Porto Alegre ( UK : / ˌ p ɔr t U ə l ɛ ɡ r eɪ / , Estados Unidos : / - ɑː l eɪ ɡ r i , ˌ p ɔr t oʊ ə l ɛ ɡ r ə / , [2] [ 3] Portugués brasileño : [ˈpoɾtu aˈlɛɡɾi] ( escuchar ) ; [a] lit. '"Joyful Harbour"') es la capital y ciudad más grande del estado brasileño de Rio Grande do Sul . Su población de 1.488.252 habitantes (2020) la convierte en la duodécima ciudad más poblada del país y el centro de la quinta área metropolitana más grande de Brasil , con 4.405.760 habitantes (2010). La ciudad es la capital más austral de un estado brasileño. [4]
Puerto alegre | |
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Municipio de Porto Alegre Municipio de Porto Alegre | |
Desde arriba a la izquierda: Mercado Público de Porto Alegre ; Planta de Gasômetro; el Monumento al Expedicionario en el Parque Farroupilha; vista del centro de la ciudad; Fundación Iberê Camargo ; Monumento a las Azores antes de la construcción del Centro Administrativo de Rio Grande do Sul; vista panorámica de la ciudad desde el lago Guaíba | |
Bandera Sello | |
Lema (s): Leal e Valorosa Cidade de Porto Alegre Ciudad leal y valiente de Porto Alegre | |
Coordenadas: 30 ° 01′59 ″ S 51 ° 13′48 ″ W / 30.03306 ° S 51.23000 ° WCoordenadas : 30 ° 01′59 ″ S 51 ° 13′48 ″ O / 30.03306 ° S 51.23000 ° W | |
País | Brasil |
Expresar | Rio Grande do Sul |
Mesorregión | Porto Alegre Metropolitano |
Microrregión | Microrregión de Porto Alegre |
Fundado | 26 de marzo de 1772 |
Gobierno | |
• Alcalde | Sebastião Melo ( MDB ) |
Área | |
• Municipio | 496.827 km 2 (191.826 millas cuadradas) |
Elevación | 10 m (30 pies) |
Población (2020 [1] ) | |
• Municipio | 1,488,252 ( 12º ) |
• Densidad | 2.837,5 / km 2 (7.349 / millas cuadradas) |
• Metro | 4.405.769 ( cuarto ) |
Demonym (s) | Porto-alegrenses |
Zona horaria | UTC-3 ( UTC − 3 ) |
Código postal | 90000-000 |
Código (s) de área | +55 51 |
Sitio web | Porto Alegre, Río Grande del Sur |
Porto Alegre fue fundada en 1769 por Manuel Jorge Gomes de Sepúlveda, quien utilizó el seudónimo de José Marcelino de Figueiredo para ocultar su identidad; pero la fecha oficial es 1772 con el acta firmada por inmigrantes de las Azores , Portugal . La gran mayoría de la población es de ascendencia europea .
La ciudad se encuentra en la orilla oriental del lago Guaíba (generalmente referido por la población de la ciudad como río Guaíba), donde cinco ríos convergen para formar la Lagoa dos Patos (Laguna de los Patos), una laguna gigante de agua dulce navegable incluso por el más grande de buques. Este cruce de cinco ríos se ha convertido en un importante puerto aluvial, así como en un principal centro industrial y comercial de Brasil.
En los últimos años, Porto Alegre fue sede del Foro Social Mundial , una iniciativa de varias organizaciones no gubernamentales. La ciudad se hizo famosa por ser la primera ciudad que implementó presupuestos participativos . [5] La novena Asamblea del Consejo Mundial de Iglesias se celebró en Porto Alegre en 2006. Desde 2000, Porto Alegre también alberga uno de los eventos de software libre más grandes del mundo , llamado FISL .
La ciudad fue una de las sedes de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2014 , y anteriormente fue sede de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 1950 .
