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IVECO S.p.A.
IVECO 2.svg
IvecoWorldHeadquarters4.jpg
IVECO's headquarters in Turin
TypeSubsidiary (società per azioni)
IndustryManufacturing
Founded1975 in Turin
HeadquartersTurin, Piedmont, Italy
Area servedWorldwide
Key peopleGerrit Marx
ProductsHeavy commercial vehicles, medium commercial vehicles, light commercial vehicles, quarry/construction site vehicles, special vehicles, city and intercity buses, firefighting vehicles, defence vehicles
RevenueIncrease €4,900,000,000
Number of employeesApproximately 25,000
ParentCNH Industrial
Subsidiaries
List
Websiteiveco.com

IVECO S.p.A., an acronym for Industrial Vehicles Corporation, is an Italian transport vehicle manufacturing company based in Turin and a wholly owned subsidiary of CNH Industrial. It designs and builds light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles, quarry/construction site vehicles, city and intercity buses and special vehicles for applications such as firefighting, off-road missions, the military and civil defence. The name Iveco first appeared in 1975 after a merger of Italian, French and German brands.[1] Its production plants are in Europe, Brazil, Russia, Australia, Africa, Argentina and China, and it has approximately 5,000 points of sales and service in over 160 countries. The worldwide output of the company amounts to around 150,000 commercial vehicles with a turnover of about €10 billion.[2]

History[edit]

IVECO was incorporated on 1 January 1975, with the merger of five different brands: FIAT Veicoli Industriali (with headquarters in Turin), OM (Brescia, Italy), Lancia Veicoli Speciali (Italy), Unic (France) and Magirus-Deutz (Germany).[3]

Following the merger, the newly founded Iveco began rationalizing its product range, manufacturing plants and sales network, while keeping the original brands. From 1975 to 1979, the Iveco range included 200 basic models and 600 versions spanning from 2.7 tons of GVW for a light vehicle to over 40 tons for heavy vehicles, as well as buses and engines.[4][5] In 1977 the light to medium-weight Iveco Zeta range was introduced, replacing the twenty-year-old OM Lupetto. Integrating the FIAT-OM range with the Unic and Magirus lineups was completed by 1980.[6] IVECO moved in to work on increasing productivity and engine development.[6] In 1978 IVECO launched the first product in the range of Iveco-branded light vehicles, the Daily.[7]

In 1980 Iveco built a turbo diesel engine for heavy industrial vehicles.[8] In this decade the corporate strategy was heavily oriented towards brand promotion and led to the sponsorship of sports events, such as the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow, the Davis Cup in 1982, multiple championship boxing matches, the Jacques Cousteau expeditions in the Amazon basin in 1983 and the Raid Pigafetta, during which the IVECO-FIAT 75 PC 4x4 was first to make a full circle of the globe.[9] Two new divisions were also formed: bus diesel engines and firefighting vehicles.[10]

In 1984 IVECO launched the TurboStar,[11] a heavy on-road vehicle that became a best-seller in Italy and also successful in the European market, selling a total of 50,000 in seven years.[12]

In 1985 IVECO made the first light diesel engine with direct injection.[13]

From 1986, IVECO S.p.A. held a 52% stake in Iveco Ford Truck Ltd, a joint venture (and effectively a merger) with Ford of Europe's truck division. Ford plants took over production and sales of the major vehicles in the Iveco range and continued production of the Ford Cargo.[14] In the mid-1980s, Astra, which produces dumpers and construction site/quarry vehicles in Piacenza, became part of Iveco Group.[15]

In 1989 the first diesel engine with EGR to reduce polluting emissions compatible with commercial vehicles was produced and the new Daily launched that same year was fitted with it.[14]

In 1990, the group purchased 60% control of the Spanish industrial company ENASA, which owned the industrial vehicle builder Pegaso.[14] In the 1990s, the EuroCargo, EuroTech, EuroTrakker and EuroStar vehicles represented a total facelift for the range.[14] The EuroCargo and the EuroTech were named "Truck of the Year" in 1992 and 1993 respectively and, for the first time, this recognition was awarded to the same manufacturer for two years in a row.[16] The English company Seddon Atkinson was purchased in 1991 and brought its long heritage of special vehicles for the construction and refuse collection industries.[17] That same year, the first TurboDaily assembly line was inaugurated at the Nanjing Motor Corporation in China.[18] In 1991 Iveco announced that they were withdrawing from the North American market at the end of the calendar year; they had been selling the mid-range Iveco Euro there since 1978.[19]

