Boston ( EE.UU. : / b ɔː s t ə n / , Reino Unido : / b ɒ s t ə n / ), [10] oficialmente la ciudad de Boston , es la capital de y la más poblada de la ciudad [3] de la Comunidad de Massachusetts en los Estados Unidos y la 21ª ciudad más poblada del país . [4]La ciudad propiamente dicha cubre 48,4 millas cuadradas (125 km 2 ) [11] con una población estimada de 692,600 en 2019, [4] también lo que la convierte en la ciudad más poblada de Nueva Inglaterra . [3] Es la sede del condado de Suffolk (aunque el gobierno del condado se disolvió el 1 de julio de 1999). [12] La ciudad es el ancla económica y cultural de un área metropolitana sustancialmente más grande conocida como Gran Boston , un área estadística metropolitana (MSA) que alberga a 4.8 millones de personas según el censo en 2016 y se ubica como la décima MSA más grande en el país. [13] Un área estadística combinada (CSA) más amplia , que generalmente corresponde al área de tránsito [14] e incluye Providence, Rhode Island , alberga a unos 8,2 millones de personas, lo que la convierte en la sexta más poblada de los Estados Unidos. [15]
Bostón | |
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Ciudad de boston | |
Desde arriba, de izquierda a derecha: Centro (desde el puerto de Boston); Acorn Street en Beacon Hill ; Old State House ; Casa del Estado de Massachusetts ; Juego de pelota de Fenway Park ; Back Bay (desde el río Charles ) | |
![]() Sello | |
Apodo (s): Ver apodos de Boston | |
Lema (s): Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis ( latín ) 'Como Dios fue con nuestros padres, así sea con nosotros' | |
![]() Mapa interactivo que describe Boston | |
![]() ![]() Bostón Ubicación dentro de los Estados Unidos | |
Coordenadas: 42 ° 21′29 ″ N 71 ° 03′49 ″ W / 42,35806 ° N 71,06361 ° WCoordenadas : 42 ° 21′29 ″ N 71 ° 03′49 ″ W / 42,35806 ° N 71,06361 ° W | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Región | Nueva Inglaterra |
Expresar | Massachusetts |
condado | Suffolk |
Países históricos | Reino de Inglaterra Commonwealth of England Reino de Gran Bretaña |
Colonias históricas | Colonia de la Bahía de Massachusetts , Dominio de Nueva Inglaterra , Provincia de la Bahía de Massachusetts |
Asentado (ciudad) | 7 de septiembre de 1630 (fecha de nombramiento, estilo antiguo ) [a] |
Incorporado (ciudad) | 19 de marzo de 1822 |
Nombrado para | Boston , Lincolnshire |
Gobierno | |
• Tipo | Fuerte alcalde / Concejo |
• Alcalde | Kim Janey ( D ) |
• Consejo | Ayuntamiento de Boston |
Área [1] | |
• Ciudad capital del estado | 232,11 km 2 (89,62 mi 2 ) |
• Tierra | 48,34 millas cuadradas (125,20 km 2 ) |
• Agua | 41,28 millas cuadradas (106,91 km 2 ) |
• Urbano | 1.770 millas cuadradas (4.600 km 2 ) |
• Metro | 4.500 millas cuadradas (11.700 km 2 ) |
• CSA | 10,600 millas cuadradas (27,600 km 2 ) |
Elevación | 141 pies (43 m) |
Población ( 2010 ) [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] | |
• Ciudad capital del estado | 617.594 |
• Estimación (2019) [8] | 692,600 |
• Densidad | 14.327,68 millas cuadradas (5.531,93 / km 2 ) |
• Urbano | 4.180.000 (Estados Unidos: décimo ) |
• Metro | 4.628.910 (EE. UU.: 10º ) [2] |
• CSA | 8.041.303 (Estados Unidos: sexto ) |
• Demonym | Bostoniano |
Zona horaria | UTC-5 ( EST ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 4 ( EDT ) |
Códigos ZIP | 53 códigos postales [9]
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Códigos de área | 617 y 857 |
Código FIPS | 25-07000 |
ID de función GNIS | 617565 |
Aeropuerto principal | Aeropuerto Internacional Logan |
Carreteras interestatales | |
Tren de cercanías | Tren de cercanías MBTA |
Tránsito rápido | Metro MBTA |
Sitio web | Boston.gov |
Boston es uno de los municipios más antiguos de Estados Unidos, fundado en la península de Shawmut en 1630 por colonos puritanos de la ciudad inglesa del mismo nombre . [16] [17] Fue escenario de varios eventos clave de la Revolución Americana , como la Masacre de Boston , el Boston Tea Party , la Batalla de Bunker Hill y el asedio de Boston . Tras la independencia estadounidense de Gran Bretaña , la ciudad siguió siendo un puerto importante y un centro de fabricación, así como un centro de educación y cultura. [18] [19] La ciudad se ha expandido más allá de la península original a través de la recuperación de tierras y la anexión municipal. Su rica historia atrae a muchos turistas, solo Faneuil Hall atrae a más de 20 millones de visitantes al año. [20] Las muchas primicias de Boston incluyen el primer parque público de los Estados Unidos ( Boston Common , 1634), la primera escuela pública o estatal ( Boston Latin School , 1635) [21] y el primer sistema de metro ( Tremont Street , 1897). [22]
Hoy, Boston es un próspero centro de investigación científica. Las numerosas facultades y universidades del área de Boston la convierten en un líder mundial en educación superior , [23] que incluye derecho, medicina, ingeniería y negocios, y la ciudad está considerada como pionera mundial en innovación y espíritu empresarial , con casi 5.000 nuevas empresas. [24] [25] [26] La base económica de Boston también incluye finanzas , [27] servicios profesionales y comerciales, biotecnología , tecnología de la información y actividades gubernamentales. [28] Los hogares de la ciudad reclaman la tasa promedio más alta de filantropía en los Estados Unidos; [29] empresas e instituciones se encuentran entre las mejores del país en sostenibilidad e inversión ambiental . [30] La ciudad tiene uno de los costos de vida más altos en los Estados Unidos [31] [32] ya que ha experimentado una gentrificación , [33] aunque sigue siendo alta en las clasificaciones mundiales de habitabilidad. [34]
Historia
Colonial
Los primeros colonos europeos de Boston primero llamaron al área Trimountaine (después de sus "tres montañas", de las cuales solo quedan rastros en la actualidad), pero luego la rebautizaron Boston después de Boston , Lincolnshire, Inglaterra, el origen de varios colonos prominentes. El cambio de nombre el 7 de septiembre de 1630 ( estilo antiguo ), [35] [b] fue por colonos puritanos de Inglaterra [17] [36] que se habían mudado desde Charlestown a principios de ese año en busca de agua dulce. Su asentamiento se limitó inicialmente a la península de Shawmut , en ese momento rodeada por la bahía de Massachusetts y el río Charles y conectada al continente por un istmo estrecho . Se cree que la península estuvo habitada ya en el 4000 a. C. [37]
En 1629, el primer gobernador de la Colonia de la Bahía de Massachusetts, John Winthrop, encabezó la firma del Acuerdo de Cambridge , un documento fundamental de fundación de la ciudad. La ética puritana y su enfoque en la educación influyeron en su historia temprana; [38] La primera escuela pública de Estados Unidos , Boston Latin School , se fundó en Boston en 1635. [21]
John Hull y el chelín del pino jugaron un papel central en el establecimiento de la Colonia de la Bahía de Massachusetts y la Iglesia Old South en el siglo XVII. En 1652, la legislatura de Massachusetts autorizó a John Hull a producir monedas. "La Casa de la Moneda de Hull produjo varias denominaciones de monedas de plata, incluido el chelín de pino, durante más de 30 años hasta que la situación política y económica hizo que operar la casa de moneda ya no fuera práctico". [39] El rey Carlos II, por razones en su mayoría políticas, consideró la alta traición "Hull Mint", que tenía el castigo de ser ahorcado, descuartizado y descuartizado . "El 6 de abril de 1681, Edward Randolph presentó una petición al rey, informándole que la colonia todavía estaba presionando sus propias monedas, que él vio como alta traición y creía que era suficiente para anular la carta. Pidió que una orden judicial de Quo warranto (un una acción que requiera que el acusado demuestre qué autoridad tiene para ejercer algún derecho, poder o franquicia que afirman tener) se emita contra Massachusetts por las violaciones ". [40]
Boston fue la ciudad más grande de las Trece Colonias hasta que Filadelfia la superó a mediados del siglo XVIII. [41] La ubicación frente al mar de Boston lo convirtió en un puerto animado , y la ciudad se dedicó principalmente al transporte marítimo y la pesca durante sus días coloniales. Sin embargo, Boston se estancó en las décadas previas a la Revolución. A mediados del siglo XVIII, la ciudad de Nueva York y Filadelfia superaban a Boston en riqueza. Durante este período, Boston enfrentó dificultades financieras incluso cuando otras ciudades de Nueva Inglaterra crecieron rápidamente. [42] [43]
Revolución y asedio de Boston
William Howe, quinto vizconde Howe , en una carta a William Legge, segundo conde de Dartmouth , sobre la decisión del ejército británico de abandonar Boston, fechada el 21 de marzo de 1776. [44]
![Map of Boston in 1775](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Boston%2C_1775bsmall1.png/170px-Boston%2C_1775bsmall1.png)