A mediados de la década de 2010, Porto Alegre experimentó una creciente ola de violencia, [6] ocupando el puesto 39 entre las 50 ciudades más violentas del mundo en 2017. [7] Sin embargo, el número de delitos violentos ha disminuido constantemente desde 2018. [ 8] [9]
Historia
La fecha oficial de fundación de la ciudad de Porto Alegre es el 26 de marzo de 1772 por Manuel Sepúlveda, cuando se crea la Freguesia de São Francisco do Porto dos Casais y se cambia un año después a Nossa Senhora da Madre de Deus de Porto Alegre. Sin embargo, el pueblo comenzó en 1752, cuando 60 parejas azorianas fueron traídas por el Tratado de Madrid con el fin de establecer Misiones en la Región Nordeste de Rio Grande do Sul que fueron entregadas a la Corona portuguesa a cambio de la Colonia de Sacramento ubicada. en la margen del Río de la Plata . La demarcación de tierras tomó mucho tiempo y los azorianos se establecieron definitivamente en Porto de Viamão, que era el primer nombre con el que pasaba Porto Alegre. [10]
El 24 de julio de 1773, Porto Alegre se convirtió en la capital de la provincia, cuando se inició oficialmente la administración de Manuel Sepúlveda, quien utilizó el nombre o seudónimo ficticio de José Marcelino de Figueiredo, para ocultar su identidad. En 1824 comenzaron a llegar inmigrantes de todo el mundo, especialmente alemanes , italianos , españoles , polacos , judíos y libaneses [11] .
La ciudad capital de Rio Grande do Sul es también la ciudad capital de la región pampeana , nombre que se le da a la región de fauna y flora típica de las vastas llanuras que dominan el paisaje del sur de Brasil , parte de Argentina y Uruguay . De aquí proviene el Gaúcho , la figura histórica de un valiente guerrero que libró batallas y guerras legendarias en la búsqueda de la conquista de las fronteras de los Reinos de Portugal y España en el siglo XVI. [10]
Hubo muchas guerras, pero fue el siglo XIX el que marcó a su pueblo, luego de que libraron una larga guerra por su independencia del Imperio brasileño . La Guerra de los Farrapos se inició con el enfrentamiento en Porto Alegre, cerca del puente Azenha, el 20 de septiembre de 1835. Este conflicto grabó en las páginas de la historia el mito del gaucho que aún se alaba en canciones y se celebra en concursos anuales y se honra como nombres de calles. y parques. [10]
Cuando terminó la Guerra de Farrapos, la ciudad continuó desarrollándose y experimentó una fuerte reestructuración urbana durante las últimas décadas del siglo XVIII, impulsada por el crecimiento acelerado de las actividades portuarias y los astilleros. Su desarrollo continuó en el tiempo y la ciudad se mantuvo al tanto de los acontecimientos culturales, políticos y sociales que se estaban produciendo en Brasil. Porto Alegre es la cuna de grandes escritores, intelectuales, artistas, políticos y episodios que marcaron la historia de Brasil. [10]
La ciudad se hizo conocida mundialmente en 1963 al albergar los Juegos Universitarios Mundiales . [12] En 1985, el pueblo de Porto Alegre se unió al movimiento por elecciones libres y tuvo lugar una de las mayores manifestaciones en la ciudad. [13]
La ciudad
La ciudad está en un delta resultante de la unión de cinco ríos, oficialmente llamado Lago Guaíba (también conocido popularmente como río). La ciudad data de mediados del siglo XVIII, cuando inmigrantes de las Azores , islas del Atlántico que forman parte de Portugal, se asentaron en la zona, alentados por el gobierno portugués. [14] La ciudad se estableció oficialmente en 1742. [15] Porto Alegre es una de las ciudades más ricas de América Latina [16] y una de las más diversas. Ha acogido a inmigrantes de todo el mundo, la mayor parte procedente de Portugal , Rusia , Alemania , Italia , España , Ucrania y Polonia . También hay importantes contingentes árabes y judíos entre su población. [17] La población afrobrasileña del estado se concentra en la ciudad.
