El camino de Mojave , también conocido como Camino Viejo Gobierno (anteriormente el rastro de Mojave ), es una ruta histórica y actual camino de tierra a través de lo que hoy es el Mojave National Preserve en el desierto de Mojave en el Estados Unidos . Este camino accidentado se extendía 147 millas (237 km) desde Beale's Crossing (el sitio del cruce del río en la orilla oeste del río Colorado , frente al antiguo Fort Mohave , aproximadamente a 10 millas (16 km) al suroeste de Bullhead City, Arizona ), hasta Fork of la ubicación de la carretera a lo largo de la orilla norte del río Mojavedonde la antigua Mojave Road se separó de la ruta de Old Spanish Trail / Mormon Road .
Carretera de Mojave | |
---|---|
Localización | Río Colorado a Wilmington, California , el marcador final. |
Coordenadas | 35 ° N 115 ° W / 35 ° N 115 ° WCoordenadas : 35 ° N 115 ° W / 35 ° N 115 ° W |
Construido | Prehistoria |
Arquitecto | Indios mohave |
Estilos arquitectonicos) | Camino de tierra / camino - Ruta 66 |
Hito histórico de California | |
Designado | 19 de marzo de 1985 |
Numero de referencia. | 963 |
Ubicación de Mojave Road en California |
Se requiere un vehículo con tracción en las cuatro ruedas para todos menos algunos tramos cortos de esta carretera, que no está mantenida. La antigua carretera desde Fork of the Road hacia el este a lo largo del río Mojave se interrumpe después de 10,9 acres (4,4 ha) por propiedad privada, debajo del sitio del antiguo Camp Cady (en la orilla norte del río Mojave , aproximadamente 12 millas (19 km) ) al noreste de Newberry Springs, California ). El camino se reanuda en un punto de acceso desde el norte en Manix Wash . En condiciones óptimas, su longitud total de 133 millas (214 km) desde Beale's Crossing hasta Manix Wash se puede recorrer en 2 a 3 días. [1]
Historia
Sendero Mohave
Una vía tradicional de nativos americanos que viven en el desierto , el Mohave Trail sirvió mucho más tarde a los misioneros, exploradores y colonizadores y colonos extranjeros españoles de los siglos XVIII al XIX que lo llamaron el Camino de Mojave, y corrió entre abrevaderos a través del desierto de Mojave El río Colorado y el río Mojave lo siguieron hasta el paso de Cajon , la brecha entre las montañas de San Bernardino y las montañas de San Gabriel , hacia el sur de California que termina en Drum Barracks . [2] Los abrevaderos se repiten a intervalos de aproximadamente 60 millas (97 km) a 70 millas (110 km). [3]
Francisco Garcés , el misionero franciscano español , recorrió el camino con guías de Mohave , después de dejar la expedición de Juan Bautista de Anza en 1776. José María de Zalvidea, el celoso administrador franciscano de la Misión San Gabriel también cruzó el camino en 1806, convirtiendo al parecer cinco Mohaves indígenas cerca de la actual Hesperia . En 1826, Jedediah Smith dirigió una expedición de los primeros ciudadanos estadounidenses en viajar por Mojave Trail.
Camino español antiguo
De 1829 a 1830, los comerciantes mexicanos de Nuevo México establecieron las rutas que llegaron a llamarse la ruta comercial Old Spanish Trail a California. El primero de ellos, la ruta de Armijo , interceptó el rastro de Mohave en la desembocadura del río Mojave cerca del lago Soda .
Posteriormente, en 1830, el sendero del Mohave pasó a formar parte de lo que se convirtió en la Ruta Principal o Ruta Central del Viejo Sendero Español, uniéndolo desde el norte a 19 km al oeste del río Colorado en el valle de Piute y siguiéndolo hacia el oeste. hasta el enlace con la ruta de Armijo en la desembocadura del río Mojave, y luego con un atajo desde Salt Spring a través de Bitter Spring y Spanish Canyon en un punto justo al este de Yermo . Este lugar más tarde se llamó " Bifurcación del Camino " donde el Viejo Camino Español o desde 1849, la Ruta Sur del Camino de California o el Camino Mormón a Salt Lake City , se dividía de lo que llegó a ser el Camino de Mojave al Río Colorado.