In 1992, Iveco took over the primary constructor of industrial vehicles in Australia to form Ital, originally called International Trucks Australia.[20] In 2000 it was renamed Iveco Trucks Australia Limited.[17] In 1996 firefighting activities in Germany were structured under the company Iveco Magirus Brandschutztechnik GmbH.[21] The following year, these activities were boosted by the arrival of an Austrian company, Löhr, which then became Löhr Magirus.[17]

In 1998 Cursor 8 was launched, followed the next year by Cursor 10, the first diesel engine with a variable geometry turbine and the first common rail diesel engine for heavy industrial vehicles.[21] The 125th anniversary of the presentation of the first Magirus ladder[22] was celebrated together with the delivery of the five-thousandth Magirus aerial ladder produced since the Second World War.[21]

In 2003 IVECO entirely bought out Irisbus, originally part of a joint venture with Renault.[23] In 2004 the Iveco Motors brand was born, which became an umbrella for the production of engines, and the following year it was incorporated into the newly founded Fiat Powertrain Technologies. At the end of 2004, an agreement was reached between IVECO and the Chinese company SAIC (Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation).[24]

In 2006 IVECO sponsored the Winter Olympic Games in Turin with a fleet of 1,200 Irisbus buses.[25] The year after, IVECO became sponsor of the All Blacks, New Zealand's rugby team.[26] In 2009 Iveco became the trucks and commercial Vehicle supplier for the Moto GP,[27] together with the historical sponsorship to the Ferrari Racing Team, for which it supplies the vehicles that transport the single-seaters at all the Formula 1 World Championship races.[28]

On 1 January 2011, Fiat Industrial was formed, incorporating CNH, Iveco and FPT Industrial.[29] In September of the same year, the Fiat Industrial Village was inaugurated in Turin, a multipurpose centre belonging to Fiat Industrial and created for the sales, assistance and product presentation for the Iveco, New Holland and FPT Industrial brands.[30]On 15 January 2012, Iveco won the 33rd edition of the Dakar rally with the Petronas De Rooy team and the Dutch driver Gerard De Rooy, behind the wheel of an Iveco Powerstar. De Rooy was followed by drivers Stacey and Biasion behind the wheel of two Iveco Trakker Evolution 2 vehicles, equipped with an FPT Industrial C13 engine with over 900 hp.[31]

Brands[edit]

Iveco trucks[edit]

Iveco is the brand under which the light, medium and heavy vehicles are sold. The range of light vehicles is made up of the New Daily in its versions from 2.8 t to 6 t and with 4x4 drive. The range of medium vehicles includes the EuroCargo, available from 6.5 t to 18 t and with 4x2 or 4x4 drive.[32] Stralis and Trakker, from 19 t to 72 t, make up the heavy vehicle range in two, three, or four-axled versions with all-wheel drive or two-wheel drive.[33]

Iveco platforms[edit]

Light to medium

  • S-series (1978), "Daily", also sold as a FIAT and as the OM Grinta. TurboDaily from 1986.
  • Z-series (1976), "Zeta". Also sold as a FIAT, OM, Magirus-Deutz, and as a Saurer-OM. TurboZeta from 1987.

Medium

  • Iveco-Magirus MK (1975) – IVECO-badged versions of Magirus' Club of Four cab were sold in Germany and some other markets.
  • Ford Cargo, sold as an IVECO-Ford in the UK from 1986 until 1991.
  • EuroCargo (1991), replaced the Zeta. Full model change in 2003, now with Bertone design.