Antes de esto, [ ¿cuándo? ] Porto Alegre fue el puerto de Viamão a orillas del lago Guaíba. Su nombre anterior era Porto dos Casais (Puerto de las Parejas). e inicialmente fue colonizado por azorianos . Muchas familias de colonos vinieron de la ciudad de Río Grande en la región litoral de Lagunar, al sur, una fortaleza militar en ese momento. Hoy Rio Grande es el puerto más importante del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. La ciudad también es conocida como "Porto do Sol" (Puerto del Sol) y "Cidade Sorriso" (Ciudad de la Sonrisa). [18] Más de 70 barrios (ver más abajo) forman parte de la ciudad y dos tercios de la población se concentran en la Zona Norte, donde se desarrolla la mayor parte de la actividad económica, incluido el centro de la ciudad.
Porto Alegre fue la sede del Foro Social Mundial en 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005 y 2010. Como la segunda ciudad más grande del sur de Brasil, es un importante centro industrial de la zona. También es un centro de historia y cultura gaúcho (el nombre popular para los nativos del estado), famoso por su churrasco (barbacoa) y chimarrão (un té fuerte y caliente preparado con erva mate ). Allí se encuentran importantes universidades brasileñas, como la Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), la Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) y la Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). En 2000, la tasa de alfabetización era del 97%. [19] La alta calidad de vida es una de las principales características de la ciudad.
Geografía
La ciudad de Porto Alegre está ubicada en el extremo norte de la gran laguna costera, Lagoa dos Patos, en el sureste de Brasil. La ciudad se encuentra en la orilla este de la desembocadura del río Guaiba, cuyo estuario forma la enorme laguna de agua dulce, Lagoa dos Patos. Además, sirve como la capital del estado más austral de Brasil, Rio Grande do Sul .
Porto Alegre tiene una larga costa en el lago Guaíba , y su topografía está salpicada por 40 cerros. En el lago, un vasto cuerpo de agua, un laberinto de islas frente a la ciudad crea un archipiélago donde un ecosistema único da cobijo a abundante vida silvestre. El área de la ciudad concentra el 28% de la flora nativa de Rio Grande do Sul, con 9.288 especies. [20] Entre estos, hay muchos árboles que son vestigios de la Mata Atlántica . La fauna también se diversifica, especialmente en las islas y colinas. Los alrededores de Portoalegrense incluyen muchos parques, plazas y calles arboladas.
Clima
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Según la clasificación climática de Köppen , Porto Alegre tiene un clima subtropical húmedo ( Cfa ) que se caracteriza por su alta variabilidad, pero con estaciones bien definidas y lluvias uniformemente distribuidas a lo largo del año. La presencia del lago Guaíba contribuye a incrementar la humedad del aire. [21] La ciudad experimenta la diferencia más destacada entre estaciones y entre temperaturas extremas entre todas las capitales brasileñas. Una de las razones es la latitud más alta, que también contribuye a la ocurrencia de 14 horas de luz diurna en diciembre y 10 horas en junio. [22] Debido al gran agotamiento de la capa de ozono en el sur de Brasil, la población está ocasionalmente expuesta peligrosamente a una radiación ultravioleta extremadamente alta . [23]
El invierno es de suave a fresco, ventoso, lluvioso y bastante cambiante, lo que también es una característica de esta época del año. Las temperaturas invernales habituales oscilan entre los 10 ° C (50 ° F) y los 19 ° C (66 ° F). En los días más fríos del año la temperatura puede descender levemente por debajo de cero, como en 2012, cuando registró −0,7 ° C (31 ° F). [24] Los veranos son muy calurosos, con temperaturas que llegan hasta los 30 ° C (86 ° F), llegando a veces a los 40 ° C (104 ° F). [25] A veces, el verano suele tener lluvias irregulares y períodos de sequía. [26] El otoño tiende a ser tan cambiante como el invierno, pero suele ser más cálido. La primavera suele ser muy lluviosa, con tormentas , vientos fuertes y granizadas . [27] [28] [29] El clima de Porto Alegre está muy afectado por el fenómeno de El Niño , con inundaciones en algunos barrios de la ciudad, especialmente en las islas del lago Guaiba. [30] [31] [32] Sin embargo, se construyó un sistema de drenaje y un muro a lo largo del Distrito Histórico después de una gran inundación en 1941 que devastó la ciudad, evitando daños mayores. [33] [34]