Now consolidated the Old Spanish Trail then followed the Mohave's trail along the Mojave River but instead of crossing over the mountains into San Bernardino Valley they followed a new route Armijo called "Cañon de San Bernardino" from the upper Mojave River west through Cajon Pass and down Crowder Canyon and Cajon Canyon, known to the vaqueros of the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia who had come to their aid with food.[4]
Mojave Road
The land was taken from Mexico by the US in 1848 following the Mexican–American War. In early 1858 the Mohave Trail became the Mojave Road, a wagon road connected to the newly pioneered Beale's Wagon Road across northern New Mexico Territory from Fort Defiance to Beale's Crossing on the Colorado River where it linked up with the Mojave Road. Wagon trains of settlers coming west on the Santa Fe Trail soon followed Beale's Wagon Road and the Mojave Road into Southern California. Beale's road was shorter than the route via the more southern Southern Emigrant Trail and it was cooler in summer, snow-free in winter, had better forage, and was better watered. Soon hostilities began between the Mohaves and the settlers, triggering the Mohave War.
From the time of the Mohave War the Mohave Road came under the purview of the U.S. government. Army posts were established at Fort Mojave, at Beale's Crossing in 1859, and, after the Bitter Spring Expedition at Camp Cady, 10.9 miles (17.5 km) east of Fork of the Road at its junction with the Mormon Road, in 1860. Smaller outposts were established later in the 1860s east of Camp Cady along the trail and regular patrols instituted. The army protected the settlers and travelers from the attacks of the resident Paiute, Mojave, and Chemehuevi Native Americans until 1871. This also opened the way for large mining development in the Mojave Desert region of San Bernardino County and agricultural development in the Victor Valley area.
La ruta de hoy
The eastern end of the Mojave Road begins at the edge of the Colorado River, near the site of Beale's Crossing, north of Needles and the western terminus lies beyond the Rasor Off-Highway Vehicle Area and the Afton Canyon Natural Area near the Manix Wash.[5]
Landmarks
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap |
Download coordinates as: KML |
The following list of markers follows east to west travel.
- The Colorado River – Where the trail begins, near Beale's Crossing on the west side of the river across the river from what became the site of Fort Mohave. (mile 0) 35°02′47″N 114°37′40″W / 35.046280°N 114.627890°W / 35.046280; -114.627890 (The Colorado River)
- Beaver Lake - A lake, sometimes a slough of the Colorado River during spring floods. The original road passed the lake on the north 2.5 miles (4.0 km) - 3 miles (4.8 km) from the river crossing, in the 19th century. The Mohave War Battle of Beaver Lake was fought there just north of the lake. In the 20th century, cutoff from the spring floods of the river by the construction of dams above it, Beaver Lake dried up, becoming playa, desert or farmland. The modern trail cuts across the middle of this former water feature. 35°04′12″N 114°38′24″W / 35.070010°N 114.639990°W / 35.070010; -114.639990 (Beaver Lake)
- Piute Creek – With Piute Spring, a natural spring, as its source, a desert oasis with trees and plants growing all year round, in the Piute Range. (mile 23) 35°06′54″N 114°59′07″W / 35.115020°N 114.985260°W / 35.115020; -114.985260 (Piute Creek)
- Fort Piute – Next to the mouth of Piute Creek where the oasis ends, this fort was built in 1867 by the US infantry, one of several to guard the Government Road between Fort Mohave and San Bernardino. (mile 23) 35°06′54″N 114°59′07″W / 35.115020°N 114.985260°W / 35.115020; -114.985260 (Fort Piute)
- Lanfair Valley – Cattle ranches have been here since 1880. (mile 34) 35°05′41″N 115°01′10″W / 35.094780°N 115.019520°W / 35.094780; -115.019520 (Lanfair Valley)
- Indian Hill35°08′37″N 115°09′15″W / 35.143530°N 115.154260°W / 35.143530; -115.154260 (Indian Hill), Indian Well35°08′43″N 115°09′32″W / 35.145278°N 115.158889°W / 35.145278; -115.158889 (Indian Well) – About a mile north of the Mojave Road at mile 40, there is Indian Hill, the summit on the south end of the Lanfair Buttes. Indian Well an old well of debatable origin lies to the northwest of Indian Hill.(mile 40)
- Joshua Tree Forest – The road gets very narrow in this thick forest in Lanfair Valley. (mile 47) 35°08′36″N 115°17′29″W / 35.143340°N 115.291460°W / 35.143340; -115.291460 (Joshua Tree Forest)
