM companies were several times included in the list of the largest taxpayers in the Aktobe region.
Agricultura
At the end of 2014, 319 agricultural enterprises were registered on the territory of the Aktobe city administration, which produced goods worth 11,998.7 million tenge . Of these, 4112.5 million tenge accounted for crop production, and 7582.8 million tenge for livestock. In total, in 2014 they produced 4.8 thousand tons of meat, 24.9 thousand tons of milk, 121.2 million pieces of eggs.
Despite the allocated subsidies in the amount of 360 million tenge, city livestock farmers were only able to satisfy the Aktobe need for eggs. In 2014, farmers produced 2.9 thousand tons of meat and 20 thousand tons of milk, while the need for meat and milk is 20.7 thousand and 71.4 thousand tons, respectively. However, other types of food (flour, vegetable oil) were produced several times more than the required amount.
On the territory of the city akimat in 2012, 32,021 garden plots were registered as part of collective gardening, as well as 1,101 garden plots as part of collective gardens. Some of the so-called horticultural plots are used not only for home gardening and horticulture, but also for temporary (seasonal) residence for the purpose of recreation and as an individual residential sector for permanent residence; the number of residents who use buildings in garden plots for permanent residence is estimated at 40 thousand people. According to the leadership of the city, cottages impede the development of Aktobe. Registration of permits for the construction of cottages was suspended, and existing garden plots are planned to be vacated for the construction of multi-storey buildings. In the future, summer cottages will be located 10–20 km from the city.
Trade and services
The main trading floors in the city for a long time remained markets (bazaars), the number of which reached 28 in 2014. The largest of these are the Shygys and Central markets. The city administration is working on the opening of communal mini-markets for the products of local producers and gardeners-summer residents.
The annual growth in retail turnover remains. If in 2012 and 2013 it reached 309.3 and 317.9 billion tenge, respectively, then in 2015 it rose to 391.8 billion tenge.
Since the 2000s, there has been a trend of re-equipping open-air bazaars into indoor pavilions and the construction of shopping and entertainment centers. In 1998, the Bayzharkinov entrepreneurs built one of the first major shopping centers in the city - Nurdaulet. In the following years, several more shopping and entertainment centers appeared: Mega Shygys (2002), Alatau (2007), KeruenCity (2009, formerly Mega Aktobe), Alia Bazary (2011, formerly Alia Center "), CITY Shopping Center (2015).
At present, there are two large supermarket chains in the city - Anvar and Dina. The first hypermarket in Aktobe was "Olzha" (6500 m2), which opened in 2009. In 2011, the second Olzha hypermarket was opened, which occupied the entire first floor (5500 m2) of a large shopping center, built on the site of the Aliya market. In the same year, the Dina chain opened its own hypermarket with an area of 7500 m2, and at the end of 2015, the Anwar chain also opened a hypermarket. The "Olzha" hypermarkets, which became the first of their kind not only in Aktobe, but throughout Western Kazakhstan, are now closed.
There is a wholesale center supermarket "Dastarkhan". Also working with household appliances and electronics stores are Alser, Fora, Sulpak and Technodom.
Educación
Aktobe is host to a number of state and private institutions of higher learning, including K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional State University and the West Kazakhstan Medical University. The military of Kazakhstan also maintains a pilot school in the city. During the Soviet Era many pilots were trained there. Aktobe art school is one of the most respected institutions which work together with UNESCO.
Ciencia e innovación
Aktobe is a large scientific center. According to the Department of Statistics of the Aktobe region (2009), the volume of scientific and technical work in the city reached 336 million tenge (440 million tenge in the region). Research and development expenses amounted to 476 million tenge (489 million tenge in the region), including: for basic research - 8 million tenge, for applied research - 465 million tenge, for scientific and technical services - 2 million tenge. City enterprises have created 20 new technologies and technical facilities.
The level of innovation in production is low: 290 out of 303 enterprises of the city did not have any innovations (innovative activity - 4.3%). The volume of innovative products and services amounted to 1 893 742 thousand tenge (4 428 289 thousand tenge in the region) and 885 625 thousand tenge, respectively. The city enterprises spent 909 147 thousand tenge on technological innovations, which is significantly lower than the previous years.
Cuidado de la salud
Consultation and diagnostic clinic number 2 in the old part of the city The Health Department is in charge of regulating the protection of citizens' health, medical and pharmaceutical science and education, the circulation of medicines, and the quality control of medical services in Aktobe and the Aktobe region. All regional, city and district medical institutions, organizations and healthcare enterprises are subordinate to the department.
