Broad Channel es un vecindario en la parte sur del distrito de Queens de la ciudad de Nueva York . Ocupa la parte sur de Rulers Bar Hassock (conocida coloquialmente como "Broad Channel Island"), la única isla habitada en Jamaica Bay .
Canal amplio | |
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Cross Bay Boulevard | |
![]() Ubicación en la ciudad de Nueva York | |
País | ![]() |
Expresar | ![]() |
Ciudad | ![]() |
Condado / Municipio | ![]() |
Distrito Comunitario | Reinas 14 [1] |
Población | |
• Total | 3000 |
Zona horaria | UTC-5 ( EST ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 4 ( EDT ) |
Código postal | 11693 |
Códigos de área | 718, 347, 929 y 917 |
El vecindario se encuentra en Big Egg Marsh, un área de relleno de aproximadamente 20 cuadras de largo y 4 cuadras de ancho en el extremo sur de Rulers Bar Hassock. La comunidad es una propiedad dentro del Refugio de Vida Silvestre de Jamaica Bay , administrado por el Servicio de Parques Nacionales de EE. UU . Como parte del Área Recreativa Nacional Gateway . El área comprende varios canales artificiales que separan bloques residenciales sin salida. Está conectado con el resto de Queens por puentes de carreteras y subterráneos.
Broad Channel se encuentra en Queens Community District 14 y su código postal es 11693. [1] Está patrullado por el distrito 100 del Departamento de Policía de la ciudad de Nueva York .
Historia
Liquidación anticipada
![](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gateway_National_Recreation_Area_Jamaica_Bay_Unit_map.jpg/440px-Gateway_National_Recreation_Area_Jamaica_Bay_Unit_map.jpg)
Antes del asentamiento europeo, las bandas Jameco y Canarsie de nativos americanos de Lenape frecuentaban esta área. Durante el siglo XVII, los colonos holandeses establecieron una comunidad en la isla y comenzaron a recolectar ostras, almejas, camarones y pescado. [2] El nombre "Broad Channel" en sí mismo originalmente se refería a un canal en Jamaica Bay , dentro del cual se encuentra la isla. [3] : 56
Hasta la Guerra Civil estadounidense , la mayoría de las islas de Jamaica Bay al este de la isla Bergen y la isla Barren no estaban habitadas, incluido Broad Channel. La línea fronteriza entre las ciudades de Flatlands, Brooklyn y Jamaica, Queens , atravesaba la bahía de Jamaica, atravesando Broad Channel, aunque la isla formaba principalmente parte de Jamaica. Después de 1865, se desarrollaron pesquerías en la bahía y, a fines de la década de 1870, la ciudad de Jamaica indicó que se habían construido estructuras en la bahía sin el permiso de la ciudad. [3] : 56 El ferrocarril de Long Island construyó su Rockaway Beach Branch través de la bahía en 1880, cortando a través de Broad Channel. [4] [5] [6] [7] La presencia del ferrocarril condujo al desarrollo de aldeas de pescadores con chozas, casas de veraneo, cobertizos para botes y tiendas. Como parte del proyecto, algunas otras islas en Jamaica Bay fueron removidas o conectadas a otras. [3] : 56
Broad Channel siguió siendo una parcela dentro de la ciudad de Jamaica hasta que se creó la ciudad de Greater New York en 1898. [3] : 60 La parte norte (y más grande) de la isla es parte del Área de Recreación Nacional Gateway y se administra como parte de el Refugio de Vida Silvestre de Jamaica Bay, el único refugio de vida silvestre en el Sistema de Parques Nacionales . Las aguas y las islas pantanosas del refugio rodean por completo a la comunidad.