- Rock Spring – The biggest watering hole along the Mojave Road. The stream flows down large boulders. There is an old cabin here. (mile 49) 35°09′10″N 115°19′38″W / 35.152830°N 115.327300°W / 35.152830; -115.327300 (Rock Spring)
- Government Holes – Another water supply in Round Valley, west of Rock Spring, with an old concrete trough. (mile 52) 35°08′51″N 115°21′33″W / 35.147490°N 115.359200°W / 35.147490; -115.359200 (Government Holes)
- Cedar Canyon – The highest point of the trip, crossing the Mid Hills you will reach 5,000 ft (1,500 m) elevation. (mile 56) 35°09′10″N 115°21′43″W / 35.152900°N 115.362000°W / 35.152900; -115.362000 (Cedar Canyon)
- Kelso-Cima Road – In the middle of the trip, this is the last paved road you will see for a long time (mile 62) 35°10′34″N 115°30′32″W / 35.176210°N 115.509010°W / 35.176210; -115.509010 (Kelso-Cima Road)
- Marl Spring – Another spring with a primitive concrete trough. (mile 70) 35°10′15″N 115°38′51″W / 35.170700°N 115.647590°W / 35.170700; -115.647590 (Marl Springs)
- Mojave Road Mail Box – Sign your name at this solitary flagpole and continue on. (mile 74) 35°11′07″N 115°41′34″W / 35.185400°N 115.692840°W / 35.185400; -115.692840 (Mojave Road Mail Box)
- Willow Wash – A wash with heavy sands south and west of the Cima Volcanic Range and Volcanic_Fields, parallels Kelbaker Rd. to where it breaks up into distributary washes beyond Seventeen Mile Point. (mile 77) 35°09′46″N 115°50′32″W / 35.162850°N 115.842090°W / 35.162850; -115.842090 (Willow Wash)
- Kelbaker Road – The section of the paved road between Baker and Kelso Junction. 35°13′21″N 115°52′44″W / 35.2226°N 115.8789°W / 35.2226; -115.8789 (Kelbaker Road)
- Seventeen Mile Point - Mountain marking the halfway point between Soda Spring and Marl Spring. Site of Seventeen Mile Point mining camp. 35°13′18″N 115°53′35″W / 35.22165°N 115.89296°W / 35.22165; -115.89296 (Seventeen Mile Point)
- Soda Lake – A large dry lake; proceed with caution. You may have to drive around in the winter. (mile 97) 35°09′09″N 116°03′10″W / 35.152410°N 116.052710°W / 35.152410; -116.052710 (Soda Lake)
- Soda Springs in (Zzyzx) – Small private building on the edge of Soda Lake. 35°08′34″N 116°06′17″W / 35.142790°N 116.104740°W / 35.142790; -116.104740 (Soda Springs (Zzyzx))
- Travelers Monument – Also known as Government Monument, travelers carry a rock across the dry lake and add it to the pile. (mile 100) 35°07′51″N 116°05′43″W / 35.130840°N 116.095270°W / 35.130840; -116.095270 (Travelers Monument)
- Rasor OHV Area – Open use area. (mile 103) 35°06′32″N 116°08′37″W / 35.108780°N 116.143630°W / 35.108780; -116.143630 (Rasor OHV Area)
- Sand Dunes – There are a few soft sand dunes along here that you can play on. (mile 106) 35°04′50″N 116°11′38″W / 35.080507°N 116.193786°W / 35.080507; -116.193786 (Sand Dunes)
- Afton Canyon – Deep canyon with steep walls, riparian habitat restoration, and plenty of scenery. (mile 116) 35°02′34″N 116°18′34″W / 35.042720°N 116.309500°W / 35.042720; -116.309500 (Afton Canyon)
- Mojave River crossing – The only water crossing on this trail. (mile 121) 35°02′16″N 116°22′52″W / 35.037740°N 116.381120°W / 35.037740; -116.381120 (Mojave River)
- Manix Wash – The exit point of the Mojave Road. (mile 133) 34°58′28″N 116°32′27″W / 34.974380°N 116.540800°W / 34.974380; -116.540800 (Manix Wash)
- Camp Cady – a former U.S. Army Camp along the old Mojave Road, on the Mojave River (mile 136.1) 34°56′46″N 116°35′22″W / 34.946111°N 116.589444°W / 34.946111; -116.589444 (Camp Cady)
- Fork of the Road – Location along the north bank of the Mojave River were the old Mojave Road split off from the route of the Old Spanish Trail/Mormon Road east of Yermo. (mile 147) 34°54′05″N 116°45′35″W / 34.901389°N 116.759722°W / 34.901389; -116.759722 (Fork of the Road)
- Drum Barracks the end of the trail in the west in Wilmington, Los Angeles. 33°47′05″N 118°15′29″W / 33.78466°N 118.258163°W / 33.78466; -118.258163 (Drum Barracks)
Monumentos históricos de California
Mojave Road Los Angeles became a California Historic Landmark (No.963) on March 19, 1985.[6] California Historic Marker reads:
- NO. 963 THE MOJAVE ROAD - Long ago, Mohave Indians used a network of pathways to cross the Mojave Desert. In 1826, American trapper Jedediah Smith used their paths and became the first non-Indian to reach the California coast overland from mid-America. The paths were worked into a military wagon road in 1859. This "Mojave Road" remained a major link between Los Angeles and points east until a railway crossed the desert in 1885.
