Cardenal (Iglesia Católica)

Senior official of the Catholic Church

Para obtener una lista actualizada de cardenales, consulte Lista de cardenales vivos .

Este artículo necesita citas adicionales para su verificación . Por favor, ayuda a mejorar este artículo mediante la adición de citas de fuentes confiables . El material no obtenido puede ser cuestionado y eliminado. Encuentre fuentes:  Iglesia Católica "Cardinal"  -  noticias  · periódicos  · libros  · académico  · JSTOR ( diciembre de 2018 ) ( Aprenda cómo y cuándo eliminar este mensaje de plantilla )

El escudo de armas de un cardenal está indicado por un galero rojo (sombrero de ala ancha) con 15 borlas en cada lado (el lema y el escudo son propios del cardenal individual).

Parte de una serie sobre el
Jerarquía de la Iglesia católica
San Pedro
Títulos eclesiásticos ( orden de precedencia )
Papa Cardenal Cardenal vicario Moderador de la curia Capellán de Su Santidad Legado papal Mayordomo papal Nuncio apostólico Delegado apostólico Síndico apostólico Visitador apostólico Vicario apostólico Exarca apostólico Prefecto apostólico Asistente del Trono Pontificio Eparca Metropolitano Patriarca obispo Arzobispo Obispo emérito Obispo diocesano Arzobispo mayor Primate Obispo sufragáneo Obispo titular Obispo coadjutor Obispo auxiliar Prelado territorial Abad territorial
Títulos litúrgicos Acólito Consagrador Lector Subdiácono
Títulos administrativos y pastorales Auditor Hermano Canciller Capellán Capellán militar Ordinario militar Coarb Confesor Consultor Cura Diácono Defensor del vínculo Definidor abogado del diablo Administrador diocesano Juez eclesiástico Vicario episcopal Exorcista Vicario judicial Hermano lego Laico cardenal Monseñor Officialis Pastor Pastor asistente Prelado personal Predicador Prefecto Presbítero Sacerdote Apostólico protonotario Santo Bendito Venerable Seminarista Vicario forane Vicario general
Títulos consagrados y profesos Abadesa Abad Virgen consagrada Corrector Custodio Fraile Decano Gran Maestro Ermitaño Maestro general Maestro de novicios Monje Principiante Monja Postulante Oblato Previo Superior provincial Rector Religioso Superior general
Títulos adicionales Limosnero Monaguillo Archimandrita Arcipreste Archidiácono Canon Capitán General de la Iglesia Chorbishop Coarb Comisario Apostólico Datarius Gonfalonier de la Iglesia Prelado honorario Canon menor Notario Ostiarius Perito Postulador Prebendado Chantre Príncipe-obispo Príncipe-abad Príncipe-primate Príncipe-preboste Promotor Fidei Protopriest Protodiácono Protosíncellus Regionarius Sacristán
Títulos de organización Gran Maestro Orden Soberana y Militar de Malta Orden del Santo Sepulcro caballeros Teutones
Portal de la iglesia católica
v t mi

Los cardenales (en latín : Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis , literalmente "cardenal de la Santa Iglesia Romana") son los miembros de mayor rango del clero de la Iglesia Católica , siendo los segundos en precedencia sólo después del Papa . Se les asigna el rango de cardenal además de su puesto existente dentro de la Iglesia. Colectivamente, constituyen el Colegio Cardenalicio y son nombrados de por vida.

Su responsabilidad más solemne es participar en un cónclave para elegir un nuevo Papa, casi siempre entre ellos, cuando la Santa Sede esté vacante. Durante el período entre la muerte o renuncia de un Papa y la elección de su sucesor, la sede vacante , el gobierno diario de la Santa Sede está en manos del Colegio Cardenalicio. El derecho a ingresar al cónclave donde se elige al Papa está limitado a aquellos que no hayan cumplido los 80 años en el día en que se produzca la vacante. Además, los cardenales participan colectivamente en los consistorios papales.(que generalmente tienen lugar anualmente), en el que se consideran asuntos de importancia para la Iglesia y se pueden crear nuevos cardenales. Los cardenales en edad laboral también son nombrados para supervisar los dicasterios de la Curia Romana , la administración central de la Iglesia Católica.

