De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Saltar a navegación Saltar a búsqueda
Parte de una serie sobre el
Historia de California
California Poppy Scanograph cropped.png
Periodos
Temas
Ciudades
Flag of California.svg Portal de California

Riverside, California , fue fundada en 1870 y recibió su nombre por su ubicación junto al río Santa Ana . Se convirtió en la sede del condado cuando se estableció el condado de Riverside, California , en 1893.

Período precolonial [ editar ]

Antes de la colonización de México y Alta California por España, la tierra que se convertiría en Riverside, California, era frecuentada por varios pueblos nativos americanos . No se sabe que haya existido ningún asentamiento permanente, pero exploradores posteriores documentaron aldeas ocasionales cercanas al río. Los artefactos encontrados en White Sulphur Springs, así como los agujeros de molienda de granos en las rocas al sur del Monte Rubidoux , proporcionan evidencia de la actividad de los nativos americanos . [1]

Periodo español [ editar ]

La estatua de Sherry Peticolas de Juan Bautista de Anza en Riverside, California

El 20 de marzo de 1774, Juan Bautista De Anza , al frente de una expedición exploratoria para encontrar una buena ruta terrestre desde el sur de México hasta Alta California , llegó a la zona hoy conocida como Riverside. Él, y otros en su contingente, describieron el área como un hermoso lugar fragante con romero y otras hierbas , y que tiene ricos pastizales para que pacen sus caballos y ganado. Llamó al área Valle de Paraíso , o Valle del Paraíso. Este fue el primer registro oficial que se hizo de lo que se convertiría en la ciudad de Riverside. [2]

De Anza dirigió una segunda expedición a través del área el 31 de diciembre de 1775. Esta expedición era una expedición colonizadora que se dirigía a Monterrey. Pasaron la víspera de Año Nuevo a orillas del río Santa Ana y cruzaron el río al día siguiente. [1]

Se cree que las rutas tomadas por las dos expediciones siguieron un curso desde algún lugar cerca del lago Perris , en el actual Moreno Valley , bajando la pendiente de Box Springs cerca del intercambio de la autopista 60/215, y a través de Riverside en dirección a Martha McLean. - Parque Anza Narrows . [3] Se dedicó un marcador en el parque para reconocer el punto donde el grupo cruzó el río Santa Ana. Para conmemorar las expediciones de De Anza, la ciudad de Riverside, a través de donaciones privadas y una subvención federal de la Works Progress Administration , comenzó a trabajar en una estatua de De Anza de 20 pies en 1939. [4] La dedicación tuvo lugar en mayo de 1942, en la esquina de las calles Market y 14th. [1]

Periodo americano [ editar ]

La Asociación del Centro de la Seda de California se estableció en noviembre de 1869 e incluía algunas de las tierras que más tarde se convertirían en Riverside. La Asociación se disolvió en abril de 1870, cuando Louis Prevost, el único miembro de la Asociación con conocimientos sobre el cultivo de la seda, falleció inesperadamente. El 12 de septiembre de 1870, se formó la Asociación de Colonia del Sur de California de Jurupa , y el 14 de septiembre compraron gran parte de los derechos de tierra y agua de la Asociación de la Seda. Inicialmente, la nueva colonia se conocía como Jurupa, por el nombre del Rancho original que ocupaba el área, pero la Asociación de Colonia adoptó formalmente el nombre Riverside el 18 de diciembre de 1870. [5] [6] [7]

Historia de los cítricos [ editar ]

Una naranja de ombligo , también conocida como Washington, Riverside o Bahia ombligo.