siglo 20
En 1915, la ciudad arrendó Broad Channel Island, Goose Creek Island y Raunt Island a Pierre Noel, quien las subarrendó a Broad Channel Corporation. [3] : 57 El contrato de arrendamiento de 30 años especificó pagos de $ 16.57 por acre durante los primeros tres años y un máximo de $ 33.73 por acre durante los últimos cinco años del período de treinta años. [8] La Broad Channel Corporation a su vez hizo subarrendamientos de 10 años a particulares para el desarrollo de bungalows y casas de verano. [9] Hubo críticas públicas al contrato de arrendamiento después de que el público se enteró del trato, que Pierre Noel, presidente de Broad Channel Corporation, respondió señalando $ 180,000 en mejoras que había realizado, incluida la excavación de un pozo para suministrar agua potable, la construcción una planta de energía, agregando relleno sanitario para reducir la necesidad de casas sobre pilotes y trazando calles en la isla. [10] Sin embargo, los residentes cuestionaron la calidad de estas mejoras, diciendo que el agua del grifo era marrón y no potable, que sus casas no tenían electricidad y que no había alcantarillas en la isla. [11] The Broad Channel Corporation respondió diciendo que el agua era de la misma calidad que la disponible en los Rockaways y que planeaba instalar un dispositivo de filtración para eliminar el hierro del agua del grifo. Dijo que las calles tenían luz eléctrica y dijo que la instalación de alcantarillas no era posible en la isla. [12]
Durante años, la única forma de llegar a la isla era por ferry o ferrocarril, [9] [13] pero en 1925, se abrió el Puente del Canal Norte, que conectaba la isla con Howard Beach. [14] El puente Cross Bay Parkway se inauguró en 1939, conectando con Rockaways. [15] El caballete del ferrocarril a través de la bahía de Jamaica experimentó alrededor de 30 incendios entre 1942 y 1950. [16] [17] [18] Uno de esos incendios, entre las estaciones The Raunt y Broad Channel el 7 de mayo de 1950, cortó el servicio en la sección central. de la línea del ferrocarril. [19] El LIRR, a continuación, la quiebra, no podía permitirse el lujo de reparar el caballete, y la ciudad de Nueva York compró la línea en 1952, [19] [20] y se volvió a abrir como el metro de Nueva York 's Línea Rockaway en 1956. [21] [22] [23] [24]
El comisionado de parques, Robert Moses, anunció su intención de construir un parque en la isla en 1938; planeó la recreación en la costa con un santuario de vida silvestre en el extremo norte de la isla. [25] Al año siguiente, Broad Channel Corporation se declaró en quiebra y la ciudad adquirió los títulos de propiedad de la isla. [3] : 58 [26] En mayo de 1944, los 4.000 residentes de Broad Channel, que vivían colectivamente en 1.260 hogares, consiguieron una orden judicial que evitaría que la ciudad los desalojara antes del 30 de abril de 1948. [27] Más tarde, en 1944, el New York La Junta de Estimaciones de la Ciudad indicó que les daría a los residentes el derecho a comprar el terreno debajo de sus casas. [28] Sin embargo, este derecho fue negado durante muchos años; la ciudad hizo muchos intentos de alterar el propósito de la isla, pero la comunidad local se resistió a todos. Los cambios propuestos incluyeron la construcción de un puerto comercial y la extensión del Aeropuerto Internacional John F. Kennedy . [25]
Los rumores de altas tasas de hepatitis se difundieron en 1967 debido al mal sistema de alcantarillado de la isla. En ese momento, varias casas todavía arrojaban aguas residuales a la bahía, lo que provocó la prohibición de actividades como la pesca de almejas, el vadeo y la natación. [29] Los riesgos para la salud llevaron a la ciudad a intentar nuevamente los procedimientos de desalojo contra los residentes de Broad Channel, [30] lo que los llevó a protestar, [31] y la Junta de Estimación ordenó la renovación de los contratos de arrendamiento de los residentes al año siguiente, a pesar de la protestas del comisario de bienes raíces. [32] El gobierno de la ciudad de Nueva York finalmente otorgó a los residentes de Broad Channel el derecho a comprar su propiedad en 1982. [25] El Puente Conmemorativo Joseph P. Addabbo reemplazó al dilapidado Puente del Canal Norte a finales de la década de 1980. [33]
Siglo 21
En 1998, el desfile del Día del Trabajo de Broad Channel recibió atención negativa de los medios después de que se hiciera público el video de una carroza que parodiaba la muerte por arrastre por motivos raciales de un hombre afroamericano . Tres participantes blancos en la carroza, todos trabajadores de emergencia de la ciudad, fueron luego despedidos de sus trabajos como resultado del incidente del desfile. [34] Ellos demandaron a la ciudad por despido injustificado, y sus reclamos fueron confirmados en un tribunal de distrito federal en 2003, [35] pero los despidos fueron confirmados en apelación en 2006. [36]