Los cardenales provienen de una variedad de orígenes, y son nombrados cardenales además de sus roles existentes dentro de la Iglesia. La mayoría de los cardenales son obispos o arzobispos actuales o jubilados que lideran las diócesis de todo el mundo, a menudo la diócesis más destacada de su país. Otros son obispos titulares que son funcionarios actuales o anteriores dentro de la Curia romana (generalmente los líderes de dicasterios y otros organismos vinculados con la Curia). Un número muy reducido son sacerdotes reconocidos por el Papa por su servicio a la Iglesia; como lo requiere el derecho canónico, generalmente son consagrados como obispos antes de convertirse en cardenales, ^[1]pero a algunos se les concede una dispensa papal. ^[a] No existen criterios estrictos para la elevación al Colegio Cardenalicio. Un cardenal no necesita ser consagrado sacerdote, y los laicos han sido cardenales en el pasado. La selección depende totalmente del Papa y, según la tradición, su única guía.

Historia

Más información: Selección papal antes de 1059

Cardenal Richelieu , primer ministro de Francia

Hay desacuerdo sobre el origen del término, pero hay consenso en que " cardinalis " de la palabra cardo (que significa "pivote" o "bisagra") se usó por primera vez en la antigüedad tardía para designar a un obispo o sacerdote que se incorporó a una iglesia para la cual originalmente no había sido ordenado. En romalas primeras personas en ser llamadas cardenales fueron los diáconos de las siete regiones de la ciudad a principios del siglo VI, cuando la palabra comenzó a significar "principal", "eminente" o "superior". El nombre también se le dio al sacerdote principal en cada una de las iglesias "titulares" (las iglesias parroquiales) de Roma ya los obispos de las siete sedes que rodean la ciudad. En el siglo VIII, los cardenales romanos constituían una clase privilegiada entre el clero romano. Participaron en la administración de la Iglesia de Roma y en la liturgia papal. Por decreto de un sínodo de 769 , solo un cardenal era elegible para convertirse en obispo de Roma. A los cardenales se les concedió el privilegio de llevar el sombrero rojo por el Papa Inocencio IV en 1244. ^[3]

En otras ciudades además de Roma, el nombre de cardenal comenzó a aplicarse a ciertos hombres de la iglesia como una marca de honor. El primer ejemplo de esto ocurre en una carta enviada por el Papa Zacarías en 747 a Pipino III (el Breve), gobernante de los francos , en la que Zacarías aplicó el título a los sacerdotes de París para distinguirlos del clero del país. Este significado de la palabra se difundió rápidamente, y desde el siglo IX varias ciudades episcopales tenían una clase especial entre el clero conocido como cardenales. El uso del título estaba reservado para los cardenales de Roma en 1567 por Pío V .

En 1059, el derecho de elegir al Papa se reservó al clero principal de Roma y a los obispos de las siete sedes suburbicarianas . En el siglo XII comenzó la práctica de nombrar a los eclesiásticos de fuera de Roma como cardenales, asignándose a cada uno de ellos una iglesia en Roma como su iglesia titular o vinculado a una de las diócesis suburbicarianas, mientras seguía incardinado en una diócesis distinta a la de Roma. . ^{[ cita requerida ]}

El término cardenal en un momento se aplicó a cualquier sacerdote asignado o incardinado permanentemente a una iglesia, ^[4] o específicamente al sacerdote principal de una iglesia importante, basado en el cardo latino (bisagra), que significa "fundamental" como en "principal". o "jefe". El término se aplicó en este sentido ya en el siglo IX a los sacerdotes de los tituli ( parroquias ) de la diócesis de Roma . ^[4]

