El sistema Lausanne Métro ( francés : Métro de Lausanne ) es un sistema de transporte ferroviario urbano de dos líneas en Lausana , Vaud , Suiza . Alrededor de una cuarta parte del sistema se ha utilizado para el transporte ferroviario urbano desde 1877, cuando la ruta entre el centro de la ciudad y Ouchy se inauguró como el primer funicular público de Suiza . La red es propiedad de dos empresas distintas y es operada por una tercera.
Descripción general | |||
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Nombre nativo | Métro de Lausanne (en francés) | ||
Lugar | Lausana , Vaud , Suiza | ||
Tipo de tránsito | Tren ligero (línea M1) tránsito rápido (línea M2) | ||
Número de líneas | 2 | ||
Numero de estaciones | 28 | ||
Número de pasajeros anual | 45,4 millones (2013) [1] | ||
Sitio web | Transports Lausannois (TL) (en francés) | ||
Operación | |||
Comenzó a funcionar | 1991 (Línea M1) 2008 (Línea M2) | ||
Operador (es) | TL | ||
Numero de vehiculos | 40 | ||
Técnico | |||
Longitud del sistema | M1: 7,8 km (4,8 millas) [2] M2: 5,9 km (3,7 millas) [3] Total: 13,7 km (8,5 millas) | ||
Ancho de vía | 1.435 mm ( 4 pies 8+1 ⁄ 2 in) de calibre estándar | ||
Electrificación | sí | ||
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De las líneas operativas, solo la Línea M2 puede considerarse una verdadera línea de tránsito rápido separada por grados (la Línea M1 se considera un tren ligero, aunque es subterráneo durante una sección corta). Es un totalmente automatizado , metro de neumáticos línea basado en la tecnología del metro de París y se abrió el 27 de octubre de 2008. [4] Esto hace que la primera Lausana (ya partir de 2021, la única) de la ciudad en Suiza para tener una plena sistema de metro; Zúrich propuso una vez un sistema de U-Bahn en las décadas de 1960 y 1970, que fracasó ante la oposición política y pública masiva, aunque Zúrich tiene secciones de su red de S-Bahn que ven frecuencias comparables a los servicios de metro.
Tras la apertura de la Línea M2, Lausana reemplazó a Rennes , Francia , como la ciudad más pequeña del mundo en tener un sistema de metro completo. [5] Ahora está prevista una tercera línea (Línea M3), basada en la misma tecnología de metro de neumáticos que la Línea M2.
Historia
El ferrocarril Lausana-Ouchy, precursor de la línea M2 del metro de Lausana, se inauguró en 1877 como funicular . En 1959 se llevó a cabo la primera revisión mediante la transformación del funicular en un tren de cremallera con el nombre de "metro". En ese momento, las estaciones Flon y Gare CFF fueron demolidas y reemplazadas por equivalentes subterráneos de concreto. Sin embargo, la línea siempre fue apodada La Ficelle (traducción literal: "The String") por sus usuarios debido a su pasado funicular y circulación sobre el suelo en la vegetación durante más de la mitad de su recorrido.
Conectados a las instalaciones de Flon, los trenes de mercancías desde la estación principal hasta la zona de almacenamiento del puerto (en Flon) viajaron en esta línea hasta la construcción de una conexión directa entre la estación de mercancías de Sébeillon y el Valle de Flon en 1954.
La línea se cerró definitivamente al tráfico el 21 de enero de 2006. El material rodante se vendió originalmente a la ciudad francesa de Villard-de-Lans, que planificó la construcción en 2008 de su propio tren cremallera, La Patache , para asegurar un enlace entre el centro de Villard y Le Balcon de Villard.
A bus service was put into operation to replace the then-closed "La Ficelle" until the opening of the new metro M2 Line. This service was called Métrobus (MB): the south loop linked Ouchy to the CFF station and the north loop linked the station to Montbenon (which is located right above the Flon area).
Servicio actual
Line M1
Line M2
The Lausanne Métro Line M2 is 5.9-kilometre (3.7 mi) long[citation needed] and uses the alignment of the former Lausanne-Ouchy railway, plus a new route towards Epalinges, crossing the whole city of Lausanne from north to south. Construction work (including enabling works) took around 4 years,[8] and brought significant rebuilds of all former Métro Lausanne-Ouchy stations, plus involved moving the platforms at Lausanne-Flon station a short distance further north[4] to give Cross-platform interchange from northbound M2 to the Lausanne-Echallens-Bercher railway. The new line opened in autumn 2008.[8]
Technical
The line is not entirely underground, but the majority (70-90%) of the system is in tunnel.[4][5] The line is steeply sloped, with an average incline of 5.7% and as steep as 12% in some places.[9] A rubber-tyred metro was selected to counter these, the steepest slopes of any similar adhesion-worked system in the world.[4] The constraints in braking distance and deceleration are such that the M2 can travel faster upwards than downwards.[citation needed]
The regular passenger route is 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi)[9] in length from Ouchy to Epalinges, including 1.5 km (0.93 mi) of line that replaces the former Lausanne-Ouchy railway. There are 14 stations on the line, which makes a 338 m (1,109 ft) vertical gain.[9] An additional 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of track is contained within the depot at Vennes, along with the signalling, security and information facilities.[4]
The line is entirely automated, managed from a central command station. This means that it is cheaper to operate[4] than a traditional system with drivers, and more flexible[dubious ] during peak hours. The stations are equipped with platform screen doors and dedicated station personnel are on hand to assist passengers. In contrast with line 1, trains also run on a totally separate right-of-way, meaning there is no conflict between the surface traffic and the metro, enhancing safety and reliability compared to a tramway. All new sections of the route were built as double track, plus the reused Lausanne-Ouchy alignment was also rebuilt as double-track, with the exception of the tunnel under the CFF station due to high costs. This leads to increased capacity and less potential for knock-on delays.
