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" Yngvi-Frey construye el templo de Uppsala " (1830) de Hugo Hamilton. Yngvi-Frey es un legendario rey sueco de la dinastía Yngling , según las sagas nieto de Odin y fundador de Uppsala .

Los legendarios reyes de Suecia (en sueco : sagokonungar, sagokungar , literalmente  ' reyes de la saga / reyes de cuentos de hadas ') son los legendarios gobernantes de Suecia y los suecos que precedieron a Eric el Victorioso y Olof Skötkonung , los primeros reyes suecos documentados de manera confiable . Aunque las historias de algunos de los reyes pueden ser historias adornadas de gobernantes o jefes locales que realmente existieron. Por ejemplo HygelacSe cree que 500 d.C. tiene una base histórica. Debido a que su nombre está atestiguado tanto en fuentes francas como en fuentes inglesas, danesas e islandesas. Pero la historicidad de la mayoría de los reyes legendarios según Harrison sigue siendo imposible de verificar debido a la falta de fuentes. [1] La monarquía sueca moderna considera que Eric el Victorioso fue el primer rey de Suecia. [2]

En las listas de reyes suecas medievales, la figura generalmente representada como el primer rey de Suecia es Olof Skötkonung, [3] el primer rey cristiano de Suecia y el primer rey sueco en acuñar monedas. Los primeros reyes están en su mayor parte sólo atestiguados en las sagas islandesas , a veces mezclas contradictorias de mitos y poesía, escritas en los siglos XI-XIII, varios siglos después de los acontecimientos descritos en ellos. Lo que es historia genuina y lo que es mito y leyenda en las sagas es imposible de determinar hoy, y todo lo que contienen debe considerarse legendario, si no ficticio. [4] La primera dinastía legendaria, los Ynglings, puede ser una secuencia de reyes completamente inventada, que sirve para justificar y legitimar las dinastías y gobernantes posteriores en Escandinavia que afirmaron descender de ellos. [5] Muchos de los reyes legendarios habrían gobernado durante el Período de Migración ( c. 375-550) y el Período Vendel subsiguiente ( c. 550-790), pero estructuras políticas más grandes en Escandinavia (es decir, los reinos medievales de Suecia, Noruega y Dinamarca) no se cree que se formaron y centralizaron hasta la Era Vikinga . [6]

Los legendarios reyes de Suecia, tal como se presentan en las sagas, cubre tres legendarias dinastías de gobernantes; la dinastía Yngling, que se afirmaba descender del dios nórdico Odin , la dinastía fundada por Ivar Vidfamne , que conquistó Suecia y depuso a los Yngling, y la Casa de Munsö , que sucedió a la dinastía Vidfamne. Los últimos reyes considerados parte de la dinastía Munsö por las sagas islandesas; Eric el Victorioso, Olof Skötkonung, Anund Jacob y Emund el Viejo , fueron reyes históricos reales, aunque eso no significa que sus antepasados ​​legendarios fueran figuras históricas reales. Fuentes primarias contemporáneas de la Alemania de los siglos IX-XI, como los relatos de Adán de Bremeny Rimbert , contradicen la línea de reyes de Munsö que supuestamente existieron por las sagas. [7]

Dinastía Yngling [ editar ]

Véase también: Yngling
Dag el Sabio , ilustración de Gerhard Munthe (1899)

La secuencia de los reyes legendarios debajo deriva del poeta medieval islandesa e historiador Snorri Sturluson 's saga Ynglinga , la primera sección de la colección de la saga Heimskringla . La saga Ynglinga fue compuesta por Sturluson c. 1230 y detalla los reinados y vidas de los reyes de la dinastía Yngling ( sueco : Ynglingar ), una línea legendaria de reyes que se dice que desciende del dios nórdico Odin . [4] Los Ynglings se describen en la saga Ynglinga como la primera línea de sangre real de los suecos. [8]