En el año 1563 el Concilio Ecuménico de Trento, presidido por el Papa Pío IV , escribió sobre la importancia de seleccionar buenos cardenales: "nada es más necesario para la Iglesia de Dios que que el Santo Romano Pontífice aplique esa solicitud que por el deber de su debe a la Iglesia universal de una manera muy especial al asociar consigo como cardenales únicamente a las personas más selectas, y nombrar en cada iglesia pastores más eminentemente rectos y competentes; y esto tanto más, porque nuestro Señor Jesucristo requerirá en su entrega la sangre de las ovejas de Cristo que perecen por el mal gobierno de pastores negligentes y olvidadizos de su oficio ". ^[5]

La influencia anterior de los gobernantes temporales, en particular los reyes franceses, se reafirmó a través de la influencia de cardenales de ciertas nacionalidades o movimientos políticamente significativos. Incluso se desarrollaron tradiciones que daban derecho a ciertos monarcas, incluidos los de Austria, España y Francia, a nominar a uno de sus súbditos clericales de confianza para que fuera creado cardenal, el llamado " cardenal de la corona ". ^[6]

En los primeros tiempos modernos , los cardenales a menudo tenían papeles importantes en los asuntos seculares. En algunos casos, asumieron posiciones poderosas en el gobierno. En la Inglaterra de Enrique VIII , su primer ministro fue durante algún tiempo el cardenal Wolsey . El poder del cardenal Richelieu era tan grande que durante muchos años fue efectivamente el gobernante de Francia. ^[7] El sucesor de Richelieu también fue un cardenal, Jules Mazarin . Guillaume Dubois y André-Hercule de Fleury completan la lista de los cuatro grandes cardenales que han gobernado Francia. ^[6] En Portugal, debido a una crisis de sucesión, un cardenal, Enrique, rey de Portugal, fue coronado rey, el único ejemplo de un cardenal-rey.

Si bien los titulares de algunas sedes se nombran regularmente cardenales, y algunos países tienen derecho a al menos un cardenal por concordancia (generalmente ganando su primado o el metropolitano de la ciudad capital el sombrero de cardenal), casi ninguna sede conlleva un derecho real al cardenal. cardenalicio, ni siquiera si su obispo es un patriarca : la notable excepción es el Patriarca de Lisboa a quien, por la bula de 1737 del Papa Clemente XII Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii , se le concede el derecho a ser elevado al rango de cardenal en el consistorio siguiente su cita. ^[8]

Elecciones papales

En 1059, el Papa Nicolás II otorgó a los cardenales el derecho de elegir al obispo de Roma en la bula papal In nomine Domini . Durante un tiempo este poder se asignó exclusivamente a los cardenales obispos, pero en 1179 el III Concilio de Letrán restauró el derecho a todo el cuerpo de cardenales. ^[9]

Números

En 1586, el Papa Sixto V limitó el número de cardenales a 70: ^[10] seis cardenales obispos, 50 cardenales sacerdotes y 14 cardenales diáconos. El Papa Juan XXIII (1958-1963) superó ese límite citando la necesidad de dotar de personal a las oficinas de la Iglesia. ^[11] En noviembre de 1970 en Ingravescentem aetatem , el Papa Pablo VI estableció que los electores serían menores de ochenta años. Cuando entró en vigor el 1 de enero de 1971, privó a veinticinco cardenales del derecho a participar en un cónclave. ^[12] En octubre de 1975 en Romano Pontifici eligendo , estableció el número máximo de electores en 120, sin establecer un límite en el tamaño total del colegio.^[13]

Los papas pueden dejar de lado las leyes de la iglesia ^{[14] [15]} y han llevado regularmente el número de cardenales menores de 80 a más de 120, llegando al doble de 135 con los consistorios del Papa Juan Pablo II de febrero de 2001 ^[16] y Octubre de 2003. No más de 120 electores han participado alguna vez en un cónclave , pero la mayoría de los canonistas creen que si su número superara los 120, todos participarían. ^{[17] [b]}

El Papa Pablo VI también aumentó el número de cardenales obispos al asignar ese rango, en 1965, a los patriarcas de las Iglesias orientales católicas cuando fueron nombrados cardenales. ^{[18] [19]} En 2018, el Papa Francisco amplió los cardenales obispos de título romano, porque esto no se había hecho a pesar de la expansión de las últimas décadas en los dos órdenes inferiores de cardenales, además de que los seis cardenales de este tipo superaban el límite de edad para un cónclave.