En agosto de 2011, Broad Channel enfrentó su primera evacuación obligatoria debido al huracán Irene . [37] [38] Como consecuencia, dos casas en Church Road entre East 12th y 14th Road colapsaron en Jamaica Bay debido a la marea alta de tormenta. [39] En octubre de 2012, Broad Channel enfrentó otra evacuación obligatoria debido al huracán Sandy . [40] [41] Sufrió graves daños con inundaciones generalizadas que afectaron a la mayoría de los hogares en el área, [42] y en los días posteriores, se informó de cortes de energía prolongados generalizados y escasez de alimentos y agua. [43] Los informes de prensa indicaron que al menos partes del vecindario se inundaron de vez en cuando por las mareas altas. [44] La ciudad propuso medidas como elevar las calles y aceras en un metro. El levantamiento de la calle y los nuevos malecones, cuya instalación está en curso a partir de 2017[actualizar], sirven para detener las inundaciones en las calles. [45] Broad Channel sigue siendo uno de los vecindarios de la ciudad de Nueva York más vulnerables a las inundaciones y tuvo la proporción más alta de reclamos repetidos de seguros relacionados con inundaciones a partir de 2018.[actualizar]. [46]
Demografía
Según los datos del censo de los Estados Unidos de 2010 , la población del área combinada de Breezy Point / Belle Harbor / Rockaway Park / Broad Channel fue de 28,018, un aumento de 1,307 (4.9%) de los 26,711 contados en 2000. Cubre un área de 2.033,88 acres (823,08 ha), los cuatro barrios tenían una densidad de población de 13,8 habitantes por acre (8.800 / milla cuadrada). [47]
La composición racial de los vecindarios era 78,3% (21,946) blancos , 7,5% (2,095) afroamericanos , 7,5% (29) nativos americanos , 2,1% (595) asiáticos , 0,0% (8) isleños del Pacífico , 0,2% (66) de otras razas y 0,9% (259) de dos o más razas. Hispano o Latino de cualquier raza eran el 10,8% (3,020) de la población. [48]
El número de residentes en Broad Channel en sí es mucho menor: según un artículo del New York Times de 2010, había aproximadamente 3.000 residentes en la isla. [49] Un artículo del New York Times de 2014 decía que muchos de los miles de residentes de Broad Channel eran funcionarios públicos o trabajadores de emergencia. [50] En 2015, según el Atlas de oportunidades de la Oficina del Censo, aproximadamente el 47% de los adultos de 34 a 40 años que crecieron en Broad Channel todavía residían en el vecindario, en comparación con el 20% de los adultos en ese rango de edad. en toda la ciudad que crecieron cerca de los hogares de su infancia. Esta fue una de las tasas de retención de residentes más altas de cualquier vecindario de la ciudad. [51]
Transporte
Transporte público
El metro de Nueva York 's Línea Rockaway ( A y S trenes) tiene una estación de metro en Broad Channel. [52] El Q52 y Q53 Select Service Bus rutas y QM16 y QM17 expresan autobuses a lo largo de Cross Bay Boulevard también sirven Broad Channel. [53]
Cuadrícula de la calle
Desde la década de 1950 hasta la de 1970, algunos cartógrafos han mostrado las calles de Broad Channel como parte del sistema de nombres de calles que se encuentra en el resto de Queens, además de Rockaways, con el número de "Calles" aumentando de oeste a este, el número de "Avenidas" que aumentan de norte a sur, etc. [54] Sin embargo, las calles de Broad Channel siempre han tenido su propio formato de numeración, que incluye "Este" y "Oeste" (en relación con Cross Bay Boulevard), así como las denominadas "Carreteras "numerados de norte a sur; este sistema de nomenclatura de calles es independiente de los utilizados en otras partes del municipio. Los prefijos direccionales aseguraron que no se dupliquen con ningún otro "Camino" en Queens. No hay números numéricos de norte a sur o incluso "Calles" con nombre en Broad Channel.
Puentes
Broad Channel está conectado con el resto de Queens a través de cuatro puentes: el puente Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge para vehículos con peaje al sur; el Puente Conmemorativo Joseph P. Addabbo gratuito y vehicular al norte; y los dos puentes giratorios IND Rockaway Line . Cross Bay Boulevard , el único camino a través de la isla, atraviesa los dos puentes vehiculares, los cuales también transportan tráfico de bicicletas y peatones. [55] Situada entre Howard Beach y la península de Rockaway , está conectada a esas comunidades por estos puentes, en ambos extremos de la isla.