La saga Ynglinga no contiene referencias a la cronología (como fechas específicas de los reinados de los distintos reyes) con la excepción de presentar a los gobernantes en orden cronológico. En algunos lugares, aparecen nombres (en particular, los reyes Ottar y Adils ) que podrían pertenecer a personas también atestiguadas en otras sagas, como Beowulf (escrito en los siglos X-XI en Inglaterra, pero sobre eventos en Escandinavia en los siglos VI / VII) , donde los Ynglings se llaman Scylfings ( nórdico antiguo : Skilfingar ; sueco : Skilvingar ). [4] Según la saga de Ynglinga , los primeros gobernantes usaron el títulodrotin (sueco moderno: Drott ). Incluso los gobernantes Yngling posteriores no suelen ser designados como "Reyes de Suecia" o "Reyes de los suecos" en la saga Ynglinga , la mayoría de ellos se describe como "Reyes en Uppsala ", uno de los primeros centros políticos de Suecia. [9] La dinastía Yngling a veces se conoce como la "Casa Real de Uppsala" en estudios posteriores. [10]

Secuencia de reyes [ editar ]

" Alaric y Eric se matan con sus bridas" (1830) de Hugo Hamilton
"El rey Ingjald Illready quema a seis reyes menores" (1830) de Hugo Hamilton

La saga Ynglinga presenta la siguiente línea de reyes suecos Yngling:

  • Odin el Viejo (nórdico antiguo: Óðinn ; sueco: Oden ) - fundador de la línea real; identificado con la figura mitológica nórdica del mismo nombre. [9]
  • Njord the Rich (nórdico antiguo: Njörðr ; sueco: Njord , Njärd ) - hijo y sucesor de Odin; identificado con la figura mitológica nórdica del mismo nombre. [9]
  • Yngvi-Frey (nórdico antiguo: Yngvi-Freyr ; sueco: Yngve-Frej , Yngve Frö , Frö ) - hijo y sucesor de Njord; identificado con la figura mitológica nórdica del mismo nombre. Descrito como el fundador del subsiguiente centro político de la era vikinga Gamla Uppsala . La dinastía Yngling toma su nombre de él. [9]
  • Fjölnir (nórdico antiguo: Fjölnir ; sueco: Fjölner , Fjölne ) - hijo y sucesor de Yngvi-Frey. [9]
  • Sveigder (nórdico antiguo: Sveigðir ; sueco: Svegder , Svegde ) - hijo y sucesor de Fjölnir. [9]
  • Vanlande (nórdico antiguo: Vanlandi ; sueco: Vanlande , Vanland ) - hijo y sucesor de Sveigder. [9]
  • Visbur (nórdico antiguo: Vísburr ; sueco: Visbur , Visburr ) - hijo y sucesor de Vanlande. [9]
  • Domalde (nórdico antiguo: Dómaldi , Dómaldr ; sueco: Domalde ) - hijo y sucesor de Visbur. [9]
  • Domar (nórdico antiguo: Dómarr ; sueco: Domar ) - hijo y sucesor de Domalde. [9]
  • Dyggvi (nórdico antiguo: Dyggvi ; sueco: Dyggve , Dygve ) - hijo y sucesor de Domar. [9]
  • Dag the Wise (nórdico antiguo: Dagr Spaka ; sueco: Dag den vise ) - hijo y sucesor de Dyggvi. [9]
  • Agne Skjálfarbondi (nórdico antiguo: Agni Skjálfarbondi ; sueco: Agne Skjalfarbonde ) - hijo y sucesor de Dag. [9]
  • Alaric (nórdico antiguo: Alrekr ; sueco: Alrik , Alrek ) y Eric (nórdico antiguo: Eiríkr ; sueco: Erik ) - hijos y co-sucesores de Agne. [9]
  • Yngvi (nórdico antiguo: Yngvi ; sueco: Yngve ) y Alf (nórdico antiguo: Álfr ; sueco: Alf ) - hijos de Alarico; co-sucesores de Alaric y Eric. [9]
  • Hugleik (nórdico antiguo: Hugleikr ; sueco: Hugleik , Huglek ) - hijo de Alf; sucesor de Yngvi y Alf. [9]
    • Haki (nórdico antiguo: Haki ; sueco: Hake Hednasson ): rey marino danésque conquistó Suecia y usurpó el trono de Hugleik. [9]
  • Jorund (nórdico antiguo: Jörundr ; sueco: Jorund , Jörund , Järund , Eorund ) - hijo de Yngvi y primo de Hugleik; retomó el trono de Hugleik. [9]
  • Aun el Viejo (nórdico antiguo: Aun hinn gamli ; sueco: Aun , Ane , Ön , On , One ) - hijo y sucesor de Jorund. [9]
    • Halfdan (nórdico antiguo: Halfdan ; sueco: Halfdan , Halvdan ) - legendario rey danés de ladinastía Scylding ; Supuestamente conquistó Upsala a Aun y gobernó allí como rey durante veinte años antes de morir por causas naturales, tras lo cual Aun fue reinstalado como rey. [9]
    • Ale the Strong (nórdico antiguo: Ale ; Sueco: Ale , Åle ) - legendario rey danés de la dinastía Scylding; Conquistó Uppsala de Aun y gobernó allí como rey durante veinticinco años antes de ser asesinado por el legendario campeón Starkad , tras lo cual Aun fue reinstalado como rey. [9]
  • Egil Tunnadolg (nórdico antiguo: Egill Tunnudólgr ; sueco: Egil Tunnadolg , Angantyr ) - hijo y sucesor de Aun. [9]
  • Ottar Vendelcrow (nórdico antiguo: Ótarr vendilkráka ; sueco: Ottar Vendelkråka ) - hijo y sucesor de Egil. [9]
  • Eadgils the Mighty (nórdico antiguo: Aðils ; sueco: Adils ) - hijo y sucesor de Ottar. [9]
  • Eysteinn (nórdico antiguo: Eysteinn ; sueco: Östen , Eystein ) - hijo y sucesor de Eadgils. [9]
    • Sölve (nórdico antiguo: Sölve ; sueco: Sölve Högnesson , Salve ): rey marino danés o geatish que conquistó Suecia y usurpó el trono de Eysteinn. [9]
  • Ingvar Harra (nórdico antiguo: Yngvari ; sueco: Yngvar Harra , Ingvar ): hijo de Eysteinn, proclamado rey después de que los suecos se volvieran contra Sölve y lo asesinaran. [9]
  • Anund (nórdico antiguo: Brautönundr , Anundr ; sueco: Brot-Anund , Bryt-Onund ) - hijo y sucesor de Ingvar. [9]
  • Ingjald Illready (Old Norse: Ingjaldr hinn illráði; Swedish: Ingjald illråde, Ingjald illråda) – son and successor of Anund. According to the Ynglinga saga the last of the Swedish Yngling kings as Sweden was conquered by Scanian king Ivar Vidfamne. Ingjald's son, Olof Trätälja, became ancestral to the later kings of Norway of the Fairhair dynasty.[9]

Historicity[edit]

A surviving page of the Heimskringla

Sturluson's Ynglinga saga was created far too late to serve as a reliable source in regards to the events and kings it describes, being separated from the earliest ones by several centuries. Ynglinga saga appears to have been based on an earlier scaldic poem, Ynglingatal, which is quoted at length by Snorri. Ynglingatal is not a reliable source either, though traditionally believed to have been composed at the end of the 9th or beginning of the 10th century, it might be from as late as the 12th century. Sturluson would have had access to older (now lost) manuscripts when writing the Ynglinga saga, but this does not necessarily corroborate anything that appears in the Ynglinga saga as true. What is genuine history and what is myth and legend is today impossible to determine, and everything contained in the saga must as such be regarded as legendary, if not fictional.[4] Modern scholarship does not see sagas such as the Ynglinga saga as good sources for genuine historical information.[11] As a historical source, the Ynglinga saga is much better used as a source on historiography and society during Sturluson's own time than as a source on Sweden's early history.[4]