Iglesias titulares

Cardenal Innitzer , arzobispo de Viena y cardenal sacerdote de San Crisogono

Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.^[20] Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches.^[21] They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches. The term cardinal is from the Latin word "cardo" meaning a hinge. Here it means a "door", an example of synecdoche, a figure of speech whereby the part refers to the whole. The "door" is the address of the titular church from which the cardinal derives his membership of the Roman clergy, who elect the Pope.

The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular church retain that church.^[22]

Title and reference style

In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo")^[c] and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.^[d][e]

In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan,^[23] hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. However, official sources, such as the Catholic News Service,^[24] say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church.^{[25][26][27][28]} This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences.^[29] Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title,^[30] probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.^[20]

The [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the Latin proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon,^[f] if the new pope is a cardinal, as it has been since 1378.

Orders and their chief offices

Choir dress of a cardinal

Cardinal bishops

Cardinal Sodano, Dean Emeritus of the College

Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are the senior order of cardinals. Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are also bishops or archbishops, few are "cardinal bishops". For most of the second millennium there were six cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of the seven suburbicarian sees around Rome: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati, and Velletri.^[32] Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.^[33] Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separate ordinary.^[34]

Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the College of Cardinals. When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim the see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops.^[35][g] Pope John XXIII abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope.^[37][h]

In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e. "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after the six Roman rite cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees.^[40] (Latin Church patriarchs who become cardinals are cardinal priests, not cardinal bishops: for example Angelo Scola was made Patriarch of Venice in 2002 and cardinal priest of Santi XII Apostoli in 2003.) Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see or title or deaconry).

At the June 2018 consistory, Pope Francis increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades. He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their titular churches and deaconries suburbicarian rank pro hac vice (temporarily)^[41] and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of the three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors because of having reached age 80.^[42] Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020,^[43][44] bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to eleven.

The Dean of the College of Cardinals, the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval. Likewise the Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected. Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank. For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests.

Cardinal priests

Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops.^[45] Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally also bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions.

In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.

Cardinal-priest Thomas Wolsey

While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.

While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.

The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Michael Michai Kitbunchu of Thailand.

Cardinal deacons

The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.

Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries.

Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important. They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied.^[46] Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II maintained this ratio.^[46]

As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).

When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).

Cardinal protodeacon

The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he announces a new pope's election and name^[i] from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. The protodeacon also bestows the pallium on the new pope and crowns him with the papal tiara, although the crowning has not been celebrated since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978.^[48] The current cardinal protodeacon is Renato Raffaele Martino.

Cardinal protodeacons since 1911

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Coat of arms of Cardinal Martino, current Cardinal Protodeacon

