La exploración marítima europea de Australia consistió en varias oleadas de marinos europeos que navegaron por los bordes del continente australiano. Los navegantes holandeses fueron los primeros europeos que se sabe que exploraron y cartografiaron la costa australiana. El primer encuentro documentado fue el del navegante holandés Willem Janszoon , en 1606. Los marinos holandeses también visitaron las costas oeste y norte del continente, al igual que los exploradores franceses.
La expedición más famosa fue la del teniente de la Marina Real (más tarde capitán) James Cook 164 años después del avistamiento de Janszoon. Después de una asignación para hacer observaciones del Tránsito de Venus de 1769 , Cook siguió las instrucciones del Almirantazgo para explorar el Pacífico sur en busca de Terra Australis y el 19 de abril de 1770 avistó la costa sureste de Australia y se convirtió en el primer europeo registrado en explorar la costa este. . Los exploradores por tierra y mar continuaron inspeccionando el continente durante algunos años después de la colonización.
Hipótesis y teorías proibéricas
Algunos escritores han propuesto la teoría de que los portugueses fueron los primeros europeos en avistar Australia en la década de 1520. [1] [2]
Varias reliquias y restos se han interpretado como evidencia de que los portugueses llegaron a Australia. La principal evidencia presentada para apoyar esta teoría es la representación del continente de Jave la Grande , que aparece en una serie de mapas del mundo franceses, los mapas de Dieppe , y que puede, en parte, estar basada en cartas portuguesas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los historiadores no aceptan esta teoría y la interpretación de los mapas de Dieppe es muy polémica. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] A principios del siglo XX, Lawrence Hargrave argumentó que España había establecido una colonia en Botany Bay en el siglo XVI. [8] En 1945, el operador de radar de la RAAF Morry Isenberg encontró cinco monedas del sultanato de Kilwa en la isla Marchinbar , en las islas Wessel . En 2018, otra moneda, que también se cree que es de Kilwa, fue encontrada en una playa en la isla Elcho , otra de las islas Wessel, por el arqueólogo y miembro de los Past Masters, Mike Hermes. Hermes especuló que las monedas pueden sugerir el comercio entre los australianos indígenas y Kilwa, o pueden haber llegado a través del contacto de Makassan con Australia . Mike Owen, otro miembro del grupo Past Masters, especuló que estas monedas pueden haber llegado en algún momento después de haber instalado a Muhammad Arcone en el trono de Kilwa como vasallo portugués, de 1505 a 1506, o que los portugueses habían visitado las islas Wessel. [9]
El navegante francés Binot Paulmier de Gonneville [10] afirmó haber aterrizado en una tierra que describió como "al este del Cabo de Buena Esperanza " en 1504, después de haber sido desviado de su curso. Durante algún tiempo se pensó que aterrizó en Australia, pero ahora se ha demostrado que el lugar donde aterrizó es Brasil (que está al noroeste del Cabo). [11]
siglo 17
Descubrimiento, exploración y mapeo holandés de Australia continental e islas circundantes
La exploración más importante de Australia en el siglo XVII fue la de los holandeses. La Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Orientales (en holandés : Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , "VOC", "United East India Company") se estableció en 1602 y comerciaba ampliamente con las islas que ahora forman parte de Indonesia y, por lo tanto, ya estaban muy cerca de Australia.
El primer avistamiento y aterrizaje europeo documentado e indiscutible de Australia fue a finales de febrero de 1606, por el navegante holandés Willem Janszoon a bordo del Duyfken . Janszoon trazó la costa australiana y se reunió con los aborígenes. [12] [13] [14] [15] Janszoon siguió la costa de Nueva Guinea , se perdió el Estrecho de Torres , y exploró y luego cartografió parte del lado occidental del Cabo York , en el Golfo de Carpentaria , creyendo que la tierra todavía era parte de Nueva Guinea. [13] [14] [16] [17] El 26 de febrero de 1606, Janszoon y su grupo tocaron tierra cerca de la moderna ciudad de Weipa y del río Pennefather , pero fueron rápidamente atacados por los indígenas. [18] Janszoon avanzó por la costa durante unos 350 km (220 millas). Se detuvo en algunos lugares, pero se encontró con nativos hostiles y algunos de sus hombres murieron. En el lugar final, inicialmente tuvo relaciones amistosas con los nativos, pero luego de que los obligó a cazarlo y se apropió de algunas de sus mujeres, estalló la violencia y hubo muchas muertes en ambos lados. Estos eventos se registraron en la historia oral aborigen que ha llegado hasta nuestros días. Aquí Janszoon decidió dar marcha atrás, el lugar más tarde se llamó Cabo Keerweer , holandés para "cambio de rumbo".
Ese mismo año, una vela expedición española en aguas cercanas y dirigido por Pedro Fernández de Quirós aterrizó en el Nuevas Hébridas y, creyendo tales como el mítico continente del sur , llamada la tierra "Austrialia del Espíritu Santo" ( Tierra del Sur del Espíritu Santo ), en honor a su reina Margarita de Austria , esposa de Felipe III de España . [19] [20] [21] Más tarde ese mismo año, el ayudante de De Quirós, Luís Vaez de Torres, navegó hacia el norte de Australia a través del Estrecho de Torres , trazando la costa sur de Nueva Guinea, [22] y posiblemente avistando el Cabo York en octubre de 1606. [ 11] [16] [23]
En 1611, Hendrik Brouwer , que trabajaba para VOC, descubrió que navegar desde Europa a Batavia era mucho más rápido si se utilizaban los Roaring Forties . Hasta ese momento, los holandeses habían seguido una ruta copiada de los marineros árabes y portugueses que seguían las costas de África, Mauricio y Ceilán. La ruta Brouwer implicó navegar hacia el sur desde el Cabo de Buena Esperanza (que se encuentra a 34 ° de latitud sur) hasta los Roaring Forties (a 40-50 ° de latitud sur), luego navegar hacia el este antes de girar al norte hacia Java usando la Corriente del Océano Índico Sur . La ruta Brouwer se convirtió en obligatoria para los barcos holandeses en 1617. Sin embargo, el problema con la ruta era que no había una manera fácil en ese momento de determinar la longitud, lo que hacía inevitable que los holandeses tocasen tierra en la costa oeste de Australia, así como que los barcos naufragaran. en los bajíos. La mayoría de estas recaladas no fueron planificadas. La primera vez que tocó tierra fue en 1616, cuando Dirk Hartog , empleado por VOC, llegó a tierra en Shark Bay (en lo que ahora se llama Dirk Hartog Island ) frente a la costa de Australia Occidental . Al no encontrar nada de interés, Hartog continuó navegando hacia el norte a lo largo de esta costa de Australia Occidental previamente desconocida para los europeos, haciendo cartas náuticas hasta aproximadamente 22 ° de latitud sur. Luego dejó la costa y continuó hacia Batavia. [24] Llamó a Australia T Landt van d'Eendracht (abreviado a Eendrachtsland ), después de su barco, un nombre que estaría en uso hasta que Abel Tasman nombró la tierra New Holland en 1644.
En 1619, Frederik de Houtman , en el barco VOC Dordrecht , y Jacob d'Edel, en otro barco VOC Amsterdam , avistaron tierra en la costa australiana cerca de la actual Perth, a la que llamaron d'Edelsland . Después de navegar hacia el norte a lo largo de la costa, tocaron tierra en Eendrachtsland , que anteriormente había sido encontrada y nombrada por Hartog, antes de girar hacia Batavia.
