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Gorlice
Top:Aerial view of Gorlice, 2nd left:Gorlice City Hall and City Square, 2nd right:A monument of the first time kerosene lamp set place, Bottom left:Sztuki Dwor Karwacjanow Gallery in Wroblewskiege, Bottom right:Three Maja Street
Arriba: Vista aérea de Gorlice, segunda a la izquierda: Ayuntamiento de Gorlice y plaza de la ciudad, segunda a la derecha: un monumento de la primera vez que se colocó la lámpara de queroseno, Abajo a la izquierda: Galería Sztuki Dwor Karwacjanow en Wroblewskiege, Abajo a la derecha: Calle Three Maja
Flag of Gorlice
Bandera
Coat of arms of Gorlice
Escudo de armas
Gorlice is located in Poland
Gorlice
Gorlice
Coordenadas: 49 ° 39′N 21 ° 10′E / 49.650°N 21.167°E / 49.650; 21.167
País Polonia
VoivodatoPequeña Polonia
condadoCondado de Gorlice
GminaGorlice (gmina urbana)
Gobierno
 • AlcaldeRafał Kukla ( SLD )
Área
 • Total23,56 km 2 (9,10 millas cuadradas)
Población (2008)
 • Total29,500
 • Densidad1.300 / km 2 (3.200 / millas cuadradas)
Zona horariaUTC + 1 ( CET )
 • Verano ( DST )UTC + 2 ( CEST )
Código Postal
38–300 y 38–320
Placas de cocheKGR
Sitio webhttp://www.gorlice.pl

Gorlice pronunciado  [ɡɔrˈlʲit͡sɛ] es una ciudad y un municipio urbano (" gmina ") en el sureste de Polonia con alrededor de 29.500 habitantes (2008). Está situado al sureste de Cracovia y al sur de Tarnów entre Jasło y Nowy Sącz en el Voivodato de Pequeña Polonia (desde 1999), anteriormente en el Voivodato de Nowy Sącz (1975-1998). Es la capital del condado de Gorlice .

Geografía [ editar ]

La ciudad se encuentra entre los valles de los ríos Ropa y Sękówka , rodeada por varias cadenas montañosas de los Cárpatos , a saber, su parte llamada Beskid Niski ( Bajo Beskids ) masiva. Se encuentra en el corazón de Doły (pozos) , y su elevación promedio sobre el nivel del mar es de 380 metros (1247 pies), aunque hay algunas colinas más considerables ubicadas dentro de los límites de la ciudad. La ciudad se encuentra hoy en día en una región densamente poblada a 14,6 millas (23,5 kilómetros) de Jasło, 21,2 millas (34,1 km) de Nowy Sącz, 25,5 millas (41,0 km) de Tarnów y 62,6 millas (100,7 km) de Cracovia. Gorlice es conocido en ucraniano : como Horlytsi, Горлиці; en yiddish : גאָרליץ como Gorlitz ; y en alemán : como Görlitz .

Vista panorámica de Gorlice

Historia [ editar ]

Gorlice fue fundada durante el reinado de Casimiro el Grande en 1354. En ese año, el Stolnik de Sandomierz , Derslaw Karwacjan, recibió el permiso real para fundar una ciudad en una zona densamente boscosa de las colinas de los Cárpatos. La existencia de la ciudad se menciona en fuentes de 1388, 1404 y 1417. En el siglo XV, Gorlice seguía siendo propiedad privada de la familia Karwacjan. [1]

La ciudad se desarrolló rápidamente, convirtiéndose en un centro regional de artesanía y comercio. En 1504, Jan Karwacjan recibió el permiso real para dos ferias anuales y un mercado semanal. En el período conocido como Edad de Oro polaca , Gorlice prosperó. Sus artesanos y comerciantes tenían contactos no solo con otras ciudades polacas, sino también con comerciantes de la Alta Hungría . En la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, Gorlice pasó a ser propiedad de la familia Odrowaz, que apoyó la Reforma Protestante . La invasión sueca de Polonia (1655-1660) provocó una destrucción generalizada: la población de Gorlice cayó de 1200 (como en 1657) a solo 284 (como en 1662). [2]

Edad de las particiones [ editar ]

Como resultado de la primera Partición de Polonia (Tratado de San Petersburgo del 5 de julio de 1772), el área de la ciudad fue atribuida al Imperio Habsburgo [3] (para más detalles, lea el artículo Reino de Galicia y Lodomeria ). En 1806, el gobierno austriaco vendió la ciudad a un noble local, Jan Nepomucen Stadnicki de Roznow. [4]

Emisión de sellos austriacos KK 1861, cancelada GORLICE

Hasta 1918, la ciudad siguió formando parte del lado austriaco ( Cisleithania ) tras el compromiso de 1867 , cabecera (desde 1865) del condado del mismo nombre, uno de los 78 Bezirkshauptmannschaften en la provincia de Galicia austriaca (tierras de la Corona). [5] A mediados del siglo XIX, la población de Gorlice era de unos 4000. La ciudad entró en el período de su prosperidad después de que su residente de 1854-1858, Ignacy Lukasiewicz, inventara la lámpara de queroseno en 1853. En pocos años, aparecieron pozos de petróleo en expansión en Gorlice, y la ciudad fue llamada la cuna de la industria petrolera polaca ; su rápida industrialización se vio impulsada por la construcción de un ferrocarril (1883).