• Francesco Salesio Della Volpe (4 January 1911 – 5 November 1916†); announced election of Pope Benedict XV (1914)
• Gaetano Bisleti (5 November 1916 – 17 December 1928*); announced election of Pope Pius XI (1922)
• Camillo Laurenti (17 December 1928 – 16 December 1935*)
• Camillo Caccia-Dominioni (16 December 1935 – 12 November 1946†); announced election of Pope Pius XII (1939)
• Nicola Canali (12 November 1946 – 3 August 1961†); announced election of Pope John XXIII (1958)
• Alfredo Ottaviani (3 August 1961 – 26 June 1967*); announced election of Pope Paul VI (1963)
• Arcadio Larraona Saralegui, CMF (26 June 1967 – 28 April 1969*)
• William Theodore Heard (28 April 1969 – 18 May 1970*)
• Antonio Bacci (18 May 1970 – 20 January 1971†)
• Michael Browne, OP (20 January 1971 – 31 March 1971†)
• Federico Callori di Vignale (31 March 1971 – 8 August 1971†)
• Charles Journet (8 August 1971 – 5 March 1973*)
• Pericle Felici (5 March 1973 – 30 June 1979*); announced elections of Pope John Paul I (1978) and Pope John Paul II (1978)
• Sergio Pignedoli (30 June 1979 – 15 June 1980†)
• Umberto Mozzoni (15 June 1980 – 2 February 1983*)
• Opilio Rossi (2 February 1983 – 22 June 1987*)
• Giuseppe Caprio (22 June 1987 – 26 November 1990*)
• Aurelio Sabattani (26 November 1990 – 5 April 1993*)
• Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (5 April 1993 – 29 January 1996*)
• Eduardo Martínez Somalo (29 January 1996 – 9 January 1999*)
• Pio Laghi (9 January 1999 – 26 February 2002*)
• Luigi Poggi (26 February 2002 – 24 February 2005*)
• Jorge Medina Estévez (24 February 2005 – 23 February 2007*); announced election of Pope Benedict XVI (2005)
• Darío Castrillón Hoyos (23 February 2007 – 1 March 2008*)
• Agostino Cacciavillan (1 March 2008 – 21 February 2011*)
• Jean-Louis Tauran (21 February 2011 – 12 June 2014*); announced election of Pope Francis (2013)
• Renato Raffaele Martino (12 June 2014 – present)^[49]

*Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest
†Was protodeacon at time of death

Special types of cardinals

Camerlengo

The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave.^[50]

Cardinals who are not bishops

Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest.

Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests,^[51] and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment.^[52] As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop.^[j] These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest.

A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves.

"Lay cardinals"

Main article: Lay cardinal

At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals". Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals.^[53] Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.^[54]

Cardinals in pectore or secret cardinals

Main article: In pectore

In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals in pectore (Latin for in the breast). During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V,^[4] cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed creati et reservati in pectore.^[55] A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope. In the modern era popes have named cardinals in pectore to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals. If conditions change, the pope makes the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinal in pectore is Pope John Paul II, who named four, including one whose identity was never revealed.^[k]

Vesture and privileges

Main article: Pontifical vestments

• Pontifical vestments
• Cardinal Sarr with a ferraiolo and wearing a red cassock, but not the rest of the choir dress.

• Cardinals Walter Kasper (left) and Godfried Danneels (right) wearing their choir dress: scarlet (red) cassock, white rochet trimmed with lace, scarlet mozetta, scarlet biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto), and pectoral cross on cord.

• Cardinal Bertone in dress for hot tropical countries (white cassock with scarlet piping and buttons).

When in choir dress, a Latin Church cardinal wears scarlet garments—the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith.^[57][58] Excluding the rochet—which is always white—the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it.^[59] It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.^{[citation needed]}

A Cardinal in Profile, 1880, by Jehan Georges Vibert (Morgan Library and Museum, New York City)

Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.^[60]

In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969^[59] and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.^{[citation needed]}

To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring,^[61] which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside.^[62] There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.^[63]

Cardinals have in canon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal.^[64]

Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by the local bishop.^[65]

See also

• Cardinal-Infante (disambiguation)
• Cardinal-nephew
• Cardinal protector
• Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
• List of living cardinals
• List of the creations of the cardinals