Hessel Gerritsz fue designado el 16 de octubre de 1617 como el primer cartógrafo exclusivo de VOC, cuyo trabajo incluía la creación y mantenimiento de mapas de las costas de la zona. Gerritsz produjo un mapa en 1622 que mostraba la primera parte de Australia que se trazó, el de Janszoon en 1606. [25] Se consideraba parte de Nueva Guinea y se llamaba Nueva Guinea en el mapa, pero Gerritsz también agregó una inscripción que decía :
- "Quienes navegaron con el yate de Pedro Fernandes de Queirós en el barrio de Nueva Guinea a 10 grados hacia el oeste a través de muchas islas y bajíos y más de 2, 3 y 4 brazas durante hasta 40 días, presumieron que Nueva Guinea no se extendía más allá 10 grados al sur. De ser así, entonces la tierra de 9 a 14 grados sería una tierra separada, diferente de la otra Nueva Guinea ". [26]
Todas las cartas y registros de los comerciantes de COV que regresaban y los navegantes exploradores tuvieron que ser enviados a Gerritsz y proporcionaron nueva información para varios mapas innovadores que vinieron de sus manos. Las cartas de Gerritsz acompañarían a todos los capitanes de VOC en sus viajes. En 1627, Gerritsz elaboró un mapa, el Caert van't Landt van d'Eendracht , enteramente dedicado a los descubrimientos de la costa de Australia Occidental, que recibió el nombre de "Eendrachtsland", aunque el nombre se había utilizado desde 1619.
El 1 de mayo de 1622, el inglés John Brooke en el Tryall , un buque propiedad de la Compañía Británica de las Indias Orientales de aproximadamente 500 toneladas, en el camino a Batavia hizo el segundo viaje inglés para utilizar la ruta sur de Brouwer. Navegó demasiado hacia el este y avistó la costa de Australia Occidental en Point Cloates (unos 22 ° de latitud sur), aunque la confundió con una isla avistada en 1618 por Janszoon (y en 1816 llamada Barrow Island por Phillip Parker King ). No aterrizaron allí, y unas semanas más tarde naufragaron en un arrecife inexplorado al noroeste de las islas Montebello (a unos 20 ° de latitud sur, ahora conocidas como Tryal Rocks ). El naufragio causó la muerte de 93 hombres, pero Brooke, su hijo John y nueve hombres se subieron a un esquife y el factor del barco Thomas Bright y otros 35 lograron salvar una lancha . Brooke navegó por separado a Java. Bright y su tripulación pasaron siete días en tierra en las islas Montebello, antes de navegar en la lancha hasta Bantam en Java. Este fue el primer naufragio registrado en aguas australianas y la primera estadía prolongada en Australia por parte de europeos. [27] [28]
En 1623, VOC encargó a Jan Carstensz que dirigiera una expedición a la costa sur de Nueva Guinea y más allá, para seguir los informes de más tierras avistadas por Janszoon en sus viajes de 1606 al sur. Partiendo de Amboyna en las Indias Orientales Holandesas con dos barcos, el Pera y Arnhem (capitaneado por Willem Joosten Van Colster), viajó a lo largo de la costa sur de Nueva Guinea, luego se dirigió al sur hacia la península del Cabo York y el Golfo de Carpentaria . El 14 de abril de 1623 pasó por el cabo Keerweer. [29] Aterrizando en busca de agua fresca para sus provisiones, Carstensz se encontró con un grupo de habitantes australianos indígenas locales , a quienes describió como "gente pobre y de aspecto miserable" que "no tenían conocimiento de metales preciosos o especias ". El 8 de mayo de 1623, Carstensz y su tripulación lucharon en una escaramuza con 200 aborígenes en la desembocadura de un pequeño río cerca del cabo Duyfken (llamado así por el barco de Janszoon que había visitado anteriormente la región) y desembarcaron en el río Pennefather . Carstensz nombró al pequeño río Río Carpentier y Golfo de Carpentaria en honor a Pieter de Carpentier , gobernador general de las Indias Orientales Holandesas . Carstensz llegó al río Staaten antes de dirigirse hacia el norte nuevamente. El Pera y Carstensz regresaron a Amboyna mientras el Arnhem cruzaba el Golfo de Carpentaria, avistando la costa este de Arnhem Land .
En 1627, François Thijssen terminó demasiado al sur y el 26 de enero de 1627 llegó a la costa de Australia, cerca del cabo Leeuwin , el extremo más suroeste del continente. Pieter Nuyts, el funcionario de VOC a bordo de su barco, le dio permiso a Thijssen para continuar navegando hacia el este, cartografiando más de 1.500 kilómetros (930 millas) de la costa sur de Australia desde Albany, Australia Occidental hasta Ceduna, Australia Meridional . Llamó a la tierra ' t Land van Pieter Nuyts ( La tierra de Pieter Nuyts ). Parte del mapa de Thijssen muestra las islas de San Francisco y San Pedro, ahora conocidas colectivamente con sus respectivos grupos como el Archipiélago de Nuyts . Las observaciones de Thijssen fueron incluidas ya en 1628 por Gerritsz en un gráfico de las Indias y Eendrachtsland.
Un capitán holandés de este período que no era realmente un explorador pero que sin embargo vale la pena mencionar fue Francisco Pelsaert , capitán del Batavia , que naufragó frente a las costas de Australia Occidental en 1629. [30]
En agosto de 1642, VOC envió a Abel Tasman y Franchoijs Visscher en un viaje en el que uno de los objetivos era obtener conocimiento de "todas las provincias totalmente desconocidas del reino de Beach ". Esta expedición utilizó dos barcos pequeños, el Heemskerck y el Zeehaen . A partir de Mauricio, ambos barcos partieron el 8 de octubre utilizando el Roaring Forties para navegar hacia el este lo más rápido posible. El 7 de noviembre, debido a la nieve y el granizo, el rumbo de los barcos se modificó hacia una dirección más noreste. El 24 de noviembre de 1642, Abel Tasman avistó la costa oeste de Tasmania , al norte del puerto de Macquarie . [31] Llamó a su descubrimiento la Tierra de Van Diemen en honor a Antonio van Diemen , gobernador general de las Indias Orientales Holandesas. Continuando hacia el sur, bordeó el extremo sur de Tasmania y giró hacia el noreste, Tasman luego trató de trabajar con sus dos barcos en Adventure Bay en la costa este de South Bruny Island, donde fue arrastrado al mar por una tormenta, esta área la llamó Tormenta. Bay . Dos días después, Tasman ancló al norte del cabo Frederick Hendrick, justo al norte de la península de Forestier . Tasman luego aterrizó en Blackman Bay, en la bahía más grande de Marion . Al día siguiente, se intentó aterrizar en North Bay; sin embargo, debido a que el mar estaba demasiado agitado, el carpintero nadó entre las olas y plantó la bandera holandesa en North Bay. Tasman luego reclamó la posesión formal de la tierra el 3 de diciembre de 1642.
En 1644 Tasman hizo un segundo viaje con tres barcos ( Limmen , Zeemeeuw y el tierno Braek ). Siguió la costa sur de Nueva Guinea hacia el este, perdió el estrecho de Torres entre Nueva Guinea y Australia, y continuó su viaje hacia el oeste a lo largo de la costa norte de Australia. Mapeó la costa norte de Australia haciendo observaciones sobre la tierra, a la que llamó New Holland , y su gente. Desde el punto de vista de la Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Orientales, las exploraciones de Tasman fueron una decepción: no había encontrado ni un área prometedora para el comercio ni una nueva ruta de navegación útil. [32]
A fines del Renacimiento (1450 a 1650), [33] todos los continentes habían sido visitados y en su mayoría cartografiados por europeos, excepto el continente polar sur ahora conocido como Antártida , pero originalmente llamado Terra Australis , o 'Australia' para abreviar. [34] Este logro geográfico se mostró en el gran mapa del mundo Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula realizado por el cartógrafo holandés Joan Blaeu en 1648 para conmemorar la Paz de Westfalia .