Muchos de los eventos cruciales de la Revolución Americana [45] ocurrieron en o cerca de Boston. La inclinación de Boston por la acción de la mafia junto con la creciente falta de fe de los colonos en Gran Bretaña o en su Parlamento fomentaron un espíritu revolucionario en la ciudad. [42] Cuando el parlamento británico aprobó la Ley del Timbre en 1765, una turba de Boston devastó las casas de Andrew Oliver , el funcionario encargado de hacer cumplir la Ley, y Thomas Hutchinson , entonces vicegobernador de Massachusetts. [42] [46] Los británicos enviaron dos regimientos a Boston en 1768 en un intento de sofocar a los colonos enojados. Esto no les cayó bien a los colonos. En 1770, durante la Masacre de Boston , las tropas británicas dispararon contra una multitud que había comenzado a hostigarlos violentamente. Los colonos obligaron a los británicos a retirar sus tropas. El evento fue ampliamente publicitado y alimentó un movimiento revolucionario en Estados Unidos. [43]
En 1773, el Parlamento aprobó la Ley del té . Muchos de los colonos vieron el acto como un intento de obligarlos a aceptar los impuestos establecidos por las leyes de Townshend . El acto provocó el Boston Tea Party , donde un grupo de ciudadanos de Boston enfurecidos arrojó un cargamento completo de té enviado por la Compañía de las Indias Orientales al puerto de Boston . El Boston Tea Party fue un evento clave que condujo a la revolución, ya que el gobierno británico respondió furiosamente con las leyes coercitivas , exigiendo a los bostonianos una compensación por el té destruido. [42] Esto enfureció aún más a los colonos y condujo a la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos . La guerra comenzó en los alrededores de Boston con las Batallas de Lexington y Concord . [42] [47]
La propia Boston estuvo sitiada durante casi un año durante el sitio de Boston , que comenzó el 19 de abril de 1775. La milicia de Nueva Inglaterra impidió el movimiento del ejército británico . Sir William Howe , entonces comandante en jefe de las fuerzas británicas en América del Norte, dirigió al ejército británico en el asedio. El 17 de junio, los británicos capturaron la península de Charlestown en Boston, durante la Batalla de Bunker Hill . El ejército británico superó en número a la milicia estacionada allí, pero fue una victoria pírrica para los británicos porque su ejército sufrió bajas irremplazables. También fue un testimonio de la habilidad y el entrenamiento de la milicia, ya que su tenaz defensa hizo que fuera difícil para los británicos capturar Charlestown sin sufrir más bajas irremplazables. [48] [49]
Varias semanas después, George Washington se hizo cargo de la milicia después de que el Congreso Continental estableció el Ejército Continental para unificar el esfuerzo revolucionario. Ambos bandos enfrentaron dificultades y escasez de suministros durante el asedio, y la lucha se limitó a incursiones y escaramuzas a pequeña escala. El estrecho Boston Neck, que en ese momento solo tenía unos treinta metros de ancho, impidió la capacidad de Washington para invadir Boston, y se produjo un largo estancamiento. Un joven oficial, Rufus Putnam , ideó un plan para hacer fortificaciones portátiles con madera que pudieran erigirse en el suelo helado al amparo de la oscuridad. Putnam supervisó este esfuerzo, que instaló con éxito tanto las fortificaciones como docenas de cañones en Dorchester Heights que Henry Knox había traído laboriosamente a través de la nieve desde Fort Ticonderoga. Los asombrados británicos se despertaron a la mañana siguiente para ver una gran variedad de cañones cayendo sobre ellos. Se cree que el general Howe dijo que los estadounidenses habían hecho más en una noche de lo que su ejército podría haber hecho en seis meses. El ejército británico intentó un bombardeo de cañones durante dos horas, pero su disparo no pudo alcanzar los cañones de los colonos a tal altura. Los británicos se rindieron, abordaron sus barcos y se alejaron. Boston todavía celebra el "Día de la Evacuación" cada año. Washington quedó tan impresionado que nombró a Rufus Putnam su ingeniero jefe. [47] [48] [50]
La posrevolución y la guerra de 1812
Después de la Revolución, a largo de Boston marinera tradición ayudó a que sea uno de los puertos internacionales más ricos del mundo, con el tráfico de esclavos , [51] ron, pescado, sal, y siendo particularmente importante el tabaco. [52] La actividad portuaria de Boston se redujo significativamente por la Ley de Embargo de 1807 (adoptada durante las Guerras Napoleónicas ) y la Guerra de 1812 . El comercio exterior regresó después de estas hostilidades, pero los comerciantes de Boston habían encontrado alternativas para sus inversiones de capital en el ínterin. La manufactura se convirtió en un componente importante de la economía de la ciudad, y la manufactura industrial de la ciudad superó al comercio internacional en importancia económica a mediados del siglo XIX. Una red de pequeños ríos que bordea la ciudad y la conecta con la región circundante facilitó el envío de mercancías y provocó la proliferación de molinos y fábricas. Más tarde, una densa red de ferrocarriles impulsó la industria y el comercio de la región. [53]
Durante este período, Boston también floreció culturalmente, admirado por su vida literaria enrarecida y su generoso patrocinio artístico , [55] [56] con miembros de las antiguas familias de Boston - eventualmente apodados Boston Brahmins - llegando a ser considerados como la nación social y cultural. élites. [57]
Boston fue uno de los primeros puertos del comercio triangular de esclavos en el Atlántico en las colonias de Nueva Inglaterra, pero pronto fue superado por Salem , Massachusetts y Newport , Rhode Island. [58] Boston finalmente se convirtió en un centro del movimiento abolicionista . [59] La ciudad reaccionó enérgicamente a la Ley de esclavos fugitivos de 1850 , [60] contribuyendo al intento del presidente Franklin Pierce de hacer un ejemplo de Boston después del caso de esclavos fugitivos Anthony Burns . [61] [62]
En 1822, [18] los ciudadanos de Boston votaron para cambiar el nombre oficial de "Ciudad de Boston" a "Ciudad de Boston", y el 19 de marzo de 1822, la gente de Boston aceptó la carta constitutiva de la ciudad. [63] En el momento en que Boston fue constituida como ciudad, la población era de aproximadamente 46,226, mientras que el área de la ciudad era de solo 4,8 millas cuadradas (12 km 2 ). [63]
Siglo 19
![Painting with a body of water with sailing ships in the foreground and a city in the background](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Boston-view-1841-Havell.jpeg/220px-Boston-view-1841-Havell.jpeg)
![](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TremontSt_ca1843_Boston_byPhilipHarry_MFABoston.png/220px-TremontSt_ca1843_Boston_byPhilipHarry_MFABoston.png)
En la década de 1820, la población de Boston creció rápidamente y la composición étnica de la ciudad cambió drásticamente con la primera ola de inmigrantes europeos . Los inmigrantes irlandeses dominaron la primera ola de recién llegados durante este período, especialmente después de la Gran Hambruna ; en 1850, unos 35.000 irlandeses vivían en Boston . [64] En la segunda mitad del siglo 19, la sierra de la ciudad un número creciente de irlandeses, alemanes , libaneses , sirios, [65] canadienses franceses y rusos y Judios polaco de establecerse en la ciudad. A fines del siglo XIX, los vecindarios centrales de Boston se habían convertido en enclaves de inmigrantes étnicamente distintos con su residencia produciendo un cambio cultural duradero. Los italianos se convirtieron en los habitantes más grandes del North End , [66] los irlandeses dominaron South Boston y Charlestown , y los judíos rusos vivieron en el West End . Los inmigrantes irlandeses e italianos trajeron consigo el catolicismo romano. Actualmente, los católicos constituyen la comunidad religiosa más grande de Boston, [67] y los irlandeses han desempeñado un papel importante en la política de Boston desde principios del siglo XX; Entre las figuras destacadas se incluyen los Kennedy , Tip O'Neill y John F. Fitzgerald . [68]
Entre 1631 y 1890, la ciudad triplicó su área a través de la recuperación de tierras al rellenar pantanos, marismas y brechas entre los muelles a lo largo de la costa. [69] Los mayores esfuerzos de recuperación se llevaron a cabo durante el siglo XIX; a partir de 1807, la corona de Beacon Hill se utilizó para rellenar un estanque de molino de 50 acres (20 ha) que más tarde se convirtió en el área de Haymarket Square . La Casa del Estado actual se encuentra en lo alto de este Beacon Hill rebajado. Los proyectos de recuperación a mediados de siglo crearon partes significativas del South End , el West End , el distrito financiero y el barrio chino .
