Lengua construida

Consciously devised language

Este artículo trata sobre la creación de lenguajes humanos planificados o artificiales. Para obtener información sobre el campo lingüístico de la planificación y la política lingüísticas , consulte planificación lingüística . Para lenguajes que emergen naturalmente en simulaciones por computadora o experimentos psicológicos controlados con humanos, vea lenguaje artificial . Para idiomas con una alta proporción de morfemas por palabra, consulte lenguaje sintético .

La bandera de Conlang, un símbolo de la construcción del lenguaje creado por los suscriptores de la lista de correo de CONLANG que representa la Torre de Babel contra un sol naciente. ^[1]

Una lengua construida (a veces llamada conlang ) ^[2] es una lengua cuya fonología , gramática y vocabulario , en lugar de haberse desarrollado de forma natural , se han ideado conscientemente. Los lenguajes construidos también pueden denominarse lenguajes artificiales , lenguajes planificados o lenguajes inventados ^[3] y, en algunos casos, lenguajes ficticios . Los lenguajes planificados son lenguajes que se han diseñado a propósito. Son el resultado de una intervención controladora deliberada, por lo tanto de una forma de planificación del lenguaje. ^[4]

Hay muchas razones posibles para crear un lenguaje construido, como facilitar la comunicación humana (ver lenguaje y código auxiliar internacional ); para dar a la ficción o un entorno construido asociado una capa adicional de realismo; para la experimentación en los campos de la lingüística , las ciencias cognitivas y el aprendizaje automático ; para la creación artística ; y para juegos de idiomas . Algunas personas crean lenguajes construidos simplemente porque les gusta hacerlo.

La expresión lenguaje planeado se usa a veces para indicar idiomas auxiliares internacionales y otros idiomas diseñados para su uso real en la comunicación humana. Algunos lo prefieren al adjetivo artificial , ya que este término puede percibirse como peyorativo. Fuera de la cultura del esperanto , el término planificación lingüística se refiere a las prescripciones que se dan a un idioma natural para estandarizarlo; en este sentido, incluso un "lenguaje natural" puede ser artificial en algunos aspectos, lo que significa que algunas de sus palabras han sido elaboradas por decisión consciente. Gramáticas prescriptivas, que datan de la antigüedad para las lenguas clásicas como el latín y el sánscrito, son codificaciones basadas en reglas de las lenguas naturales, siendo tales codificaciones un término medio entre la selección natural ingenua y el desarrollo del lenguaje y su construcción explícita. El término glossopoeia también se usa para referirse a la construcción del lenguaje, particularmente la construcción de lenguajes artísticos . ^[5]

Los hablantes de conlang son raros. Por ejemplo, el censo húngaro de 2011 encontró 8.397 hablantes de Esperanto , ^[6] y el censo de 2001 encontró 10 de Romanid , dos de Interlingua e Ido y uno de Idiom Neutral y Mundolinco de cada uno . ^[7] El censo ruso de 2010 encontró que había en Rusia alrededor de 992 hablantes de esperanto (en el lugar 120), nueve de idó, uno de edo y ninguno de eslovio o interlingua. ^[8]

Planeado, construido, artificial

Los términos "planeado", "construido" y "artificial" se usan de manera diferente en algunas tradiciones. Por ejemplo, pocos hablantes de interlingua consideran su lenguaje artificial, ya que afirman que no tiene contenido inventado: el vocabulario de Interlingua se toma de un pequeño conjunto de lenguajes naturales, y su gramática se basa estrechamente en estos lenguajes de origen, incluso incluyendo algún grado de irregularidad; sus defensores prefieren describir su vocabulario y gramática como estandarizados en lugar de artificiales o construidos. De manera similar, Latino sine flexione (LsF) es una simplificación del latín del que se han eliminado las inflexiones . Al igual que con Interlingua, algunos prefieren describir su desarrollo como "planificación" en lugar de "construcción".Algunos hablantes deEl esperanto y los esperantidos también evitan el término "lengua artificial" porque niegan que haya algo "antinatural" en el uso de su lengua en la comunicación humana.