La nieve es muy rara, a veces se confunde con aguanieve . [35] Los únicos eventos de nevadas en Porto Alegre fueron en 1879, 1910, 1984, 1994, 2000 y 2006, y pocos de ellos presentaron acumulación. [36] Sin embargo, a veces se producen heladas en la ciudad. [37] La aparición de niebla de radiación es común, lo que provoca varios retrasos en los primeros vuelos. A diferencia de otras grandes ciudades brasileñas mucho más al norte, en particular Brasilia , São Paulo y Río de Janeiro, que observan un pronunciado máximo de verano en las cantidades de precipitación, la ciudad de Porto Alegre experimenta un destacado máximo de invierno en los valores de precipitación y cobertura de nubes, para la temporada de verano. es principalmente caliente y seco; aunque evidentemente los altos niveles de humedad a menudo dan una sensación de humedad en el aire y tienen un impacto negativo en la calidad del aire. Porto Alegre recibe anualmente una precipitación total promedio de 1.425 milímetros (56,1 pulgadas). Este promedio hace que la ciudad sea un poco más húmeda que Río con 1.172 milímetros (46,1 pulgadas) pero, en muy pequeña medida, más seca que São Paulo con 1.457 milímetros (57,4 pulgadas) y Brasilia con 1.557 milímetros (61,3 pulgadas). [38]
La temperatura más alta registrada fue 42,6 ° C (108,7 ° F) [39] mientras que la temperatura más baja registrada fue -3,0 ° C (26,6 ° F). [40]
Datos climáticos de Porto Alegre (1981-2010, extremos 1949-presente) | |||||||||||||
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Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro alto ° C (° F) | 39,2 (102,6) | 39,0 (102,2) | 38,1 (100,6) | 36,0 (96,8) | 32,7 (90,9) | 31,6 (88,9) | 32,2 (90,0) | 34,9 (94,8) | 38,0 (100,4) | 38,2 (100,8) | 39,0 (102,2) | 39,5 (103,1) | 39,5 (103,1) |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | 30,5 (86,9) | 30,2 (86,4) | 29,1 (84,4) | 25,9 (78,6) | 22,2 (72,0) | 19,8 (67,6) | 19,3 (66,7) | 21,3 (70,3) | 22,1 (71,8) | 25,0 (77,0) | 27,4 (81,3) | 29,5 (85,1) | 25,2 (77,4) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | 24,7 (76,5) | 24,5 (76,1) | 23,5 (74,3) | 20,3 (68,5) | 16,9 (62,4) | 14,4 (57,9) | 13,8 (56,8) | 15.3 (59.5) | 16.7 (62.1) | 19.4 (66.9) | 21.5 (70.7) | 23.6 (74.5) | 19.6 (67.3) |
Average low °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.5 (68.9) | 19.5 (67.1) | 16.5 (61.7) | 13.3 (55.9) | 10.8 (51.4) | 10.1 (50.2) | 11.1 (52.0) | 12.8 (55.0) | 15.3 (59.5) | 17.1 (62.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 15.6 (60.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 10.1 (50.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.5 (40.1) | 2.3 (36.1) | −1.9 (28.6) | −1.1 (30.0) | −1.2 (29.8) | 2.2 (36.0) | 4.9 (40.8) | 6.7 (44.1) | 10.0 (50.0) | −1.9 (28.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 110.1 (4.33) | 106.5 (4.19) | 92.2 (3.63) | 107.3 (4.22) | 118.8 (4.68) | 141.3 (5.56) | 141.3 (5.56) | 117.4 (4.62) | 141.5 (5.57) | 138.3 (5.44) | 110.9 (4.37) | 99.6 (3.92) | 1,425.2 (56.11) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 107 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 72.9 | 74.8 | 75.3 | 77.6 | 81.0 | 82.7 | 80.7 | 77.8 | 77.0 | 75.0 | 72.1 | 70.9 | 76.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 227.2 | 195.2 | 202.4 | 166.0 | 146.9 | 115.6 | 131.4 | 145.3 | 145.8 | 178.0 | 215.2 | 232.4 | 2,101.4 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[41][42] |
Vegetation