Un mapa del mundo incrustado en el piso del Burgerzaal (" Burger 's Hall") del nuevo Amsterdam Stadhuis ("Town Hall") en 1655 reveló la extensión de las cartas holandesas de gran parte de la costa de Australia. [35] Basado en el mapa de 1648 de Joan Blaeu , Nova et Accuratissima Terrarum Orbis Tabula , incorporó los descubrimientos de Tasman, posteriormente reproducidos en el mapa Archipelagus Orientalis sive Asiaticus publicado en el Atlas Kurfürsten (Atlas del Gran Elector). [36]
Los mapas de este período y principios del siglo XVIII a menudo tienen Terra Australis o t'Zuid Landt ("la Tierra del Sur") marcada como " Nueva Holanda ", el nombre que Abel Tasman le dio al continente en 1644. [37] [38] El mapa de 1659 de Joan Blaeu muestra el contorno claramente reconocible de Australia basado en las numerosas exploraciones holandesas de la primera mitad del siglo XVII.
En 1664, el geógrafo francés Melchisédech Thévenot publicó en Relations de Divers Voyages Curieux un mapa de Nueva Holanda. [39] Thévenot dividió el continente en dos, entre Nova Hollandia al oeste y Terre Australe al este. [40] Dividió el continente en una línea a 135 ° de longitud este, [41] que parece haber sido por iniciativa suya, ya que no existe tal división en el mapa de Blaeu o en el mapa del Ayuntamiento de Amsterdam, [42] o en cualquier otro mapa holandés de este período en el que Terra Australis o t'Zuid Landt ("la Tierra del Sur") aparezca con el nombre, Hollandia Nova como un nombre alternativo para todo el país. [43] El meridiano de 135 ° era el meridiano que representaba el límite occidental de la reivindicación imperial de España en el Pacífico Sur derivada del Tratado de Tordesillas de 1494 y el acto de posesión de la Tierra Sur realizado por Pedro Fernández de Quirós en 1606. Este El límite del reclamo de España se muestra en el mapa de 1761 del Imperio español por Vicente de Memije, Aspecto Simbólico del Mundo Hispánico , [44] y jugó un papel en el reclamo y posesión británica del territorio a fines del siglo XVIII.
Cuándo | OMS | Buques) | Dónde |
---|---|---|---|
1606 | Willem Janszoon | Duyfken | Golfo de Carpentaria , Península del Cabo York (Queensland) |
1616 | Dirk Hartog | Eendracht | Área de Shark Bay , Australia Occidental |
1619 | Frederick de Houtman [45] y Jacob d'Edel | Dordrecht y Amsterdam | Tierra avistada cerca de Perth , Australia Occidental |
1623 | Jan Carstensz [46] | Pera y Arnhem | Golfo de Carpentaria , río Carpentier |
1627 | François Thijssen [47] | het Gulden Zeepaerdt | 1800 km de la costa sur (desde Cabo Leeuwin hasta Ceduna ) |
1642-1643 | Abel Tasman | Heemskerck y Zeehaen | La tierra de Van Diemen , más tarde llamada Tasmania |
1696–1697 | Willem de Vlamingh [48] | Geelvink , Nyptangh y Wezeltje | Isla Rottnest , Río Swan , Isla Dirk Hartog (Australia Occidental) |
En 1696, Willem de Vlamingh comandó la misión de rescate a la costa oeste de Australia para buscar supervivientes del Ridderschap van Holland que había desaparecido dos años antes. La misión resultó infructuosa, pero en el camino Vlamingh trazó partes de la costa occidental del continente y, como resultado, mejoró la navegación en la ruta del Océano Índico desde el Cabo de Buena Esperanza hasta las Indias Orientales Holandesas.
Otros
El inglés William Dampier vino a buscar el Tryall en 1688, 66 años después de que naufragara. Dampier fue el primer inglés en poner un pie en el continente australiano el 5 de enero de 1688, cuando su barco Cygnet fue abandonado en King Sound . Mientras el barco se desplazaba, tomó notas sobre la fauna y la flora y los pueblos indígenas que encontró allí. Hizo otro viaje a la región en 1699, antes de regresar a Inglaterra. Describió parte de la flora y la fauna de Australia, y fue el primer europeo en informar sobre los peculiares animales grandes saltadores de Australia . Dampier contribuyó al conocimiento de la costa de Australia a través de su publicación en dos volúmenes A Voyage to New Holland (1703, 1709). Su libro de aventuras, Un nuevo viaje alrededor del mundo , causó sensación cuando se publicó en inglés en 1697. [49] Aunque estuvo brevemente abandonado en la costa noroeste de Australia en el viaje descrito en este libro, sólo parece que su segundo viaje ser de importancia para la exploración australiana.
siglo 18
In 1756, French King Louis XV sent Louis Antoine de Bougainville to look for the Southern lands. After a stay in South America and the Falklands, Bougainville reached Tahiti in April 1768, where his boat was surrounded by hundreds of canoes filled with beautiful women. "I ask you", he wrote, "given such a spectacle, how could one keep at work 400 Frenchmen?" He claimed Tahiti for the French and sailed westward, past southern Samoa and the New Hebrides, then on sighting Espiritu Santo turned west still looking for the Southern Continent. On June 4 he almost ran into heavy breakers and had to change course to the north and east. He had almost found the Great Barrier Reef. He sailed through what is now known as the Solomon Islands that, due to the hostility of the people there, he avoided, until his passage was blocked by a mighty reef. With his men weak from scurvy and disease and no way through he sailed for Batavia in the Dutch East Indies where he received news of Wallis and Carteret who had preceded Bougainville. When he returned to France in 1769, he was the first Frenchman to circumnavigate the globe and the first European known to have seen the Great Barrier Reef. Though he did not reach the mainland of Australia, he did eliminate a considerable area where the Southern land was not.
In 1768, British Lieutenant James Cook was sent from England on an expedition to the Pacific Ocean to observe the transit of Venus from Tahiti, sailing westwards in HMS Endeavour via Cape Horn and arriving there in 1769. On the return voyage he continued his explorations of the South Pacific, in search of the postulated continent of Terra Australis. He first reached New Zealand, and then sailed further westwards to sight the south-eastern corner of the Australian continent on 20 April 1770. In doing so, he was to be the first documented European expedition to reach the eastern coastline. He continued sailing northwards along the east coast, charting and naming many features along the way. He identified Botany Bay as a good harbour and one potentially suitable for a settlement, and where he made his first landfall on 29 April. Continuing up the coastline, the Endeavour was to later run aground on shoals of the Great Barrier Reef (near the present-day site of Cooktown), where she had to be laid up for repairs. The voyage then recommenced, eventually reaching the Torres Strait. At Possession Island Cook formally claimed possession of the entire east coast he had just explored for Britain.[50]
The expedition returned to England via the Indian Ocean and Cape of Good Hope.[51]
In 1772, two French expeditions set out to find Terra Australis. The first, led by Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne, found and named the Crozet Islands. He spent a few days in Tasmania where he made contact with the island's indigenous people (the first European to have done so), and in Blackmans Bay claimed Van Diemen's Land for France.[citation needed] He then sailed on to New Zealand where he and some crewmen were killed by Māori warriors. The survivors retreated to Mauritius.[52] Also in 1772, the two ships of the second French expedition were separated by a storm. The leader turned back but the second in command, Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn, sighted Cape Leeuwin and followed the Western Australian coast north to Shark Bay. He landed on Dirk Hartog Island and claimed Western Australia in the name of French king Louis XV.[53]
Tobias Furneaux on Adventure accompanied James Cook (in Resolution) on Cook's second voyage (1772–1775), which was commissioned by the British government with advice from the Royal Society,[54] to circumnavigate the globe as far south as possible to finally determine whether there was any great southern landmass, or Terra Australis. On this expedition Furneaux was twice separated from his leader. On the first occasion, in 1773, Furneaux explored a great part of the south and east coasts of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), and made the earliest British chart of the same. Most of his names here have survived. On Cook's third voyage (1776–80), in 1777 Cook confirmed Furneaux's account and delineation of it, with certain minor criticisms and emendations, and named after him the Furneaux Group at the eastern entrance to Bass Strait, and the group now known as the Low Archipelago.[55]
Cook's first expedition carried botanist Joseph Banks, for whom a great many Australian geographical features and the plant genus Banksia and a number of plant species, e.g. Grevillea banksii, were named. The reports of Cook and Banks in conjunction with the loss of England's penal colonies in America after they gained independence and growing concern over French activity in the Pacific, encouraged the foundation by the British of a colony at Botany Bay.[56] The First Fleet led by Captain Arthur Phillip left England on 13 May 1787 to found a penal colony in Australia. It reached Botany Bay in mid-January 1788. Phillip had decided to move the settlement to Sydney Cove in Port Jackson, but the British ships were unable to leave Botany Bay until 26 January because of a tremendous gale.