Following the construction of the Cross Bay Parkway bridge in 1939, a drawbridge connecting Broad Channel with the Rockaway Peninsula, the island became easily accessible by car. However, the drawbridge opened up many times per day, and whenever it opened, traffic would back up to Howard Beach, as well as on the Rockaway Peninsula. In the mid-to-late 1960s, a new bridge was constructed. It opened on May 28, 1970. It was renamed the Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge in 1977. It is maintained by MTA Bridges and Tunnels, and a $3.75 toll ($2 with E-ZPass) must be paid to use the bridge.
The Joseph P. Addabbo Memorial Bridge connects Broad Channel to Howard Beach and the mainland. Opening in 1993, it was formerly known as the North Channel Bridge. It replaced an older North Channel Bridge built in 1924, which was deteriorated to the point where it was beyond repair. It is maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation, and is free.
Educación
Schools
Broad Channel is served by the New York City Department of Education. Elementary school students attend PS 47, which serves pre-K through eighth grades; the school facilities were completely remodeled during the 1990s.
Broad Channel was also home to St. Virgilius School, a Roman Catholic School that was part of the Diocese of Brooklyn. However, after a lengthy battle between parents and the Diocese, St. Virgilius School closed in 2006.[56] Two years later, upon the retirement of its administrator, Rev. John P. Maloney, St. Virgilius Parish of Broad Channel merged with St. Camillus Parish of Rockaway Park.[57]
Library
The Queens Public Library's Broad Channel branch is located at 16-26 Cross Bay Boulevard.[58]
Organizaciones
Broad Channel Athletic Club
The non-profit Broad Channel Athletic Club was established in 1961. The baseball teams are registered with Little League and host an in-house baseball league, and participate in the Catholic Youth Organization. The football league plays in the Nassau and Suffolk Football League. The soccer league is completely run by the organization and participates in the Catholic Youth Organization. The swimming team participates in the Police Athletic League of New York City and the Catholic Youth Organization. The basketball league also participates in the Catholic Youth Organization.[59]
Broad Channel Historical Society
The Broad Channel Historical Society was established in 1994 by the Civic Association's then-president Danny Mundy after he read the local Channel News newsletter's "Glimpse of the Past" column. Ada L. Smith, the New York State Senator representing the district, distributed funds, which the society used to purchase notebooks to record the community's history. Since June 1995, the society has held Annual Historical Day every year so visitors could look at the collection in the Broad Channel Library.[60]
The Broad Channel Library has been the home for the historical collection. The collection was microfilmed in 1997. The microfilm is available for viewing at the Central Branch in Jamaica, Queens. Also in 1997 the first annual Historical Calendar was published. The calendars feature old pictures of Broad Channel and tidal information.
Broad Channel Volunteer Fire Department
The department originally started in 1905 as bucket brigade to help minimize property loss due to fires. In 1907, this brigade was formally organized into the Broad Channel Volunteer Fire Association under its first Chief, Edward H. Schleuter. The current firehouse at 15 Noel Road was opened in the summer of 1908. In 1913, Chief Chris Hoobs died of a heart attack responding to a fire. The association received their fire charter from the state of New York in 1917 and were known from then on as the Broad Channel Volunteers.
In 1956, then-Deputy Chief Robert H. Russell Sr. added volunteer ambulance services to provide first aid and ambulatory care to the residents of Broad Channel. He would also go on to be elected to the rank of Chief of Department twenty-one times from 1957–1973, 1975–1977, and again in 1984. By the early 1960s, the department was growing rapidly in both stature in the community and as an organization as a whole.