Porto Alegre lies in a transitional area between the subtropical forest and the Southern Brazilian grasslands (pampa). A number of conservation programmes have been established to protect native trees. Many of the city's avenues have been planted with different tree species. One striking example of this is Teresópolis Avenue, where bottle trees have been planted. The city is covered in green vegetation and Lapacho and Jacaranda are the main species that can be found locally. The trees from the hills are protected. Two environmental conservation areas can be found in this city: "Delta do Jacuí" (Jacuí Delta) State Park and Lami Biological Reserve.[43]
The urban area has many parks and plazas, making Porto Alegre one of the greenest provincial capitals in Brazil. The first city squares date from the second half of the 18th century and were originally large public spaces used as food markets. The city has 39 km2 (9,600 acres) of green space, occupying 31 percent of the city's area. This is an average of 17.6 m2 per person. More than one million trees line the public streets and SMAM plants an average of 30,000 seedlings each year. The four main parks are: Parque Farroupilha, a 37-hectare (91-acre) park; Jardim Botânico (The Botanical Garden of Porto Alegre), with some 725 species of vegetation on about 43 hectares (110 acres) of land; and Parque Marinha do Brasil (The Brazilian Navy's Park), a vast park of more than 70 hectares (170 acres) which offers a wide variety of sports fields and tracks. The city's cycleway is called the Caminho dos Parques, which at over 5 km (3 miles) long links the Moinhos do Vento, Farroupilha and Guaíba shore parks.[44]
The Lami José Lutzenberger Biological Reserve was established in 1975 in the Lami neighborhood of Porto Alegre, named after the local agronomist and environmentalist José Lutzenberger. It was the first municipal reserve in Brazil. The reserve covers 179 hectares (440 acres). It reopened in April 2002 after being closed for more than ten years to allow its ecosystems to recover.[45] The reserve conserves nature and supports research and environmental education.[46]
Water
Sewer service is available to 87.7 percent of the city, and 100 percent of the population is serviced by treated water.[47] While in most Brazilian cities the water is supplied by large state companies, in Porto Alegre the Municipal Department of Water and Sanitation Services, (DMAE) is the provider. It is the largest municipal water supplier in the country and enjoys operational autonomy and financial independence. As a separate entity from the municipal government it can make its own decisions on how to invest revenues it has collected, and such decisions are not directly subject to interference from the municipality. It receives no subsidies and makes no payments to the municipality itself. As a municipal undertaking, DMAE enjoys tax-exempt status, which allows it to keep water prices lower.[48]
In 2010, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) approved a US$83.2 million to support the Integrated Socioenvironmental Program of Porto Alegre. The program will be carried out by the Municipal Department of Management and Strategic Support and will focus on improving water quality in Guaíba Lake and the Cavalhada River, developing urban infrastructure to reduce flood risk along the Cavalhada River, improving the environmental management in the Municipality of Porto Alegre, and promoting efficient municipal water, sanitation and storm drainage services. This program will improve the quality of life of the population of Porto Alegre by restoring water quality along the west side of Lake Guaíba and directly benefitting more than 700,000 residents through expanded public sanitation services and urban environmental improvement.[49]
The Jacuí estuary contains the Jacuí Delta State Park, which in turn contains the Banhados do Delta Biological Reserve, a fully protected area which covers the islands of Pólvora and Pombas.[50]
Air quality
Motor vehicles are responsible for the main atmospheric pollutant emissions. The city has the second worst air quality in Brazil, after only São Paulo.[51] The use of new buses along dedicated busways has decreased pollutants as there is less idling time. SMAM (the Municipal Council of the Environment) has encouraged the use of the cleanest fuels and has played a role in monitoring pollution levels.