Después del gran incendio de Boston de 1872 , los trabajadores utilizaron los escombros de la construcción como vertedero a lo largo del paseo marítimo del centro. A mediados y finales del siglo XIX, los trabajadores llenaron casi 600 acres (2,4 km 2 ) de marismas salobres del río Charles al oeste de Boston Common con grava traída por ferrocarril desde las colinas de Needham Heights. La ciudad anexó las ciudades adyacentes de South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (incluido el actual Mattapan y una parte del sur de Boston ) (1870), Brighton (incluido el actual Allston ). (1874), West Roxbury (incluidas las actuales Jamaica Plain y Roslindale ) (1874), Charlestown (1874) y Hyde Park (1912). [70] [71] Otras propuestas no tuvieron éxito para la anexión de Brookline , Cambridge, [72] y Chelsea . [73] [74]
Principios del siglo 20
Fenway Park , hogar de los Boston Red Sox , abrió sus puertas en 1912. [75]
Muchos edificios de gran importancia arquitectónica se construyeron durante estos primeros años del siglo 20: Horticultura Salón , [76] el Tenis y Racquet Club , [77] Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum , [78] Fenway Estudios , [79] Jordan Hall , [80] y la Ópera de Boston . El puente Longfellow , [81] construido en 1906, fue mencionado por Robert McCloskey en Make Way for Ducklings , describiendo su característica de "saleros y pimenteros". [82]
El Aeropuerto Internacional Logan abrió el 8 de septiembre de 1923. [83] Los Boston Bruins se fundaron en 1924 y jugaron su primer partido en el Boston Garden en noviembre de 1928. [84]
Boston entró en decadencia a principios y mediados del siglo XX, cuando las fábricas se volvieron viejas y obsoletas y las empresas se mudaron de la región en busca de mano de obra más barata en otros lugares. [85] Boston respondió iniciando varios proyectos de renovación urbana , bajo la dirección de la Autoridad de Reurbanización de Boston (BRA) establecida en 1957. En 1958, BRA inició un proyecto para mejorar el histórico barrio de West End. La demolición extensa se encontró con una fuerte oposición pública y miles de familias fueron desplazadas. [86]
El BRA continuó implementando proyectos de dominio eminente , incluida la limpieza de la vibrante área de Scollay Square para la construcción del Centro de Gobierno de estilo modernista . En 1965, el Centro de Salud de Columbia Point abrió en el vecindario de Dorchester , el primer Centro de Salud Comunitario en los Estados Unidos. Sirvió principalmente al enorme complejo de viviendas públicas de Columbia Point contiguo, que fue construido en 1953. El centro de salud todavía está en funcionamiento y se volvió a dedicar en 1990 como Centro de Salud Comunitario Geiger-Gibson. [87] El complejo de Columbia Point en sí fue remodelado y revitalizado de 1984 a 1990 en un desarrollo residencial de ingresos mixtos llamado Harbour Point Apartments. [88]
En la década de 1970, la economía de la ciudad había comenzado a recuperarse después de 30 años de recesión económica. Se construyó una gran cantidad de rascacielos en el distrito financiero y en Back Bay de Boston durante este período. [89] Este auge continuó hasta mediados de la década de 1980 y se reanudó después de algunas pausas. Hospitales como el Hospital General de Massachusetts , el Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center y el Hospital Brigham y de Mujeres conducen a la nación en la innovación médica y la atención al paciente. Escuelas como Boston Architectural College , Boston College , Boston University , Harvard Medical School , Tufts University School of Medicine , Northeastern University , Massachusetts College of Art and Design , Wentworth Institute of Technology , Berklee College of Music , Boston Conservatory y muchos otros atraen a estudiantes a la zona. Sin embargo, la ciudad experimentó un conflicto a partir de 1974 por la eliminación de la segregación en autobuses , lo que provocó disturbios y violencia en las escuelas públicas a mediados de la década de 1970. [90]
Siglo 21
Boston es un centro intelectual, tecnológico y político, pero ha perdido algunas instituciones regionales importantes, [91] incluida la pérdida por fusiones y adquisiciones de instituciones financieras locales como FleetBoston Financial , que fue adquirida por Bank of America con sede en Charlotte en 2004. [92] Los grandes almacenes Jordan Marsh y Filene's, con sede en Boston , se han fusionado en Macy's, con sede en la ciudad de Nueva York . [93] La adquisición en 1993 de The Boston Globe por The New York Times [94] se revirtió en 2013 cuando fue revendida al empresario de Boston John W. Henry . En 2016, se anunció que General Electric trasladaría su sede corporativa de Connecticut al Seaport District en Boston, uniéndose a muchas otras empresas en este vecindario en rápido desarrollo.
Boston ha experimentado una gentrificación en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, [95] con un fuerte aumento de los precios de la vivienda desde la década de 1990. [32] Los gastos de subsistencia han aumentado; Boston tiene uno de los costos de vida más altos en los Estados Unidos [96] y fue clasificada como la ciudad principal número 129 más cara del mundo en una encuesta de 2011 de 214 ciudades. [97] A pesar de los problemas del costo de vida, Boston ocupa un lugar destacado en las calificaciones de habitabilidad, ocupando el puesto 36 a nivel mundial en calidad de vida en 2011 en una encuesta de 221 ciudades importantes. [98]
El 15 de abril de 2013, dos hermanos islamistas chechenos detonaron un par de bombas cerca de la línea de meta del maratón de Boston , matando a tres personas e hiriendo aproximadamente a 264. [99]
En 2016, Boston asumió brevemente una candidatura como solicitante de los EE. UU. Para los Juegos Olímpicos de verano de 2024 . La oferta fue apoyada por el alcalde y una coalición de líderes empresariales y filántropos locales, pero finalmente se abandonó debido a la oposición pública. [100] El USOC luego seleccionó a Los Ángeles para ser el candidato estadounidense y Los Ángeles finalmente aseguró el derecho a albergar los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2028 . [101]
Geografía
Boston tiene un área de 89.63 millas cuadradas (232.1 km 2 ): 48.4 millas cuadradas (125.4 km 2 ) (54%) de tierra y 41.2 millas cuadradas (106.7 km 2 ) (46%) de agua. La elevación oficial de la ciudad, medida en el Aeropuerto Internacional Logan , es de 19 pies (5,8 m) sobre el nivel del mar . [102] El punto más alto en Boston es Bellevue Hill a 330 pies (100 m) sobre el nivel del mar, y el punto más bajo está al nivel del mar. [103] Situada en la costa del Océano Atlántico , Boston es la única capital del estado en los Estados Unidos contiguos con una costa oceánica . [104]
El centro geográfico de Boston está en Roxbury. Al norte del centro encontramos el South End. Esto no debe confundirse con South Boston, que se encuentra directamente al este del South End. Al norte de South Boston está East Boston y al suroeste de East Boston está el North End.