Camp Cady also is a California Historical Landmark Marker #963-1 on the site reads:[7]
- NO. 963-1 Camp Cady was located on the Mojave Road which connected Los Angeles to Albuquerque. Non-Indian travel on this and the nearby Salt Lake Road was beset by Paiutes, Mohaves, and Chemehuevis defending their homeland. To protect both roads, Camp Cady was established by U.S. Dragoons in 1860. The main building was a stout mud redoubt. Improved camp structures were built 1/2 mile west in 1868. After peace was achieved, the military withdrew in 1871. This protection provided by Camp Cady enabled travelers, merchandise, and mail using both roads to boost California's economy and growth.
Ver también
- California Historical Landmarks in San Bernardino County, California
- California Historical Landmarks in Los Angeles County
- Category: Mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert
- Category: Protected areas of the Mojave Desert
- Desert Region of California
Referencias
- ^ Casebier, DG (2010). "General Guidelines". Mojave Road Guide: an Adventure Through Time (4th ed.). Essex, California: Mojave Desert Heritage and Cultural Association. pp. 39–38. ISBN 978-0-914224-37-2.
- ^ Wilcox, L. "The Mojave Road". DesertUSA. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
- ^ Robinson, WW (1962). The Story of San Bernardino County. San Bernardino: Title Insurance and Trust Company. p. 78.
- ^ Hafen, LeRoy R.; Armijo, Antonio (18 June 2019). "Armijo's Journal". Huntington Library Quarterly. 11 (1): 87–101. doi:10.2307/3816035. JSTOR 3816035.
- ^ "Afton Canyon Natural Area". U.S. Dept of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
- ^ californiahistoricallandmarks.com 963, Mojave Road Los Angeles
- ^ Marker Database 963-1 Camp Cady
enlaces externos
- Mojave National Preserve, Mojave Road
- BLM: Mojave Recreation website
- Mojave Road at dirtopia.com
- Maps of the Mojave Road, Topo Maps of the GPS Track of the Mojave Road off-road trail, (map panels connect sequentially from east to west) from mojave-road.com.
- Topographical Sketch showing the Outward and Inward Route of a Party, while examining as to the practicability of a Diversion of the Colorado River for Purposes of Irrigation, Lithograph by Eric Bergland, 1875. From, Wheeler, G.M., Topographical Atlas Projected To Illustrate United States Geographical Surveys West Of The 100th Meridian Of Longitude Prosecuted In Accordance With Acts Of Congress Under The Authority Of The Honorable The Secretary Of War, And The Direction Of Brig. Genl. A.A. Humphreys, Chief Of Engineers, U.S. Army. Embracing Results Of the Different Expeditions Under The Command Of 1st Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler, Corps Of Engineers. Julius Bien, lith., G. Thompson, Washington, 1876 from davidrumsey.com accessed December 3, 2014. Shows the Colorado River above Ehrenburg, Arizona to Stones Ferry at the mouth of the Virgin River; in Southern California, parts of Nevada, and Arizona. Includes the roads and railroads of the time, including the detailed routes of the Bradshaw Trail and the Mojave Road and the Old Spanish Trail/Old Mormon Road to Salt Lake City, from Los Angeles to Forks of the Road. From a Wheeler Annual Report. Gift to the David Rumsey collection by Mark Sappington.
- The Mojave Road in 1863. The Pioneering Photographs of Rudolph s'Heurese. By Jeff Lapides, 2018, published by the Mojave Desert Heritage and Cultural Association.