A partnership between SMAM, the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, the State Environmental Protection Foundation (FEPAM) and Petrobrás has created a network of five air monitoring stations in Porto Alegre. By utilizing a Petrobrás product called city diesel, sulphur levels in the air have dropped from 1.2 percent in 1989 to 0.5 percent. Hybrid buses which run on both diesel and electricity are also being considered for the future. Because Porto Alegre has a ready supply of natural gas, the city's taxi fleet is gradually being converted to it from gasoline.[52]
Demografía
Ethnic groups
According to the 2010 IBGE Census, there were 1,365,039 people residing in the city of Porto Alegre.[53] The census revealed the following numbers: 1,116,659 White people (79.2%), 143,890 Black people (10.2%), 141,411 Pardo (Multiracial) people (10%), 4,062 Asian people (0.3%), 3,308 Amerindian people (0.2%).[54] In 2010, the city of Porto Alegre was the 10th most populous city in Brazil.[55] In 2010, the city had 269,519 opposite-sex couples and 1,401 same-sex couples. The population of Porto Alegre was 53.6% female and 46.4% male.[54]
Porto Alegre is mostly composed of Brazilians of European descent. Its colonization started in the mid-18th century, mostly with the arrival of Portuguese colonists from the Azores Islands. From 1748 to 1756, 2,300 Azoreans were sent to the region by the King of Portugal to protect Southern Brazil from neighboring invaders.[56] These colonists, mostly composed of married couples, established the city of Porto dos Casais (literally translated "harbor of the couples"), nowadays Porto Alegre. In 1775, 55% of Rio Grande do Sul's population was of Azorean Portuguese origin.[57] Porto Alegre was composed mainly of Azoreans and their African slaves until the first half of the 19th century.
The first non-Portuguese people to settle Rio Grande do Sul were German immigrants. In 1824, the first immigrants from Germany arrived in Porto Alegre, but they were sent to what is now the city of São Leopoldo (28 km (17 mi) away). From 1824 to 1914, 50,000 Germans arrived in Rio Grande do Sul.[58] Most of these colonists had rural communities in the countryside of the State as their first destination. The large rural exodus in Brazil in the early 20th century brought many German-descendants to Porto Alegre and, nowadays, they compose a large percentage of the population.[59] The second largest group of immigrants who arrived in Porto Alegre were the Italians. They started immigrating to Brazil in 1875, mainly from the Northern Italian Veneto region.[60] As the Germans, Italians were also first sent to rural communities, mainly in the Serra Gaúcha region. After some decades, many of them started to migrate to other parts of Rio Grande do Sul, including Porto Alegre. Minority communities of immigrants, such as Central Europeans from Poland[61] and Eastern Europeans from Ukraine and Jews; Arabs from Palestine, Lebanon and Syria; Asians from Japan; as well as Spaniards arriving after the Civil War also made Porto Alegre their home.[62][63] According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011, the ancestral composition of the population of Porto Alegre is: 77.70% European, 12.70% African and 9.60% Native American.[64]
Population growth
- Changing demographics of the city of Porto Alegre
Source: Planet Barsa Ltda.[65]
Religion
According to the 2010 population census, the population of Porto Alegre is made up of Roman Catholics (63.85%); Protestants or evangelicals (11.65%); spiritists (7.03%); Umbanda and Candomblé (3.35%); Nones (10.38%) and people of other religions (3.64%).[66]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a temple in Porto Alegre.[67]
Política, gobierno y ciudadanía
The executive branch is headed by the mayor of the municipality, which includes departments and other public administration bodies directly and indirectly. The legislature is represented by the City Council.
It hosted the first three editions of the World Social Forum in 2001, 2002 and 2003. The third edition attracted 20,763 delegates from 130 countries, with a total audience of 100,000 people from all parts of the world.