Heavy

  • P/T/TA (1970), bonneted Magirus-Deutz off-road truck, with IVECO badging from the early 1980s. Built until 2003, mainly for non-European markets for the last decade.
  • N-series (1976), also NC and NVN. Also known as the "Turbo" or "T"-series and originally sold as a FIAT. Facelifted in 1981.[34]
  • TurboStar/TurboTech (1984), similar to the N-series. TurboStar is the more luxurious model intended for long-distance operations
  • EuroStar/Tech/Trakker (1993). Direct successors to the TurboStar/TurboTech, with the EuroTrakker being intended for offroad or construction work.
  • PowerStar (1999), a bonneted truck built and sold in Australia, using the TurboStar cabin and continuing International Australia's earlier conventional line
  • Stralis (2002), replaces the heavy "Euro" series. Facelifted in 2007 and again in 2012.
  • S-Way (2019), replaces the Stralis series.
  • Trakker (2004), replaces the offroad/construction EuroTrakker and uses the same cabin as the Stralis

Iveco Bus[edit]

Main article: Iveco Bus

Irisbus was a brand specialising in passenger transport vehicles spanning from minibuses to buses for city and intercity transportation and tour buses. On May 24, 2013, the brand was relaunched as Iveco Bus.[35][36]

Heuliez Bus[edit]

Heuliez Bus is a French limited company, it was part of the Henri Heuliez Group. It was formed in 1980. It is wholly owned by IVECO through its subsidiary Iveco Bus, and specializes in the manufacture of buses and coaches.

Iveco Astra[edit]

Main article: Astra (company)

Iveco Astra is a brand dedicated to off-road vehicles for construction and mining industry. It produces heavy on-road and off-road vehicles as well as heavy tractors for road transport and logistics vehicles, including armoured vehicles for the military. The company was founded in 1946, but has been part of Iveco since 1986.[37]

Iveco Magirus[edit]

Main article: Magirus

Iveco Magirus is the brand dedicated to firefighting vehicles and their fittings. Iveco Magirus also produces aerial ladders, an industry in which it is the world leader. It was founded in 1866 as "Magirus Kommanditist" by Conrad Dietrich Magirus, fire chief in Ulm, Germany, who also invented the ladders for the firefighting vehicles.[38]

Defence Vehicles[edit]

Defence Vehicles specialises in military vehicles. Its headquarters are located in Bolzano, where the Iveco LMV is produced, one of the brand's most famous vehicles used by many armies in Europe and abroad.[39] Furthermore, Defence Vehicles has been selected by the Dutch Ministry of Defence to develop and manufacter the future infantry mobility vehicle for the Dutch Armed Forces, the Iveco Medium Tactical Vehicle.[40]

Iveco Capital[edit]

Iveco Capital is Iveco's financial division which provides financing for customers to purchase vehicles.[41]

Joint ventures[edit]

  • Naveco, specialises in light and medium vehicles[42]
  • SAIC Iveco Hongyan (SIH), specialised in heavy vehicles[42]
  • Saic-Iveco FPT Hongyan (SFH), specialised in engines for heavy vehicles[43]

Facilities[edit]

Vehicles[edit]

  • Suzzara (Lombardy, Italy), main production of the Iveco Daily
  • Brescia (Lombardy, Italy), former Officine Meccaniche, production of the Iveco Eurocargo
  • Madrid (Spain, production of the Iveco Stralis and Iveco Trakker
  • Valladolid (Spain), secondary production of the Iveco Daily
  • Ulm (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), production of fire engines, Iveco Magirus
  • Bolzano (Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy), main production of the Iveco LMV military vehicle;
  • Vittorio Veneto (Veneto, Italy), secondary production of military vehicles;
  • "Le Mose", Piacenza (Emilia-Romagna, Italy), production of Astra off-road vehicles
  • Iveco-AMT (Iveco-Automobile/Miass/Torino, Miass, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia), former joint venture Iveco-UralAZ, production of Iveco Trakker (included all-terrain version), Iveco Stralis, fire engines
  • Sete Lagoas (Minas Gerais, Brazil), production of Iveco Daily, Iveco Vertis, Iveco CityClass minibus;
  • Córdoba, Argentina, production of Iveco Daily (1993–1997), Iveco Cursor, Iveco Tector, Iveco Trakker, Iveco Stralis.[44]
  • Dandenong, Victoria (Australia), former International Harvester/Navistar International Australia, production of Iveco ACCO, Iveco PowerStar, Iveco Stralis
  • Gwangsan District, Gwangju (South Korea), opened in 2015 production on Iveco Trakker, Iveco Stralis, Iveco Eurocargo

For Iveco Bus (former Irisbus) facilities see Iveco Bus

Joint ventures[edit]