Just as he was attempting to move the colony, on 24 January 1788 Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse arrived off Botany Bay.[57][58][59] The French expedition consisted of two ships led by La Pérouse, the Astrolabe and the Boussole, which were on the latest leg of a three-year voyage that had taken them from Brest, around Cape Horn, up the coast from Chile to California, north-west to Kamchatka, south-east to Easter Island, north-west to Macao, and on to the Philippines, the Friendly Isles, Hawaii and Norfolk Island.[60] The gale also prevented La Pérouse's ships from entering Botany Bay. Though amicably received, the French expedition was a troublesome matter for the British, as it showed the interest of France in the new land. To preempt a French claim to Norfolk Island, Phillip ordered Lieutenant Philip Gidley King to lead a party of 15 convicts and seven free men to take control of Norfolk Island. They arrived on 6 March 1788, while La Pérouse was still in Sydney.
The British received him courteously, and each captain, through their officers, offered the other any assistance and needed supplies.[58] La Pérouse was 6 weeks in Port Jackson, where the French established an observatory,[61] held Catholic masses,[62] performed geological observations,[63] and planted the first garden.[64] Before leaving Sydney on 10 March, La Pérouse took the opportunity to send his journals, some charts and also some letters back to Europe with a British naval ship from the First Fleet—the Alexander.[65] Neither La Pérouse, nor any of his men, were seen again. Fortunately the documents that he dispatched with the Alexander from the in-progress expedition were returned to Paris, where they were published.[66]
In September 1791, the French Assembly decided to send an expedition in search of La Pérouse, and Bruni d'Entrecasteaux was selected to command the expedition. In 1792, d'Entrecasteaux landed and named Esperance in Western Australia and made many more discoveries and named many other places. The expedition suffered many difficulties, with d'Entrecasteaux dying on 21 July 1793 of scurvy. On 18 February 1794 the expedition vessels were surrendered to the Dutch authorities in the East Indies so that the new French Republican Government could not profit by them. Élisabeth Rossel, the most senior surviving officer, sailed from Java in January 1795 on board a Dutch ship taking with him the expedition's papers. The ship left Rossel at Table Bay but took the papers, but was captured by the British. After the Peace of Amiens in 1802, all the expedition papers were returned to Rossel, who was thus able to publish a narrative of the whole enterprise. In 1808 Rossel published the detailed Voyage de d'Entrecasteaux, envoyé à la recherche de Lapérouse produced by Charles-François Beautemps-Beaupré.[67] The atlas contains 39 charts, of which those of Van Diemen's Land were the most detailed, and which remained the source of the English charts for many years. His expedition also resulted in the publication of the first general flora of New Holland.[68]
When | Captain | Ship(s) | Where |
---|---|---|---|
1770 | James Cook | HMS Endeavour | East coast of Australia |
1773 | Tobias Furneaux [69] | HMS Adventure | South and east coasts of Tasmania |
1776 | James Cook | HMS Resolution | Southern Tasmania |
1788 | Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse | Astrolabe and Boussole | Botany Bay, New South Wales (encountered "First Fleet") |
Exploración posterior desde el mar
In 1796 (after settlement), British Matthew Flinders with George Bass took a small open boat, the Tom Thumb 1, and explored some of the coastline south of Sydney. He suspected from this voyage that Tasmania was an island, and in 1798 Bass and he led an expedition to circumnavigate it and hence prove his theory. The sea between mainland Australia and Tasmania was named Bass Strait. One of the two major islands in Bass Strait was later named Flinders Island by Philip Parker King. Flinders returned to England in 1801.
Meantime, in October 1800, Frenchman Nicolas Baudin was selected to lead what has become known as the Baudin expedition to map the coast of Australia/New Holland.[11] He had two ships, Géographe and Naturaliste captained by Jacques Hamelin, and was accompanied by nine zoologists and botanists, including Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour. He reached Australia in May 1801, being the first to explore and map a part of the southern coast of the continent. The scientific expedition was a great success, with more than 2500 new species described. The French also met Indigenous people and treated them with high respect.[citation needed] Many Western Australian places still have French names today from Baudin's expedition (Peron Peninsula, Depuch Island, Cape Levillain, Boullanger Island and Faure Island); the Australian plant genus Guichenotia honours the name of Antoine Guichenot. In April 1802, the Le Naturaliste under Hamelin explored the area of Western Port, Victoria, and gave names to places, a number of which have survived. Ile des Français is now called French Island.
Flinders' work came to the attention of many of the scientists of the day, in particular the influential Sir Joseph Banks, to whom Flinders dedicated his Observations on the Coasts of Van Diemen's Land, on Bass's Strait, etc.. Banks used his influence with Earl Spencer to convince the Admiralty of the importance of an expedition to chart the coastline of New Holland. As a result, in January 1801, Flinders was given command of HMS Investigator, a 334-ton sloop, and promoted to commander the following month.
Investigator set sail for New Holland on 18 July 1801. Attached to the expedition was the botanist Robert Brown, botanical artist Ferdinand Bauer, and landscape artist William Westall. Due to the scientific nature of the expedition, Flinders was issued with a French passport, despite England and France then being at war. Flinders first sailed along the south coast to Sydney, then completed the circumnavigation of Australia back to Sydney.[70]
While each was charting Australia's coastline, Baudin and Flinders met by chance in April 1802 in Encounter Bay in what is now South Australia. Baudin stopped at the settlement of Sydney for supplies. In Sydney he bought a new ship, the Casuarina, a smaller vessel which could conduct close inshore survey work, under the command of Louis de Freycinet. He sent home the larger Naturaliste with all the specimens that had been collected by Baudin and his crew. He then headed for Tasmania and conducted further charting of Bass Strait before sailing west, following the west coast northward, and after another visit to Timor, undertook further exploration along the north coast of Australia. Plagued by contrary winds and ill health,[71] it was decided on 7 July 1803 to return to France. The expedition stopped at Mauritius, where he died of tuberculosis on 16 September 1803. The expedition finally came back to France on 24 March 1804. According to researchers from the University of Adelaide, during this expedition Baudin prepared a report for Napoleon on ways to invade and capture the British colony at Sydney Cove.[72]
The British suspected that the reason for Baudin's expedition was to try to establish a French colony on the coast of New Holland. In response, the Lady Nelson and the whaler Albion, both under direction of Lieutenant John Bowen, sailed from Port Jackson on 31 August 1803 to establish a settlement in Van Diemen's Land, and on 10 October 1803 a convoy of two ships HMS Calcutta and Ocean led by Captain David Collins carrying 402 people entered Port Phillip and formed a settlement near Sorrento.[73] The first British to enter the bay were the crews of HMS Lady Nelson, commanded by John Murray and, ten weeks later, Investigator, commanded by Flinders, in 1802.
Investigator was declared unseaworthy, so in 1803 Flinders was compelled to return to England as a passenger on Porpoise (1799), together with his charts and logbooks. The vessel stopped in Mauritius, thinking that he would be safe because of the scientific nature of his voyages, though England and France were at war at the time. However, the governor of Mauritius kept Flinders in prison for six and a half years. As a consequence, the first published map of the full outline of Australia was the Freycinet Map of 1811, a product of Baudin's expedition. It preceded the publication of Flinders' map of Australia, Terra Australis or Australia, by three years. Flinders also published in 1814 his account of the voyage in A Voyage to Terra Australis, which was published just before his death at the age of 40.