Participatory budgeting
A feature of public administration in Porto Alegre is the adoption of a system of popular participation in the definition of public investment, called the Participatory Budget. The first full participatory budgeting process was developed in the city starting in 1989. Participatory budgeting in its most meaningful form took place in the city from 1991 to 2004.[68] Participatory budgeting was part of a number of innovative reform programs to overcome severe inequality in living standards amongst city residents. One third of the city's residents lived in isolated slums at the city outskirts, lacking access to public amenities (water, sanitation, health care facilities, and schools).[69]
Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre has occurred annually, starting with a series of neighborhood, regional, and citywide assemblies, where residents and elected budget delegates identify spending priorities and vote on which priorities to implement. Porto Alegre spent about 200 million dollars per year on construction and services, This money is subject to participatory budgeting, unlike the annual spending on fixed expenses such as debt service and pensions, which is not subject to public participation. Around fifty thousand residents of Porto Alegre took part at the peak of the participatory budgeting process (compared to 1.5 million city inhabitants), with the number of participants having grown year on year since 1989. Participants are from diverse economic and political backgrounds.[70][71] Although participatory budgeting appears to continue in the city today, two prominent scholars on the process have stated that "after the defeat of the Workers' Party in late 2004, a politically conservative coalition maintained the surface features of PB while returning the actual functioning of the administration to more traditional modes of favor-trading and the favoring of local elites."[68]
The participatory budgeting cycle starts in January and runs throughout the year in many assemblies in each of the city's 16 districts, dealing with many areas of interest to urban life. The meetings elect delegates to represent specific neighborhoods. The mayor and staff attend, in order to respond to citizens' concerns. In the following months, delegates meet to review technical project criteria and district needs.[70]
City department staff may participate according to their area of expertise. At a second regional plenary, regional delegates prioritize the district's demands and elect 42 councillors representing all districts and thematic areas to serve on the Municipal Council of the Budget. The main function of the Municipal Council of the Budget is to reconcile the demands of each district with available resources, and to propose and approve an overall municipal budget. The resulting budget is binding, though the city council can suggest, but not require, changes. Only the Mayor may veto the budget, or remand it back to the Municipal Council of the Budget (this has never happened).[70]
A World Bank paper suggests that participatory budgeting has led to direct improvements in facilities in Porto Alegre. For example, sewer and water connections increased from 75% of households in 1988 to 98% in 1997. The number of schools quadrupled since 1986.[69] According to Fedozzi and Costa, this system has been recognized as a successful experience of interaction between people and the official administrative spheres in public administration and, as such, has gained a broad impact on the political scene nationally and internationally, being interpreted as a strategy for the establishment of an active citizenship in Brazil. The distribution of investment resources planning that follows a part of the statement of priorities for regional or thematic meetings, culminating with the approval of an investment plan that works and activities program broken down by investment sector, by region and around the city. Also according to Fedozzi, this favors:[72][73]
The high number of participants, after more than a decade, suggests that participatory budgeting encourages increasing citizen involvement, according to the paper. Also, Porto Alegre's health and education budget increased from 13% (1985) to almost 40% (1996), and the share of the participatory budget in the total budget increased from 17% (1992) to 21% (1999).[69]
Despite being the pioneering experiment of participatory budgeting, Porto Alegre like many other examples does not have guaranteed sustainability. The positive impact has dwindled since 2004 due to funding changes and decreasing government commitment. Participatory budgeting has been suspended in Porto Alegre since 2017 [74]
Economía
Located at the junction of five rivers, it has become an important alluvial port as well as one of the chief industrial and commercial centers in Brazil. Products of the rich agricultural and pastoral hinterland, such as soybeans, leather, canned beef, and rice, are exported from Porto Alegre to destinations as far away as Africa and Japan.[75]