- Autor, Desconocido - Un coloquialismo local común
Boston está rodeada por la región del " Gran Boston " y colinda contiguamente con las ciudades y pueblos de Winthrop , Revere , Chelsea , Everett , Somerville , Cambridge , Watertown , Newton , Brookline , Needham , Dedham , Canton , Milton y Quincy . El río Charles separa los vecindarios Allston-Brighton, Fenway-Kenmore y Back Bay de Boston de Watertown y la mayor parte de Cambridge, y la masa de Boston de su propio vecindario de Charlestown. Al este se encuentran el puerto de Boston y el área recreativa nacional de las islas del puerto de Boston (que incluye parte del territorio de la ciudad, específicamente Calf Island , Gallops Island , Great Brewster Island , Green Island , Little Brewster Island , Little Calf Island , Long Island , Lovells Island , Middle Brewster Island , Nixes Mate , Outer Brewster Island , Rainsford Island , Shag Rocks , Spectacle Island , The Graves y Thompson Island ). El río Neponset forma el límite entre los vecindarios del sur de Boston y la ciudad de Quincy y la ciudad de Milton . El río Mystic separa Charlestown de Chelsea y Everett, y Chelsea Creek y Boston Harbor separan East Boston del centro, North End y Seaport. [105]
Barrios
A veces se le llama a Boston una "ciudad de vecindarios" debido a la profusión de diversas subsecciones; La Oficina de Servicios Vecinales del gobierno de la ciudad ha designado oficialmente 23 vecindarios. [106] Más de dos tercios de la superficie terrestre moderna del interior de Boston no existía cuando se fundó la ciudad. En cambio, se creó mediante el relleno gradual de las áreas de marea circundantes a lo largo de los siglos, [69] con tierra de nivelar o rebajar las tres colinas originales de Boston (la "Trimountain", por la que se nombra Tremont Street) y con grava traída por tren de Needham para llenar Back Bay . [19]
El centro y sus alrededores inmediatos consisten principalmente en edificios de mampostería de poca altura (a menudo de estilo federal y renacimiento griego ) intercalados con rascacielos modernos, en el distrito financiero, el centro gubernamental y el sur de Boston . [107] Back Bay incluye muchos lugares destacados, como la Biblioteca Pública de Boston , el Centro de Ciencia Cristiana , Copley Square , Newbury Street y los dos edificios más altos de Nueva Inglaterra: la Torre John Hancock y el Centro Prudential . [108] Cerca de la Torre John Hancock se encuentra el antiguo edificio John Hancock con su prominente baliza iluminada , cuyo color predice el tiempo. [109] Las áreas comerciales más pequeñas se intercalan entre áreas de viviendas unifamiliares y casas adosadas multifamiliares de madera / ladrillo. El distrito histórico de South End es el vecindario contiguo de la época victoriana más grande de los EE. UU. [110] La geografía del centro y el sur de Boston se vio particularmente afectada por el proyecto de túnel / arteria central (conocido extraoficialmente como " Big Dig ") que eliminó la arteria central elevada y antiestética e incorporó nuevos espacios verdes y áreas abiertas. [111]
Clima
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Según la clasificación climática de Köppen , dependiendo de la isoterma utilizada, Boston tiene un clima subtropical húmedo (Köppen Cfa ) bajo la isoterma de −3 ° C (26,6 ° F) o un clima continental húmedo bajo la isoterma de 0 ° C (Köppen Dfa ) . [112] La ciudad se describe mejor como una zona de transición entre los dos climas. Los veranos son típicamente cálidos y húmedos, mientras que los inviernos son fríos y tormentosos, con períodos ocasionales de fuertes nevadas. La primavera y el otoño suelen ser de frescos a templados, con condiciones variables que dependen de la dirección del viento y la posición de la corriente en chorro. Los patrones de viento predominantes que soplan en alta mar minimizan la influencia del Océano Atlántico. Sin embargo, en las áreas invernales cercanas a la costa inmediata, a menudo habrá más lluvia que nieve, ya que a veces se extrae aire cálido del Atlántico. [113] Las mentiras ciudad en la transición entre la USDA planta de las zonas de resistencia 6B (la mayoría de la ciudad) y 7a (Downtown, South Boston, y los barrios East Boston). [114]
El mes más caluroso es julio, con una temperatura media de 74,1 ° F (23,4 ° C). El mes más frío es enero, con una temperatura media de 29,9 ° F (−1,2 ° C). Los períodos que superan los 90 ° F (32 ° C) en verano y por debajo del punto de congelación en invierno no son infrecuentes, pero rara vez se prolongan, con aproximadamente 13 y 25 días por año, respectivamente. [115] La lectura más reciente por debajo de 0 ° F (−18 ° C) ocurrió el 7 de enero de 2018, cuando la temperatura bajó a −2 ° F (−19 ° C). [115] Además, varias décadas pueden pasar entre lecturas de 100 ° F (38 ° C), con la más reciente ocurrencia de este tipo el 22 de julio de 2011, cuando la temperatura alcanzó los 103 ° F (39 ° C). [115] La ventana promedio de la ciudad para temperaturas bajo cero es del 9 de noviembre al 5 de abril. [115] [c] Los registros oficiales de temperatura han oscilado entre -18 ° F (-28 ° C) el 9 de febrero de 1934, hasta 104 ° F (40 ° C) el 4 de julio de 1911. El máximo diario frío récord es de 2 ° F (−17 ° C) el 30 de diciembre de 1917, mientras que, a la inversa, el mínimo diario cálido récord es de 83 ° F (28 ° C) en 2 de agosto de 1975 y 21 de julio de 2019. [116] [115]
La ubicación costera de Boston en el Atlántico norte modera su temperatura pero hace que la ciudad sea muy propensa a los sistemas climáticos del Noroeste que pueden producir mucha nieve y lluvia. [113] La ciudad tiene un promedio de 43,6 pulgadas (1110 mm) de precipitación al año, con 49,2 pulgadas (125 cm) de nevadas por temporada. [115] La mayoría de las nevadas ocurren desde mediados de noviembre hasta principios de abril, y la nieve es rara en mayo y octubre. [117] [118] También existe una gran variabilidad de un año a otro en las nevadas; por ejemplo, en el invierno de 2011-2012 solo se acumularon 9,3 pulgadas (23,6 cm) de nieve, pero el invierno anterior, la cifra correspondiente fue de 81,0 pulgadas (2,06 m). [115] [d]
La niebla es bastante común, especialmente en primavera y principios de verano. Debido a su ubicación a lo largo del Atlántico Norte, la ciudad a menudo recibe brisas marinas, especialmente a fines de la primavera, cuando las temperaturas del agua aún son bastante frías y las temperaturas en la costa pueden ser más de 20 ° F (11 ° C) más frías que unas pocas. millas tierra adentro, a veces cayendo en esa cantidad cerca del mediodía. [119] [120] Las tormentas eléctricas ocurren de mayo a septiembre, que ocasionalmente son severas con granizo grande , vientos dañinos y aguaceros fuertes. [113] Aunque el centro de Boston nunca ha sido golpeado por un tornado violento , la ciudad misma ha experimentado muchas advertencias de tornados . Las tormentas dañinas son más comunes en las áreas al norte, oeste y noroeste de la ciudad. [121] Boston tiene un clima relativamente soleado para una ciudad costera en su latitud, con un promedio de más de 2.600 horas de sol al año.
Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Registro alto ° F (° C) | 74 (23) | 73 (23) | 89 (32) | 94 (34) | 97 (36) | 100 (38) | 104 (40) | 102 (39) | 102 (39) | 90 (32) | 83 (28) | 76 (24) | 104 (40) |
Máximo medio ° F (° C) | 58,3 (14,6) | 57,9 (14,4) | 67,0 (19,4) | 79,9 (26,6) | 88,1 (31,2) | 92,2 (33,4) | 95,0 (35,0) | 93,7 (34,3) | 88,9 (31,6) | 79,6 (26,4) | 70,2 (21,2) | 61,2 (16,2) | 96,4 (35,8) |
Promedio alto ° F (° C) | 36,8 (2,7) | 39,0 (3,9) | 45,5 (7,5) | 56,4 (13,6) | 66,5 (19,2) | 76,2 (24,6) | 82,1 (27,8) | 80,4 (26,9) | 73,1 (22,8) | 62,1 (16,7) | 51,6 (10,9) | 42,2 (5,7) | 59,3 (15,2) |
Media diaria ° F (° C) | 29,9 (−1,2) | 31,8 (−0,1) | 38,3 (3,5) | 48,6 (9,2) | 58,4 (14,7) | 68,0 (20,0) | 74,1 (23,4) | 72,7 (22,6) | 65,6 (18,7) | 54,8 (12,7) | 44,7 (7,1) | 35,7 (2,1) | 51,9 (11,1) |
Promedio bajo ° F (° C) | 23,1 (-4,9) | 24,6 (−4,1) | 31,1 (−0,5) | 40,8 (4,9) | 50,3 (10,2) | 59,7 (15,4) | 66,0 (18,9) | 65,1 (18,4) | 58,2 (14,6) | 47,5 (8,6) | 37,9 (3,3) | 29,2 (−1,6) | 44,5 (6,9) |
Mínimo medio ° F (° C) | 4,8 (−15,1) | 8,3 (−13,2) | 15,6 (−9,1) | 31,0 (−0,6) | 41,2 (5,1) | 49,7 (9,8) | 58,6 (14,8) | 57,7 (14,3) | 46,7 (8,2) | 35,1 (1,7) | 24,4 (-4,2) | 13,1 (−10,5) | 2,6 (−16,3) |
Grabar bajo ° F (° C) | −13 (−25) | −18 (−28) | −8 (−22) | 11 (−12) | 31 (−1) | 41 (5) | 50 (10) | 46 (8) | 34 (1) | 25 (−4) | −2 (−19) | −17 (−27) | −18 (−28) |
Precipitación promedio pulgadas (mm) | 3,39 (86) | 3,21 (82) | 4,17 (106) | 3,63 (92) | 3,25 (83) | 3,89 (99) | 3,27 (83) | 3,23 (82) | 3,56 (90) | 4.03 (102) | 3,66 (93) | 4,30 (109) | 43,59 (1.107) |
Nevadas promedio pulgadas (cm) | 14,3 (36) | 14,4 (37) | 9,0 (23) | 1,6 (4,1) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,2 (0,51) | 0,7 (1,8) | 9,0 (23) | 49,2 (125) |
Días de precipitación promedio (≥ 0.01 in) | 11,8 | 10,6 | 11,6 | 11,6 | 11,8 | 10,9 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 10,5 | 10,3 | 11,9 | 128,4 |
Promedio de días de nieve (≥ 0,1 pulg.) | 6.6 | 6.2 | 4.4 | 0,8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0,2 | 0,6 | 4.2 | 23,0 |
Media de humedad relativa (%) | 62,3 | 62,0 | 63,1 | 63,0 | 66,7 | 68,5 | 68,4 | 70,8 | 71,8 | 68,5 | 67,5 | 65,4 | 66,5 |
Punto de rocío medio ° F (° C) | 16,5 (−8,6) | 17,6 (−8,0) | 25,2 (−3,8) | 33,6 (0,9) | 45,0 (7,2) | 55,2 (12,9) | 61,0 (16,1) | 60,4 (15,8) | 53,8 (12,1) | 42,8 (6,0) | 33,4 (0,8) | 22,1 (−5,5) | 38,9 (3,8) |
Promedio de horas de sol mensuales | 163,4 | 168,4 | 213,7 | 227.2 | 267,3 | 286,5 | 300,9 | 277,3 | 237,1 | 206,3 | 143,2 | 142,3 | 2.633,6 |
Porcentaje posible de luz solar | 56 | 57 | 58 | 57 | 59 | 63 | sesenta y cinco | 64 | 63 | 60 | 49 | 50 | 59 |
Índice ultravioleta medio | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Fuente 1: NOAA (humedad relativa, punto de rocío y sol 1961-1990) [123] [115] [124] | |||||||||||||
Fuente 2: Atlas meteorológico (UV) [125] |
Los datos climáticos de Boston, Massachusetts | |||||||||||||
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Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Temperatura promedio del mar ° F (° C) | 41,3 (5,2) | 38,1 (3,4) | 38,4 (3,5) | 43,1 (6,2) | 49,2 (9,5) | 58,4 (14,7) | 65,7 (18,7) | 67,9 (20,0) | 64,8 (18,2) | 59,4 (15,3) | 52,3 (11,3) | 46,6 (8,2) | 52,1 (11,2) |
Fuente: Weather Atlas [125] |
Ver o editar datos de gráficos sin procesar .