Performance
The line opened in 2008 with a designed capacity of 25 million passengers/year, but exceeded this with 27.6 million by 2013,[3] and 28 million in 2014.[7] As of February 2015, overcrowding is now a significant problem, and the state has granted significant funds towards a programme which will improve capacity by running extra trains and building additional tracks.[7] Patronage has continued to rise, with 31.5 million passengers carried in 2018.[6]
Trains travel up to every 3 minutes[9] between the main railway station and Sallaz, with trains every 6 minutes along the rest of the line. The trains travel with a top service speed of 60 km/h (37 mph) top speed,[9] taking 18 minutes to travel the full length of the line. The line was designed for up to 6,600 passengers/hour in each direction.[citation needed]
Stations
The underground stations are located as close as possible to the surface. They are equipped with stairs, lifts and facilities for handicapped people. The Lausanne slopes have been used to create multi-level access, make ramp access easier[4] and take advantage of natural light as much as possible.
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Rolling stock
- Articulated vehicles with 4 powered bogies.[4]
- 15 two-car trainsets.[4]
- 222 passengers, 62 seated.[4]
- Rubber-tyred metro with lateral guidance based on the MP 89 from Paris Métro.[11]
- Fully automated (CBTC Alstom Urbalis 300).
Technical data of the trains
- Length of a train : 30,680 mm (100 ft 7+7⁄8 in)
- Length of a car : 15,340 mm (50 ft 3+15⁄16 in)
- Width of a car : 2,450 mm (8 ft 7⁄16 in)
- Height of the car to ground level: 3,470 mm (11 ft 4+5⁄8 in)
- Mass of an empty train : 57,316 kg (126,360 lb)
- Mass of a train at maximum load (4 p/m2) : 72,856 kg (160,620 lb) (1)
- Width of the access doors : 1,650 mm (5 ft 4+15⁄16 in)
- Height of the access doors : 1,900 mm (6 ft 2+13⁄16 in)
(1) Calculated with an average of 70 kg (154 lb) per passenger.
Capacity of the trains
Number of passengers/m2 | Passengers per train | |
---|---|---|
Nominal load | 4 pax/m2 | 222[4] |
Full load | 6 pax/m2 | 314 |
Maximum load | 8 pax/m2 | 406 |
Delivery of the trains
The first train was delivered to Lausanne on 2 March 2006[8] and all the other trains were delivered at a rate of two per month. When they arrived, the trains were stored in the CFF storage of Lausanne. Once the métro's depot had been completed, the vehicles were moved to the Vennes facility by the Autumn of 2006.
With the line having been over its design capacity for at least 2 years,[3][7] the state granted funds for 3 additional metro trainsets in February 2015. The vehicles are being built in Valenciennes by Alstom, who also built the original fleet, and are designed to be identical to the existing rolling stock.[12] The new vehicles, which are due to arrive in Lausanne by mid-2017,[12] are an interim solution to raise capacity on the central section of the line. Capacity between Lausanne-gare and Sallaz[7] stations will rise from 5,600 passengers per hour (each way) to 7,000 passengers per hour (each way) when they enter service in the last 3 months[12] of 2017. The longer-term plan, for which funding is now also in place, involves a new double-track tunnel under the railway station.[7]
Accidents
On 23 February 2005, part of the tunnel under construction collapsed under the Saint-Laurent square in the centre of Lausanne. More than 500 m3 of debris (water and earth) fell into the tunnel, forming a huge fifteen metre gap. The area was completely evacuated for a few days and consolidation and geological analysis work started. A large pocket of water had not been noticed during the initial explorations.
Repair work lasted for a few months. The incident fortunately had no major consequence; nobody was in the area of the collapse which had heavily damaged a shopping mall. Part of the budget had been allocated for such risks and the deadline for the construction in December 2008 was not directly affected.
On 27 October 2006, a construction worker died from injuries. He had fallen a few days before on the construction site at the level of the entrance of the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV).