  • Naveco, (Nanjing, China), production trucks by Naveco brand
  • SAIC-Iveco Hongyan, (Chongqing, China), production trucks by Hongyan brand

Engines[edit]

  • "Sofim", Foggia (Apulia, southern Italy), main plant Iveco Motors engine production of 8100 e HPI series (S series)
  • "Comprensorio SPA", Turin (Piedmont, northern Italy), production of engine Vector (V), Tector-NEF (N) and FSC (F)
  • "8000", Turin (Piedmont), production of motors and generators series 8000
  • Pregnana Milanese (Lombardy, Italy), production of industrial and marine engines (S, N e C)

Financials[edit]

In 2011 IVECO's net revenues were €9,600,000,000, a 15.1% increase over the previous year.[45] The trading profit was €490,000,000.[46]A total of 153,384 vehicles were delivered, an 18.3% increase over 2010.[45]

Emissions and alternative fuels[edit]

Euro VI engines with SCR technology[edit]

Iveco engines from the Cursor and Tector ranges observe the Euro VI standards[47] by adopting High Efficiency SCR (HI-eSCR) technology.[48] This technology optimises the processes of exhaust combustion and after-treatment, reducing consumption and enabling achievement of greater efficiency in the conversion of NOx emissions.[49]

Electric drive[edit]

IVECO developed and built the first Daily with electric propulsion in 1986;[50] Later, the range was broadened to include trucks and city buses.[51] IVECO introduced the New Daily with electric propulsion and zero exhaust emissions, in which a battery system powers an electric three-phase asynchronous motor – through the aid of an inverter – in charge of moving the vehicle directly, while recovering energy during braking.[52]The vehicle runs on two to four batteries made with Na/NiCl2 (Sodium-nickel chlorine) technology at a nominal 278 Volts.[52] The maximum velocity is electronically limited to 70 km/h, while the vehicle's range is from 90 to 130 km on a fully charged battery, depending on the number of batteries and the mission.[52]

Diesel-electric parallel hybrid traction[edit]

The parallel hybrid solution incorporates both a Diesel engine and an electric engine that can be used individually or simultaneously, which makes for greater operating flexibility and allows the vehicle to work under both urban and non-urban conditions.[53]In 2010 IVECO introduced this technology on the Eurocargo Ibrido, a commercial vehicle for the European market with electri-diesel parallel propulsion for distributing and collecting goods in city centres. The payload capacity decreases by 200 kg in comparison to diesel-engine models, but it is possible to save up to 30% on the urban cycle.[54][55] The Eurocargo hybrid range is made up of two versions:

  1. the 7.5-ton version uses a Tector Diesel FPT Industrial engine with 16 valves and 4 Euro V cylinders, with a maximum power of 160 hp (118 kW); this is paired with a drive system made of an electric motor-generator with 60 hp (44 kW), a 6-speed automated gearbox and a lithium ion battery pack (Li-Ion) of rated capacity 1.8 kWh.[55]
  2. The 12-ton version uses the FPT Industrial Tector engine with 16 valves and 4 EEV cylinders with a maximum power of 180 hp (132 kW), paired with an electric motor-generator with 60 hp (44 kW), a 6-speed automated gear box and a lithium ion battery pack (Li-Ion) of rated capacity 1.8 kWh.[55]

Diesel-electric hybrid[edit]

IVECO has been active in this sector since 1990 with 6, 7, 4 and 12 metre buses for urban and suburban transportation. The series hybrid technology features a diesel engine – smaller than that of a traditional vehicle – that acts as a battery charger.[56]

CNG – compressed natural gas[edit]

IVECO's range of light, medium and heavy vehicles and buses can run on methane. Methane makes it possible to save on consumption by 38% per kg transported as compared to that consumed by diesel engines for the same payload and distance travelled. In addition, compared to Euro VI diesel engines, methane engines reduce NOx emissions by approximately 60% and particulates emissions by approximately 70%.[57]

LNG – liquefied natural gas[edit]

In April 2012 IVECO presented its first vehicle with this technology, the Stralis LNG. As opposed to vehicles with CNG technology, LNG technology takes the vehicle farther on a full tank (up to 750 km) and reduces the vehicle's tare thus increasing the load. The main difference between the two technologies lies in the type of natural gas storage employed, which in this case is kept in a liquid state at −161 °C in cryogenic tanks; it is then heated in a heat exchanger so that once it reaches the engine it is a gas.[58] Also, the noise emitted decreases by 3 to 6 decibels over an analogous diesel engine vehicle.[59]