En 1873, Eliza Tibbets convenció a William Saunders , [Nota 1] Superintendente de la incipiente Oficina de Agricultura , para que la convirtiera en productora de prueba para sus nuevas naranjas sin semillas de Bahía , Brasil . [9] [10] Al plantar y cuidar los naranjos que Saunders le envió, Tibbets revolucionó la industria de los cítricos. [11] La introducción de estas naranjas, más tarde llamada Washington Navel Orange , resultó ser el experimento más exitoso de la tenencia de Saunders, [Nota 2] y uno de los eventos sobresalientes en el desarrollo económico y social de California. [Nota 3]Durante los siguientes 60 años y más, se construyó una gran industria a partir de los dos pequeños árboles plantados en Riverside por Eliza Tibbets. [13]

La industria de los cítricos en California había comenzado antes de la introducción de Tibbets de la naranja Navel de Washington. Sin embargo, no hubo una variedad sobresaliente de naranja dulce para principios y mediados de temporada, generalmente adaptada al clima. [13] Los cítricos existentes eran en su mayoría árboles de semillero cultivados a partir de semillas obtenidas localmente o de las misiones españolas . Los productores experimentaron, pero hubo una falta de estandarización en la calidad. [Nota 4]

Eliza Tibbets plantó los dos árboles en su jardín en 1873. [13] [Nota 5] Es ampliamente aceptado que cuidó de los dos árboles restantes usando agua para lavar platos para mantenerlos vivos porque el lote de Tibbets no estaba conectado al agua del canal. [14] [15] Los funcionarios de agricultura atribuyen el éxito de los dos árboles que florecieron al cuidado de Eliza Tibbets. [13] [Nota 6] Los primeros frutos de estos árboles se produjeron en la temporada de 1875-1876. [17] Cuando la naranja Washington Navel se exhibió públicamente en una feria en 1879, se reconocieron inmediatamente las valiosas características comerciales de la fruta, incluida su calidad, forma, tamaño, color, textura y ausencia de semillas. [18] [17][19] La naranja de Tibbets también se adaptaba perfectamente al clima semiárido de Riverside, y su piel gruesa permitía embalarla y enviarla. [20] El contraste entre esta nueva fruta y la de los árboles de semillero fue tan sorprendente que la mayoría de las nuevas plantaciones de arboledas fueron de naranjas Washington Navel. [21] [22] Tibbets vendió yemas de sus árboles a los viveristas locales, lo que llevó a extensas plantaciones de árboles de vivero clonados a partir de ella.

Legado de introducción [ editar ]

El éxito de Tibbets con la naranja navel había llevado a un rápido aumento en la plantación de cítricos, [23] y los cítricos plantados fueron predominantemente la naranja navel de Washington. El éxito comercial de estos primeros huertos pronto llevó a un interés generalizado en esta variedad, de modo que en 1900 era la fruta cítrica más cultivada en California. [24] [25]

El crecimiento que produjo Washington Navel Orange (WNO) en Riverside se extendió por todo el estado, impulsando al estado e incluso a la economía nacional. Los cítricos asumieron un lugar importante en la economía de California. [26] [27] [Nota 7] En 1917, la cultura WNO era una industria de $ 30 millones por año en California. [28] Para 1933, la industria de WNO en CA había crecido hasta convertirse en una industria con un ingreso anual de 67 millones de dólares. [29] Desde un millón de cajas de naranjas en 1887 hasta más de 65,5 millones de cajas de naranjas, limones y pomelos en 1944, a pesar de los años de depresión de la década de 1930, la industria de los cítricos de California experimentó un crecimiento explosivo. [30] [27]

El éxito de los proyectos de riego inspirados en los naranjos de Tibbets , que convirtieron más desierto en campos de naranjos. [31] [17] El tamaño, la escala y el ingenio de las estructuras de riego en Riverside y sus alrededores se consideran una de las maravillas agrícolas de la época. [32] En 1893, Riverside era la ciudad más rica per cápita de los Estados Unidos. El dinero se vertió en California. [Nota 8] La naranja de Tibbets generó un estimado de $ 100 millones de inversión directa e indirecta en la industria de los cítricos durante los próximos 25 años. [33]Pero la naranja de Eliza Tibbets no se limitó a alimentar la riqueza y el crecimiento de las ciudades existentes; Surgieron nuevas ciudades y pueblos cuyo nacimiento, existencia y futuro dependían de la condición del mercado de naranjas. [34] Solo en 1886 se establecieron nuevas ciudades de cítricos en Rialto, Fontana, Bloomington, Redlands, Terracina, Mound City (Loma Linda), Guasti y South Riverside, (Corona). [35] Se lanzaron comunidades de regadío como Etiwanda, Redlands, Ontario y muchas otras. [36]