The first city hospital opened in 1912. According to the data for 2019, there were 28 hospital facilities and 143 outpatient clinics in the city, in which 2,281 doctors and 4,002 medical personnel worked. With a growing population, the number of doctors and medical staff remained almost at the same level as in 2018.
Aktobe doctors have the ability to treat various types of diseases, including heart and kidney diseases. In 2014, a donor kidney transplant was performed for the first time in a regional hospital for patients with renal failure.
Cultura
In total there are six museums in the city . The oldest of them, the Aktobe Regional Museum of History and Local Lore, was opened in 1929 on the basis of the school museum and is considered one of the attractions of Aktobe. The memorial museum of Alia Moldagulova, which was opened on April 22, 1985, is located on the eponymous avenue, near the memorial complex of Moldagulova and the Alley of Heroes. The Rukhaniyat Museum was opened in 2011 on the ground floor of the Nur Gasyr Mosque. His activities are aimed at "the implementation of scientific and educational, research and educational activities." The Museum of Art and Decorative and Applied Arts since November 12, 2013 is located on the central avenue of the city, in the former registry office building.
Theaters and Philharmonic
There are two professional theaters in Aktobe . The oldest of them is the Drama Theater. T. Akhtanov was founded on the basis of the drama circle of railway workers in 1935 at the suggestion of the People's Commissar Temirbek Zhurgenov, and in 1997 the theater was named after the Kazakh-Soviet writer Takhavi Akhtanov, who was a native of Aktobe region.
There is also a children's puppet theater "Alakay". The Regional Philharmonic was founded in 1944, in 2004 it was allocated the building of the House of Culture of Chemists . In 2009, the House of Friendship was opened, the purpose of which is the development of cultures, national traditions and native languages of all the nations of the region. The Friendship House has a concert hall with 300 seats, a ceremonial hall and a choreography hall, a conference hall, an exhibition and a recording studio .
Libraries
The city has 18 libraries . The Lomonosov Central Library is located on Zhangeldin Street and has 5 branches in different parts of the city, including the Samuil Marshak Children's Library, and 6 branches in the villages of the city administration. The library system is managed by the city department of culture and language development. The library collection has literary works in Russian, German, English and French languages.
City holidays and festivals
Every year on May 28, City Day is celebrated. Various cultural events are organized in the park named after the First President, the water-green boulevard of Unity and Concord, the park named after A.S. Pushkin, in the regional philharmonic named after G. Zhubanova, the Palace of students and other venues.
Every year on May 1, in honor of the grand opening of the summer season of the fountains called "Fountain Splashes", the city administration organizes celebrations.
In 2001–2008, under the leadership of the frontman of the Adaptation group Ermen Erzhanov, the city hosted the "Sukhovei "festival of independent music, which was attended by many guests from the CIS countries. After its closure, a similar festival called "Indicator" was organized several times. In 2015, it was announced the resumption of the "Sukhovei ".
Cinemas
In pre-revolutionary Aktyubinsk there was one cinema hall (one of 13 cinema halls in Kazakhstan). In Soviet times, the cinemas "Zhuldyz" (1967; formerly "October"), "Mir" (1985), "Kazakhstan" (1961; the first wide-screen movie theater), "Sputnik" (1965), and "Pioneer" (formerly "Kultfront") and "Kultpohod", and in the park named after A. S. Pushkin there was a summer cinema . During the years of independence, the "Aina" shopping center was built on the site of the Oktyabr movie theater, and the Mir cinema was turned into the business center of the same name. The same fate befell the rest of the cinemas.
In 2002, in the building of the House of Culture of Railway Workers, built in 1928 and included in the list of historical and cultural monuments of Kazakhstan, the first post-Soviet Aktobe cinema, Lokomotiv, was opened . In 2009, the seven-screen multiplex cinema "Kinopark" was opened in the KeruenCity shopping and entertainment center (formerly MEGA Aktobe).
Parques
During the existence of the USSR in the territory of Aviator park, Central park after. Lenin (present. Them. The First President) and in the park after A.S. Pushkin were opened amusement parks with various attractions. Currently in the park to them. Pushkin has about 20 attractions, another 10 modern attractions are installed in the town of "Ak bot" in the park.
In the past, an amusement park opened in the city every summer. In the 2010s, as part of the general reconstruction of Aktobe Central Park, which was renamed in honor of Nursultan Nazarbayev, outdated attractions, including the Ferris wheel, were dismantled. Instead, the" Captain Brig" entertainment center was built, worth $ 10 million, on the territory of which carousels and roller coasters were installed, and in the main pavilion with an area of 1150 m2 there were children's game attractions. "Captain Brig" is distinguished by the relative high cost of tickets for paid attractions and a small amount of free entertainment.