Paisajes urbanos
Demografía
Año | Música pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1680 * | 4.500 | - |
1690 * | 7.000 | + 55,6% |
1700 * | 6.700 | −4,3% |
1710 * | 9.000 | + 34,3% |
1722 | 10,567 | + 17,4% |
1742 | 16,382 | + 55,0% |
1765 | 15,520 | −5,3% |
1790 | 18,320 | + 18,0% |
1800 | 24,937 | + 36,1% |
1810 | 33,787 | + 35,5% |
1820 | 43.298 | + 28,1% |
1830 | 61,392 | + 41,8% |
1840 | 93,383 | + 52,1% |
1850 | 136,881 | + 46,6% |
1860 | 177,840 | + 29,9% |
1870 | 250,526 | + 40,9% |
1880 | 362,839 | + 44,8% |
1890 | 448,477 | + 23,6% |
1900 | 560,892 | + 25,1% |
1910 | 670.585 | + 19,6% |
1920 | 748,060 | + 11,6% |
1930 | 781,188 | + 4,4% |
1940 | 770,816 | −1,3% |
1950 | 801,444 | + 4.0% |
1960 | 697,197 | −13,0% |
1970 | 641,071 | −8,1% |
1980 | 562.994 | −12,2% |
1990 | 574,283 | + 2,0% |
2000 | 589,141 | + 2,6% |
2010 | 617.594 | + 4,8% |
2019 * | 692,600 | + 12,1% |
* = estimación de población. Fuente: Registros del censo de Estados Unidos y datos del Programa de estimaciones de población . [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137] Fuente: Censo Decenal de EE. UU. [138] |
![Map of Boston and the surrounding area displaying per capita income distribution](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boston_income_donut.png/220px-Boston_income_donut.png)
![](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Boston_%285559894531%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Boston_%285559894531%29.png)
En 2019, se estimó que Boston tenía 692,600 residentes viviendo en 266,724 hogares [3], un aumento de población del 9% con respecto a 2010. La ciudad es la tercera ciudad grande más densamente poblada de EE. UU. Con más de medio millón de residentes, y la más densamente poblada. capital del estado. Aproximadamente 1,2 millones de personas pueden estar dentro de los límites de Boston durante las horas de trabajo y hasta 2 millones durante eventos especiales. Esta fluctuación de personas es causada por cientos de miles de residentes suburbanos que viajan a la ciudad por trabajo, educación, atención médica y eventos especiales. [139]
En la ciudad, la población estaba dispersa, con 21.9% a la edad de 19 y menos, 14.3% de 20 a 24, 33.2% de 25 a 44, 20.4% de 45 a 64, y 10.1% que tenían 65 años de edad o mayor. La mediana de edad fue de 30,8 años. Por cada 100 mujeres, hay 92,0 hombres. Por cada 100 mujeres mayores de 18 años, hay 89,9 hombres. [140] Había 252.699 hogares, de los cuales el 20,4% tenían hijos menores de 18 años viviendo en ellos, el 25,5% eran parejas casadas que vivían juntas, el 16,3% tenían una mujer como cabeza de familia sin marido presente y el 54,0% no eran familias. 37,1% de todas las familias se componían de individuos y el 9,0% había alguien que viven solas que fue de 65 años de edad o más. El tamaño promedio del hogar era 2,26 y el tamaño promedio de la familia era 3,08. [140] Según una estimación de 2005, Boston tiene una de las poblaciones LGBT per cápita más grandes de los Estados Unidos .
La renta mediana de un hogar en Boston era $ 51.739, mientras que la renta mediana para una familia era $ 61.035. Los trabajadores varones a tiempo completo durante todo el año tenían un ingreso medio de $ 52,544 frente a $ 46,540 para las trabajadoras a tiempo completo durante todo el año. El ingreso per cápita de la ciudad fue de $ 33.158. El 21,4% de la población y el 16,0% de las familias se encontraban por debajo del umbral de pobreza. De la población total, el 28,8% de los menores de 18 años y el 20,4% de los de 65 años o más vivían por debajo del umbral de pobreza. [141] Boston tiene una brecha de riqueza racial significativa con los bostonianos blancos que tienen un patrimonio neto promedio de $ 247,500 en comparación con un patrimonio neto promedio de $ 8 para los residentes negros no inmigrantes y $ 0 para los residentes inmigrantes dominicanos. [142]
En 1950, los blancos representaban el 94,7% de la población de Boston. [143] Desde la década de 1950 hasta finales del siglo XX, la proporción de blancos no hispanos en la ciudad disminuyó. En 2000, los blancos no hispanos constituían el 49,5% de la población de la ciudad, por lo que la ciudad era una minoría mayoritaria por primera vez. Sin embargo, en el siglo XXI , la ciudad ha experimentado una gentrificación significativa , durante la cual los blancos ricos se han mudado a áreas que antes no eran blancas. En 2006, la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. Estimó que los blancos no hispanos nuevamente formaron una ligera mayoría, pero a partir de 2010[actualizar], en parte debido al colapso de la vivienda, así como a los mayores esfuerzos para hacer más disponibles viviendas asequibles, la población no blanca se ha recuperado. Esto también puede tener que ver con el aumento de la población latinoamericana y asiática y una mayor claridad en torno a las estadísticas del censo de EE. UU., Que indican una población blanca no hispana del 47 por ciento (algunos informes dan cifras ligeramente más bajas). [144] [145] [146]
Raza / etnia | 2017 [147] | 2010 [148] | 1990 [143] | 1970 [143] | 1940 [143] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blancos no hispanos | 43,9% | 47,0% | 59,0% | 79,5% [149] | 96,6% |
Negro | 23,1% | 24,4% | 23,8% | 16,3% | 3,1% |
Hispano o Latino (de cualquier raza) | 20,4% | 17,5% | 10,8% | 2,8% [149] | 0,1% |
asiático | 9,7% | 8,9% | 5,3% | 1,3% | 0,2% |
Dos o mas carreras | 3,1% | 3,9% | - | - | - |
Nativo americano | 0,8% | 0,4% | 0,3% | 0,2% | - |
Las personas de ascendencia irlandesa forman el grupo étnico más grande de la ciudad, que representan el 15,8% de la población, seguidos por los italianos , que representan el 8,3% de la población. Las personas de ascendencia antillana y caribeña son otro grupo considerable, con más del 15%. [150]
En el área metropolitana de Boston, estos números crecieron significativamente, con más de 170.000 dominicanos según estimaciones de 2018, más de 145.000 puertorriqueños, más de 45.000 salvadoreños, más de 40.000 guatemaltecos y más de 35.000 colombianos. [151] [152] East Boston tiene una población hispana / latina diversa de colombianos, salvadoreños, dominicanos, guatemaltecos, mexicanos, puertorriqueños e incluso personas de habla portuguesa de Portugal y Brasil. Las poblaciones hispanas en los vecindarios del suroeste de Boston están compuestas principalmente por dominicanos y puertorriqueños, generalmente compartiendo vecindarios en esta sección con afroamericanos y negros con orígenes del Caribe y África, especialmente caboverdianos y haitianos. Barrios como Jamaica Plain y Roslindale han experimentado un número creciente de dominicanos . [153] Grandes comunidades de habla portuguesa de portugueses , brasileños y caboverdianos están presentes en áreas como East Boston, Roxbury y Jamaica Plain, generalmente mezclándose con hispanos, negros y blancos. [152]
Más de 27.000 estadounidenses de origen chino hicieron su hogar en la ciudad de Boston propiamente dicha en 2013 [154].