When | Who | Ship(s) | Where |
---|---|---|---|
1796 | Matthew Flinders | Tom Thumb | Coastline around Sydney |
1798 | Matthew Flinders and George Bass[74] | Norfolk | Circumnavigated Tasmania |
1801–1802 | Nicolas Baudin, accompanied by Thomas Vasse and numerous naturalists (see below)[75] | Le Géographe and Le Naturaliste | The first to explore Western coast; met Flinders at Encounter Bay |
1801 | John Murray[76] | Lady Nelson | Bass Strait; discovery of Port Phillip |
1802 | Matthew Flinders | Investigator | Circumnavigation of Australia |
1817 | King expedition of 1817 – Phillip Parker King[77] accompanied by Frederick Bedwell | Mermaid | Circumnavigation of Australia; charting of the north-western coasts |
Ver también
- Aboriginal Australians
- Age of Discovery
- Dieppe maps
- European land exploration of Australia
- Indigenous Australians
- Jave la Grande
- History of cartography
- History of geography
- History of Australia
- Land exploration of Australia
- Terra Australis
- Terra incognita
Referencias
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- ^ Trickett, P. (2007), Beyond Capricorn: How Portuguese adventurers discovered and mapped Australia and New Zealand 250 years before Captain Cook. (East St. Publications. Adelaide. ISBN 978-0-9751145-9-9)
- ^ Richardson, William Arthur Ridley (1989). The Portuguese Discovery of Australia, Fact or Fiction?. Canberra: National Library of Australia. p. 6. ISBN 0642104816. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ^ "A voyage of rediscovery about a voyage of rediscovery". The Guardian. London. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
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- ^ Robert J. King, "Regio Patalis: Australia on the map in 1531?", The Portolan, Issue 82, Winter 2011, pp. 8–17.
- ^ Gayle K. Brunelle, "Dieppe School", in David Buisseret (ed.), The Oxford Companion to World Exploration, New York, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp.237–238.
- ^ Inglis, Amirah (1983). "Lawrence Hargrave". Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB). Australian National University (ANU).
- ^ Stevenson, Kylie (11 May 2019). "'It could change everything': coin found off northern Australia may be from pre-1400 Africa". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ Paulmier de Gonneville, http://www.bresilbresils.org/decouverte_bresil/index.php?page=relation/palmier Archived 21 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, http://www.passocean.com/HistoiresdeHonfleur/gonneville/gonneville.html, http://www.lazareff.com/Le-disque-est-en-crise.html Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, etc. (all in French)
- ^ a b c Eric Newby: The Rand Mc.Nally World Atlas of Exploration, 1975. London: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 0-528-83015-5.
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- ^ a b George Collingridge (1895) The Discovery of Australia. p. 240. Golden Press Facsimile Edition 1983. ISBN 0-85558-956-6
- ^ a b Ernest Scott (1928) A Short History of Australia. p. 17. Oxford University Press
- ^ Heeres, J. E. (1899). The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606–1765, London: Royal Dutch Geographical Society, section III.B
- ^ a b Raymond John Howgego: Encyclopedia of Exploration to 1800, 2003. Potts Point NSW: Hordern House. ISBN 1-875567-36-4.
- ^ Heeres, J. E. (1899). The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606–1765, London: Royal Dutch Geographical Society, section III. B
- ^ Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John; Macintyre, Stuart (1999). The Oxford Companion to Australian History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553597-9.
- ^ King, Robert J. (2013). "Austrialia del Ispiritu Santo". Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita To Australia. Canberra: National Library of Australia. p. 106. ISBN 9780642278098. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ "Early Knowledge of Australia". Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia 1901–1909, No. 3. Melbourne: Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. 1910. p. 13. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ ""Australia Felix."". The Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 26 January 1925. p. 8. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ "ADBonline.anu.edu.au". ADBonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
- ^ Brett Hilder (1980) The Voyage of Torres. pp. 87–101. University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland. ISBN 0-7022-1275-X
- ^ Phillip E. Playford (2005) "Hartog, Dirk (1580–1621)"[1] Australian Dictionary of Biography; Robert J. King, “Dirk Hartog lands on Beach, the Gold-bearing Province”, The Globe, No. 77, 2015, pp.12-52.
- ^ Martin Woods, "For the Dutch Republic, the Great Pacific", National Library of Australia, Mapping our World: Terra Incognita to Australia, Canberra, National Library of Australia, 2013, pp. 111–13.
- ^ J.Keuning, "Hessel Gerritz", Imago Mundi, VI, 1950, pp. 49–67, p. 58; F. C. Wieder and Abel Janszoon Tasman, Tasman's kaart van zijn Australische ontdekkingen 1644 "de Bonaparte-kaart", gereproduceerd op de ware grootte in goud en kleuren naar het origineel in de Mitchell Library, Sydney (N.S.W.); met toestemming van de autoriteiten door F.C. Wieder, 'S-Gravenhage [The Hague], Martinus Nijhoff, 1942, p. 12; W.A. Engelbrecht en P. J. van Herwerden, De Ontdekkingsreis van Jacob le Maire en Willem Cornelisz. Schouten in de jaren 1615–1617, 's-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff, 1945, p. 152.
- ^ Lee, Ida (April 1934). "The First Sighting of Australia by the English". The Geographical Journal. Royal Geographical Society. 83 (4): 317–321. doi:10.2307/1786489. JSTOR 1786489. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ Sainsbury, W. Noel, ed. (1884). Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Persia, 1625-1629. London: Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts. p. 13.
- ^ Feeken, Erwin H. J.; Gerda E.E. Feeken (1970). The Discovery and Exploration of Australia. Melbourne: Nelson. p. 37. ISBN 0-17-001812-1. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- ^ J.P.Sigmond and L.H.Zuiderbaan (1976) pp. 54–69.
- ^ Gilsemans, Isaac. "Original chart of the discovery of Tasmania, 24 Nov. to 5 Dec. 1642". National Library of Australla. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ "Abel Tasman's great voyage". Tai Awatea-Knowledge Net. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ Woodward, David (2007). The History of Cartography, Volume Three: Cartography in the European Renaissance. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226907338.
- ^ Cameron-Ash, M. (2018). Lying for the Admiralty: Captain Cook's Endeavour Voyage. Sydney: Rosenberg. p. 19-20. ISBN 9780648043966.
- ^ A floor plan of the Groote Burger-Zaal (Great Salon of Burgesses) in the Amsterdam Town Hall, including the engraved map of the world, was published in Jacob van Campen, Jacob Vennekool and Danckert Danckerts, Afbeelding van't Stadt Huys van Amsterdam in dartigh coopere Plaaten [Depiction of Amsterdam town hall on thirty copper plates], Amsterdam, 1661; Jacob van Campen, Jacob Vennekool and Danckert Danckerts, De gront en vloer vande Groote Burger-Zaal (View of the floor of the Civic Hall) geordineert door Jacob van Campen en geteeckent door Jacob Vennekool met Speciael Octroy van de Heeren Staten voor 15 Jaren, 1661, reproduced in Margaret Cameron Ash, "French Mischief: A Foxy Map of New Holland", The Globe, No. 68, 2011, pp. 1–14.