Entertainment centers for children are located in the courtyard of the Nurdaulet shopping center and inside MEGA Aktobe. In the Happylon entertainment center in MEGA with an area of 2200 m2, about 130 attractions and gaming machines were installed, and on the playground near Nurdaulet, in addition to traditional slides and attractions, about 10 years (until 2016) existed for the only mini-zoo in the city.
Park of Health (Park Zdorovyia) was opened in 2017. There are mini-football pitch, basketball pitch and other athletic facilities
Arquitectura
After the territories of modern Kazakhstan were annexed to the Russian Empire, due to the need for strong points and retail outlets, many cities appeared, one of which was Aktobe. In the architecture of the cities of Southern Kazakhstan, the influence of the Central Asian khanates is traced, and the settlements in the west and north-west were typically Russian provincial cities. These cities were built on the basis of master plans drawn up by Russian topographers. The first master plan of Aktobe was developed in 1874. Eclecticism is inherent in Aktobe architecture - new buildings are adjacent to houses built in the Soviet period, occasionally there are buildings that have survived from pre-revolutionary times. One of the oldest buildings in the city - the Russian-Kyrgyz women's school, built in 1894, is located on Aiteke bi. Today this building is occupied by the" Shahrizad "restaurant. The building of the former House of Culture of Railway Workers (now the Lokomotiv Cinema), built in 1928 in the constructivist style, is included in the list of historical and cultural monuments of Kazakhstan of republican significance.
Monumentos
The city has a large number of registered monuments, memorial plaques, large and small sculptural forms, and memorials. During the years of independence of Kazakhstan alone, 28 monuments and memorial complexes were erected in Aktobe. There is a real cult of the famous sniper Alia Moldagulova - a memorial complex and a monument were built, one of the central avenues was named in her honor, a personal museum was opened. The monument to Alia Moldagulova (1960) and the bust of cosmonaut Viktor Patsaev (1976) are among the monuments of history and culture of Kazakhstan of republican significance. One of the noteworthy monuments is the 19-meter granite Obelisk of Glory in honor of Aktobe residents who fell in battles for their homeland during the Civil War and World War II with eternal flame, dedicated to the fighters for the establishment of Soviet power and who died in the Great Patriotic War. In 1983, in front of him, a monument to V.I. Lenin was unveiled on the main square of the city (because of this, the obelisk was moved to another place), which then gave way to the monument to the khan of the Small Zhuz Abulkhair, sculptor E. Sergebaev. In 2008, the city hosted the grand opening of the monument to the heroes of the trilogy Abdijamil Nurpeisov "Blood and Sweat" - the first monument in Kazakhstan dedicated to literary characters.
Planetario
Aktobe planetarium is the first planetarium in Kazakhstan. For a long time it was the only one in the country. The planetarium building with a domed hall was built by Moscow specialists in Pioneer Park at the intersection of Nekrasov and Frunze Streets. Until 2001, the permanent leader of the planetarium was Nikolai Pavlovich Zafiris. The "Star Hall" of the planetarium with a 10-meter dome allows visitors to demonstrate various astronomical phenomena: solar and lunar eclipses, meteor showers, halo, sunrise and sunset, panorama of Baikonur. This room also hosts lectures on astronomy and astronautics. From 1967 to 2012, about 1.5 million people visited the planetarium. The main visitors to the planetarium are schoolchildren, then students and adults.
Deportes
The city sent a bandy team to the Spartakiade 2009 [13] and is home to football club FC Aktobe. Football is one of the most popular sports in the city. Fans of the local club "Aktobe" organized the famous ultras group "13th sector". In 2013, according to a survey of the sports information portal Vesti.kz, Aktobe was recognized as "the most football city in Kazakhstan." Central Stadium. Koblandy batyr was built in 1975 and complies with UEFA standards. On March – October, the city football club "Aktobe" holds matches, which several times in a row became the champion of Kazakhstan and 9 times the most visited club in the country (185.7 thousand spectators visited home and away matches of the club in 2014). The club is financed from the city budget, in 2015 the amount of financing amounted to 3 billion tenge (2.3 billion tenge in 2010). In 2019, the Aktobe football club (for the first time since 1997) was forced to leave the Kazakhstan Premier League and dropped into the first league. One year later, in 2020, FC Aktobe returned to the Premier League
Infraestructura
Transport
Aktobe maintains international rail service with Moscow (via Saratov), Bishkek, and Tashkent, as well as daily domestic service to Aktau, Atyrau, Almaty and Astana.
Aktobe Airport offers flights to Moscow, Almaty, Astana, Atyrau, Shymkent and Aktau.[14]
Bus service connects Aktobe with villages in Aktobe Region and across the border with Russia.