Ascendencia
Según las estimaciones quinquenales de la Encuesta sobre la comunidad estadounidense de 2012-2016, los grupos de ascendencia más grandes en Boston, Massachusetts son: [155] [156]
Ascendencia | Porcentaje de la población de Boston | Porcentaje de la población de Massachusetts | Porcentaje de la población de Estados Unidos | Diferencia de ciudad a estado | Diferencia de ciudad a EE. UU. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
irlandesa | 14,06% | 21,16% | 10,39% | −7,10% | + 3,67% |
italiano | 8,13% | 13,19% | 5,39% | −5,05% | + 2,74% |
otro antillano | 6,92% | 1,96% | 0,90% | + 4,97% | + 6,02% |
dominicano | 5,45% | 2,60% | 0,68% | + 2,65% | + 4,57% |
puertorriqueño | 5,27% | 4,52% | 1,66% | + 0,75% | + 3,61% |
chino | 4,57% | 2,28% | 1,24% | + 2,29% | + 3,33% |
alemán | 4,57% | 6,00% | 14,40% | −1,43% | −9,83% |
inglés | 4,54% | 9,77% | 7,67% | −5,23% | −3,13% |
americano | 4,13% | 4,26% | 6,89% | −0,13% | −2,76% |
África subsahariana | 4,09% | 2,00% | 1,01% | + 2,09% | + 3,08% |
haitiano | 3,58% | 1,15% | 0,31% | + 2,43% | + 3,27% |
polaco | 2,48% | 4,67% | 2,93% | −2,19% | −0,45% |
Caboverdiano | 2,21% | 0,97% | 0,03% | + 1,24% | + 2,18% |
francés | 1,93% | 6,82% | 2,56% | −4,89% | −0,63% |
vietnamita | 1,76% | 0,69% | 0,54% | + 1,07% | + 1,22% |
jamaicano | 1,70% | 0,44% | 0,34% | + 1,26% | + 1,36% |
ruso | 1,62% | 1,65% | 0,88% | −0,03% | + 0,74% |
Asiático indio | 1,31% | 1,39% | 1,09% | −0,08% | + 0,22% |
escocés | 1,30% | 2,28% | 1,71% | −0,98% | −0,41% |
Franco canadiense | 1,19% | 3,91% | 0,65% | −2,71% | + 0,54% |
mexicano | 1,12% | 0,67% | 11,96% | + 0,45% | −10,84% |
árabe | 1,10% | 1,10% | 0,59% | + 0,00% | + 0,50% |
Desglose demográfico por código postal
Ingreso
Los datos provienen de las estimaciones quinquenales de la Encuesta sobre la comunidad estadounidense de 2008-2012. [157] [158] [159]
Rango | Código postal (ZCTA) | Ingreso per cápita | Ingreso familiar medio | Ingreso familiar medio | Población | Numero de hogares |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 02110 ( distrito financiero ) | $ 152,007 | $ 123,795 | $ 196.518 | 1,486 | 981 |
2 | 02199 ( Prudential Center ) | $ 151,060 | $ 107,159 | $ 146,786 | 1.290 | 823 |
3 | 02210 ( Fort Point ) | $ 93.078 | $ 111,061 | $ 223,411 | 1.905 | 1.088 |
4 | 02109 ( extremo norte ) | $ 88,921 | $ 128.022 | $ 162,045 | 4.277 | 2,190 |
5 | 02116 ( Back Bay / Bay Village ) | $ 81,458 | $ 87,630 | $ 134,875 | 21,318 | 10,938 |
6 | 02108 ( Beacon Hill / Distrito financiero) | $ 78,569 | $ 95,753 | $ 153,618 | 4.155 | 2,337 |
7 | 02114 (Beacon Hill / West End ) | $ 65,865 | $ 79,734 | $ 169,107 | 11,933 | 6.752 |
8 | 02111 ( Barrio chino / Distrito financiero / Distrito del cuero ) | $ 56,716 | $ 44,758 | $ 88,333 | 7.616 | 3.390 |
9 | 02129 ( Charlestown ) | $ 56,267 | $ 89,105 | $ 98,445 | 17.052 | 8.083 |
10 | 02467 ( Chestnut Hill ) | $ 53,382 | $ 113,952 | $ 148,396 | 22,796 | 6.351 |
11 | 02113 (extremo norte) | $ 52,905 | $ 64,413 | $ 112,589 | 7.276 | 4.329 |
12 | 02132 ( oeste de Roxbury ) | $ 44.306 | $ 82,421 | $ 110,219 | 27.163 | 11,013 |
13 | 02118 ( extremo sur ) | $ 43,887 | $ 50 000 | $ 49,090 | 26,779 | 12,512 |
14 | 02130 ( Jamaica Plain ) | $ 42,916 | $ 74.198 | $ 95,426 | 36,866 | 15.306 |
15 | 02127 ( sur de Boston ) | $ 42,854 | $ 67,012 | $ 68,110 | 32,547 | 14.994 |
Massachusetts | $ 35,485 | $ 66,658 | $ 84,380 | 6.560.595 | 2.525.694 | |
Bostón | $ 33.589 | $ 53,136 | $ 63,230 | 619,662 | 248,704 | |
Condado de Suffolk | $ 32,429 | $ 52,700 | $ 61,796 | 724,502 | 287,442 | |
dieciséis | 02135 ( Brighton ) | $ 31,773 | $ 50,291 | $ 62,602 | 38,839 | 18,336 |
17 | 02131 ( Roslindale ) | $ 29,486 | $ 61,099 | $ 70,598 | 30,370 | 11,282 |
Estados Unidos | $ 28,051 | $ 53,046 | $ 64,585 | 309,138,711 | 115,226,802 | |
18 | 02136 ( Hyde Park ) | $ 28,009 | $ 57,080 | $ 74,734 | 29,219 | 10,650 |
19 | 02134 ( Allston ) | $ 25,319 | $ 37,638 | $ 49,355 | 20,478 | 8,916 |
20 | 02128 ( Este de Boston ) | $ 23,450 | $ 49,549 | $ 49,470 | 41.680 | 14,965 |
21 | 02122 ( Dorchester - Fields Corner ) | $ 23,432 | $ 51,798 | $ 50,246 | 25,437 | 8.216 |
22 | 02124 (Dorchester- Codman Square - Ashmont ) | $ 23,115 | $ 48,329 | $ 55,031 | 49,867 | 17.275 |
23 | 02125 (Dorchester- Uphams Corner - Savin Hill ) | $ 22,158 | $ 42,298 | $ 44,397 | 31.996 | 11,481 |
24 | 02163 (Allston- Escuela de Negocios de Harvard ) | $ 21,915 | $ 43,889 | $ 91,190 | 1.842 | 562 |
25 | 02115 (Back Bay, Longwood , Museo de Bellas Artes / área de Symphony Hall ) | $ 21,654 | $ 23,677 | $ 50.303 | 29.178 | 9,958 |
26 | 02126 ( Mattapan ) | $ 20,649 | $ 43,532 | $ 52,774 | 27,335 | 9.510 |
27 | 02215 (Fenway-Kenmore) | $ 19,082 | $ 30,823 | $ 72,583 | 23,719 | 7,995 |
28 | 02119 ( Roxbury ) | $ 18,998 | $ 27,051 | $ 35,311 | 24,237 | 9,769 |
29 | 02121 (Dorchester-Mount Bowdoin) | $ 18,226 | $ 30,419 | $ 35,439 | 26,801 | 9,739 |
30 | 02120 ( Mission Hill ) | $ 17.390 | $ 32,367 | $ 29.583 | 13,217 | 4.509 |
Religión
Según un estudio de 2014 del Pew Research Center , el 57% de la población de la ciudad se identificó como cristiana , el 25% asistía a una variedad de iglesias protestantes y el 29% profesaba creencias católicas romanas ; [160] [161] El 33% afirma no tener afiliación religiosa , mientras que el 10% restante está compuesto por seguidores del judaísmo , budismo , islam , hinduismo , baháʼí y otras religiones.
A partir de 2010[actualizar], la Iglesia Católica tuvo el mayor número de adherentes como denominación única en el área del Gran Boston , con más de dos millones de miembros y 339 iglesias, seguida por la Iglesia Episcopal con 58.000 adherentes en 160 iglesias. La Iglesia Unida de Cristo tenía 55.000 miembros y 213 iglesias. [162]
La ciudad tiene una población judía de aproximadamente 248.000 judíos dentro del área metropolitana de Boston. [163] Más de la mitad de los hogares judíos en el área metropolitana de Boston residen en la propia ciudad, Brookline , Newton , Cambridge , Somerville o ciudades adyacentes. [163]
Economía
Top publicly traded Boston companies for 2018 (ranked by revenues) with City and U.S. ranks Source: Fortune 500[164] | |||||||
Bos. | Corporation | US | Revenue (in millions) | ||||
1 | General Electric | 18 | $122,274 | ||||
2 | Liberty Mutual | 68 | $42,687 | ||||
3 | State Street | 259 | $11,774 | ||||
4 | American Tower | 419 | $6,663.9 | ||||
Top City Employers Source: MA Executive Office of Labor and Workforce Development[165] | |||||||
Rank | Company/Organization | ||||||
1 | Brigham and Women's Hospital | ||||||
2 | Massachusetts General Hospital | ||||||
3 | Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center | ||||||
4 | Boston Children's Hospital | ||||||
5 | Boston Medical Center | ||||||
6 | Boston University School of Medicine | ||||||
7 | Boston University | ||||||
8 | Floating Hospital for Children | ||||||
9 | John Hancock Life Insurance Co. | ||||||
10 | Liberty Mutual Group Inc. |
Distribution of Greater Boston NECTA Labor Force (2016)[166]
A global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world.[167] Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world.[168]
Boston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.[169][170] The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country.[171] Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.[172]
The city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of academia, access to venture capital, and the presence of many high-tech companies.[25][173] The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[174] and high technology remains an important sector.