It is possible that the Yngling line of kings is entirely fictional, invented by later Norwegian rulers to assert their right to rule Norway. In the Viking Age and later, Danish rulers repeatedly attempted to conquer Norway and through inventing a lineage that stretched back centuries, the Norwegian rulers may have attempted to demonstrate their inherent right to their lands and to put themselves on the same level as the Danes, who had historical accounts of their ancestors. The Swedish Ynglings might have been invented to glorify the Norwegian kings further, giving them a glorious and mythical past associated with Uppsala.[12] Most of the sagas known today, the Ynglinga saga included, were composed during a relatively brief period, from the 12th to 13th century, a time when royal power was being consolidated in Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Their creation might thus stem from political and social needs (i. e. justifying the rule of a dynasty), rather than a desire to tell genuine history.[5]

In addition to having been written centuries after the events they describe, the sagas have numerous other problems which make them unsuitable to use as sources. Many of the elements of the Ynglinga saga appear to be based on later, documented, events and people in Scandinavia. For instance, the figure of Aun, described as being driven from Uppsala and taking up court in Västergötland instead, is similar to the historical Swedish king Inge the Elder (r. c. 1079–1084, 1087–1105), who was driven from Uppsala into Västergötland in the 11th century.[13] The Ynglinga saga might also be an example of anti-royal social commentary rather than an attempt to tell history. Many of the kings in the saga are overshadowed by their contemporary vassals and wives,[14] and they are rarely shown in a positive light. The inglorious deaths of many of the Swedish Ynglings; with examples such as murder, burning to death, drowning in mead and being "hag-ridden" to death,[15] might be an attempt by Sturluson to say that the kings who ruled Norway in his time and claimed Yngling descent were not to be taken seriously.[16] Though descent from figures such as Odin and Njord, gods in Norse mythology, might seem a prestigious origin, it would be problematic in early medieval Norway since the kings were Christian and their ancestors were worshipped as Pagan gods. Their addition to the saga might thus have been another attempt by Sturluson to undermine royal ideology.[17]

If some of the Ynglings were real historical figures, they would have ruled during the Migration Period (c. 375–550) and the subsequent Vendel Period (c. 550–790), predating the Viking Age.[8] Historical evidence of early geopolitics in Scandinavia suggests that larger political structures, kingdoms such as medieval Sweden, Norway and Denmark, did not form until the late Viking Age. The centralization of power under one monarch is believed to have resulted from, or at the very least have been connected to, Viking expansion, with petty kings increasing their power through aggressive military ventures directed both to foreign lands (i. e. Viking raids) and against their neighbors.[6]

Vidfamne dynasty[edit]

Harald Wartooth at the Battle of Bråvalla by Lorenz Frølich (19th century)

According to the Ynglinga saga, the Yngling dynasty's rule in Sweden was succeeded by Ivar Vidfamne, previously a petty king in Scania, who founded a new royal line.[9]

Sequence of kings[edit]

The sequence of kings presented below is given by the Hervarar saga, a saga written in the 12th or 13th century.[18]

  • Ivar Vidfamne (Old Norse: Ívarr inn víðfaðmi; Swedish: Ivar Vidfamne) – founder of the dynasty, deposed the Yngling dynasty.[18]
  • Harald Wartooth (Old Norse: Haraldr hilditǫnn; Swedish: Harald Hildetand) – son of Randver, Ivar's vassal king in Denmark, and Alfhild, the daughter of Ivar. Took control over most of Ivar's former empire.[18]
  • Eysteinn Beli (Old Norse: Eysteinn hinn illráði; Swedish: Östen Illråde, Östen Beli) – son of Harald Wartooth, inherited Sweden. He ruled until Sweden was conquered by the Danish or Swedish viking Ragnar Lodbrok (who in some other sagas is said to be the son of a previous Swedish or Danish king, Sigurd Ring).[18]

Historicity[edit]

Map of Ivar Vidfamne's 7th-century empire according to the sagas. Since he is only mentioned in the Icelandic sagas, an empire of this extent is highly unlikely to have existed.