Por el contrario, algunos filósofos han argumentado que todos los lenguajes humanos son convencionales o artificiales. El gigante ficticio Pantagruel de François Rabelais , por ejemplo, dijo: " Es un mal uso de los términos decir que tenemos un lenguaje natural; los lenguajes son a través de instituciones arbitrarias y las convenciones de los pueblos: las voces, como dicen los dialécticos, no significan naturalmente, pero caprichosamente " . ^[9]

Además, los lenguajes de ficción o experimentales pueden considerarse naturalistas si modelan lenguajes del mundo real. Por ejemplo, si un conlang naturalista se deriva a posteriori de otro idioma (real o construido), debe imitar los procesos naturales de lenguaje fonológico , léxico y gramatical.cambio. A diferencia de los lenguajes como el interlingua, los lenguajes ficticios naturalistas no suelen estar pensados ​​para facilitar el aprendizaje o la comunicación. Por tanto, los lenguajes de ficción naturalistas tienden a ser más difíciles y complejos. Si bien Interlingua tiene una gramática, sintaxis y ortografía más simples que sus idiomas de origen (aunque más complejo e irregular que el esperanto o sus descendientes), los idiomas ficticios naturalistas suelen imitar comportamientos de los idiomas naturales como verbos y sustantivos irregulares y procesos fonológicos complicados.

Resumen

En términos de propósito, la mayoría de los lenguajes construidos se pueden dividir en términos generales en:

• Lenguajes diseñados ( engelangs / ˈɛnd͡ʒlæŋz / ), subdivididos en lenguajes lógicos ( loglangs ), lenguajes filosóficos y lenguajes experimentales ; ideado con el propósito de experimentar en lógica , filosofía o lingüística ; ^[10]
• Idiomas auxiliares ( auxlangs ) diseñados para la comunicación internacional (también IAL, para el idioma auxiliar internacional); ^[10]
• Lenguajes artísticos ( artlangs ) ideados para crear placer estético o efecto humorístico, solo por diversión ; por lo general, los lenguajes secretos y los lenguajes místicos se clasifican como artlangs. ^[10]

Los límites entre estas categorías no están claros de ninguna manera. ^[11] Un lenguaje construido fácilmente podría caer en más de una de las categorías anteriores. Un lenguaje lógico creado por razones estéticas también sería clasificable como lenguaje artístico, que podría ser creado por alguien con motivos filosóficos que pretenda que dicho conlang sea utilizado como lenguaje auxiliar. No existen reglas, ya sean inherentes al proceso de construcción del lenguaje o impuestas externamente, que limitarían un lenguaje construido a ajustarse solo a una de las categorías anteriores.

Una lengua construida puede tener hablantes nativos si los niños pequeños la aprenden de padres que la hablan con fluidez. Según Ethnologue , hay "200-2000 que hablan esperanto como primera lengua ". Un miembro del Instituto de Idiomas Klingon , d'Armond Speers , intentó criar a su hijo como un hablante nativo (bilingüe con inglés) de klingon . ^{[12] [ verificación necesaria ]}

Tan pronto como una lengua construida tiene una comunidad de hablantes fluidos, especialmente si tiene numerosos hablantes nativos, comienza a evolucionar y, por lo tanto, pierde su estado construido. Por ejemplo, el hebreo moderno y sus normas de pronunciación se desarrollaron a partir de tradiciones existentes del hebreo , como el hebreo mishnaico y el hebreo bíblico siguiendo una pronunciación sefardí general , en lugar de crearse desde cero, y ha experimentado cambios considerables desde que se fundó el estado de Israel en 1948. (Hetzron 1990: 693). Sin embargo, el lingüista Ghil'ad Zuckermannsostiene que el hebreo moderno, que él llama "israelí", es un híbrido semitoeuropeo basado no sólo en el hebreo sino también en el yiddish y otros idiomas hablados por los avivadores. ^[13] Zuckermann, por lo tanto, respalda la traducción de la Biblia hebrea a lo que él llama "israelí". ^{[14] El} esperanto como lengua viva hablada ha evolucionado significativamente desde el modelo prescriptivo publicado en 1887, por lo que las ediciones modernas de la Fundamenta Krestomatio , una colección de 1903 de los primeros textos en el idioma, requieren muchas notas al pie sobre las diferencias sintácticas y léxicas entre los primeros y esperanto moderno. ^[15]

