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Festa della Repubblica
Festa della republica 2005 con frecce tricolori.jpg
Demostración Frecce Tricolori para lascelebraciones dela Festa della Repubblica en 2005
Nombre oficialItaliano : Festa della Repubblica
También llamadoEl dos de junio
Observado por Italia
TipoNacional
SignificadoItalia se convirtió en república tras los resultados de un referéndum constitucional
CelebracionesDesfiles, fuegos artificiales, conciertos, picnics.
Fecha2 de junio
La próxima vez2 de junio de 2021 (2021-06-02)
Frecuenciaanual
Primera vez2 de junio de 1946
Relacionado con

Festa della Repubblica ([ˈFɛsta della reˈpubblika] ; Inglés: Día de la República ) es el Día Nacional de Italiay el Día de la República , que se celebra el 2 de junio de cada año, y la celebración principal tiene lugar en Roma . La Festa della Repubblica es uno de los símbolos nacionales de Italia .

La jornada conmemora el referéndum institucional celebrado por sufragio universal en 1946, en el que el pueblo italiano fue llamado a las urnas para decidir la forma de gobierno tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial y la caída del fascismo .

El ceremonial del evento organizado en Roma incluye la deposición de una corona de laurel como homenaje al Soldado Desconocido en el Altare della Patria por parte del Presidente de la República Italiana y un desfile militar por la Via dei Fori Imperiali en Roma.

Historia [ editar ]

Resultados del referéndum de 1946

Los días 2 y 3 de junio de 1946 se celebró un referéndum institucional con el que los italianos fueron convocados a las urnas para decidir qué forma de Estado -monarquía o república- dar al país. [1] El referéndum se anunció al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , pocos años después de la caída del régimen fascista en Italia , el régimen dictatorial que había sido apoyado por la familia real italiana, la Casa de Saboya , durante más de 20 años. años. [1]

Los partidarios de la república eligieron el símbolo de la Italia turrita , la personificación nacional de Italia, para ser utilizado en la campaña electoral y en la cartilla del referéndum sobre la forma institucional del Estado, en contraste con el escudo de armas de Saboya que representaba el monarquía. [2] [3] Esto desencadenó diversas controversias, dado que la iconografía de la personificación alegórica de Italia tenía, y aún tiene, un significado universal y unificador que debería haber sido común a todos los italianos y no solo a una parte de ellos: este fue la última aparición en el contexto institucional de la Italia con torres. [4]

Este referéndum institucional fue la primera votación por sufragio universal en Italia. [1] El resultado de la consulta popular, 12.717.923 votos para la república y 10.719.284 para la monarquía (con un porcentaje, respectivamente, del 54,3% y el 45,7%), fue comunicado el 10 de junio de 1946, cuando el Tribunal de Casación declaró, tras 85 años del Reino de Italia , nacimiento de la República Italiana , [1] siendo sancionado definitivamente el 18 de junio.

Umberto II de Saboya , último rey de Italia

El rey de Italia , Umberto II de Saboya , decidió abandonar Italia el 13 de junio para evitar los enfrentamientos entre monárquicos y republicanos, ya manifestados en hechos sangrientos en varias ciudades italianas, por temor a que pudieran extenderse por todo el país. Se exilió en Portugal . [5] Desde el 1 de enero de 1948, con la entrada en vigor de la Constitución de la República Italiana , se prohibió la entrada en Italia a los descendientes varones de Umberto II de Saboya; la disposición fue derogada en 2002. [6] El 11 de junio de 1946, el primer día de la Italia republicana, fue declarado día festivo . [7]

El 2 de junio se celebra el nacimiento de la nación moderna de forma similar al 14 de julio francés (aniversario del asalto a la Bastilla ) y al 4 de julio en los Estados Unidos (aniversario de la declaración de independencia de Gran Bretaña ). La unidad de Italia y el nacimiento del estado italiano se celebra el 17 de marzo, en honor al 17 de marzo de 1861, fecha de la proclamación del Reino de Italia. [8] Antes del nacimiento de la república, el día de celebración nacional del Reino de Italia era la fiesta del Statuto Albertino , que se celebró el primer domingo de junio. [9]

La primera celebración de la Festa della Repubblica tuvo lugar el 2 de junio de 1947, [10] mientras que en 1948 tuvo lugar el primer desfile en Via dei Fori Imperiali en Roma; [11] [12] El 2 de junio fue definitivamente declarado fiesta nacional en 1949. [13] En esta ocasión el ceremonial incluyó la pasada revisión de las fuerzas armadas en honor a la república por parte del Presidente de la República Italiana ; la manifestación tuvo lugar en Piazza Venezia , frente al Altare della Patria . [11] Después de la deposición de la corona de laurel en la Tumba del Soldado Desconocido by the President of the Italian Republic Luigi Einaudi, the banners of the armed forces abandoned the formation, they walked the stairway of the monument and paid homage to the president with a bow.[11]