Iveco Trakker Bifuel – diesel-ethanol prototype[edit]

IVECO created the first prototype of a bifuel, diesel and ethanol-run vehicle. The technology was developed by Iveco together with FPT Industrial and Bosch.[60] The prototype uses a Trakker truck with Common Rail Cursor 9 engine with 360 HP[60] that may be powered by a 40–60% ethanol-diesel blend.[61] The prototype was tested by Raízen, a joint venture between the cane sugar producer Cosan and Shell.[61] In 2011, this prototype earned Iveco the "Prêmio Top Etanol" – for the alternative fuel technology.[60]

Heating and air-conditioning systems[edit]

A prototype of a heat pump system for electric and hybrid vehicles was installed on the Iveco Daily vehicle. The system cools or heats the passenger compartment by transferring low temperature heat generated by the drive systems. At the same time, the control strategies minimise the energy demand in order to achieve a low impact on consumption.[62]

Iveco vehicles[edit]

Current models[edit]

  • Iveco
    • Iveco Daily
    • Iveco EuroCargo
    • Iveco Trakker
    • Iveco S-Way
    • Iveco Stralis
    • Iveco Stralis X-Way
    • Iveco PowerStar
    • Iveco Strator
    • Iveco Tector
    • Iveco Acco
    • Iveco 682
  • Iveco Bus
    • Iveco Urbanway
    • Iveco Crealis
    • Iveco Crossway
    • Iveco Evadys
    • Iveco Magelys
    • Iveco Daily Bus

Major sponsorships[edit]

Iveco has in the past sponsored many major professional boxing events, including, in each case, the first of two fights between Sugar Ray Leonard and Tommy Hearns[63] and between Aaron Pryor and Alexis Arguello.[64]

Photos[edit]

  • 2014 Iveco Daily 35 S13 Van

  • 2019 Iveco S-Way

  • 2015 Iveco Eurocargo

  • 2017 Iveco Tector

  • 2018 Iveco 682

  • 2007 Iveco Stralis

  • 2016 Iveco Trakker

  • 2016 Iveco Bus Evadys

  • 2017 Iveco Bus Crossway

  • 2018 Iveco Stralis X-Way

See also[edit]

  • International Association of Public Transport
  • List of Italian companies
  • Sofim