Los defensores de los lenguajes construidos a menudo tienen muchas razones para usarlos. A veces se cita la famosa pero controvertida hipótesis de Sapir-Whorf ; esto afirma que el idioma que uno habla influye en la forma en que uno piensa. Por tanto, un lenguaje "mejor" debería permitir al hablante pensar con mayor claridad o inteligencia o abarcar más puntos de vista; esta era la intención de Suzette Haden Elgin en la creación de Láadan , un lenguaje feminista ^[16] encarnado en sus feministas de ciencia ficción serie lengua nativa . ^[17] Un lenguaje construido también podría usarse para restringir el pensamiento, como en Newspeak de George Orwell ., o para simplificar el pensamiento, como en Toki Pona . En contraste, lingüistas como Steven Pinker sostienen que las ideas existen independientemente del lenguaje. Por ejemplo, en el libro The Language Instinct , Pinker afirma que los niños reinventan espontáneamente la jerga e incluso la gramática con cada generación. Estos lingüistas argumentan que los intentos de controlar la gama del pensamiento humano mediante la reforma del lenguaje fracasarían, ya que conceptos como "libertad" reaparecerán en nuevas palabras si las viejas desaparecen.

Los defensores afirman que un idioma en particular hace que sea más fácil expresar y comprender conceptos en un área y más difícil en otras. Se puede tomar un ejemplo de la forma en que varios lenguajes de programación facilitan la escritura de ciertos tipos de programas y dificultan la escritura de otros.

Otra razón citada para usar un lenguaje construido es la regla del telescopio, que afirma que se necesita menos tiempo para aprender primero un lenguaje construido simple y luego un lenguaje natural, que aprender solo un lenguaje natural. Por lo tanto, si alguien quiere aprender inglés, algunos sugieren aprender inglés básico primero. Los lenguajes construidos como el esperanto y el interlingua son, de hecho, a menudo más simples debido a la típica falta de verbos irregulares y otras peculiaridades gramaticales. Algunos estudios han encontrado que aprender esperanto ayuda a aprender más tarde una lengua no construida (ver el valor propedéutico del esperanto ).

Los códigos para lenguajes construidos incluyen el " arte " ISO 639-2 para lenguas ; sin embargo, algunos lenguajes construidos tienen sus propios códigos de idioma ISO 639 (por ejemplo, " eo " y " epo " para esperanto , "jbo" para lojban , " ia " e " ina " para interlingua , " tlh " para klingon y " io " e " ido " para Ido ).

Una restricción en un lenguaje construido es que si fue construido para ser un lenguaje natural para uso de extranjeros o extraterrestres ficticios, como con Dothraki y High Valyrian en la serie Game of Thrones , que fue adaptada del libro A Song of Ice and Fire serie, el idioma debe ser fácilmente pronunciado por los actores y debe encajar e incorporar cualquier fragmento del idioma ya inventado por el autor del libro, y preferiblemente también encajar con los nombres personales de los hablantes ficticios del idioma.

Lenguas a priori y a posteriori

An a priori constructed language is one whose features (including vocabulary, grammar, etc.) are not based on an existing language, and an a posteriori language is the opposite.^[10] This categorization, however, is not absolute, as many constructed languages may be called a priori when considering some linguistic factors, and at the same time a posteriori when considering other factors.

A priori language

An a priori language (from Latin a priori, "from the former") is any constructed language of which all or a number of features are not based on existing languages, but rather invented or elaborated as to work in a different way or to allude different purposes. Some a priori languages are designed to be international auxiliary languages that remove what could be considered an unfair learning advantage for native speakers of a source language that would otherwise exist for a posteriori languages. Others, known as philosophical or taxonomic languages, try to categorize their vocabulary, either to express an underlying philosophy or to make it easier to recognize new vocabulary. Finally, many artistic languages, created for either personal use or for use in a fictional medium, employ consciously constructed grammars and vocabularies, and are best understood as a priori.