Tourism also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011.[175] Excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.[176] Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.[177] The city is a major seaport along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the Western Hemisphere.[178]
In the 2018 Global Financial Centres Index, Boston was ranked as having the thirteenth most competitive financial services center in the world and the second most competitive in the United States.[179] Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States.[180][181] The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center[182]—Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press and Beacon Press. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major convention centers—the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, and the Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront.[183] The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education.[184] Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including Converse, New Balance, and Reebok. Rockport, Puma and Wolverine World Wide, Inc. headquarters or regional offices[185] are just outside the city.[186]
In 2019, a yearly ranking of time wasted in traffic listed Boston area drivers lost approximately 164 hours a year in lost productivity due to the area's traffic congestion. This amounted to $2,300 a year per driver in costs.[187]
Educación
Primary and secondary education
The Boston Public Schools enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including the renowned Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, and Boston Latin School. The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.[21] The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian.[188] There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council.[189] In September 2019, the city formally inaugurated Boston Saves, a program that provides every child enrolled in the city's kindergarten system a savings account containing $50 to be used toward college or career training.[190]
Higher education
![](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Boston_college_town_map.png/220px-Boston_college_town_map.png)
![](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg/220px-Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg)
Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are near Boston.[191][192] Three universities with a major presence in the city, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts, are just outside of Boston in the cities of Cambridge and Somerville, known as the Brainpower Triangle.[193] Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its business school and athletics facilities are in Boston's Allston neighborhood, and its medical, dental, and public health schools are located in the Longwood area.[194]
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as "Boston Tech"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.[195] Tufts University's main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, though it locates its medical and dental schools in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children.[196]
Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University.[197] Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities as per the Carnegie Classification. This includes, in addition to the aforementioned four, Boston College, Northeastern University, and Tufts University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.[198]
Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.[199] The city's largest private universities include Boston University (also the city's fourth-largest employer),[200] with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End, Northeastern University in the Fenway area,[201] Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school,[202] and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.[203] Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.[204]
Smaller private colleges include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons College, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school),[205] and Emerson College.[206]
Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools, including Lesley University College of Art and Design, Massachusetts College of Art, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, New England Institute of Art, New England School of Art and Design (Suffolk University), Longy School of Music of Bard College, and the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States).[207] Other conservatories include the Boston Conservatory and Berklee College of Music, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.[208]
Seguridad Pública
Boston included $414 million in spending on the Boston Police Department in the fiscal 2021 budget. This is the second largest allocation of funding by the city after the allocation to Boston Public Schools.[209]
Like many major American cities, Boston has seen a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).[210]
In 2008, there were 62 reported homicides.[211] Through December 30, 2016, major crime was down seven percent and there were 46 homicides compared to 40 in 2015.[212]
Cultura
Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as the Boston accent[213] and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.[214] Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang and sardonic humor.[215]
In the early 1800s, William Tudor wrote that Boston was "'perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.'[216] From this, Boston has been called the "Athens of America" (also a nickname of Philadelphia[217]) for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States".[218]
In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore to be the "cradle of American literature", the place where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published.[219] In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States.[218] Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.
Music is afforded a high degree of civic support in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the "Big Five", a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the "world's best" orchestras.[220] Symphony Hall (west of Back Bay) is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation, and to the Boston Pops Orchestra. The British newspaper The Guardian called Boston Symphony Hall "one of the top venues for classical music in the world", adding "Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design".[221] Other concerts are held at the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall. The Boston Ballet performs at the Boston Opera House. Other performing-arts organizations in the city include the Boston Lyric Opera Company, Opera Boston, Boston Baroque (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US),[222] and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).[223] The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the Boston Modern Orchestra Project and Boston Musica Viva.[222] Several theaters are in or near the Theater District south of Boston Common, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre.[224]
There are several major annual events, such as First Night which occurs on New Year's Eve, the Boston Early Music Festival, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston gay pride parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints.[225] The city is the site of several events during the Fourth of July period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities[226] and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.[227]
Several historic sites relating to the American Revolution period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the Freedom Trail,[228] which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground.
The city is also home to several art museums and galleries, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.[229] The Institute of Contemporary Art is housed in a contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in the Seaport District.[230] Boston's South End Art and Design District (SoWa) and Newbury St. are both art gallery destinations.[231][232] Columbia Point is the location of the University of Massachusetts Boston, the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, and the Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum. The Boston Athenæum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),[233] Boston Children's Museum, Bull & Finch Pub (whose building is known from the television show Cheers),[234] Museum of Science, and the New England Aquarium are within the city.
Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts serves just under 200 congregations, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters in the Fort Point neighborhood. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630.[235] King's Chapel was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church, and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).[236]
Ambiente
Pollution control
Air quality in Boston is generally very good. Between 2004 and 2013, there were only four days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public, according to the EPA.[237]
Some of the cleaner energy facilities in Boston include the Allston green district, with three ecologically compatible housing facilities.[238] Boston is also breaking ground on multiple green affordable housing facilities to help reduce the carbon impact of the city while simultaneously making these initiatives financially available to a greater population. Boston's climate plan is updated every three years and was most recently modified in 2013. This legislature includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an energy assessment every five years. These statistics are made public by the city, thereby increasing incentives for buildings to be more environmentally conscious.[239]
Mayor Thomas Menino introduced the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This gives people an opportunity to find housing in neighborhoods that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment.[239]
Water purity and availability
Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods.[240] Ground water levels have been dropping in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring ground water levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.[241] However, Boston's drinking water supply from the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs[242] is one of the very few in the country so pure as to satisfy the Federal Clean Water Act without filtration.[243]
Climate change and sea level rise
The City of Boston has developed a climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings, transportation, and energy use.[244] Mayor Thomas Menino commissioned the city's first Climate Action Plan in 2007, with an update released in 2011.[245] Since then, Mayor Marty Walsh has built upon these plans with further updates released in 2014 and 2019. As a coastal city built largely on fill, sea-level rise is of major concern to the city government. The latest version of the climate action plan anticipates between two and seven feet of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the century. A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for coastal resilience.[246]
Deportes
Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer, and, as of 2019, has won 39 championships in these leagues. It is one of eight cities (along with Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis and Washington) to have won championships in all four major American sports leagues. It has been suggested[247][248][249] that Boston is the new "TitleTown, USA", as the city's professional sports teams have won twelve championships since 2001: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018), Red Sox (2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018), Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love of sports made Boston the United States Olympic Committee's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games, but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27, 2015.[250]
The Boston Red Sox, a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901, play their home games at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square, in the city's Fenway section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League.[251] Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion Boston Americans and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates.[252][253] Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the "Boston Pilgrims" appear to be unfounded.[254] Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.[255]
The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise.[256] The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.[257] The Celtics, along with the Los Angeles Lakers, have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, both with seventeen.[258] The venue is also set to host the 2020 Laver Cup, an international men's tennis tournament consisting of two teams: Team Europe and Team World, the latter of which consisting of non-European players. This will be the 4th edition of the tournament, and the first time Boston has hosted an ATP tournament since 1999, where Marat Safin defeated Greg Rusedski.[259]
While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018 seasons.[260] They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, played their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.[261] The Boston Storm of the United Women's Lacrosse League was formed in 2015.[262]
The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the area—Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision. The Boston Cannons of the MLL play at Harvard Stadium.
Boston has Esports teams as well, such as the Overwatch League's Boston Uprising. Established in 2017,[263] they were the first team to complete a perfect stage with 0 losses.[264]
One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon,[265] run on Patriots' Day in April. On April 15, 2013, two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon.[99] Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta, held in October.[266]
Parques y Recreación
Boston Common, near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.[267] Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes the Back Bay Fens, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo.[268] Another major park is the Esplanade, along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with major parks and beaches near Castle Island, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.[269]
Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities.[270] ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.
Gobierno y políticas
Boston has a strong mayor – council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Kim Janey, the former City Council President, became the Acting Mayor in March 2021 following Marty Walsh's confirmation to the position of Secretary of Labor in the Biden/Harris Administration. Walsh's predecessor Thomas Menino's twenty-year tenure was the longest in the city's history.[271] The Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide "at-large" seats.[272] The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public Schools, is appointed by the mayor.[273]
In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)—play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.