- ^ National Library of Australia, Maura O'Connor, Terry Birtles, Martin Woods and John Clark, Australia in Maps: Great Maps in Australia's History from the National Library's Collection, Canberra, National Library of Australia, 2007, p. 32; this map is reproduced in Gunter Schilder, Australia Unveiled, Amsterdam, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976, p. 402; and in William Eisler and Bernard Smith, Terra Australis: The Furthest Shore, Sydney, International Cultural Corporation of Australis, 1988, pp. 67–84. Image at: home
- ^ J. P. Sigmond and L. H. Zuiderbaan (1976) Dutch Discoveries of Australia. Rigby Australia. ISBN 0-7270-0800-5
- ^ Thomas Suarez (2004) Early Mapping of the Pacific. Chapter 5. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. ISBN 0-7946-0092-1
- ^ Melchisedech Thévenot, Relations de divers Voyages curieux qui n 'ont point esté publiées, Paris, Thomas Moette, IV, 1664.
- ^ Sir Joseph Banks, 'Draft of proposed Introduction to Captn Flinders Voyages', November 1811; State Library of New South Wales, The Papers of Sir Joseph Banks, Series 70.16; quoted in Robert J. King, "Terra Australis, New Holland and New South Wales: the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia", The Globe',' No. 47, 1998, pp. 35–55
- ^ Sir Joseph Banks, 'Draft of proposed Introduction to Captn Flinders Voyages', November 1811; State Library of New South Wales, The Papers of Sir Joseph Banks, Series 70.16; quoted in Robert J. King, "Terra Australis, New Holland and New South Wales: the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia", The Globe',' no.47, 1998, pp.35-55, p.35.
- ^ Margaret Cameron Ash, "French Mischief: A Foxy Map of New Holland", The Globe, no.68, 2011, pp.1-14.
- ^ See, for example, the 1650 globe of Arnold Florent van Langren, in Gunter Schilder, Australia Unveiled, Amsterdam, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976, pp.382-383.
- ^ British Library K. Top. cxviii, 19 and Servicio Geográfico del Ejercito, Madrid; O.H.K. Spate, Monopolists and Freebooters, Canberra, Australian National University Press, 1983, pp.279-280.
- ^ J. van Lohuizen (1966) "Houtman, Frederik de (1571?–1627)" [2] Australian Dictionary of Biography
- ^ J.P.Sigmond and L.H.Zuiderbaan (1976), pp. 43–50
- ^ J.P.Sigmond and L.H.Zuiderbaan (1976), p. 52
- ^ J. van Lohuizen (1967) "Vlamingh, Willem de (fl. 1697)" [3] Australian Dictionary of Biography
- ^ William Dampier (1697) A New Voyage around the World. Reprinted 1937 with an introduction by Sir Albert Gray, President Hakluyt Society. Adam and Charles Black, London. Project Gutenberg [4]
- ^ Cook, James, Journal of the HMS Endeavour, 1768-1771, National Library of Australia, Manuscripts Collection, MS 1, 22 August 1770
- ^ For a full record of the log and journals of the entire voyage, see Ray Parkin, (1997) H.M. Bark Endeavour. Reprinted 2003. The Miegunyah Press, Carlton, Australia. ISBN 0-522-85093-6
- ^ Duyker, Edward (2005). "Marion Dufresne, Marc-Joseph (1724–1772)". In Cuneen, Christopher (ed.). Australian dictionary of biography. Supplement 1580-1980. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-85214-9. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ Godard, Philippe; Kerros, Tugdual de; Margot, Odette; Stanbury, Myra; Baxter, Sue; Western Australian Museum; Godard, Phillippe; De Kerros, Tugdual; Margot, Odette; Stanbury, Myra; Baxter, Sue (2008), 1772 : the French annexation of New Holland : the tale of Louis de Saint Aloürn, Western Australian Museum, ISBN 978-1-920843-98-4
- ^ Williams 2004, p. 51
- ^ Sprod, Dan (2005). "Furneaux, Tobias (1735–1781)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 5 May 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ C.M.H. Clark (1963) A Short History of Australia. pp. 20–21. Signet Classics, A Mentor Book.
- ^ See extract from La Perouse's journal published in 1799 as; "A Voyage Around the world", pp. 179–180 in Frank Crowley (1980), Colonial Australia. A Documentary History of Australia 1, 1788–1840. 3–4, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne. ISBN 0-17-005406-3
- ^ a b David Hill, 1788: The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet
- ^ King, Robert J (December 1999). "What brought Lapérouse to Botany Bay?". 85, pt.2. Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society: 140–147. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ Robert J. King, "What brought Lapérouse to Botany Bay?", Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, vol.85, pt.2, December 1999, pp.140–147. At: www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-russia/1659966-1.html ;name=hill
- ^ "Observatory". laperousemuseum.org. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ "Christian Services". laperousemuseum.org. 26 April 2013. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ "Geological Observations". laperousemuseum.org. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ "Garden". laperousemuseum.org. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ "Mail". laperousemuseum.org. 17 April 2012. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ "Laperouse's last documents". laperousemuseum.org. 5 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ Voyage de Dentrecasteaux, envoyé à la recherche de La Pérouse, by Antoine Bruny Dentrecasteaux; M. de Rossel. Published by Imperiale, Paris, 1808.
- ^ Leslie R. Marchant, (1966). "Bruny D'Entrecasteaux, Joseph-Antoine Raymond (1739–1793)." [5] Australian Dictionary of Biography.
- ^ Dan Sprod (2005) "Furneaux, Tobias (1735–1781)" [6] Australian Dictionary of Biography
- ^ Matthew Flinders (1814), A Voyage to Terra Australis; Undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country. G. and W. Nichol, London. Project Gutenberg [7]
- ^ Baudin p. 561.
- ^ "Sacre bleu! French invasion plan for Sydney". ABC News. 10 December 2012.
- ^ "CORRESPONDENCE". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 14 October 1901. p. 7. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ K. M. Bowden (1966) "Bass, George (1771–1803)" [8]Australian Dictionary of Biography
- ^ Leslie Marchant, J. H. Reynold.(1966) "Baudin, Nicolas Thomas (1754–1803)" [9] Australian Dictionary of Biography
- ^ Vivienne Parsons (1967) "Murray, John (1775?–1807?)" [10] Australian Dictionary of Biography
- ^ P.Serle (1967) "King, Phillip Parker (1791–1856)" [11] Australian Dictionary of Biography
Bibliografía
Early maritime exploration history
Books
- Anderson, Grahame: The Merchant of the Zeehaen: Isaac Gilsemans and the Voyages of Abel Tasman. (Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2001)
- Ariese, Csilla: Databases of the people aboard the VOC ships Batavia (1629) & Zeewijk (1727): An analysis of the potential for finding the Dutch castaways' human remains in Australia. (Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology, Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Museum, 2012)
- Bennett, S.: The history of Australian discovery and colonisation. (Sydney: Hanson and Bennett, 1867)
- Bonke, H.: De zeven reizen van de Jonge Lieve: Biografie van een VOC-schip, 1760–1781 [The seven voyages of the Jonge Lieve: A biography of a VOC ship]. (Nijmegen: SUN, 1999) [in Dutch]
- Bontekoe, Willem Ysbrandsz: Memorable Description of the East Indian Voyage, 1618–25. Translated from the Dutch by C.B. Bodde-Hodgkinson, with an introduction and notes by Pieter Geyl. (London: G. Routledge & Sons, 1929)
- Dash, Mike: Batavia's Graveyard: The True Story of the Mad Heretic Who Led History's Bloodiest Mutiny. (New York: Crown, 2002, ISBN 9780609607664)
- Day, Alan: The A to Z of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia. (Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6810-6)
- De Vlamingh, Willem: De ontdekkingsreis van Willem Hesselsz. de Vlamingh in de jaren 1696–1697. Edited by Günter Schilder. 2 vols. "WLV," Vols. LXXVIII, LXXIX. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976) [in Dutch]