In 1949, with the entry of Italy into NATO, ten celebrations took place simultaneously throughout the country: on the occasion, to highlight the bond of the newly formed republic with Mazzinianism, current of the Risorgimento which was headed by Giuseppe Mazzini, fervent Republican, a celebratory monument was inaugurated in the current Piazzale Ugo La Malfa in Rome, in memory of the Genoese patriot, in front of which the main event of the Festa della Repubblica took place.[11]

Play media
Italian Air Force Marching Band.

In 1961 the main celebration of the Festa della Repubblicadid not take place in Rome but in Turin, the first capital of a united Italy. Turin was the capital of Italy from 1861 to 1865, followed by Florence (1865-1871) and finally by Rome, which is its capital since 1871. In 1961, in fact, was also celebrated the centenary of the Unification of Italy (1861-1961).[11] In 1963 the demonstration was not carried out on June 2 for the health conditions of Pope John XXIII, now dying, and was postponed to 4 November, simultaneously with National Unity and Armed Forces Day.[11]

In 1965 the banners of the suppressed military units that took part in the World War I also participated in the main celebration of Rome; in that year the 50th anniversary of Italy's entry into the First World War was also commemorated. Specifically, Italy officially began military operations in World War I on 24 May 1915, with a first cannon shot fired by Fort Verena, on the Asiago plateau, towards the Austrian fortresses located on the Vezzena Plain: to the first infantry of the Royal Italian Army that crossed the border is dedicated the first stanza of La Leggenda del Piave.[11]

Due to the severe economic crisis that gripped Italy in the 1970s, to contain state and social costs, the Festa della Repubblica, with law n. 54 of 5 March 1977, was moved to the first Sunday of June, with the consequent suppression of 2 June as a public holiday connected to it.[14] In 2001, on the impulse of the then President of the Republic, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, who was the protagonist, at the beginning of the 21st century, of a more general action to promote national symbols of Italy, the Festa della Repubblica has abandoned the status of a moveable feast, summarizing its traditional location of 2 June, which has now returned to being a holiday in all respects.[1][15][16]

Celebration[edit]

Altare della Patria (Altar of the Fatherland), also known as "Vittoriano", where the celebrations start

The official ceremony of the Rome celebration includes the solemn flag-raising ceremony at the Altare della Patria and the tribute to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier with the deposition of a laurel wreath by the President of the Italian Republic in the presence of the highest offices of the State, or of the President of the Senate, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, the President of the Council of Ministers, the President of the Constitutional Court, the Minister of Defense and the Chief of Defense.[11][12][17] After the execution of the Il Canto degli Italiani, the Frecce Tricolori cross the skies of Rome.[12]

Later the President of the Republic went to Via di San Gregorio with the presidential Lancia Flaminia escorted by a patrol of Corazzieri on a motorcycle where, together with the military commander of the capital, he reviewed the units deployed.[12][17] The Head of State then moved to the presidential tribune which is located in Via dei Fori Imperiali, where he attended the parade together with the highest offices of state.[11] The marching military honors the President of the Republic, bending the insignia as they pass before the presidential tribune. It is tradition, for the members of the Italian government and for the presidents of the two branches of parliament, to have pinned on the jacket, during the whole ceremony, an Italian tricolor cockade.[18]

President of the Italian Republic Giorgio Napolitano, escorted by the Corazzieri, pays tribute to the Unknown Soldier at the Altare della Patria on 2 June 2012

The ceremony concludes in the afternoon with the opening to the public of the gardens of the Quirinal Palace, seat of the Presidency of the Italian Republic, and with musical performances by the bands of the Italian Army, the Italian Navy, and the Italian Air Force, of the Carabinieri, of the Polizia di Stato, of the Guardia di Finanza, of the Polizia Penitenziaria and of the State Forestry Corps.

On the feast day, at the Palazzo del Quirinale, the Changing of the Guard with the Corazzieri Regiment and the Fanfare of the Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment in high uniform is carried out in solemn form.[19] This solemn rite is only performed on two other occasions, during the celebrations of the Tricolour Day (7 January) and the National Unity and Armed Forces Day (4 November).[19]

Official ceremonies are held throughout the national territory. Among them are the traditional receptions organized by each prefecture for the local authorities, which are preceded by solemn public demonstrations with reduced military parades that have been reviewed by the prefect in his capacity as the highest governmental authority in the province. Similar ceremonies are also organized by the Regions and Municipalities.