On summer weekends during the 1950s and 1960s, the FDNY would send a spare engine and a crew detailed from other firehouses, known as Engine Company No. 341, to the Broad Channel Volunteers' quarters to assist in answering alarms on the island. The bridges at the northern and southern ends of the island were draw bridges and were frequently opened for large passing ships. The southern bridge was particularly active due to the numerous tankers carrying fuel to nearby Idlewild Airport (now John F. Kennedy International Airport). On average it took from 30 to 45 minutes from the lowering of the traffic barriers, the opening and closing of the lift bridge, and the raising of the traffic barriers before traffic could again move. Occasionally, the bridge would get stuck in the open position effectively closing Cross Bay Boulevard for extended periods. This would impede responses by FDNY apparatus, EMS & NYPD companies to the island for any type of emergency. Also, Cross Bay Boulevard, then 4 lanes in each direction, would be jammed by beach goers and those looking to vacation at Rockaway's bungalows and hotels and its famous Rockaway Playland. Often the FDNY firefighters would leave their apparatus parked on the Boulevard and join the volunteers on their apparatus because they were smaller than the FDNY apparatus and could maneuver down the very narrow streets.
Over the years, the Broad Channel Volunteers have been in service, they have created a close working relationship with the local FDNY companies as well as the volunteer companies from Nassau & Suffolk Counties. The Broad Channel Volunteers are also dues paying members of many organizations such as the Southern New York Volunteer Firemans Association, the Firemans Association of the State of New York, and along with the 8 other volunteer fire departments in the 5 boroughs of New York City, they are members of Volunteer Firemans Association of the City of New York.
In the late 1970s, The Broad Channel Junior Fire Department was organized to help train young teens in the aspects of the fire and EMS service as well as dispatching and clerical duties while still cleaning the firehouse and its apparatus. When its members turned 18, they were allowed to begin riding the apparatus as firefighters or start training as EMTs. The benefit was these teens were already knowledgeable in the operations of the department and it became a breeding ground for the departments future firefighters, officers and chiefs. They would later become a Boy Scout Explorer Post, #3069.
In 1994, under Chief Dan McIntyre, the volunteer ambulance corps was granted their New York State Certification. Since then, the department took the initiative to require all its firefighters to be New York State Certified in all aspects of the fire service as well as EMS. In 1994, Chief Dan McIntyre also started the departments Marine Company which is still in service to present day. The department operates a small Coast Guard-like Zodiac as a swift water rescue team with certified EMTs on board and in some instances certified divers as well.
In 2012, as a result of Hurricane Sandy, the fire department lost many resources, including both of its fire trucks and both of its ambulances. Therefore, a replacement fire truck from Chanhassen, Minnesota, was loaned to the Broad Channel Volunteer Fire Department.[61] In addition, neighboring Minnesota towns sent resources, including extra boots and helmets from Victoria and Carver; four air monitors, one Jaws of Life apparatus, and two power generators from Chaska; and a truck with resources worth about $20,000 from the Sioux community there.[61]
The Broad Channel Volunteers, Inc., is a 501(c)3 not-for-profit organization that relies solely on door to door fundraising, grants from politicians and from the state, and since 1905 has been operated by 100% volunteers.
Bryant Vol. Rescue Squad
The newly-formed Bryant Vol. Rescue Squad conducts basic first aid and boat rescue operations throughout Howard Beach and Broad Channel during flooding and marine emergencies.
Parques
Sunset Cove Park
Opened on August 21, 2019, Sunset Cove Park is located on 12.57 acres (5.09 ha) of land that was formerly occupied by a marina. In the process, some 1,000 cubic yards (760 m3) of debris and 30,000 cubic yards (23,000 m3) of polluted soil was removed, and a 4.5-acre (1.8 ha) salt marsh and 7-acre (2.8 ha) upland area was restored. Furthermore, a walkway and shoreline berm were constructed and 16,000 short tons (14,000 long tons; 15,000 t) of sand were imported to the site. A future construction phase, which will commence in 2021, will include an oyster garden, a dock, and a boardwalk to reach the salt marsh.[62]
Broad Channel American Park
Broad Channel American Park opened in May 1995, located at the southernmost end of Broad Channel, sits along Jamaica Bay. The park features two grass baseball fields, one asphalt baseball field, benches, water fountains, a parking area, four basketball standards, and a small play area. The flagpole area is surrounded by a nautically themed sitting area. The park was given its present name in March 1998.[63]
Broad Channel Park
Broad Channel Park, also known as 17th Road Playground, is located on Cross Bay Boulevard and stretches between 16th and 18th Roads. This park includes a hockey rink, basketball courts, handball courts, playgrounds, and tennis courts.[2]
Gene Gray Playground
Gene Gray Playground, at Cross Bay Boulevard and East 9th Road, is named for Eugene Gray (1927–1973), a community activist who supported the construction of the island's first adventure playground prior to his death. In 1987, the Broad Channel Civic Association and Queens Community Board 14 successfully petitioned to rename the playground after Gray. The playground, which cost $457,688, opened on November 12, 1987, to designs by Richard Dattner. The wooden play structures in the playground was themed to a nautical fortress, with a bridge designed to look like a sailing ship. There is also a 75-year-old willow tree, nine red maple trees, and ninety burning bushes surrounding the playground.[64]
Referencias
- ^ a b "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
- ^ a b "Broad Channel Park : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Black, Frederick R. (1981). "Jamaica Bay: A History" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2017. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ "To Rockaway". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 23, 1880. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com .