La industria de los cítricos en rápida expansión también estimuló el mercado de capitales de bienes raíces . [37] A medida que la industria crecía, la tierra que se había considerado sin valor aumentó drásticamente su valor. El cultivo de la naranja no solo alimentó el auge de la tierra de la década de 1880 en el sur de California; permitió que Riverside sobreviviera cuando el boom de la tierra colapsó en 1888. [38] (Ver también: Pánico de 1893 ). El éxito de la naranja de Tibbets estimuló las industrias relacionadas. Citrus sentó las bases de la modernización económica de la región antes de que comenzara la gran avalancha de fondos de defensa en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. [Nota 9] La introducción de Tibbets de la naranja navel de Washington fue en gran parte responsable de las empacadoras de frutas., inventos en máquinas de boxeo, envoltorios de frutas y el vagón helado. [21]

A mediados de la década de 1880, surgieron cinco empacadoras en Riverside. [38] Muchos métodos se desarrollaron en el curso del crecimiento de esta industria, que tuvo una amplia aplicación, a otras industrias frutícolas, así como a los cítricos. [17] El estudio y los esfuerzos de los pioneros en el desarrollo de la industria de los cítricos de California llevaron a la invención de la fumigación , de los calentadores de huertos y de muchos otros métodos de cultivo. [17] En 1897-1898, Benjamin y Harrison Wright inventaron y patentaron una lavadora naranja mecanizada. A fines de 1898, dos tercios de las empacadoras de Riverside utilizaban las máquinas. [40]A principios de siglo, Stebler y Parker comenzaron a fabricar maquinaria de envasado de cítricos en Riverside de forma independiente. Las empresas, que se fusionaron en 1922, se convirtieron en California Iron Works y, más tarde, en Food Machinery Corporation (hoy FMC Corp. ). [40] El Ferrocarril de Santa Fe abrió una línea directa a Riverside en 1886, permitiendo el envío directo al este. [35] Ocho años después, los primeros vagones refrigerados enviaron naranjas desde Riverside hacia el este por el ferrocarril de Santa Fe. [35]

Otro ejemplo de los resultados del éxito de la industria de los cítricos en California fue la organización de los productores en un intercambio por el manejo cooperativo de su cultivo y su distribución. [17] California Fruit Growers Exchange, una asociación de comercialización cooperativa formada por productores locales, fue fundada en 1893; ahora se conoce como Sunkist Growers, Incorporated . [38]

A key feature of the growth of the Washington Navel orange industry was a scientific approach to improvement. Study of propagation culture handling, transportation and other phases of producing distributing and marketing the crop was largely responsible for advancements used not only with citrus but also in other fruit industries. In 1893, cyanide gas was used to fight citrus scale.[41] A U. S. Department of Agriculture scientist helped growers to harness nature's biological wrath during the "decay crisis" of 1905–1907, when alarming proportions of fruit spoiled in transit, and wed the industry to the scientific expertise of the USDA.[42]

Growers, scientists, and workers transformed the natural and social landscape of California, turning it into a factory for the production of millions of oranges.[43] Orange growers in California developed the commercialized agriculture that only spread to the rest of the country a generation later.[44] In 1906, University of California established in Riverside its Citrus Experiment Station, the beginnings of the University of California, Riverside. Originally located on the slope of Mount Rubidoux, the station[45] institutionalized the scientific expertise, support, and presence of the state's university and the federal government in the citrus industry, and brought quality control to the first link in the corporate agricultural chain.[42] In a field department was created which provided member growers with scientific and practical horticultural advice and direction that ultimately led to huge gains in productivity.[42]

Tibbets' orange allowed agriculture in California to survive transition from wheat. Wheat had been the single most profitable crop statewide between 1870 and 1900 as California became one of the largest grain producers in the nation.[46] Sometime about 1880, many agriculturalists in the central valley and Southern California began to convert to fruit. Soil and climate were obviously conducive to such a conversion.[47] After the turn of the century, wheat exports began a rapid decline prompted by intense Canadian and Russian competition and declining grain yields due to soil depletion.[47] As the soil became depleted by wheat growing, the large fields were subdivided and used for horticulture. Agriculture thus came to provide a firm foundation for the state's economy.