The city has several federal facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building,[274] the John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, and the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Both courts are housed in the John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse.
Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. Three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district and is represented by Ayanna Pressley while the remaining southern fourth is in the 8th district and is represented by Stephen Lynch,[275] both of whom are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012. The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.
The city uses an algorithm created by the Walsh administration, called CityScore, to measure the effectiveness of various city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and 3-1-1 to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.[276]
Boston has an ordinance, enacted in 2014, that bars the Boston Police Department "from detaining anyone based on their immigration status unless they have a criminal warrant".[277]
Year | Democratic | Republican |
---|---|---|
2020 | 82.6% 242,717 | 15.5% 45,425 |
2016 | 80.6% 221,093 | 13.9% 38,087 |
2012 | 78.8% 200,190 | 19.3% 48,985 |
2008 | 79.0% 185,976 | 19.4% 45,548 |
2004 | 77.3% 160,884 | 21.4% 44,518 |
2000 | 71.7% 132,393 | 19.7% 36,389 |
1996 | 73.8% 125,529 | 19.6% 33,366 |
1992 | 62.4% 114,260 | 22.9% 41,868 |
1988 | 65.2% 122,349 | 33.2% 62,202 |
1984 | 63.4% 131,745 | 36.2% 75,311 |
1980 | 53.3% 95,133 | 32.9% 58,656 |
1976 | 60.4% 115,802 | 35.3% 67,604 |
1972 | 66.2% 139,598 | 33.3% 70,298 |
Voter registration and party enrollment As of February 1, 2019[update][279] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Number of voters | Percentage | |||
Democratic | 210,570 | 50.73% | |||
Republican | 24,034 | 5.79% | |||
Libertarian | 1,443 | 0.35% | |||
Green | 403 | 0.10% | |||
Unaffiliated | 175,308 | 42.23% | |||
Total | 415,103 | 100% |
Medios de comunicación
Newspapers
The Boston Globe is the oldest and largest daily newspaper in the city[280] and is generally acknowledged as its paper of record.[281] The city is also served by other publications such as the Boston Herald, Boston magazine, DigBoston, and the Boston edition of Metro. The Christian Science Monitor, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.[282] The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or T.i.P., which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.[283] The Improper Bostonian, a glossy lifestyle magazine, was published from 1991 through April 2019.
The Bay State Banner is an independent newspaper primarily geared toward the readership interests of the African-American community in Boston, Massachusetts. The Bay State Banner was founded in 1965 by Melvin B. Miller who remains the chief editor and publisher. In 2015, the publication celebrated its 50th anniversary serving the region's minority-oriented neighborhoods.
The city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by the former publisher of The Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.[284]
There are a number of weekly newspapers dedicated to Boston neighborhoods. Among them is South Boston Online, founded in 1999, which appears in print and online, and covers events in South Boston and the Seaport District.
Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT news magazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.[285]
Radio and television
Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the ninth largest in the United States.[286] Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and iHeartMedia WBZ.[287] WBZ (AM) broadcasts a news radio format and is a 50,000 watt "clear channel" station, whose nighttime broadcasts are heard hundreds of miles from Boston. A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WTBU (Boston University, campus and web only), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College).
The Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the 8th largest in the United States.[288] The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ-TV 4 and its sister station WSBK-TV 38 (the former a CBS O&O, the latter a MyNetwork TV affiliate), WCVB-TV 5 and its sister station WMUR-TV 9 (both ABC), WHDH 7 and its sister station WLVI 56 (the former an independent station, the latter a CW affiliate), WBTS-CD 15 (a NBC O&O), and WFXT 25 (Fox). The city is also home to PBS member station WGBH-TV 2, a major producer of PBS programs,[289] which also operates WGBX 44. Spanish-language television networks, including UniMás (WUTF-TV 27), Telemundo (WNEU 60, a sister station to WBTS-CD), and Univisión (WUNI 66), have a presence in the region, with WNEU and WUNI serving as network owned-and-operated stations. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor.[290] Six Boston television stations are carried by Canadian satellite television provider Bell TV and by cable television providers in Canada.
Film
Films have been made in Boston since as early as 1903, and it continues to be both a popular setting and a popular filming location.[291][292] Notable movies like The Fighter and The Town were filmed in Boston.[293]
Video games
Video games have used Boston as a backdrop and setting, such as Assassin's Creed III published in 2012 and Fallout 4 in 2015.[294][295] Some characters from video games are from Boston, such as the Scout from Team Fortress 2.[296]
Cuidado de la salud
The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to the Fenway district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences.[297] Prominent medical facilities, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are in the Beacon Hill area. St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood. New England Baptist Hospital is in Mission Hill. The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods.[298] The Boston Public Health Commission, an agency of the Massachusetts government, oversees health concerns for city residents.[299] Boston EMS provides pre-hospital emergency medical services to residents and visitors.
Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School.[300] Tufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area;[301] it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which was the first municipal hospital in the United States.[302]
Infraestructura
Transportation
Logan International Airport, in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.[304] Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston.[305]
Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid,[306] unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006. The former and current Central Artery follow I-93 as the primary north–south artery from the city. Other major highways include US 1, which carries traffic to the North Shore and areas south of Boston, US 3, which connects to the northwestern suburbs, Massachusetts Route 3, which connects to the South Shore and Cape Cod, and Massachusetts Route 2 which connects to the western suburbs. Surrounding the city is Massachusetts Route 128, a partial beltway which has been largely subsumed by other routes (mostly I-95 and I-93).
With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the Fourth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country.[307] The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 35.4 percent of Boston households lacked a car, which decreased slightly to 33.8 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Boston averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[308] Boston's public transportation agency, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas, and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country,[22] with 65.5 miles (105 km) of track on four lines.[309] The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles.[309]
Amtrak intercity rail to Boston is provided through four stations: South Station, North Station, Back Bay, and Route 128. South Station is a major intermodal transportation hub and is the terminus of Amtrak's Northeast Regional, Acela Express, and Lake Shore Limited routes, in addition to multiple MBTA services. Back Bay is also served by MBTA and those three Amtrak routes, while Route 128, in the southwestern suburbs of Boston, is only served by the Acela Express and Northeast Regional.[310] Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster to Brunswick, Maine terminates in North Station, and is the only Amtrak route to do so.[311]
Nicknamed "The Walking City", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities.[312] In 2011, Walk Score ranked Boston the third most walkable city in the United States.[313][314] As of 2015[update], Walk Score still ranks Boston as the third most walkable US city, with a Walk Score of 80, a Transit Score of 75, and a Bike Score of 70.[315]
Between 1999 and 2006, Bicycling magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the US for cycling;[316] regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting.[317] In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its "Five for the Future" list as a "Future Best City" for biking,[318][319] and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009.[320] The bikeshare program Bluebikes, originally called Hubway, launched in late July 2011,[321] logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season.[322] The neighboring municipalities of Cambridge, Somerville, and Brookline joined the Hubway program in the summer of 2012.[323] In 2016, there are 1,461 bikes and 158 docking stations across the city.[324] PBSC Urban Solutions provides bicycles and technology for this bike-sharing system.[325]
In 2013, the Boston-Cambridge-Newton metropolitan statistical area (Boston MSA) had the seventh-lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (75.6 percent), with 6.2 percent of area workers traveling via rail transit. During the period starting in 2006 and ending in 2013, the Boston MSA had the greatest percentage decline of workers commuting by automobile (3.3 percent) among MSAs with more than a half-million residents.[326]
Relaciones Internacionales
The City of Boston has twelve official sister cities:[327]
- Kyoto, Japan (1959)
- Strasbourg, France (1960)
- Barcelona, Spain (1980)
- Hangzhou, China (1982)
- Padua, Italy (1983)
- Melbourne, Australia (1985)
- Beira, Mozambique (1990)
- Taipei, Taiwan (1996)
- Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana (2001)
- Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK (2014)
- Praia, Cape Verde (2015)
- Boston, Lincolnshire, UK (2015)
Boston has formal partnership relationships through a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with four additional cities or regions:
- Guangzhou, China (2014)[328]
- Lyon, France (2016)[329]
- Copenhagen, Denmark (2017)[330]
- Mexico City, Mexico (2017)[331]
- North West of Ireland, Ireland (2017)[332]
Ver también
- Outline of Boston
- Boston City League (high school athletic conference)
- Boston nicknames
- Boston–Halifax relations
- List of diplomatic missions in Boston
- List of people from Boston
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston
Notas
- ^ On the New Style (modern) calendar, anniversaries fall on September 17.
- ^ On the New Style (modern) calendar, anniversaries of the original Old Style date fall on September 17.
- ^ The average number of days with a low at or below freezing is 94.
- ^ Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 9.0 in (22.9 cm) in 1936–37 to 110.6 in (2.81 m) in 2014–15.
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Boston were kept at downtown from January 1872 to December 1935, and at Logan Airport (KBOS) since January 1936.[122]
Referencias
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enlaces externos
- Official website
- . . 1914.
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–296.
- Historical Maps of Boston from the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library
- Boston at Curlie