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- ^ "Opened". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 26, 1880. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ "New Route To Rockaway. Steel Rails And Superior Rolling Stock. Extra Trains To Be Run To-day". The New York Times. August 29, 1880. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2012.
The New-York, Woodhaven and Rockaway Railroad, which began operations on Thursday last, has already grown into popular savor by reason of the comparative shortness of the route and the superior accommodation
- ^ "A Loss to City Seen in Lease of Islands; Bureau of Inquiry Says Jamaica Bay Deal Means Millions to Lessee Corporation". The New York Times. September 18, 1916. p. 22. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ a b Lorch, Donatella (August 23, 1991). "Broad Channel Battles On For Its Identity and Wins". The New York Times. p. B1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
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- ^ "Broad Channel Protests; Leaseholders Plan to Fight Rent Increase by Holding Company". The New York Times. September 25, 1916. p. 18. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ "Broad Channel Profits; Corporation President Denies Charges Are Excessive". The New York Times. September 29, 1916. p. 14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
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- ^ "Bridge Opening Set". New York Daily News. October 2, 1925. p. 2. Retrieved July 12, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
- ^ "Parkway Finished in the Rockaways; Moses to Preside at Ceremony Marking Completion of the $10,000,000 Improvement". The New York Times. June 3, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ "PRR Chronology, 1950" (PDF). (50.5 KiB), December 2004 Edition
- ^ Raskin, Joseph B. (2013). The Routes Not Taken: A Trip Through New York City's Unbuilt Subway System. New York, New York: Fordham University Press. doi:10.5422/fordham/9780823253692.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-82325-369-2.
- ^ "L.I.R.R. Proposes Junking Trestle Ruined by Fire". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 31, 1950. p. 4. Retrieved September 22, 2015 – via Newspapers.com .
- ^ a b Seyfried, Vincent F. (1966). The Long Island Rail Road A Comprehensive History: Part Five (New York, Woodhaven & Rockaway Railroad; New York & Rockaway Beach railway; New York & Long Beach Railroad; New York & Rockaway railroad; Brooklyn rapid transit operation to Rockaway; Over L.I.R.R). Garden City.
- ^ Linder, Bernard (February 2006). "Rockaway Line". New York Division Bulletin. Electric Railroader's Association. 49 (2): 3–4. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
- ^ Freeman, Ira Henry (June 28, 1956). "Rockaway Trains to Operate Today" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
- ^ "First Train On Rockaway Line Runs This Afternoon". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. pp. 1, 6.
- ^ "TA's New Line To Rockaways Begins Today: Fifty Piece Band To Play as Special Train Makes First Run". The Leader-Observer. Fultonhistory.com. June 28, 1956. p. 1. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
- ^ "To Rockaways: Beach Trains In Operation". Greenpoint Weekly Star. Fultonhistory.com. June 29, 1956. p. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
- ^ a b c Baldwin, Deborah (November 4, 2007). "Close to Nature, and the Airport". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ "Broad Channel Lease Recaptured by City; Way Thus Is Paved for Moses Improvement Plans". The New York Times. October 3, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ "Home Owners Push Broad Channel Plea; 300 Before Estimate Board Win Respite on Impending Ousting". The New York Times. May 12, 1944. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ "Estimate Board to Approve Sale Of Home Sites at Broad Channel; Plan to Let Building Owners Buy the Land They Have Been Renting From City Is Sent to Wilkinson for Preparation". The New York Times. August 18, 1944. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Lorch, Donatella (August 23, 1991). "Broad Channel Battles On For Its Identity and Wins". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Perlmutter, Emanuel (May 2, 1967). "City Refuses to Renew Leases To Broad Channel Residents; Health Hazards in the Region Called a Serious Threat to Metropolitan Area". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Roberts, Steven V. (May 5, 1967). "Eviction Fears Lash an Island in the Bay; City's Health Study of Broad Channel Stirs Residents". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ "Broad Channel Lease Renewal Ordered by Board; But City Realty Chief Calls Five-Year Term Illegal Cariello Sees Taxpayer Suit to Force Extension of Pacts". The New York Times. April 30, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Finder, Alan (December 27, 1989). "Despite Perception, New York City Is on the Mend". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ "The New York Racist Float Case: How the First Amendment Does - and Does Not - Protect Racist Cops and Firemen", FindLaw, July 16, 2003.