Asian-American history[edit]

Settlements of Japanese and Korean migrants [48] used to exist along the railroad tracks, which would fill with thousands of workers during the citrus harvest. None of these remain, but the Santa Fe depot, like several others in the Inland Empire, has been restored to its turn-of-the-century glory. Today, many of Riverside's Asian Americans live in the sections of Arlington and La Sierra, the majority being Chinese American and Korean American. The largest Korean American church in the city is Riverside Korean Baptist Church near Arlington.

Riverside's first Chinatown was located in Downtown Riverside, but growing anti-Chinese sentiment and a series of city ordinances, including one that outlawed laundry businesses in the Downtown Mile Square, precipitated the Chinese community's relocation to an area bounded by Brockton and Tequesquite Avenues. The last resident of this Chinatown, George Wong (Wong Ho Leun), died in the 1970s and the remaining buildings were razed. A proposed development spurred archaeological investigations of the Chinatown site in the 1980s. Artifacts that were unearthed during these investigations are housed at the Riverside Metropolitan Museum across from the Mission Inn Hotel. Following the archaeological study, the Chinatown site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The site had previously been landmarked as a State Point of Historical Interest, County landmark, and City Landmark. In 2008, the Save Our Chinatown Committee was formed to protect the Chinatown archaeological site from commercial development and increase awareness of Riverside's Chinese American history through public programming.

In 1915 a Japanese immigrant named Jukichi Harada, proprietor for many years of a local restaurant, purchased a home in Riverside in the names of his American-born children in order to provide access for them to the public school system. Neighbors formed a committee and charged him with violating the California Alien Land Law of 1913, which barred aliens ineligible for citizenship from owning land. The case, The People of the State of California v. Jukichi Harada, became a test of the constitutionality of the law and progressed to the state Supreme Court, which ruled that the Harada children could own land.[49] The Metropolitan Museum of Riverside now owns the Harada House, which has been designated a National Historic Landmark.

Dalip Singh Saund, the first Asian-born politician elected to the United States Congress (and the only Sikh-American), was voted into office in 1956 to represent a district that included Riverside.

A substantial community of Indian Americans including Sikhs and Punjabis lived in Riverside with the Inland Empire and the Colorado Desert regions (i.e. Imperial Valley) for nearly a century.[50]

Filipinos (see Filipino American) have been in Riverside for over 100 years.[51] Known as the Pensionados, they were Philippine nationals sent to live in the United States to learn the principles of liberty and self-government.

Since the US annexed the Philippines from 1898 to its independence in 1946, the Filipino community of Riverside and Riverside county are well numerous (i.e. in nearby Moreno Valley).[52]

African-American history[edit]

At the intersection of Howard and 12th sits the last remnants of a formerly thriving African-American neighborhood. The old Wiley Grocery store now houses the activities of "Black" Prince Hall Masons. Nearby is the Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, a pilgrimage site complete with shrine. Built and destroyed three times, the current incarnation dates from the 1920s. And the Bobby Bonds recreation center named for the major league baseball legend. Extensive information on Riverside's African American Community can be found on the Riversider.Org website.

One of Riverside's claims to fame was the Riverside International Raceway. It was open from 1957 to 1989.

Sports history[edit]

Riverside was home to the Riverside International Raceway from September 22, 1957, to July 2, 1989. Races held at the Riverside International Raceway included Cal-Club (SCCA), Formula One, NASCAR, Can-Am, USAC, IMSA, IROC, and CART.[53] The raceway was closed in 1989 to make way for a shopping mall and housing development five years after the raceway property was incorporated with the city of Moreno Valley in 1984. In 2003, plans were announced to build a 3-mile (4.8 km) road course near Merced, California, based on the design of the Riverside layout. The new track would have been known as the Riverside Motorsports Park.