Notes

1. The most recent recipient of such a dispensation is Raniero Cantalamessa.^[2]
2. The rule set out in Universi Dominici gregis is that "No Cardinal elector can be excluded from active or passive voice in the election of the Supreme Pontiff, for any reason or pretext."
3. They were formerly called illustrissimi and reverendissimi; but Pope Urban VIII (of the Barberini family), in 1630, established the above as their title of honour. Edward Wigglesworth, Thomas Gamaliel Bradford: Encyclopædia Americana: a popular dictionary of arts, sciences. Volume 4. Page 493.
4. As the exclusive electors of the pope (at least since 1179), cardinals were deemed to be the ecclesiastical equivalents of the Holy Roman Empire's 'Prince-Electors,' an extremely elite group with precedence over all other nobility (including archdukes, dukes and counts), who were tasked with the responsibility of electing Holy Roman Emperors.... A decree of 10 June 1630, by Urban VII bestowed the title "His Eminence", historically reserved for high nobility, upon the cardinals, thus elevating them above the 'His Excellency', then being used to refer to Italian princes." Guruge, Anura. The Next Pope. Alton, New Hampshire. 2010. p. 81.
5. Authoritarian, keenly conscious of his position, Urban kept business in his own hands and rarely discussed it with his cardinals: to compensate them he gave them the rank of princes of the church and a right to the title of 'eminence' (June 1630). Oxford Dictionary of Popes, Urban VIII
6. "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ..."^[31] (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...")
7. In certain periods there were additional requirements. Since the 16th century, only a cardinal who was present within 25 leagues of Rome when the vacancy occurred could exercise the option. When the see of Frascati became vacant upon the death of Cardinal Tommaso Zigliara on 11 May 1893, Cardinal Francesco Ricci Paracciani was in Siena, which disqualified him and allowed Cardinal Serafino Vannutelli to exercise the option and become cardinal bishop of Frascati.^[35][36]
8. He exercised his new authority later that month by appointing Giuseppe Ferretto cardinal bishop of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto on 26 March 1961.^[38] Ferretto was the lowest ranking member of the order of cardinal priests and only 62. He had been a cardinal for ten weeks.^[39]
9. But not until the pope elect has been ordained a bishop.^[47]
10. Examples include Domenico Bartolucci, Karl Josef Becker, Yves Congar, Avery Dulles, Aloys Grillmeier, Henri de Lubac, Julien Ries, Leo Scheffczyk, Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye.
11. The three were: Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei, Bishop of Shanghai, made cardinal 1979, revealed 1991; Marian Jaworski, Archbishop of Lviv, made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001; Jānis Pujāts, Archbishop of Riga, made cardinal 1998, revealed 2001. John Paul created a fourth in 2003 but did not reveal his identity, not even in his will. Speculation centered on Joseph Zen Ze-kiun, Bishop of Hong Kong, Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz, Archbishop of Moscow, and Archbishop Stanisław Dziwisz, John Paul's longtime friend and secretary.^[56]