The existence of Ivar Vidfamne and his dynasty, at least in the way described in the sagas, is considered highly unlikely in modern scholarship. As with the Yngling kings, precise dates are not presented in the sagas for Ivar Vidfamne or his descendants, but his reign is estimated to have taken place in the 7th century. The only sources that mention Ivar are Icelandic sagas from centuries after his death. As Ivar is described as building a vast empire, including parts of Britain and northern Germany, it is unlikely that contemporary and later writers in Europe would not have written of him, had he existed. It is possible that the saga preserves a grain of the truth, perhaps being an embellishment of vague memories of an ancient warrior king, but most of what is said of Ivar Vidfamne has to be considered legendary and fictional.[19]

Munsö dynasty[edit]

See also: House of Munsö
Coin of Olof Skötkonung, an early historical Swedish king (r. c. 995–1022), claimed by Icelandic sagas to be a late member of an older dynasty founded by legendary viking Ragnar Lodbrok

The Munsö dynasty of kings is the earliest royal lineage that is mentioned not only in Icelandic sagas, but also in medieval Swedish sources. Though only a few examples survive, medieval Swedish lists of kings overwhelmingly begin with Olof Skötkonung, the first Christian king of Sweden, suggesting that he, and not any of the previous legendary figures, was seen as Sweden's first king. In Icelandic sources, such as the 12th/13th-century Langfeðgatal, Olof Skötkonung is regarded as a late ruler of a significantly older dynasty, stretching back to legendary Viking hero Ragnar Lodbrok. In addition to the short genealogical account of Langfeðgatal, Ragnar Lodbrok's royal dynasty is also presented in a more narrative form in the aforementioned Hervarar saga, also written in the 12th or 13th century.[20]

Sequence of kings[edit]

Langfeðgatal presents the following line of kings:

  • Ragnar Lodbrok (Old Norse: Ragnarr Loðbrók; Swedish: Ragnar Lodbrok) – earliest king mentioned in Langfeðgatal.[21] Conquered Sweden from Eysteinn Beli according to the Hervarar saga.[18]
  • Björn Ironside (Old Norse: Bjǫrn Járnsíða; Swedish: Björn Järnsida) – son and successor of Ragnar Lodbrok.[21]
  • Eric Björnsson (Old Norse: Eiríkr; Swedish: Erik) – son and successor of Björn Ironside.[21]
  • Eric Refilsson (Old Norse: Eiríkr; Swedish: Erik) – son of Refil, a son of Björn Ironside, and successor of Eric Björnsson.[21]
  • Anund Uppsale (Old Norse: Anundr Uppsali; Swedish: Anund Uppsale) and Björn at Haugi (Old Norse: Bjǫrn; Swedish: Björn på Högen) – sons of Eric Björnsson and co-successors of Eric Refilsson.[21]
  • Eric Anundsson (Old Norse: Eiríkr; Swedish: Erik) – son and successor of Anund Uppsale.[21]
  • Björn Eriksson (Old Norse: Bjǫrn; Swedish: Björn) – son and successor of Eric Anundsson.[21]
  • Eric the Victorious (Old Norse: Eiríkr inn sigrsæli; Swedish: Erik Segersäll) and Olof Björnsson (Old Norse: Óláfr; Swedish: Olof) – both sons and co-successors of Björn Eriksson. Eric the Victorious is a real historical king, r. c. 970–995.[21]
  • Olof Skötkonung (Old Norse: Óláfr skautkonungr; Swedish: Olof Skötkonung) – real historical king, r. c. 995–1022, son of Eric the Victorious.[21]
  • Anund Jacob (Old Norse: Anundr Iacob; Swedish: Anund Jakob) – real historical king, r. c. 1022–1050, son of Olof Skötkonung.[21]
  • Emund the Old (Old Norse: Æmunðær gamlæ; Swedish: Emund den gamle) – real historical king, r. c. 1050–1060, illegitimate son of Olof Skötkonung.[21]