Examples of a priori languages

A priori international auxiliary languages

• Balaibalan, attributed to Fazlallah Astarabadi or Muhyi Gulshani (14th century)
• Solresol by François Sudre (1827)
• Ro by Edward Foster (1906)
• Sona by Kenneth Searight (1935)
• Babm by Rikichi Okamoto (1962)
• Kotava by Staren Fetcey (1978)

Experimental languages

• Láadan by Suzette Haden Elgin (1982)
• Ithkuil by John Quijada (2011)

A priori artistic languages

• Quenya and Sindarin by J. R. R. Tolkien for The Lord of the Rings (published 1954)
• aUI by W. John Weilgart (1962)
• Klingon by Marc Okrand for the science-fiction franchise Star Trek (1985)
• Kēlen by Sylvia Sotomayor (1998)
• Naʼvi by Paul Frommer for the movie Avatar (2005)
• Dothraki and Valyrian by David Peterson for the television series Game of Thrones (2011)
• Kiliki by Madhan Karky for the Baahubali films (2015)

Community languages

• Damin (Yangkaal and Lardil people, 19th century or earlier)
• Eskayan (Eskaya people, ca. 1920)
• Medefaidrin (Ibibio, 1930s)

A posteriori language

An a posteriori language (from Latin a posteriori, "from the latter"), according to French linguist Louis Couturat, is any constructed language whose elements are borrowed from or based on existing languages. The term can also be extended to controlled versions of natural languages, and is most commonly used to refer to vocabulary despite other features. Likewise, zonal constructed languages (auxiliary languages for speakers of a particular language family) are a posteriori by definition.

While most auxiliary languages are a posteriori due to their intended function as a medium of communication, many artistic languages are fully a posteriori in design—many for the purposes of alternate history. In distinguishing whether the language is a priori or a posteriori, the prevalence and distribution of respectable traits is often the key.

Examples of a posteriori languages

A posteriori artistic languages

• Brithenig by Andrew Smith (1996)
• Atlantean by Marc Okrand for the film Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
• Toki Pona by Sonja Lang (2001)
• Wenedyk by Jan van Steenbergen (2002)
• Trigedasleng by David Peterson for the TV series The 100 (2014)

Controlled auxiliary languages

• Latino sine flexione (Latin, 1911)
• Basic English (English, 1925)
• N'Ko (Manding, 1949)
• Learning English (English, 1959)
• Kitara (SW Ugandan Bantu, 1990)
• Globish (English, 2004)

A posteriori international auxiliary languages

• Volapük (1879)
• Esperanto (1887)
• Ido (1907)
• Interlingue (1922)
• Interlingua (1951)
• Lingua Franca Nova (1965)
• Afrihili (1970)
• Glosa (ca. 1979)
• Sambahsa (2007)
• Lingwa de planeta (2010)

Zonal auxiliary languages

Main article: Zonal constructed language

• Efatese (C. Vanuatu Oceanic, 1800s)
• Romanid (Romance, 1956)
• Folkspraak (Germanic, 1995)
• Interslavic (Slavic, 2011)

History

Ancient linguistic experiments

Grammatical speculation dates from Classical Antiquity, appearing for instance in Plato's Cratylus in Hermogenes's contention that words are not inherently linked to what they refer to; that people apply "a piece of their own voice... to the thing". Athenaeus of Naucratis, in Book III of Deipnosophistae, tells the story of two figures: Dionysius of Sicily and Alexarchus. Dionysius of Sicily created neologisms like menandros "virgin" (from menei "waiting" and andra "husband"), menekratēs "pillar" (from menei "it remains in one place" and kratei "it is strong"), and ballantion "javelin" (from balletai enantion "thrown against someone"). Incidentally, the more common Greek words for those three are parthenos, stulos, and akon. Alexarchus of Macedon, the brother of King Cassander of Macedon, was the founder of the city of Ouranopolis. Athenaeus recounts a story told by Heracleides of Lembos that Alexarchus "introduced a peculiar vocabulary, referring to a rooster as a "dawn-crier," a barber as a "mortal-shaver," a drachma as "worked silver"...and a herald as an aputēs [from ēputa "loud-voiced"]. "He once wrote something... to the public authorities in Casandreia...As for what this letter says, in my opinion not even the Pythian god could make sense of it." While the mechanisms of grammar suggested by classical philosophers were designed to explain existing languages (Latin, Greek, Sanskrit), they were not used to construct new grammars. Roughly contemporary to Plato, in his descriptive grammar of Sanskrit, Pāṇini constructed a set of rules for explaining language, so that the text of his grammar may be considered a mixture of natural and constructed language.