Riverside has had three minor league baseball teams: one in 1941 known as the Riverside Reds,[54] and two from the class-A California League – the Riverside Red Wave from 1988 to 1990, and the Riverside Pilots (a Seattle Mariners Class-A minor league affiliate) from 1993 to 1995. The teams played at the UC-Riverside Sports Center also known as the Blaine Sports Complex. The Red Wave moved to Adelanto in 1990 to become the High Desert Mavericks and the Pilots moved to Lancaster in 1995 to become the Lancaster JetHawks. The Pilot's move occurred after a long-standing dispute between the Pilots, the California League, and the city to build a new facility to replace the Blaine Sports Complex. Today, a semi-pro collegiate team, the Inland Empire Rockets, plays some home games in Riverside and Moreno Valley.

In the early 1940s before the start of World War II, the Riverside Rubes a.k.a. Riverside Reds [55] whom played cross-region rival the San Bernardino Bucs a.k.a. San Bernardino Stars [56] when two major league teams – the Cincinnati Reds and the Pittsburgh Pirates held spring training in the area, followed by the California Winter League and in the 1950s, was the site for the Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Phillies as well the St. Louis Browns (Baltimore Orioles).[57]

Riverside is the hometown of Bobby Bonds and his son Barry Bonds, and Dusty Baker, current manager of the Houston Astros, and former manager of the San Francisco Giants, Chicago Cubs, and Washington Nationals. Although from Donora, Pennsylvania, Ken Griffey and his son Ken Griffey Jr. have residences in Riverside.

Timeline[edit]

Spanish period[edit]

  • 1774 On March 20–21 Juan Bautista de Anza treks through the Riverside area from Tubac en route to the San Gabriel Mission intent to find a land route to Alta California.[58][59]
  • 1775 On December 31 – January 1, 1776, de Anza leads a second expedition through the Riverside area intent on establishing a colony in northern California.[59]

Transition period: Mexican War of Independence[edit]

  • 1810 On September 15, Mexico declares independence from Spain.
    • Dr. James Porter Greves born in upstate New York.[60]
  • 1815 John Wesley North born in Sand Lake, NY on January 4.[61]
  • 1819 Leandro Serrano establishes Rancho Temescal, the first non-native settlement in what would become Riverside County.

Mexican period[edit]

  • 1821 Mexican independence achieved with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba
  • 1838 Juan Bandini receives the Rancho Jurupa land grant.[62]
  • 1842 Benjamin D. Wilson, future first mayor of Los Angeles, purchases a part of Rancho Jurupa that eventually becomes Rancho Rubidoux.[62]
    • Wilson also arranges for another section of the Rancho Jurupa, the "Bandini Donation", to go to a group of New Mexican colonists who called their settlement Agua Mansa.[62]

Transition period: Mexican-American War[edit]

  • 1846 On May 13 the United States declares war on Mexico starting the Mexican–American War.
  • 1847 Louis Rubidoux purchases the Rancho Rubidoux from Benjamin Wilson.[62]

American period[edit]