By early 20th century, the population of Gorlice grew to 6000, but its development was halted by World War I. The city was the focal point of the German Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive during World War I, in May 1915. Extremely heavy and prolonged fighting took place here, Gorlice frequently changed hands, and as a result, the town was completely destroyed. Hence the "Gorlice fair" or "Gorlice days" held every year during the May Bank Holidays and adjoining days, which are enjoyed by many visitors both domestic and from abroad.[6]

20th century[edit]

Gorlice market square

During the First World War, Gorlice played a strategically significant role in the 1915 Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive. On May 1, 1915, the combined forces of Austria-Hungary and Germany initiated artillery barrages against Russian soldiers stationed on the battle line stretching from Gorlice to Tarnow. The following day, Austro-German infantry units launched an unsuccessful attack near Tarnow. In Gorlice, the weakened Russian forces were unable to defend against the Austrian and German attackers. On May 6, General Radko-Dmitriev, commander of the Russian Third Army, ordered his troops to retreat. An attempt by General Radko-Dmitriev to counterattack on May 7 and 8 resulted in disaster for the Russians, as German reinforcements outnumbered the defenders. The following spring, General Alexei Brusilov, commander of the Russian Eighth Army, launched a counteroffensive that nearly destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. The Brusilov Offensive, as it is known, is regarded as one of the most successful operations in the First World War.[7]

In the Second Polish Republic, Gorlice belonged to Kraków Voivodeship. Since local oil wells had almost dried, the center of Polish oil industry moved eastwards, to Boryslaw. This resulted in widespread unemployment, street demonstrations and increased popularity of Communist ideology among local workers. On 1 May 1936, a May Day rally attracted 20,000 people.

German occupation of Gorlice began on 7 September 1939 (see Invasion of Poland). During the war, the town's Jewish community was first herded by Nazi Germans into the newly formed Gorlice Ghetto and then murdered at Belzec.[8] On 16 January 1945, the Red Army captured Gorlice.[9]

History of Jews in Gorlice before German Occupation[edit]

Museum of Oil Industry in Gorlice

When Gorlice was first founded there were not any Jewish communities. Most of the Jews in the area would live in villages or Polish landowners estates. There were a few reasons for Jews at this time to not live inside or Gorlice. One was the Madgeburg Rights, by living outside of Golice in villages or on estates, the Jewish communities did not have to follow the city's laws. Some of the suburbs that Jews did live in were Ropica Polska, Siary, Strezeszyn, Marianpolski and Magdaleni. Another reason that Jews were not residing in Gorlice in earlier times was because of "De non tolerandis Judaeis". [10] This was a ruling that some cities had during the 16th century, forbidding Jews from living in them. (These were anti-Semitic edicts, used to prevent competition in business and other areas of work).[11]

In the 18th century there were a few Jewish families living in Gorlice. When the Jews first settled in Gorlice they were mostly making a living through trading wine and corn.[11] The first Jewish families also had a sawmill to process wood as well as trading items like wine, corn, and tobacco. Even though there were only a few Jewish families during the 18th century, when the 19th century came around there was already a Jewish community forming including their own cemetery and synagogue.[12] It was not until the later half of the 19th century that Jewish people started really settling into the city.[13] The Jews settling in Gorlice at that time were mostly settling in the area by the market square and its nearby streets. This area that most Jews were settling in would in the future, under German occupation, become the Gorlice Ghetto.[10]

In the 19th century, when more Jews started settling inside of Gorlice, the current non-Jewish residents worked mostly in crafts and agriculture.[12] At the time that the Jews were moving into Gorlice, there was also the discovery of oil in the Gorlice region in that later half of the 19th century.[14] While the non-Jewish residents were working with agriculture, the Jews were prevailing in the oil industry with trade and development. In 1874, Jewish investors helped with the development of an oil refinery, along with another one nearby then in 1883.[12]

Church of the Nativity of Virgin Mary in Gorlice

The population of the Jews in Gorlice is not well documented or reliable before the later half of the 19th century. There are statistics on the Jewish population from 1880 to 1910 though. Looking first at the Gorlice district in 1880 there was a total of 74,072 residents and out of those 6.4% (4,755) were Jews. Just in the city of Gorlice itself, there were 2,257 Jews out of the around 5,000 residents of the city which is close to 50%. The population of Jews in Gorlice grew to 7.5% of the Gorlice district composed of Jews in 1910 and 51% of residents in the City of Gorlice were Jewish at that time (3,495 out of 6,600).[10]