- ^ Kilgannon, Corey (June 26, 2003). "Ruling in '98 Blackface Case Finds Favor in the Community". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ^ Cardwell, Diane (April 28, 2006). "Court Upholds City Firings Over Racial Insult at Parade". The New York Times. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ^ staff/garth-johnston (August 26, 2011). "NYC Starts MANDATORY EVACUATION Of All New Yorkers In Zone A". Gothamist. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ MARTINEZ, JOSE. "Hurricane Irene preparations prompt New York City to begin evacuations of low-lying areas". nydailynews.com. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ Stelloh, Tim (August 1, 2011). "A Bungalow Frozen in Time, Till the Storm Washed It Away". City Room. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ Colangelo, Lisa L. "Storm-hardened residents of Broad Channel and Rockaway gear up for another round with nature". nydailynews.com. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ Saul, Michael Howard (October 28, 2012). "Parts of New York City Evacuated for Hurricane Sandy". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ Heavy flooding wrecks Broad Channel island - Times Ledger, November 2, 2012
- ^ Broad Channel also abused by Hurricane Sandy - NYC, Queens in Context, November 3, 2012
- ^ Gregory, Kia (July 9, 2013). "Where Streets Flood With the Tide, a Debate Over City Aid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Kensinger, Nathan (October 12, 2017). "In Queens, chronic flooding and sea-level rise go hand in hand". Curbed NY. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Chen, David W. (January 7, 2018). "In New York, Drawing Flood Maps Is a 'Game of Inches'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed July 16, 2016.
- ^ Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed July 16, 2016.
- ^ Santos, Fernanda (April 9, 2010). "Broad Channel Loses Free Trips on Cross Bay Bridge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ Kilgannon, Corey (October 25, 2014). "Bouncing Back". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ "Queens' Broad Channel neighborhood retains the most 34- to 40-year-old native residents in NYC, mapping tool shows". amNewYork. October 15, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 21, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
- ^ "Queens Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ "BROAD CHANNEL, Queens". forgotten-ny.com. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
- ^ Santos, Fernanda (April 9, 2010). "For Whom the Bridge Toll Ends a Trip That's Free". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
There is another crossing on the northern end of Broad Channel, the Joseph P. Addabbo Memorial Bridge, which connects the island to the Howard Beach section of Queens
- ^ Magoolaghan, Brian (May 12, 2006). "St. Virgilius School Will Close, Diocese Says". The Wave. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
- ^ Schwach, Howard (April 25, 2008). "St.Virgilius, St.Camillus Parishes To Merge". The Wave. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
- ^ "Branch Detailed Info: Broad Channel". Queens Public Library. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ bcacny.com
- ^ Broad Channel Historical Society
- ^ a b "Fire Engine Gets a New Life in NYC; A Fire Engine from Minnesota Is on the Scene in New York's Queens Borough, Where Hurricane Sandy Demolished a Volunteer Fire Department's Trucks and Gear". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota. November 21, 2012. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2015. – via HighBeam (subscription required)
- ^ Parry, Bill (August 21, 2019). "NYC Parks cuts ribbon on $14 million Sunset Cove salt marsh restoration in Broad Channel". QNS.com. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
- ^ "Broad Channel Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
- ^ "Gene Gray Playground Highlights : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
enlaces externos
- Broad Channel Historical Society
- Forgotten New York: Broad Channel
Coordinates: 40°36′18″N 73°49′12″W / 40.605°N 73.820°W / 40.605; -73.820