  • 1848 On February 2, California became a U.S. holding with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican–American War.
  • 1849 The first California Constitution is adopted.[63]
  • 1850 California is divided into 27 counties, the area to become Riverside is within Los Angeles County.[63]
    • On September 9, California is admitted into the Union as the 31st state.
  • 1853 San Bernardino County is formed, including the area that will become Riverside.[63]
  • 1868 Thomas W. Cover purchases parts of the Rancho Rubidoux and Bandini Donations intending to establish a silk colony.[64]
  • 1869 John W. North meets Dr. James P. Greves in Knoxville, TN.[65]
National Advisory Board Council tour - welcome to the Riverside District 1966
  • 1870 Louis Prevost, the silk colony's expert, dies.[64]
    • On March 17 John W. North distributes a leaflet titled "A Colony for California" from Knoxville, TN.[60]
    • On March 25 Dr. Greves distributes a leaflet titled "Ho! For California" from Marshall, MI.[60]
    • In early August, John W. North meets Thomas W. Cover and North visits the Riverside area for the first time.[64]
    • Between September 12 and 20, North, Greves, and others legally incorporate the Southern California Colony Association and purchase land and water rights from the Silk Colony Association.[66][67]
    • In December Luther C. Tibbets arrives from Washington DC.[68]
  • 1873 Eliza Tibbets requests a new variety of orange from the US Department of Agriculture in Washington, DC. She receives 2 surviving Bahia Navel Orange trees.[69]
  • 1876 C.C. Miller begins accepting paying guests has his adobe home named the Glenwood Cottages.[70]
  • 1880 Frank Miller, C. C. Miller's son, takes over the Glenwood Cottages.[70]
  • 1883 The city of Riverside is incorporated.[63]
  • 1893 On March 11 the County of Riverside is formed, with Riverside as the county seat.[63]
  • 1903 The Glenwood Cottages is renamed the Mission Inn.[70]
    • On May 7, President Theodore Roosevelt stays at the Mission Inn.[70]
  • 1909 President Taft visits the Mission Inn.[70]
  • 1935 On June 15, Frank Miller dies, and the Mission Inn passes to DeWitt and Allis Hutchings.[70]
  • 1961 The Mission Inn is designated a California Historical Landmark.[70]
  • 1977 In October the Mission Inn is designated a National Historic Landmark.[70]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Saunders was a nurseryman, landscape gardener and horticulturist. Among other things he designed the Soldier's National Cemetery at Gettysburg and the Lincoln Monument in Springfield, Illinois. See biography in 1899, Meehan's Monthly, 9; William Saunders, "Experimental Gardens and Grounds," in USDA, Yearbook of Agriculture 1897, 180 ff; USDA, Yearbook of Agriculture 1900, 625 ff. As the nation's chief experimental horticulturalist, he was responsible for the introduction of many fruits and vegetables to American agriculture; with five others he founded the National Grange and Patrons of Husbandry.[8] See also, US Dept of the Interior, Pioneers of American Landscape Design II (Washington: GPO, 2000) 132–137.
  2. ^ "His greatest success... was the introduction of the Bahia or Washington Navel Orange... [which] practically revolutionized the orange industry in California at that time..."[12]
  3. ^ "It is now generally recognized that one of the outstanding events in the economic and social development of California was the introduction of this orange in 1873."[13]
  4. ^ State Board, 13: "Some of the earlier settlers, with foresight enough to see that there was profit in fruit, secured some of the mission orchards, and under skillful treatment and fostering care these were made productive again by careful pruning, cultivation, and irrigation. These enterprising orchardists reaped a golden reward for their labor."[13]
  5. ^ There have been discussion, debate, and even demonstrations regarding this date. For their reviews of the existing evidence, see: Shamel & Pomeroy, Washington Navel Orange, 4–7, ff.; C. S. Pomeroy, "1873 Washington Navel Orange Came to Riverside"; W. A. Taylor, Chief of the Bureau [of Agriculture]. Letter to James Boyd, September 15, 1920. unpublished, available from the USDA Library; U.S. House, Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1884, 48th Cong. 1st Sess. Ex. Doc 178, (Washington: 1884) 7: "Distributed about 12 years ago"; Klotz: The local press of March 28, 1885, printed the following, "Mrs. L. C. Tibbets exhibits a branch from the original orange trees imported from South America to Washington, D.C. and thence to Riverside in 1873."