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bonfiglioli Consulting: Il Lean Thinking dalla produzione alla progettazione. Pensare snello in ufficio tecnico per innovare la progettazione e diventare più competitivi. 5 casi italiani di successo, 2010: Milano – p. 103
  2. ^ "Fiat Industrial 2011 Annual Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 19.
  3. ^ "History of Iveco / 1975–1984". fiatindustrial.com. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  4. ^ Condolo, Massimo (September 2005), IVECO 1975–2005 (in Italian), Fondazione Negri, ISBN 8889108045
  5. ^ Sanguineti, Raffaele; Zampini Salazar, Carlo Felice (1994), "IVECO Story", The world of Transport, Norden Publishing House Ltd., p. 144
  6. ^ a b Norbye, Jan (September 1982). Kennett, Pat (ed.). "Intertruck: Italy". TRUCK. London, UK: FF Publishing Ltd: 27.
  7. ^ "Fiat Industrial 2011 Annual Report" (PDF). Fiat. p. 103.
  8. ^ Condolo, pp. 28–29
  9. ^ Sanguineti & Zampini Salazar, pp. 188-193
  10. ^ Sanguineti & Zampini Salazar, ppp. 204
  11. ^ John Carroll, Peter James Davies: Tractor & Trucks, 2007 Hermes House – p. 7
  12. ^ Sanguineti & Zampini Salazar, pp. 202
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  14. ^ a b c d John Carroll, Peter James Davies: The Complete Book of Tractor & Trucks, 2000 Lorenz Books – p. 408
  15. ^ Condolo, p. 11
  16. ^ Condolo, pp. 146–147
  17. ^ a b c Condolo, p. 10
  18. ^ Sanguineti & Zampini Salazar, pp. 230
  19. ^ Zverina, Jan A. (September 10, 1990). "Iveco to end U.S. truck sales next year". UPI Archives. United Press International, Inc. Archived from the original on October 5, 2020.
  20. ^ Iveco acquires International Aust Truck & Bus Transportation June 1992 page 9
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  23. ^ Pavlinek, Petr (2008), A Successful Transformation?: Restructuring of the Czech Automobile Industry, Springer, p. 151
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  25. ^ "The Fiat Group and the Torino 2006 Olympic Winter Games" (PDF).
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  27. ^ "Official Sponsor". MotoGP Official website.
  28. ^ "Fornitori Ufficiali". Ferrari Official website (in Italian). Archived from the original on June 15, 2012.
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  31. ^ "Ranking Overall at Stage 14 Pisco> Lima". Dakar Official Website. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012.
  32. ^ "Eurocargo Brochure" (PDF).
  33. ^ "IVECO website". Iveco Official website. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008.
  34. ^ Norbye, p. 29
  35. ^ "Press Release". iveco official website. CNH Industrial Company. May 24, 2013.
  36. ^ "Irisbus homepage". Iveco Irisbus.
  37. ^ "Iveco Astra Official website".
  38. ^ MAGIRUS. "Magirus GmbH: Hersteller von Feuerwehrfahrzeugen & Brandschutztechnik". iveco-magirus.de. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  39. ^ "Iveco Defence Vehicles - Military Vehicles and Trucks". Army-technology.com.[unreliable source?]
  40. ^ Peruzzi, Luca; Valpolini, Paolo (November 28, 2019). "The Netherlands sign a contract for 918 12kN vehicles with Iveco Defence Vehicles". EDR Magazine. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  41. ^ "Servizi Finanziari - Iveco Capital". Iveco Capital Official website (in Italian). Archived from the original on October 29, 2012.
  42. ^ a b "Fiat Industrial 2011 Annual Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 99.
  43. ^ "Fiat Industrial 2011 Annual Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 111.
  44. ^ Dl, Esteban (January 14, 2012). "Camión Argentino: FIAT V.I. e IVECO". Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  45. ^ a b "Fiat Industrial 2011 Annual Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 66.
  46. ^ "Fiat Industrial 2011 Annual Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 67.
  47. ^ "Fiat Industrial 2011 Sustainability Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 76.[unreliable source?]
  48. ^ "Fiat Industrial 2011 Sustainability Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 28.[unreliable source?]
  49. ^ "Fiat Industrial 2011 Sustainability Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 75.[unreliable source?]
  50. ^ Raffaele Sanguineti, Carlo Felice Zampini Salazar: IVECO Story. The world of Transport, 1994 Norden Publishing House Ltd. – p. 330
  51. ^ International Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, 2004 OECD Publishing – p. 143
  52. ^ a b c "Fiat Industrial 2011 Sustainability Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 81.[unreliable source?]
  53. ^ "Technology Highlights". Fiat Industrial Official website. Archived from the original on September 2, 2012.
  54. ^ "Fiat Industrial 2011 Sustainability Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 82.[unreliable source?]
  55. ^ a b c "Diesel – Electric Parallel Hybrid Traction". Iveco Official website. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012.
  56. ^ Sanguineti & Zampini Salazar, pp. 216-217
  57. ^ Oecd: Can Cars come clean? Strategies for low emission vehicles?, 2004 OECD Publishing – p. 166
  58. ^ "Fiat Industrial 2011 Annual Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 51.
  59. ^ "Iveco Press Room". Iveco Official website.
  60. ^ a b c "Fiat Industrial 2011 Sustainability Report" (PDF). Fiat Industrial. p. 80.[unreliable source?]
  61. ^ a b "40% ethanol, 60% diesel buses offer 6% fuel savings, says Iveco". Biofuel Digest. May 18, 2011.
  62. ^ "Innovative Air-Conditioning Systems For Conventional and Electric Vehicles" (PDF). Ice Projects.
  63. ^ https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=sugar+leonard+vs+thomas+the+hitman+hearns&docid=608024978597412996&mid=78D33A740F301E90EA9778D33A740F301E90EA97&view=detail&FORM=VIRE
  64. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxKP27Gh-bE

External links[edit]

  • Official website
  • FPT (previously Iveco Motors)