Because of World War I, the population did drop from 1910 to 1921. In 1921, after the war, there were about 2,300 Jews left, which was about 41% of the population.[13] During World War I, the Russian army was one of the main reasons for this drop in the number of Jews. There was rapes, robberies, and murders,[12] and a lot of Jews fled Gorlice to other countries and never came back after the war.[10]

Even though the war affected the Jewish population, they were able to get back on their feet and restore their economic status to what it was pre-war. 90% of shops in Gorlice were Jewish and 30% of craft workshops. Jews contributed a lot to the Gorlice economy and their activity was an important part of the industrial and commercial life. They were leading in trade and other services. Jews were also represented in the Municipal Authorities at this time. There were 22 members of the Town Council that were Jewish in 1924 and during municipal elections that year there were 23 Jews that were elected to seats. Not only were they thriving in the economy, the Jewish life was also ideal culturally and religiously at this time. Cultural and religious life was centered around two synagogues in the city, one on Mickiewicza Street and another newer one on Piekarska Street.[12]

When World War II started in 1939, the population of the Jews in Gorlice was back up to around 5000 which was once again above half of the residents of the city. At the start of the war, a lot of Jews in Gorlice fled elsewhere before the German occupation began.[10]

Sign in Pápa showing twin towns.

Notable Figures[edit]

  • Born in 1865, Eugeniusz Kozierowski was a practicing physician in Gorlice during the turn of the 19th century. Using a method of transillumination pioneered by Walery Jaworski (also of Poland), Kozierowski diagnosed neoplastic pylorostenosis. The process of transillumination, or diaphanoscopy, involved inserting an illuminating device into the stomach of a patient to observe body tissues and tumors. Kozierowski announced his findings at a meeting of the Krakow Medical Society in the early 20th century.
  • Shmuel Fuhrer was born in 1863 in the village of Sekowa (Sękowa), near Gorlice. At 20 years old, Fuhrer was ordained as a rabbi and selected to lead the Jewish community of Milowka. Then, in 1904, rabbi Fuhrer was chosen to organize the growing Jewish population of Krosno. During his thirty-five year tenure serving the Krosno Jewish community, rabbi Fuhrer oversaw the establishment of a Jewish cemetery. In 1942, the Germans shot and killed rabbi Fuhrer.
  • Robert Drąg (born 1983), footballer
  • Mirosław Nahacz (1984–2007), novelist
  • Joseph Durst (1882-1974), American real estate developer and philanthropist

International relations[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns — Sister cities[edit]

Gorlice is twinned with:

  • Bardejov, Slovakia
  • Pápa, Hungary

References[edit]

  1. ^ UM Gorlice (2018), Historia Miasta, Urząd Miejski w Gorlicach (Gorlice City Council), Początki Gorlic wiążą się z osobą stolnika sandomierskiego Dersława I Karwacjana, pochodzącego z rodu krakowskich bankierów i kupców. On to, w uznaniu zasług w 1354 roku otrzymuje od króla Kazimierza Wielkiego przywilej utworzenia miasta u zbiegu Ropy i Sękówki. Początkowo Gorlice rządzą się prawem polskim, początkiem XV wieku przeniesione zostają na prawo magdeburskie.
  2. ^ "Historia miejscowości". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  3. ^ Atlas des peuples d'Europe centrale, André et Jean Sellier, 1991, p. 88
  4. ^ "Historia miasta". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  5. ^ Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967
  6. ^ Urząd Miejski w Gorlicach (30 December 2015), "The battle which changed the fate of Europe" [Bitwa, która zmieniła losy Europy], O Gorlicach. GORLICE – musisz tu przyjechać!, Gorlice City Council, 2 maja 1915 roku rozpoczęła się wielka ofensywa wojsk państw centralnych przeciwko armii rosyjskiej. Bitwa pod Gorlicami uznana została za jedną z największych na froncie wschodnim – poległo w niej ponad 20 tys. żołnierzy. Miasto zapłaciło straszliwą cenę za wejście na karty historii. Zniszczone zostało ponad 80% zabudowań.
  7. ^ "Prof. Szlanta: sukces ofensywy Brusiłowa mógł zapobiec rewolucji bolszewickiej". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  8. ^ "Getto w Gorlicach". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  9. ^ "Karta historii. Niechciana Armia Radziecka wkroczyła do Gorlic w 1945 roku". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Gorlice Yizkor Book, Poland Pages 9–20]". www.jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
  11. ^ a b ""De Non Tolerandis Judaeis"". Israel National News. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
  12. ^ a b c d e "History | Virtual Shtetl". sztetl.org.pl. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
  13. ^ a b "Gorlice". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
  14. ^ "Jewish Families from Biecz, Poland genealogy project". geni_family_tree. Retrieved 2018-05-05.

External links[edit]

  • Jewish Community in Gorlice on Virtual Shtetl
  • Gorlice, Poland at JewishGen

Coordinates: 49°40′N 21°10′E / 49.667°N 21.167°E / 49.667; 21.167