  6. ^ In 1933 two USDA officials wrote: "The very fact that the trees sent her survived the climatic and other hazards of those pioneer days is in itself remarkable and is probably due to the particular care given them by her."[16] See also: A. D. Shamel, "History of Origin and Introduction of the Washington Navel Orange," The California Citrograph, (April 1933) 171: "These trees survived the climatic and other hazards, largely, I think, through the systematic care of Mrs Tibbets...."
  7. ^ The discovery of the fact that citrus fruits could be produced successfully and profitably, gave an impetus to the growth of a most important industry in our State, and especially in the southern counties, which is almost unprecedented in the history of our Union…. to Riverside is due the great impetus that brought the industry into national prominence. State Board, 20: It is also largely to Riverside that the orange industry is indebted for its present importance, from the success attained in the cultivation of the Washington Navel, an orange which achieved widespread fame for itself and the location (Riverside) where it was first successfully grown.
  8. ^ "From $10.7 million earned in 1900, to $83.2 million in 1920, to $144.6 million in 1930, citrus literally sucked eastern money west."[30]
  9. ^ Tobey & Wetherell (1995) analyze "California's history in the half-century between 1890 and 1940 in terms of economic development in the context of the revolution in corporate capitalism" "To explain the region's history we must look beyond the rhetoric of speculative growth to the reality of investment-led growth, using models of economic development. For these we turn to Douglass North's Nobel-Prize-winning explanation of industrial revolution in the United States, and Albert Hirschman's theory of development that informed much of North's analysis. Textiles drove the antebellum North into sustained economic growth. We believe that the citrus industry, with its staple export crop of fresh table fruit, was a similar foundational industry that powered southern California' economy in the fifty years before World War II.[39]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Patterson, Tom. Landmarks of Riverside, and the Stories Behind Them. The Press Enterprise Company, Riverside, CA, 1964. Pages 174–175.
  2. ^ Why did Captain Juan Bautista de Anza return to Riverside, California?. Riverside Chamber of Commerce, 1975. Page 3.
  3. ^ "Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail Guide: Riverside County". Solideas.com. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  4. ^ Baggs, Terry. Making Riverside Work: The Benefits of the WPA. Journal of the Riverside Historical Society, Number Three, February 1999.
  5. ^ An Illustrated history of southern California : embracing the counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange, and the peninsula of lower California, from the earliest period of occupancy to the present time, together with glimpses of their prospects, also, full-page portraits of some of their eminent men, and biographical mention of many of their pioneers and of prominent citizens of to-day (Public domain ed.). Lewis Publishing Company. 1890. pp. 462–. ISBN 978-5-87987-880-6.
  6. ^ Jefferson (2007), pp. 58–
  7. ^ Gunther, pp 506-507.
  8. ^ L. H. Bailey,The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, 2nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1930) 3: 1594–95.
  9. ^ William Saunders' journal, unpub., quoted in USDA, The Navel Orange of Bahia, Bull. No. 445 (Washington, DC: GPO), 5–6.
  10. ^ USDA, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 64.
  11. ^ Bailey, 1595.
  12. ^ Saunders' journal, quoted in USDA, 1917, 5
  13. ^ a b c d e f USDA, Yearbook of Agriculture 1937, (Washington, D.C.: 1937) 771.
  14. ^ Roistacher, PGCGN, 60.
  15. ^ Klotz, "Eliza Tibbets," 17.
  16. ^ Shamel & Pomeroy, The Washington Navel Orange, 31.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Shamel, 1915, 3.
  18. ^ USDA, Bud Selection, 2
  19. ^ USDA, 1937 yearbook
  20. ^ Shamel & Pomeroy, Washington Navel Orange, 9.
  21. ^ a b Roistacher, PGCGN
  22. ^ Shamel & Pomeroy, The Washington Navel Orange, 8.
  23. ^ Dumke, Boom, 14.
  24. ^ USDA, A. D. SHAMEL, C. S. POMEROY, and R. E. CARYL, Bud selection in the Washington navel orange progeny tests of limb variations. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture;1929
  25. ^ USDA Yearbook 1937.
  26. ^ Gerald D. Nash, State Government and Economic Policy: A History of Administrative Policies in California 1849–1933 (New York: Arno Press, 1979 ©1964) 140