- Drake-Brockman, Henrietta: Voyage to disaster: the life of Francisco Pelsaert covering his Indian report to the Dutch East India Company and the wreck of the ship 'Batavia' in 1629 off the coast of Western Australia together with the full text of his journals, concerning the rescue voyages, the mutiny on the Abrolhos Islands and the subsequent trials of the mutineers. [Translated from the Dutch by E. D. Drok]. (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1963)
- Duyker, Edward: The Dutch in Australia [Australian Ethnic Heritage series]. (Melbourne: AE Press, 1987)
- Duyker, Edward (ed.): The Discovery of Tasmania: Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne 1642 & 1772. (Hobart: St David's Park Publishing/Tasmanian Government Printing Office, 1992, pp. 106)
- Duyker, Edward: Mirror of the Australian Navigation by Jacob Le Maire: A Facsimile of the ‘Spieghel der Australische Navigatie.’ Being an Account of the Voyage of Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten (1615–1616), published in Amsterdam in 1622. Hordern House for the Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, 1999, 202 pp
- Edwards, Hugh: Islands of Angry Ghosts: Murder, Mayhem and Mutiny: The Story of the Batavia. Originally published in 1966. (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1966; HarperCollins, 2000)
- Edwards, Hugh: The Wreck on the Half-Moon Reef. (Adelaide: Rigby Limited, 1970)
- Fitzsimons, Peter: Batavia: Betrayal, Shipwreck, Murder, Sexual Slavery, Courage: A Spine-Chilling Chapter in Australian History. (Sydney: Random House Australia, 2011)
- Gerritsen, Rupert; Cramer, Max; Slee, Colin: The Batavia Legacy: The Location of the First European Settlement in Australia, Hutt River, 1629. (Geraldton: Sun City Print, 2007)
- Godard, Philippe: The First and Last Voyage of the Batavia. (Perth: Abrolhos, 1994)
- Green, Jeremy N.: Treasures from the 'Vergulde Draeck' (Gilt Dragon). (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1974)
- Green, Jeremy N.: The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Jacht 'Vergulde Draeck', Western Australia 1656. An historical background and excavation report with an appendix on similar loss of the fluit 'Lastdrager' [2 volumes]. (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1977)
- Green, Jeremy N.: The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie retourschip 'Batavia', Western Australia, 1629. An excavation report and catalogue of artefacts. (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1989)
- Heeres, J. E.: Het aandeel der Nederlanders in de ontdekking van Australië, 1606–1765. (Leiden: Brill, 1899) [in Dutch]
- Heeres, J. E.: The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia, 1606–1765. (Published by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society in Commemoration of the XXVth Anniversary of Its Foundation, 1899)
- Heeres J. E. (ed.): Abel Janszoon Tasman's Journal of His Discovery of Van Diemens Land and New Zealand in 1642: With Documents Relating to His Exploration of Australia in 1644. (Amsterdam: Frederick Muller, 1898)
- Henderson, Graeme: Unfinished Voyages: Western Australian Shipwrecks, 1622–1850. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1980)
- Henderson, J.: Sent Forth a Dove: The Discovery of Duyfken. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1999, 232pp)
- Hiatt, Alfred; Wortham, Christopher; et al. (eds.): European Perceptions of Terra Australis. (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011)
- Hoving, Ab; Emke, Cor: De schepen van Abel Tasman [The Ships of Abel Tasman]. (Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 2000) [in Dutch]
- Kenny, John: Before the First Fleet: European Discovery of Australia, 1606–1777. Kangaroo Press, 1995, 192 pp
- Leys, Simon: The Wreck of the Batavia. A True Story. (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2005)
- McHugh, Evan: 1606: An Epic Adventure. (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2006)
- Mundle, Rob: Great South Land: How Dutch Sailors found Australia and an English Pirate almost beat Captain Cook. (ABC Books, 2016, ISBN 978-0733332371)
- Murdoch, Priscilla: Duyfken and the First Discoveries of Australia. Artarmon, N.S.W. : Antipodean Publishers, 1974
- Mutch, T. D.: The First Discovery of Australia – With an Account of the Voyage of the "Duyfken" and the Career of Captain Willem Jansz. (Sydney, 1942) Reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. XXVIII., Part V]
- Nichols, Robert; Woods, Martin (eds.): Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita to Australia. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2013, ISBN 978-0-642-27809-8)
- Pelsaert, Francisco: The Batavia Journal of Francisco Pelsaert (1629). Edited and translated by Marit van Huystee. (Fremantle, W.A.: Western Australian Maritime Museum, 1998)
- Peters, Nonja: The Dutch Down Under, 1606–2006. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
- Playford, Phillip: The wreck of the Zuytdorp on the Western Australian coast in 1712. (Nedlands: Royal Western Australian Historical Society, 1960)
- Playford, Phillip: Carpet of Silver: The Wreck of The Zuytdorp. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1996)
- Playford, Phillip: Voyage of Discovery to Terra Australis by Willem de Vlamingh in 1696–97. [Includes Journal of Willem Vlamingh translated from an early 18th-century manuscript held in the Archives Nationales de France]. (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1998)
- Pearson, Michael: Great Southern Land: The Maritime Exploration of Terra Australis. (Canberra: Department of Environment and Heritage, 2005)
- Quanchi, Max; Robson, John: Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands. (Lanham, MD and Oxford: Scarecrow Press, 2005)
- Richards, Michael; O'Connor, Maura (eds.): Changing Coastlines: Putting Australia on the World Map, 1493–1993. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993)
- Robert, Willem C. H.: The Explorations, 1696–1697, of Australia by Willem de Vlamingh. Extracts from Two Log-Books Concerning the Voyage to and Explorations on the Coast of Western Australia and from Other Documents Relating to this Voyage. [Original Dutch texts]. (Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1972)
- Robert, Willem C. H.: The Dutch Explorations, 1605–1756, of the North and Northwest Coast of Australia. Extracts from Journals, Log-books and Other Documents Relating to These Voyages. [Original Dutch texts]. (Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1973)
- Ryan, Simon: The Cartographic Eye: How Explorers Saw Australia. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
- Schilder, Günter: Australia Unveiled: The Share of the Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia. Translated from the German by Olaf Richter. (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976)
- Schilder, Günter: Voyage to the Great South Land, Willem de Vlamingh, 1696–1697. Translated by C. de Heer. (Sydney: Royal Australian Historical Society, 1985)
- Schilder, Günter: In the Steps of Tasman and De Vlamingh. An Important Cartographic Document for the Discovery of Australia. (Amsterdam: Nico Israel, 1988)
- Schilder, Günter; Kok, Hans: Sailing for the East: History and Catalogue of Manuscript Charts on Vellum of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), 1602–1799. (BRILL, 2010, ISBN 9789061942603)
- Sharp, Andrew: The Discovery of Australia. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963)
- Sharp, Andrew: The Voyages of Abel Janszoon Tasman. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968)
- Shaw, Lindsey; Wilkins, Wendy (eds.): Dutch Connections: 400 Years of Australian-Dutch Maritime Links, 1606–2006. (Sydney: Australian National Maritime Museum, 2006)
- Sigmond, J. P.; Zuiderbaan, L. H.: Dutch Discoveries of Australia: Shipwrecks, Treasures and Early Voyages off the West Coast. (Adelaide: Rigby, 1979)
- Sigmond, J. P.; Zuiderbaan, L. H.: Nederlanders ontdekken Australië: Scheepsarcheologische vondsten op het Zuidland. (Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1988) [in Dutch]
- Stapel, F.W.: De Oostindische Compagnie en Australië. (Amsterdam: Van Kampen, 1937) [in Dutch]