References

1. "Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church". Vatican State. 1983. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019.
2. Glatz, Carol (19 November 2020). "Majority of cardinals-designate expected to attend consistory". Crux. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
3. Encyclopædia Britannica
4. Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). "Cardinal" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5. Catholic bishops and Pope Pius IV (11 November 1563). The Council of Trent. Tan Books and Publishers.
6. Chadwick, Owen (1981). The Popes and European Revolution. Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN 9780198269199.
7. Henry Kitchell Webster, Hutton Webster, Early European History, p. 604. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=rXSqwPFMn3oC.
8. Manuel Clemente (1 July 2016). "Notas históricas sobre o Tricentenário do Patriarcado de Lisboa" [Historical notes on the Tricentennial of the Patriarchate of Lisbon] (in Portuguese). Patriarchate of Lisbon. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
9. Fanning, W. (1911). "Papal Elections". The Catholic Encyclopaedia. Robert Appleton Company. ISBN 0840731752.
10. Cortesi, Arnaldo (18 November 2017). "Two Americans among 23 New Cardinals" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
11. Cortesi, Arnoldo (16 December 1958). "Pope Elevates 33 to Cardinalate; Deplores China Church Schism" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
12. Hoffman, Paul (24 November 1970). "Voting for Popes Is Barred to Cardinals Over 80". New York Times. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
13. Reese, Thomas J. (1998). Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church. Harvard University Press. p. 101. ISBN 9780674418028.
14. Are There Any Limitations on the Power of the Pope? Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
15. Mickens, Robert (24 April 2017). "Letter from Rome The Next Stage of Francis's Mission". Commonwealth Magazine. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
16. Stanley, Alexandra (22 February 2001). "Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
17. Allen Jr., John L. (2002). Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election. Random House. p. 107. ISBN 9780385504560. Most canon lawyers take the opinion that the pope, in appointing more electors than anticipated by Universi Dominici Gregis, made an exception to his own rules and hence all the cardinals under eighty, regardless of the limit of 120, are eligible to enter the conclave. (Canon lawyers ruefully joke that nobody violates canon law like a pope.) As a political matter, it seems probable that all cardinals under eighty will be admitted regardless of the wording of Universi Dominici Gregis because the task of trying to decide who cannot enter could paralyze the process indefinitely.
18. "Pontiff Installs 27 New Cardinals" (PDF). New York Times. 23 February 1965. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
19. Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965). "Ad purpuratorum Patrum". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 3 December 2017. ]
20. Pope Paul VI., Motuproprio "Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium" (11 February 1965), par. II
21. Code of Canon law: 357-1
22. Code of Canon law: 350
23. Noonan, The Church Visible, p. 205
24. "Catholic News Service" (PDF). www.catholicnews.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2005.
25. "cardinal". Religion Stylebook. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
26. "University of San Francisco Editorial Style Guide: "On first reference capitalize these titles before the individual's name: Cardinal Timothy Manning, archbishop of Los Angeles"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2014.
27. "Associated Press Style Guide: "The preferred form for first reference is ... Cardinal Daniel DiNardo"" (PDF).
28. "At first reference Cardinal John Doe. At subsequent references the cardinal or Doe" (Reuters Handbook of Journalism)
29. The websites of the Holy See (except for signatures), and of the Episcopal Conferences in the United States, England and Wales Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Ireland Archived 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine and the Australia Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine agree with the stylebooks. The Bishops' Conference of Scotland Archived 11 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine uses both styles side by side. On diocesan sites, the "John Cardinal Doe" style is found on, for example, those of Boston Archived 27 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Chicago, Dublin, New York Archived 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Toronto, Washington Archived 1 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Galveston-Houston Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Detroit, Durban Archived 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Colombo, Bombay, and the "Cardinal John Doe" on, for example, those of Armagh,Los Angeles Archived 29 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Philadelphia Archived 17 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, St Andrews and Edinburgh Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Wellington, Westminster.
30. cfr. "Klaus Ganzer, Kardinäle als Kirchenfürsten?" in Stimmen der Zeit 2011, issue 5, pp. 313–323
31. "Election – BENEDICT XVI". www.vatican.va.
32. John P. Beal, New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law (Paulist Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-80910502-1), p. 468
33. Umberto Benigni, "Ostia and Velletri" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1911); Pope Pius X, motu proprio Edita a Nobis of 5 May 1914 in Acta Apostolicae Sedis VI (1914), p. 219-220 Archived 3 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine; "History of Papal Electoral Law". www.ewtn.com.
34. Pope John XXIII (9 April 1962). "Suburbicariis sedibus" (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