All over the world, Italian embassies organize ceremonies to which the Heads of State of the host country are invited. Greetings from the other Heads of State reach the President of the Italian Republic from all over the world.

The parade[edit]

President of the Italian Republic Sergio Mattarella on the presidential car Lancia Flaminia during the 2018 parade.

All the Italian Armed Forces, all the police forces of the Republic, the Vigili del Fuoco, the Protezione Civile and the Italian Red Cross take part in the military parade. The military parade was included for the first time in the protocol of official celebrations in 1950.[11]

In 1976 the military parade was not organized following the disastrous earthquake of Friuli, while the following year, in 1977, in full austerity, it was decided not to resume the traditional military parade to avoid burdening further expenses on the state budget.[11] This decision was also reiterated in the following years. Instead of the military parade, a demonstration was organized in Piazza Venezia, which was attended by representatives of the Italian armed forces.[11]

The military parade was reinserted in the official ceremony of the main celebration of Rome in 1983;[11] in that year the Festa della Repubblica was organized on the first Sunday of June, which was the 5th, between the Aventine and Porta San Paolo to commemorate the Resistance to the German occupation of the city of Rome during the World War II.[11] The following year, in 1984, the parade returned to Via dei Fori Imperiali, while in 1985 it took place between Via dei Cerchi and the Baths of Caracalla.[11] In 1989 the military parade was eliminated again; in its place a historical exhibition was organized in Piazza di Siena in Rome.[11] Until 1999, the celebration of the Festa della Repubblica was limited exclusively to the ceremony at the Altare della Patria.[11]

The parade returned permanently to the ceremony in 2000 on the initiative of the then President of the Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11] In 2004, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi wanted the municipal police corps of Rome, representing all the local Italian police, and the Protezione Civile personnel to parade in the parade.

The military parade also includes some military delegations from the United Nations, NATO, the European Union and representatives of multinational departments with an Italian component.

Festa della Repubblica Gallery

  • Italian colours at the Colosseum.

  • Corazzieri, the honor guard of the President of the Italian Republic.

  • 4th Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment.

  • Piceno Regiment, Italian Army.

  • Sassari Brigade, Italian Army.

  • Italian Navy.

  • Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania".

  • Bersaglieri Marching Band.

  • The Infantry Fighting Vehicle "Freccia", Italian Army.

  • The GIS, elite Special Operations counter-terrorism tactical response unit.

  • Motorcyclists of the Polizia di Stato.

  • Iveco Magirus Super Dragon X8, Vigili del Fuoco.

See also[edit]

  • Anniversary of the Liberation

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e "Perché la Festa della Repubblica è proprio il 2 giugno" (in Italian). Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  2. ^ Bazzano 2011, p. 172.
  3. ^ "Ma chi è il volto della Repubblica Italiana?" (in Italian). Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  4. ^ Bazzano 2011, p. 173.
  5. ^ "UMBERTO II re d'Italia in "Enciclopedia Italiana"" (in Italian). Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  6. ^ "Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia: "Fedeltà alla Costituzione"". Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  7. ^ "Decreto legislativo presidenziale 19 giugno 1946, n.2" (in Italian). Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  8. ^ "Presa di Roma" (in Italian). Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  9. ^ "Collezione celerifera delle leggi, decreti, istruzioni e circolari, Torino 1861, pp. 1342-1343" (in Italian). Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  10. ^ "Decreto legislativo del Capo provvisorio dello Stato 28 maggio 1947, n.387" (in Italian). Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Festa della Repubblica: le foto della parata a Roma" (in Italian). Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d "2 Giugno, la prima parata con Mattarella ai Fori tra bandiere, applausi e frecce tricolori" (in Italian). Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  13. ^ "Normattiva, art. 1, legge 27 maggio 1949, n. 260" (in Italian). Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  14. ^ "Normattiva, art. 1, legge n. 54 del 5 marzo 1977" (in Italian). Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  15. ^ "Legge 20 novembre 2000, n. 336" (PDF). Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  16. ^ "Torna la festa del 2 giugno Ciampi: giorno di libertà" (in Italian). Retrieved 2 June 2001.
  17. ^ a b "Festa della Repubblica. Il Presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella ha reso omaggio al Milite Ignoto all'Altare della Patria" (in Italian). Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  18. ^ "2 giugno, gli applausi per Mattarella e Conte all'Altare della Patria" (in Italian). Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  19. ^ a b "Al via al Quirinale le celebrazioni per il 2 giugno con il Cambio della Guardia d'onore" (in Italian). Retrieved 21 January 2016.

References[edit]

  • Bazzano, Nicoletta (2011). Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri (in Italian). Angelo Colla Editore.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)