On 28 July 2008 a high level manager for Alstom who had responsibility for the security system for the new lines was found hanging in the stairwell at the entrance to the Vennes station of the M2. The 45-year-old French man's death appeared to have been a suicide.[13]
Extensions and development
New Lausanne-Gare section
The state has granted funds for major development of the Métro system, with plans in place for improvement work until 2025. Development on the M2 line will also provide for the future of a line 3. Capacity improvement is currently limited to the central and northern sections of the line, because the tunnel under the main railway station is only single-track. Funding is now in place to build a new double-track tunnel under the railway station, and relocate the métro station closer to the main-line platforms. This will mean extra capacity is available on the whole line, and will leave the original tunnel and 2006 station available for the planned line 3.[7] As of October 2019, a further public scrutiny project is underway, and work to build the new tunnel and platforms is due to start in 2022, with the new route expected to be operational in 2027.[14]
Northward extension
The end station Les Croisettes has been designed to allow a future extension of the line to the north[4] towards Epalinges-Village, or even Le Chalet-à-Gobet.
Servicio futuro
Line M3
A Line M3 is proposed to serve the new development area of La Blécherette[15] and the west of Lausanne (Malley, Renens Bussigny). Line M3 is planned to use metro technology compatible with the M2 and would be in correspondence with M1, M2 and LEB railway at the station Lausanne-Flon. The press theorised that the M3 could take over the M2 line from Ouchy to Lausanne Gare and a new terminus for the M2 would be established.[16] However, this issue has subsequently been clarified: while new platforms will be built at Lausanne Gare, a second tunnel will be constructed from there to Grancy, underneath the main railway station. Under these proposals, both lines 2 and 3 will share the physical track onwards to Ouchy. This additional tunnel would bring the immediate benefit of allowing more frequent métro services to the railway station.[17] The proposals were put to a referendum in February 2014, and having won public approval in the vote, work on the new line was projected to start in 2018,[18] and a managerial position for the project has been advertised.[19]
In 2014, it was reported that the first stage of construction would be between Lausanne-Chauderon station, Lausanne-Gare and Ouchy, as a total of 47 million francs have been given to the project by the Federal Council. It is expected the second phase of work, between Chauderon and La Blécherette, will cost a further 72 million francs.[17] Public inquiries into the first construction project have now opened,[14] covering the initial stretch to reroute line 2 between Grancy and the current Lausanne-Gare platforms.
Mapa de red
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Ver también
- Trolleybuses in Lausanne
- Public transport in the Lausanne Region
notas y referencias
- ^ https://rapportannuel.t-l.ch/
- ^ https://www.axes-forts.ch/lignes/metro-m1-lausanne-flon-renens-gare-sud/
- ^ a b c d e "Chiffres clé 2013" [Key figures 2013] (in French). Transports publics de la région lausannoise (TL). 2013. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Lausanne Metro m2, Switzerland". Railway-Technology.com. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Lausanne Subway Prepares to Handle Passengers". Railway Technology. 28 August 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ a b Axes Forts - Développement des métros automatiques m2-m3 (PDF) (in French), Agglomération Lausanne-Morges, May 2019, p. 10, retrieved 21 November 2019
- ^ a b c d e f g "Des métros au coeur des transports publics du canton : un plan de développement des m2 et m3" (in French). Canton of Vaud.
- ^ a b c "Chronologie - Site officiel de la Ville de Lausanne" [Timeline - Official site of the City of Lausanne] (in French). Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Un réseau performant - Site officiel de la Ville de Lausanne" [A performing network - Official site of the City of Lausanne] (in French). Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ In 2015, the metro station "Ouchy" was renamed "Ouchy-olympique" to mark the 100th anniversary of the installation of the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne.
- ^ Lambert, Anthony (2013). Switzerland without a Car (5 ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 258. ISBN 978-1841624471.
- ^ a b c "Alstom to deliver three additional metros for Lausanne Line M2 by 2017". Railway Technology. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
- ^ "[Dead link]" (in French). Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.
- ^ a b Emmanuelle Birraux (24 October 2019). "Lausanne:Le premier tronçon du métro m3 mis à l'enquête" (in French). 24 heures. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ "[Dead link]" (PDF) (in French). 17 January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008.
- ^ "Le M3, qui passera ici ou par là, cherche encore sa voie" (PDF). 24 heures. 10–11 September 2011. p. 15. Retrieved 21 May 2014.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Le Conseil fédéral mettra 47 millions dans le M3 lausannois". 24 heures. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ "M3: l'apport de la Confédération réjouit". 20 minutes. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
- ^ "Jobsforbrains Profil" (in French). 20 April 2017.
enlaces externos
- Transports Lausannois (TL) (in French)
- Lausanne Metro at UrbanRail.net (in English)
- Lausanne Métro at public-transport.net (in English)
- Lausanne Metro Map at metrolinemap.com (in English)
- Une petite recherche sur la compagnie du Lausanne-Ouchy et la gare de Sébeillon, par Julien Sansonnens (in French)
- LO - Métro Lausanne-Ouchy (Photos) (in French)
- galerie Photos-Trains.ch (photos) (in French)