35. "Le Droit d'Option des Cardinaux". Annuaire pontifical catholique (in French). XI. Paris: Maison de la Bonne Presse. 1908. pp. 136–40, esp. 137–8 "Comment se fait l'option". Retrieved 6 March 2021.
36. Acta Sanctae Sedis (PDF). XXVI. 1893–94. p. 704. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
37. John XXIII (10 March 1961). "Ad Suburbicarias Dioeceses" (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
38. Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). LIII. 1961. p. 199. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
39. Guruge, Anura (2010). The Next Pope: After Pope Benedict XVI (2nd Revised ed.). WOWNH LLC. p. 120. ISBN 9780615353722. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
40. Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965). "Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium" (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
41. "Rescriptum of the Holy Father Francis ..." Holy See Press Office. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
42. Glatz, Carol (26 June 2018). "New papal appointments reflect pope's wish for transparency". National Catholic Reporter. Catholic News Service. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
43. "RESCRIPTUM EX AUDIENTIA SS.MI: Rescritto del Santo Padre Francesco con cui ha deciso di cooptare nell'Ordine dei Vescovi, equiparandolo in tutto ai Cardinali insigniti del titolo di una Chiesa suburbicaria, l'Em.mo Cardinale Luis Antonio G. Tagle, 01.05.2020" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
44. Esmaquel, Paterno II (1 May 2020). "Pope promotes Tagle as one of 11 highest ranking cardinals". Rappler. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
45. Hardon, John. "Cardinal Priest". Modern Catholic Dictionary. Catholic Culture.
46. Thomas J. Reese, Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church, Harvard University Press, 1996 p. 92-93
47. Ap. Const. Universi Dominici Gregis, No. 89
48. "Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies." Canon 355 §2
49. Scaramuzzi, Jacopo (12 June 2014). "Martino diventa cardinale protodiacono (senza "Habemus Papam")". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 23 January 2018.
50. "Pastor Bonus, – John Paul II – Apostolic Constitution (June 28, 1988) – John Paul II". www.vatican.va.
51. Canon 232 §1 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law
52. Motu proprio Cum gravissima, 15 April 1962 Archived 2 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
53. canon 232 §1 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law
54. Cf. canon 351 §1 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law
55. Rickaby, John (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. 3. p. 337.
56. Boudreau, Richard (7 April 2005). "Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
57. The College of Cardinals – General Documentazion Archived 17 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
58. Applause and tears in Basilica greet Pontiff (26 November 2007) Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 1 June 2008. Quote: "In a ceremony televised across the world cardinal-elect Sean Brady knelt before Pope Benedict XVI and pledged his allegiance to the Church before receiving his special red birretta—a symbol of a cardinal's dignity and willingness to shed blood for the increase of the Christian faith."
59. "Instruction on the dress, titles and coat-of-arms of cardinals, bishops and lesser prelates". L'Osservatore Romano, English ed. 17 April 1969: vol.4. Retrieved 1 September 2006.
60. Photograph of Josyf Slipyj, Major Archbishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Church and Cardinal, wearing a galero on top of his red klobuk. Retrieved from http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6322/78/1600/SlypyjGalero1.jpg.
61. Paulson, Michael (25 March 2006). "Bling! examination of the ring of Cardinal O'Malley". Boston Globe. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
62. John Abel Nainfa (1909). Costume of Prelates of the Catholic Church: According to Roman Etiquette. Baltimore-New York: John Murphy Company. p. 107.. The new cardinal had to pay for the ring, in exchange for which he received the right to make his own Last Will and Testament.
63. "Elevated cardinals receive gold ring from the pope during Mass of Rings". www.fogcityjournal.com. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
64. Canon 1405 §1 and canon 1406 §2 Archived 22 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine
65. Canon 967 §1 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law.

Bibliography

• Kuttner, Steven (1945). "Cardinalis: The History of a Canonical Concept". Traditio. 3: 129–214. doi:10.1017/S0362152900016883. JSTOR 27830076.
• Battandier, Albert (1913). "Ecclesiastical Addresses" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (1996). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. Viking. ISBN 0-670-86745-4.
• Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). "Cardinal" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Boudinhon, Auguste (1911). "Cardinal" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cardinals.

• Salvador Miranda. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. A digital resource consisting of the biographical entries of the cardinals from 494 to 2014 and of the events and documents concerning the origin of the Roman cardinalate and its historical evolution
• Next Cardinal Creating Consistory by Pope Benedict XVI – The Required Background Data (including statistical data and links). Popes and the Papacy website (Anura Guruge). Retrieved 2010-09-08.
• GCatholic on all Cardinals
  • List of All Cardinals By Precedence by GCatholic
  • List of all Cardinal Titular Churches by GCatholic
  • List of all Cardinal Deaconries by GCatholic
• Catholic-pages List of Cardinals
• Thomas J. Reese, Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church, Harvard University Press, 1996 [1]
• Cardinal Rating a website listing the day to day statements printed in the news by current cardinals