Historicity[edit]

A page of the medieval Swedish Västgötalagen. Västgötalagen lists Olof Skötkonung (r. c. 995–1022) as the first King of Sweden

The Langfeðgatal reconstruction of the Munsö dynasty and the later lineage of Swedish kings it presents does not conform with medieval Swedish primary sources. Though a majority of the kings from Olof Skötkonung onwards appear in the Icelandic sources with the same name and overall chronology, the Icelandic sources also contain the figure Blot-Sweyn, who is only present in some of the Swedish sources (and notably absent in Västgötalagen, an important early Swedish legal document) and a king by the name Kol or Erik Årsäll, completely absent in the Swedish sources. The same is true for the Hervarar saga, whose sequence of kings is identical to the sequence presented in Langfeðgatal.[20] In some respects, the royal sequence is more correct in the Langfeðgatal; Swedish medieval sources tend to omit the kings Anund Jacob and Emund the Old, who can be verified through foreign documents and through the coins they minted, and where the Swedish sources present kings as successive, some (such as Inge the Elder) are known to have co-ruled with others, which is accurately presented in the Icelandic versions.[22]

The missionary Ansgar travelled to Sweden several times during the 9th century in an attempt to christianize the Swedes. In the writings of his companion Rimbert, the Vita Ansgari, several Swedish kings (who all precede Eric the Victorious) and who they met or heard of at Birka, an important Viking Age trading center, are mentioned. Attempts have been made to harmonize Ansgar's kings with the kings mentioned in the sagas but such attempts have to be considered unreliable and unverifiable. The Vita gives no genealogical information in regards to the kings.[7] It mentions the following four kings:

  • Björn, who reigned c. 829 when Ansgar first visited Sweden. Björn was reportedly friendly to the missionaries but chose not to convert to Christianity (although one of his chief councilors, Hergeir, did).[7]
    • Anund, who is not mentioned as ruling at Birka (possibly ruling somewhere else in Sweden), having been driven from Sweden and taken refuge among the Danes. Anund promised Birka to the Danes as a reward for helping him gain revenge and attacked Birka c. 840. As Birka continues to be ruled by Swedish kings, it is unlikely that the attack succeeded.[7]
  • Eric (Erik), who was recently deceased by the time Ansgar visited Sweden for the second time c. 852. According to Rimbert's writings, some of the Anti-Christian Swedes suggested that Eric be worshipped as a god alongside the rest of the Nordic pantheon instead of the new Christian god.[7]
  • Olof (Olaf, Olef), who reigned c. 852, during Ansgar's second visit to Sweden, having then only recently come to the throne.[7]

In terms of sources on Viking Age kings, Adam of Bremen, who worked in the 11th century and wrote of Swedish kings, is significantly closer in time and place to the kings he describe than the centuries of separation in the sagas, only being separated from the mentioned rulers by at most about 150–100 years.[7] The Icelandic sources are substantially different from his work, not only in the kings preceding Olof Skötkonung. As the successors of King Stenkil (r. c. 1060–1066), the Icelandic sources give Håkan the Red, followed by a co-regency of Inge the Elder, Halsten and Blot-Sweyn. Adam of Bremen instead gives a more linear succession of Eric and Eric, followed by Halsten, Anund Gårdske and then Håkan the Red. As the direct predecessors of Eric the Victorious, Icelandic sources give Björn Eriksson, preceded by Erik Anundsson. Apart from the kings found in the Vita Asgari, Adam writes that Eric the Victorious was preceded by Anund/Emund Eriksson, who in turn was preceded by Eric Ringsson and Emund/Anund Ringsson, sons and successors of a king by the name of Ring.[23] Adam of Bremen's line of kings is thus:

  • Ring, reigning in the early 10th century.[7]
  • Eric Ringsson, son of Ring, reigning in the 10th century.[7]
  • Emund Ringsson, son of Ring, reigning in the 10th century, possibly together with Eric.[7]
  • Emund Eriksson, son of Eric and successor of Emund, reigning possibly c. 975.[7]

The Sparlösa Runestone, created c. 800, mentions several names, including the name Alríkr (Alaric) in an unclear context, the name Eiríkr (Eric) in reference to a king at Uppsala and the name Eyvísl as the son of this Eiríkr. No written source mentions a king by the name Eyvísl, though the context of the stone does not make it clear whether he ruled as king or whether he was simply a prince.[7]

See also[edit]

  • List of legendary kings of Denmark
  • List of legendary kings of Norway
  • Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum
  • Germanic Heroic Age
  • King of the Geats
  • Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus

References[edit]

  1. ^ Dick, Harrison 2011 http://blog.svd.se/historia/2011/10/13/varfor-jag-inte-tror-pa-sagokungar/
  2. ^ Kings and Queens of Sweden.
  3. ^ Sävborg 2015, p. 204.
  4. ^ a b c d e Foteviken Museum – Ynglinga saga.
  5. ^ a b Sawyer 2010, p. 35.
  6. ^ a b Gurevich 1978, p. 405.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Baldwin.
  8. ^ a b Frisk 2015, p. 31.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Foteviken Museum – Yngling kings.
  10. ^ Chase 1997, p. 7.
  11. ^ Sawyer 2010, p. 34.
  12. ^ Sawyer 2010, p. 41.
  13. ^ Sawyer 2010, p. 44.
  14. ^ Sawyer 2010, p. 37.
  15. ^ Sawyer 2010, p. 42.
  16. ^ Sawyer 2010, p. 39.
  17. ^ Sawyer 2010, p. 43.
  18. ^ a b c d e Hervarar saga.
  19. ^ Harrison 2016.
  20. ^ a b Sävborg 2015, pp. 204–205.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sävborg 2015, p. 207.
  22. ^ Sävborg 2015, p. 211.
  23. ^ Sävborg 2015, p. 212.

Cited bibliography[edit]

  • Chase, Colin (1997). "Opinions on the Date of Beowulf, 1815–1980". In Chase, Colin (ed.). The Dating of Beowulf. Toronto University Press. ISBN 0-8020-7879-6.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Gurevich, Aron Ia. (1978). "The Early State in Norway". In Claessen, Henri J. M.; Skalnik, Peter (eds.). The Early State. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-9027979049.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Frisk, Mattias (2015). "Concerning Mass Graves: the Use, Development and Identities Within Mass Graves During the Scandinavian Iron Age and Middle Ages" (PDF). Master's Thesis – Uppsala University.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Sawyer, Birgit (2010). "Snorre Sturlason som balanskonstnär". Collegium Medievale: Interdisciplinary Journal of Medieval Research (in Swedish). 23: 33–57.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Sävborg, Daniel (2015). "Kungalängder och historieskrivning: Fornsvenska och fornisländska källor om Sveriges historia". Historisk Tidskrift (in Swedish). 135 (2): 201–235.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

Cited web sources[edit]

  • Baldwin, Stewart. "Early Swedish Kings". RootsWeb. Retrieved 2020-06-29.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Harrison, Dick (2016-05-08). "Har Ivar Vidfamne funnits på riktigt?". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-06-29.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • "De äldsta sveakungarna enligt Ynglingasagan". Foteviken Museum (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  • "Hervararsagans svenska kungalängd". Tacitus (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  • "Kings and Queens of Sweden — A thousand year succession". Swedish Royal Court. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
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