Early constructed languages

Page 68r of the Voynich manuscript. This three-page foldout from the manuscript includes a chart that appears astronomical.

A legend recorded in the seventh-century Irish work Auraicept na n-Éces claims that Fénius Farsaid visited Shinar after the confusion of tongues, and he and his scholars studied the various languages for ten years, taking the best features of each to create in Bérla tóbaide ("the selected language"), which he named Goídelc—the Irish language. This appears to be the first mention of the concept of a constructed language in literature.

The earliest non-natural languages were considered less "constructed" than "super-natural", mystical, or divinely inspired. The Lingua Ignota, recorded in the 12th century by St. Hildegard of Bingen, is an example, and apparently the first entirely artificial language.^[16] It is a form of private mystical cant (see also language of angels). An important example from Middle-Eastern culture is Balaibalan, invented in the 16th century.^[5] Kabbalistic grammatical speculation was directed at recovering the original language spoken by Adam and Eve in Paradise, lost in the confusion of tongues. The first Christian project for an ideal language is outlined in Dante Alighieri's De vulgari eloquentia, where he searches for the ideal Italian vernacular suited for literature. Ramon Llull's Ars Magna was a project of a perfect language with which the infidels could be convinced of the truth of the Christian faith. It was basically an application of combinatorics on a given set of concepts.^{[vague][citation needed]} During the Renaissance, Lullian and Kabbalistic ideas were drawn upon in a magical context, resulting in cryptographic applications. The Voynich manuscript may be an example of this.^{[citation needed]}

Perfecting language

Renaissance interest in Ancient Egypt, notably the discovery of the Hieroglyphica of Horapollo, and first encounters with the Chinese script directed efforts towards a perfect written language. Johannes Trithemius, in Steganographia and Polygraphia, attempted to show how all languages can be reduced to one. In the 17th century, interest in magical languages was continued by the Rosicrucians and Alchemists (like John Dee and his Enochian). Jakob Boehme in 1623 spoke of a "natural language" (Natursprache) of the senses.

Musical languages from the Renaissance were tied up with mysticism, magic and alchemy, sometimes also referred to as the language of the birds. The Solresol project of 1817 re-invented the concept in a more pragmatic context.

17th and 18th century: advent of philosophical languages

The 17th century saw the rise of projects for "philosophical" or "a priori" languages, such as:

• Francis Lodwick's A Common Writing (1647) and The Groundwork or Foundation laid (or So Intended) for the Framing of a New Perfect Language and a Universal Common Writing (1652)
• Sir Thomas Urquhart's Ekskybalauron (1651) and Logopandecteision^[18] (1652)
• George Dalgarno's Ars signorum, 1661
• John Wilkins' Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language, 1668

These early taxonomic conlangs produced systems of hierarchical classification that were intended to result in both spoken and written expression. Leibniz had a similar purpose for his lingua generalis of 1678, aiming at a lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform calculations that would yield true propositions automatically, as a side-effect developing binary calculus. These projects were not only occupied with reducing or modelling grammar, but also with the arrangement of all human knowledge into "characters" or hierarchies, an idea that with the Enlightenment would ultimately lead to the Encyclopédie. Many of these 17th−18th centuries conlangs were pasigraphies, or purely written languages with no spoken form or a spoken form that would vary greatly according to the native language of the reader.^[19]

Leibniz and the encyclopedists realized that it is impossible to organize human knowledge unequivocally in a tree diagram, and consequently to construct an a priori language based on such a classification of concepts. Under the entry Charactère, D'Alembert critically reviewed the projects of philosophical languages of the preceding century. After the Encyclopédie, projects for a priori languages moved more and more to the lunatic fringe.^{[citation needed]} Individual authors, typically unaware of the history of the idea, continued to propose taxonomic philosophical languages until the early 20th century (e.g. Ro), but most recent engineered languages have had more modest goals; some are limited to a specific field, like mathematical formalism or calculus (e.g. Lincos and programming languages), others are designed for eliminating syntactical ambiguity (e.g., Loglan and Lojban) or maximizing conciseness (e.g., Ithkuil^[16]).