Energy and utilities
The Aktobe Field has an estimated reserve of 1.17 billion barrels of crude oil, and is being developed by the CNPC/AktobeMunaiGaz consortium.[15] Smaller German and American joint ventures are also involved in oil extraction projects in the region.[16]
Major oil and natural gas pipelines transect Aktobe and the surrounding region.[17] The 400-kilometre (250-mile) Keniyak-Orsk pipeline, with an annual capacity of 7.5 million tons, carries oil from the Aktobe fields to a refinery in Orsk, Russia.[16] The Kazakhstan-China Pipeline has transported oil from Aktobe's fields to Atyrau since 2003. The Keniyak-Kumkol phase of the pipeline is scheduled for completion in 2011, and will link Aktobe's oil fields to the current Atasu-Alashankou pipeline supplying crude oil to Xinjiang.[18] Aktobe is connected to the Bukhara-Urals natural gas pipeline.[19]
Gente famosa
- Rashid Nezhmetdinov, International Master and 5-time winner of the Russian Chess Championship[20]
- Valeri Liukin, 2x gold medallist, Olympic Gymnastics (Seoul 1988) & father/coach to 2008 Olympic Gymnastics Champion Nastia Liukin[21]
- Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev (1933–1971), Cosmonaut[22]
- Yury Lonchakov (b. 1965), Cosmonaut[23]
- Bala (Daniyar Kulumshin) (born 1998), singer. Member of Kazakh boy group Ninety One.[citation needed]
- Dimash Kudaibergen, (born 1994), singer.[24]
Eventos
The VII Asian-Pacific Astronomy Olympiad took place in Aktobe in November 2011.[25]
Ver también
- Demographics of Kazakhstan
- Economy of Kazakhstan
- List of schools in Kazakhstan
- Education in Kazakhstan
- Communications in Kazakhstan
- Transport in Kazakhstan
- Aktobe Airport
- Radio Tandem
Referencias
- ^ a b c "Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года". Stat.kz. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2017-02-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Olcott, Martha Brill. The Kazakhs, 2nd edition. Hoover Institution Press. Stanford, CA, 1995. p. 149
- ^ Ibid, p. 150
- ^ Ibid, p. 152
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-01-23.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Kazakhstan: Astana Confronts Extremist Threat | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016.
- ^ "Weather and Climate- The Climate of Aktobe" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Aktjubinsk (Aktobe) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ^ a b Plater-Zyberk, H. Kazakhstan: Security & Defence Challenges Archived 2006-11-26 at the Wayback Machine, Conflict Studies Research Centre, 2002
- ^ Kazakhstan, China Sign Multibillion Dollar Oil Deal Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Jamestown Foundation, 1997
- ^ "Sunkar Resources Plc: Private Company Information - Bloomberg". www.bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
- ^ "Спартакиада-2009. - Фототека - Бесплатные онлайн-тесты". Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.
- ^ "Aktobe & around: a travel guide". Caravanistan. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
- ^ US Department of Energy Kazakhstan: Major Oil and Natural Gas Projects Archived 2007-11-25 at the Wayback Machine US DoE, 2006
- ^ a b Kazakhstan: Oil and Gas Sector Review for 2002 Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine Kazkommertz Securities, 2003
- ^ Energy Information Administration Central Asian Oil and Gas Infrastructure Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine US Department of Energy, 2006
- ^ Energy Information Administration Kazakhstan Country Analysis Briefing: Oil Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine US Department of Energy, 2006
- ^ Outlook for Kazakhstan's Gas Industry Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Alexander's Oil and Gas Connections, 2007
- ^ "The chess games of Rashid Gibiatovich Nezhmetdinov". Chessgames.com. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
- ^ "Valery Liukin (USSR)". The International Gymnastics Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
- ^ "Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ NASA (24 September 2008). "Preflight interview:Yuri Lonchokov". Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ Kazworld.info (10 March 2017). "Dimash KUDAIBERGEN: Biography Of The Famous Kazakh Singer". Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ "The Asian-Pacific Astronomy Olympiad - Азиатско-Тихоокеанская астрономическая олимпиада". www.issp.ac.ru.
Fuentes
- Aktobe - Gorod Slavnoi Istorii. Komitet po upravleniyu zemel'nimi resursami ministyerstva cel'skogo khozyaistva Pespubliki Kazakhstana (Комземресурсы). Astana, Kazakhstan 1999. (Russian)
enlaces externos
- Aktobe city administration. (In Russian and Kazakh)
- Rika TV Portal. News and Information from an Aktobe media outlet. (In Russian)
- Photos of Aktobe city
Coordinates: 50°17′N 57°10′E / 50.283°N 57.167°E / 50.283; 57.167