  27. ^ a b State Board, 13.
  28. ^ Dorsett & Shamel, 1917.
  29. ^ Cal Statutes.
  30. ^ a b Tobey & Wetherell (1995), p. 13
  31. ^ State Board, 14
  32. ^ Nash, "Economic Growth," 319 citing Nash, State Government,
  33. ^ Tobey & Wetherell (1995), p. 72. But see: Michael A. Lane "Scientific Work of Government," Making of America Vol VII, ed. Robert Marion La Follette. Robert Marion La Follette, Charles Higgins, William Matthews Handy (Chicago,: Making of America, 1906.)
  34. ^ State Board, 13–14.
  35. ^ a b c Klotz & Hallaran (1989), p. 27
  36. ^ Tom Patterson, "The Tibbets, the Navel Orange, and the Dishpan," in Landmarks of Riverside and the Stories Behind Them (Riverside, CA: Press-Enterprise Co., 1964) 31.
  37. ^ Tobey & Wetherell (1995), p. 20
  38. ^ a b c Klotz & Hallaran (1989)
  39. ^ Tobey & Wetherell (1995)
  40. ^ a b Klotz & Hallaran (1989), p. 30
  41. ^ Klotz & Hallaran (1989), p. 29
  42. ^ a b c Tobey & Wetherell (1995), p. 10
  43. ^ Sackman (2005)
  44. ^ Sackman (2005), p. 67
  45. ^ Klotz & Hallaran (1989), p. 33
  46. ^ Nash, State Government 117.
  47. ^ a b Nash, "Economic Growth," 318.
  48. ^ "California city honors first Korean settlement in U.S." Nbcnews.com. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  49. ^ "Los Angeles Examiner, January 5, 1916, page 1" (PDF). Riversideca.gov. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  50. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2012-04-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  51. ^ "Riverside, California - City of Arts & Innovation -". 21 January 2008. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  52. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-04-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  53. ^ "Brochure". Riversideinternational.org. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  54. ^ "History - California League About". California League. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  55. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-17. Retrieved 2012-05-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  56. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-03-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  57. ^ "California Winter League - BR Bullpen". Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  58. ^ Guideposts to History, 1977, second edition. Santa Fe Federal Savings & Loan Association.
  59. ^ a b "CATEWEB". Anza.uoregon.edu. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  60. ^ a b c Patterson (1996), p. 26
  61. ^ Patterson (1996), p. 24
  62. ^ a b c d Patterson, Tom. Landmarks of Riverside, and the Stories Behind Them. The Press Enterprise Company, Riverside, CA, 1964. Pages 17–20.
  63. ^ a b c d e Fitch, Robert J. Profile of a Century: Riverside County, California, 1893–1993. Riverside County Historical Commission Press, 1993. Page v–viii.
  64. ^ a b c Patterson (1996), p. 35
  65. ^ Patterson (1996), p. 23
  66. ^ Patterson (1996), p. 38
  67. ^ Gunther, pp 506-507.
  68. ^ Patterson (1996), p. 143
  69. ^ Hall (1992), p. 40
  70. ^ a b c d e f g h Mission Inn: A chronology. The Press Enterprise, 1986.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Hall, Joan H. (1992). A Citrus Legacy. Riverside, CA: Highgrove Press. ISBN 0-9631618-0-6.
  • Gunther, Jane Davies (1984). Riverside County, California, Place Names; Their Origins and Their Stories. Riverside, CA. LCCN 84-72920.
  • Jefferson, Alison Rose (2007). Lake Elsinore: a Southern California African American Resort Area During the Jim Crow Era, 1920s–1960s, and the Challenges of Historic Preservation Commemoration. ProQuest. ISBN 978-0-549-39156-2.
  • Klotz, Esther; Hallaran, Kevin (1989). "Citrus chronology". In Esther Klotz; Harry W. Lawton; Joan H. Hall (eds.). A History of Citrus in the Riverside Area (2nd ed.). San Bernardino, CA: Riverside Museum Press. ISBN 9780935661149.
  • Patterson, Tom (1996). A Colony for California: Riverside's First Hundred Years (2nd ed.). Press-Enterprise Company. LCCN 73-172819.
  • Sackman, Douglas Cazaux (2005). Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520940895.
  • Tobey, Ronald; Wetherell, Charles (1995). The citrus industry and the revolution of corporate capitalism in Southern California, 1887–1944. California History. 74. pp. 6–21. JSTOR 25177466.

Further reading[edit]

  • Lech, Steve (2007). Riverside 1870-1940. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7385-4716-9.

External links[edit]

  • Riverside History – focusing on African-Americans in Riverside