19th and 20th centuries: auxiliary languages

Main article: International auxiliary language

Already in the Encyclopédie attention began to focus on a posteriori auxiliary languages. Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve in the article on Langue wrote a short proposition of a "laconic" or regularized grammar of French. During the 19th century, a bewildering variety of such International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) were proposed, so that Louis Couturat and Léopold Leau in Histoire de la langue universelle (1903) reviewed 38 projects.

The first of these that made any international impact was Volapük, proposed in 1879 by Johann Martin Schleyer; within a decade, 283 Volapükist clubs were counted all over the globe. However, disagreements between Schleyer and some prominent users of the language led to schism, and by the mid-1890s it fell into obscurity, making way for Esperanto, proposed in 1887 by L. L. Zamenhof, and its descendants. Interlingua, the most recent auxlang to gain a significant number of speakers, emerged in 1951, when the International Auxiliary Language Association published its Interlingua–English Dictionary and an accompanying grammar. The success of Esperanto did not stop others from trying to construct new auxiliary languages, such as Leslie Jones' Eurolengo, which mixes elements of English and Spanish.

Loglan (1955) and its descendants constitute a pragmatic return to the aims of the a priori languages, tempered by the requirement of usability of an auxiliary language. Thus far, these modern a priori languages have garnered only small groups of speakers.

Robot Interaction Language (2010) is a spoken language that is optimized for communication between machines and humans. The major goals of ROILA are that it should be easily learnable by the human user, and optimized for efficient recognition by computer speech recognition algorithms.

Artlangs

Main article: Artistic language

Language can be artistic to the extent that artists use language as a source of creativity in art, poetry, calligraphy or as a metaphor to address themes as cultural diversity and the vulnerability of the individual in a globalizing world.

Some people prefer however to take pleasure in constructing, crafting a language by a conscious decision for reasons of literary enjoyment or aesthetic reasons without any claim of usefulness. Such artistic languages begin to appear in Early Modern literature (in Pantagruel, and in Utopian contexts), but they only seem to gain notability as serious projects beginning in the 20th century.^[5] A Princess of Mars (1912) by Edgar Rice Burroughs was possibly the first fiction of that century to feature a constructed language. J. R. R. Tolkien developed families of related fictional languages and discussed artistic languages publicly, giving a lecture entitled "A Secret Vice" in 1931 at a congress. (Orwell's Newspeak is considered a satire of an international auxiliary language rather than an artistic language proper.)

By the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century, it had become common for science-fiction and fantasy works set in other worlds to feature constructed languages, or more commonly, an extremely limited but defined vocabulary which suggests the existence of a complete language, or whatever portions of the language are needed for the story, and constructed languages are a regular part of the genre, appearing in Star Wars, Star Trek, Lord of the Rings (Elvish), Stargate SG-1, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Game of Thrones (Dothraki language and Valyrian languages), The Expanse, Avatar, Dune and the Myst series of computer adventure games.

Ownership of constructed languages

The matter of whether or not a constructed language can be owned or protected by intellectual property laws, or if it would even be possible to enforce those laws, is contentious.

In a 2015 lawsuit, CBS and Paramount Pictures challenged a fan film project called Axanar, stating the project infringed upon their intellectual property, which included the Klingon language, among other creative elements. During the controversy, Marc Okrand, the language's original designer expressed doubt as to whether Paramount's claims of ownership were valid.^[20][21]

David J. Peterson, a linguist who created multiple well-known constructed languages including the Valyrian languages and Dothraki, advocated a similar opinion, saying that "Theoretically, anyone can publish anything using any language I created, and, in my opinion, neither I nor anyone else should be able to do anything about it."^[22]

However, Peterson also expressed concern that the respective rights-holders—regardless of whether or not their ownership of the rights is legitimate—would be likely to sue individuals who publish material in said languages, especially if the author might profit from said material.

Furthermore, comprehensive learning material for such constructed languages as High Valyrian and Klingon has been published and made freely accessible on the language-learning platform Duolingo—but those courses are licensed by the respective copyright holders.^[22] Because only a few such disputes have occurred thus far, the legal consensus on ownership of languages remains uncertain.