- Stein, Stephen K.: The Sea in World History: Exploration, Travel, and Trade. (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2017)
- Suárez, Thomas: Early Mapping of the Pacific: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who Mapped the Earth's Greatest Ocean. (Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2004)
- Tasman, Abel: The Journal of Abel Jansz Tasman, 1642; with Documents Relating to His Exploration of Australia in 1644. Edited by G.H. Kenihan. (Adelaide: Australian Heritage Press, 1960)
- Tasman, Abel: Het Journaal van Abel Tasman, 1642–1643. [eds.: Vibeke Roeper & Diederick Wilderman]. (The Hague: Nationaal Archief, 2006) [in Dutch]
- Van Duivenvoorde, Wendy: The Batavia Shipwreck: An Archaeological Study of an Early Seventeenth-Century Dutch East Indiaman. (Ph.D. diss., Texas A&M University, Dept of Anthropology, 2008)
- Van Zanden, Henry: 1606: Discovery of Australia. (Perth: Rio Bay Enterprises, 1997)
- Veth, Peter; Sutton, Peter; Neale, Margo: Strangers on the Shore: Early Coastal Contacts in Australia. (Canberra: National Museum of Australia Press, 2008, ISBN 9781876944636)
- Walker, James Backhouse: Abel Janszoon Tasman: His Life and Voyages, and The Discovery of Van Diemen's Land in 1642. (Hobart: Government Printer, 1896)
Journal articles, scholarly papers, essays
- Broomhall, Susan (2014), 'Emotional Encounters: Indigenous Peoples in the Dutch East India Company's Interactions with the South Lands,'. Australian Historical Studies 45(3): pp. 350–367
- Broomhall, Susan (2015), '“Quite indifferent to these things”: The Role of Emotions and Conversion in the Dutch East India Company's Interactions with the South Lands,'. Journal of Religious History 39(4): 524–44. doi:10.1111/1467-9809.12267
- Broomhall, Susan (2016), 'Dishes, Coins and Pipes: The Epistemological and Emotional Power of VOC Material Culture in Australia,'. In The Global Lives of Things: The Material Culture of Connections in the Early Modern World, edited by Anne Gerritsen & Giorgio Riello. (London: Routledge, 2016), pp. 145–61
- Broomhall, Susan (2017), 'Fire, Smoke and Ashes: Communications of Power and Emotions by Dutch East India Company Crews on the Australian Continent,'. In Fire Stories, edited by G. Moore. (New York: Punctum Books, 2017)
- Broomhall, Susan (2017), 'Shipwrecks, Sorrow, Shame and the Great Southland: The Use of Emotions in Seventeenth-Century Dutch East India Company Communicative Ritual,'. In Emotion, Ritual and Power in Europe, 1200–1920: Family, State and Church, edited by M. Bailey and K. Barclay. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 83–103
- Broomhall, Susan (2018), 'Dirk Hartog's Sea Chest: An Affective Archaeology of VOC Objects in Australia,'; in Feeling Things: Objects and Emotions through History, edited by Stephanie Downes, Sally Holloway and Sarah Randles. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), pp. 175–91
- Donaldson, Bruce (2006), 'The Dutch Contribution to the European Discovery of Australia,'. In Nonja Peters (ed.), The Dutch Down Under, 1606–2006. (Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
- Gaastra, Femme (1997), 'The Dutch East India Company: A Reluctant Discoverer,'. Great Circle - Journal of the Australian Association for Maritime History 19(2): 109–123
- Gentelli, Liesel (2016), 'Provenance Determination of Silver Artefacts from the 1629 VOC Wreck Batavia using LA-ICP-MS,'. Journal of Archaeological Science [Reports] 9: 536–542. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.08.044
- Gerritsen, Rupert (2006), 'The evidence for cohabitation between Indigenous Australians, marooned Dutch mariners and VOC passengers,'; in Nonja Peters (ed.), The Dutch Down Under: 1606–2006. (University of WA Press, Sydney, 2006), pp. 38–55
- Gerritsen, Rupert (2008), 'The landing site debate: Where were Australia's first European residents marooned in 1629?', pp. 105–129; in P. Hornsby & J. Maschke (eds.) Hydro 2007 Conference Proceedings: Focus on Asia. (International Federation of Hydrographic Societies, Belrose)
- Gerritsen, Rupert (2009), 'The Batavia Mutiny: Australia's first military conflict in 1629,'. Sabretache: Journal and Proceedings of the Military Historical Society of Australia 50(4): 5–10
- Gerritsen, Rupert (2011), 'Australia's First Criminal Prosecutions in 1629'. (Canberra: Batavia Online Publishing)
- Gibbs, Martin (2002), 'Maritime Archaeology and Behavior during Crisis: The Wreck of the VOC Ship Batavia (1629),'; in John Grattan & Robin Torrence (eds.), Natural Disasters and Cultural Change. (New York: Routledge, 2002), pp. 66–86
- Green, Jeremy N. (1975), 'The VOC ship Batavia wrecked in 1629 on the Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia,'. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 4(1): 43–63. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1975.tb00902.x
- Green, Jeremy N. (2006), 'The Dutch Down Under: Sailing Blunders,'. In Nonja Peters (ed.), The Dutch Down Under, 1606–2006. (Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
- Guy, Richard (2015), 'Calamitous Voyages: the social space of shipwreck and mutiny narratives in the Dutch East India Company,'. Itinerario 39(1): 117–140. doi:10.1017/S0165115315000157
- Ketelaar, Eric (2008), 'Exploration of the Archived World: From De Vlamingh's Plate to Digital Realities,'. Archives and Manuscripts 36(2): 13–33
- McCarthy, M. (2006), 'Dutch place names in Australia,'. In Nonja Peters (ed.), The Dutch Down Under, 1606–2006. (Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
- McCarthy, M. (2006), 'The Dutch on Australian shores: The Zuytdorp tragedy — unfinished business,'. In L. Shaw & W. Wilkins (eds.), Dutch Connections: 400 Years of Australian–Dutch Maritime Links, 1606–2006 (Sydney: Australian National Maritime Museum, 2006), pp. 94–109
- Mutch, T. D. (1942), 'The First Discovery of Australia with an Account of the Voyages of the Duyfken and the Career of William Jansz.,'. JRAHS 28(5): 303–352
- Schilder, Günter (1976), 'Organisation and Evolution of the Dutch East India Company's Hydrographic Office in the Seventeenth Century,'. Imago Mundi 28: 61–78
- Schilder, Günter (1988), 'New Holland: The Dutch Discoveries,'; in Glyndwr Williams and Alan Frost (eds.), Terra Australis to Australia. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 83–115
- Schilder, Günter (1984), 'The Dutch Conception of New Holland in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,'. The Globe: Journal of the Australian Map Circle 22: 38–46
- Schilder, Günter (1989), 'From Secret to Common Knowledge – The Dutch Discoveries,'; in John Hardy and Alan Frost (eds.), Studies from Terra Australis to Australia. (Canberra, 1989)
- Schilder, Günter (1993), 'A Continent Takes Shape: The Dutch Mapping of Australia,'; in Changing Coastlines, edited by Michael Richards & Maura O'Connor. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993), pp. 10–16
- Sheehan, Colin (2008), 'Strangers and Servants of the Company: The United East India Company and the Dutch Voyages to Australia,'; in Peter Veth, Margo Neale, et al. (eds.), Strangers on the Shore: Early Coastal Contacts in Australia. (Canberra: National Museum of Australia Press, ISBN 9781876944636)
- Sigmond, Peter (2006), 'Cultural Heritage and a Piece of Pewter,’; in L. Shaw & W. Wilkins (eds.), Dutch Connections: 400 Years of Australian–Dutch Maritime Links, 1606–2006. (Sydney: Australian National Maritime Museum, 2006)
- Van Duivenvoorde, Wendy; Kaiser, Bruce; Megens, Luc; van Bronswijk, Wilhelm (2015), 'Pigments from the Zuiddorp (Zuytdorp) ship sculpture: red, white and blue?,'. Post-Medieval Archaeology 49(2): 268–290
- Yahya, Padillah; Gaudieri, Silvana; Franklin, Daniel (2010), 'DNA Analysis of Human Skeletal Remains Associated with the Batavia Mutiny of 1629,'. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26: 98–108
enlaces externos
- Explorers page at Project Gutenburg Australia
- Australian Discovery page at Project Gutenburg Australia
- original documentation from 17th Century Dutch exploration at Project Gutenburg Australia