The Tasmanian Aboriginal Center claims ownership of Palawa kani, an attempted composite reconstruction up to a dozen extinct Tasmanian indigenous languages, and has asked Wikipedia to remove its page on the project. However, there is no current legal backing for the claim. ^[23]

Modern conlang organizations

Various paper zines on constructed languages were published from the 1970s through the 1990s, such as Glossopoeic Quarterly, Taboo Jadoo, and The Journal of Planned Languages.^[24]The Conlang Mailing List was founded in 1991, and later split off an AUXLANG mailing list dedicated to international auxiliary languages. In the early to mid-1990s a few conlang-related zines were published as email or websites, such as Vortpunoj^[25] and Model Languages. The Conlang mailing list has developed a community of conlangers with its own customs, such as translation challenges and translation relays,^[26] and its own terminology. Sarah Higley reports from results of her surveys that the demographics of the Conlang list are primarily men from North America and western Europe, with a smaller number from Oceania, Asia, the Middle East, and South America, with an age range from thirteen to over sixty; the number of women participating has increased over time.

More recently founded online communities include the Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB; since 2001) and the Conlanger Bulletin Board. Discussion on these forums includes presentation of members' conlangs and feedback from other members, discussion of natural languages, whether particular conlang features have natural language precedents, and how interesting features of natural languages can be repurposed for conlangs, posting of interesting short texts as translation challenges, and meta-discussion about the philosophy of conlanging, conlangers' purposes, and whether conlanging is an art or a hobby.^[5] Another 2001 survey by Patrick Jarrett showed an average age of 30.65, with the average time since starting to invent languages 11.83 years.^[27] A more recent thread on the ZBB showed that many conlangers spend a relatively small amount of time on any one conlang, moving from one project to another; about a third spend years on developing the same language.^[28]

See also

• List of constructed languages
• Interlinguistics
• Aboriginal constructed languages: Damin, Eskayan
• Idioglossia
• Cant (language)
• ISO, SIL, and BCP language codes for constructed languages
• Language construction
  • Artificial script
  • Langmaker
  • Language Construction Kit
  • Language game
  • Language regulator
  • List of language inventors
• Language modelling and translation
  • Knowledge representation
  • Language translation
  • Metalanguage
  • Universal grammar
• Mystical languages
  • Glossolalia
  • Language of the birds
• Spontaneous emergence of grammar
  • Artificial language
  • June and Jennifer Gibbons
  • Nicaraguan Sign Language
  • Origin of language
  • Pidgin
  • Poto and Cabengo
• Linguistic determinism
• Linguistic relativity
• Pasigraphy
• Universal language
• Basic English

Notes

1. Adrian Morgan (20 November 2006). "Conlanging and phonetics". The Outer Hoard. "The colours represent creative energy, and the layers of the tower imply that a conlang is built piece by piece, never completed. The tower itself also alludes to the Tower of Babel, as it has long been a tradition to demonstrate a constructed language by translating the Babel legend. The Conlang flag was decided on by a vote between many competing designs, and one of my own contributions to the conlanging world is that I was the person who facilitated this election. The winning design was drawn by Christian Thalmann, who introduced the layers. The idea of including the Tower of Babel on the flag had been introduced by Jan van Steenbergen, and the idea of placing the sun on the horizon behind it by Leland Paul. The idea of having the rising sun on the flag had been introduced by David Peterson, who saw it as representing the rise of conlanging from obscurity to popularity and notoriety."
2. Artificial languages are informally called conlangs (constructed languages), and the study of artificial languages and related matters is interlinguistics.
3. "Ishtar for Belgium to Belgrade". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
4. Klaus Schubert, Designed Languages for Communicative Needs within and between Language Communities, in: Planned languages and language planning (PDF), Austrian National Library, 2019
5. Sarah L. Higley: Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
6. "Hungarian Central Statistical Office". www.ksh.hu. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
7. "18. Demográfiai adatok – Központi Statisztikai Hivatal". www.nepszamlalas2001.hu. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Retrieved 2013-03-10.
8. "Kiom da esperantistoj en Ruslando? Ne malpli ol 992 - La Ondo de Esperanto". Dec 18, 2011.
9. François Rabelais, Œvres complètes, III, 19 (Paris: Seuil, 1973). Also cited in Claude Piron, Le Defi des Langues (L'Harmattan, 1994) ISBN 2-7384-2432-5.
10. Peterson, David (2015). The Art of Language Invention (1st ed.). Penguin Books. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0143126461.
11. The "Conlang Triangle" by Raymond Brown. Accessed 8 August 2008
12. Derian, James Der (Aug 1, 1999). "Hollywood at War: The Sequel" – via www.wired.com.
13. Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Journal of Language Contact, Varia 2, pp. 40-67 (2009).
14. Let my people know! Archived 2011-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Jerusalem Post, May 18, 2009.
15. Fundamenta Krestomatio, ed. L. L. Zamenhof, 1903; 18th edition with footnotes by Gaston Waringhien, UEA 1992.
16. Joshua Foer, "John Quijada and Ithkuil, the Language He Invented", The New Yorker, Dec. 24, 2012.
17. "My hypothesis was that if I constructed a language designed specifically to provide a more adequate mechanism for expressing women's perceptions, women would (a) embrace it and begin using it, or (b) embrace the idea but not the language, say "Elgin, you've got it all wrong!" and construct some other "women's language" to replace it." Glatzer, Jenna (2007). "Interview With Suzette Haden Elgin". Archived from the original on 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
18. "Logopandecteision". uchicago.edu.
19. Leopold Einstein, "Al la historio de la Provoj de Lingvoj Tutmondaj de Leibnitz ĝis la Nuna Tempo", 1884. Reprinted in Fundamenta Krestomatio, UEA 1992 [1903].
20. Bhana,Yusuf, Can you copyright a language? Translate Media, June 6, 2019
21. Gardner, Eriq, Crowdfunded 'Star Trek' Movie Draws Lawsuit from Paramount, CBS Hollywood Reporter, December 30, 2015
22. Owen, Becky,Can you copyright a fictional language? Copyright Licensing Agency, 26 September 2019
23. Robertson, Adi (13 August 2014). "Can you own a language?". The Verge. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
24. "How did you find out that there were other conlangers?" Conlang list posting by And Rosta, 14 October 2007
25. Archives of Vortpunoj at Steve Brewer's website
26. Audience, Uglossia, and Conlang: Inventing Languages on the Internet by Sarah L. Higley. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000). (Archived June 16, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, media-culture.org.au site sometimes has problems.)
27. "Update mailing list statistics—FINAL", Conlang list posting by Patrick Jarrett, 13 September 2001
28. "Average life of a conlang" Archived 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine thread on Zompist Bulletin Board, 15 August 2008; accessed 26 August 2008.
    "Average life of a conlang" thread on Conlang mailing list, 27 August 2008 (should be archived more persistently than the ZBB thread)

References

• Eco, Umberto (1995). The search for the perfect language. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-17465-6.
• Comrie, Bernard (1990). The World's Major Languages. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506511-5.
• Couturat, Louis (1907). Les nouvelles langues internationales. Paris: Hachette. With Léopold Leau. Republished 2001, Olms.
• Couturat, Louis (1910). Étude sur la dérivation dans la langue internationales. Paris: Delagrave. 100 p.
• Libert, Alan (2000). A priori artificial languages (Languages of the world). Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-667-9.
• Okrent, Arika (2009). In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build A Perfect Language. Spiegel & Grau. pp. 352. ISBN 978-0-385-52788-0.
• Peterson, David (2015). The Art of Language Invention (1st ed.). Penguin Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-0143126461.
• "Babel's modern architects", by Amber Dance. The Los Angeles Times, 24 August 2007 (Originally published as "In their own words -- literally")

External links

Library resources about Constructed language

Resources in your library Resources in other libraries

Look up conlang in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Constructed languageat Wikipedia's sister projects

• Definitions from Wiktionary
• Media from Wikimedia Commons
• News from Wikinews
• Textbooks from Wikibooks
• Data from Wikidata

• Language Creation Society, a nonprofit dedicated to all forms of language creation.
• Constructed language at Curlie
• Conlang Atlas of Language Structures, a typological database of conlangs, based on the World Atlas of Language Structures.
• Blueprints For Babel, focusing on international auxiliary languages.
• ConWorkShop, a conlanging tools website, with documentation for over 5000 constructed languages.
• Garrett's Links to Logical Languages
• Department of Planned Languages Esperanto Museum of the Austrian National Library.
• The Conlanger's Library
• Henrik Theiling's (Con)Language Resources
• Jörg Rhiemeier's Conlang Page
• Create a sentence most people understand, by using common words between languages.