According to SENAES (National Office of Solidarity Economy), it is considered a solidarity economy, the ensemble of economic activities with the following characteristics: cooperation, self-management, economic feasibility and solidarity. In 2005, the office identified 14,954 solidary enterprises in Brazil, among which 85 are located in Porto Alegre.[76]
Among the main businesses located in Porto Alegre are Gerdau, Petroleo Ipiranga, Zaffari and RBS. Since 2000, General Motors (GM) is operating in Gravataí, located in the Metropolitan Region. Also in this Region but in Triunfo, there is a Petrochemical Pool,[77] and in Eldorado do Sul Dell Computers has established a plant. In the health sector, the three hospitals: Hospital Moinhos de Vento, which is a private, JCAH-accredited hospital, Santa Casa de Misericordia Hospital and Clinicas Hospital, public, are considered among the best in Latin America. The latter are university-affiliated, referral hospitals for the South of Brazil. Commerce is a very important economic activity, with many malls (like Praia de Belas Shopping, Shopping Iguatemi and the smaller though posh Shopping Moinhos). The Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, directed to the production of shoes (around Novo Hamburgo) and to petrochemical industries, as well as services.[78]
In the city is located the Electronics Technology Center (CEITEC), focused on the development and production of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), today announced the opening of Latin America's first IC design center. To create state-of-the-art semiconductor products for high-volume markets that will be consumed in Latin America as well as exported to global markets. CEITEC S.A will accelerate the growth of Latin America's electronics industry by leveraging Brazil's regional influence, leadership and economic strength. The company will add 60 engineers to its ranks who will design RFID, digital media and wireless communication chips for its fabrication facility now ramping up for production. The total investment by the Brazilian government is almost US$210 million. The company is implementing a fab-lite strategy with the ability to manufacture analog/digital chips at its facility in Porto Alegre. The in-house design center with more than 100 engineers.[79]
Its rural hinterland yields a variety of agricultural and pastoral products, including meat and hides, wool, rice, beans, cashews, avocados, wheat, grapes, and tobacco. From the forests comes lumber. The city's industries are chiefly concerned with processing these products and include meat-packing, lard refining, leather tanning, shipbuilding, and the manufacturing of textiles, metallurgic goods, electrical and communications equipment, plastics, pharmaceuticals, perfume, beer, and chemicals. There are also steel mills, an oil terminal, and a petrochemical complex. Power comes from coal mined at nearby São Jerônimo and from a hydroelectric plant at Salto. The city has many business and financial institutions and is also an educational centre.[80]
The GDP for the city was R$30,116,002,000 (2006).[81] The per capita income for the city was R$20,900 (2006).[82]
Programas de sustentabilidad
Energy
In Brazil, there are also a few coal-fired plants, fuel-oil fired plants and one nuclear facility. Increased utilization of natural gas and other sources is planned in order to reduce Brazil's overdependence on hydroelectric power. In 1999, a natural gas pipeline from Bolivia to Brazil was completed, with its terminus in Porto Alegre. Brazilian investment group Central Termoeletrica Sul (CTSul) has plans to invest US$698 million in a 650MW coal-fired power generation plant in Cachoeira do Sul, located in Rio Grande do Sul.[83]
The largest wind energy park in Brazil, which is being built east of Porto Alegre in Osório, will add 150 megawatts (MW) to the Brazilian energy matrix. The production represents 5 percent of the energy consumed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and would be sufficient to meet two-thirds of Porto Alegre's energy demands. The Farm opened in 2008 with 75 2MW turbines and has been approved for a 300MW expansion which would make it the largest wind farm in the region. The project is part of the Alternative Energy Sources Program (Proinfa) from state-owned Eletrobrás, which will purchase the energy produced for the next 20 years.[84]
Recycling
Porto Alegre was one of the first cities in Brazil to develop a recycling program and has been acknowledged as having the best management practices in the country.[85] The city produces about 1,600 tonnes of household waste per day.[86] Since 1997, all non-recyclable waste has been disposed of in landfill sites. Infiltration into the soil is prevented by the double-walled construction of a clay layer and a high-density polythene geo-membrane, the lowering of the water table and the draining off and treatment of any effluent.[87]
Turismo y recreación
The area includes attractions such as the Piratini Palace, the seat of the state Government,[88] Porto Alegre Botanical Garden, Moinhos de Vento Park the Public Market[89] and Farroupilha Park
La vida nocturna
Porto Alegre is well known in Brazil for its diverse nightlife. The city's clubs, pubs, bars and restaurants provide entertainment for a wide range of tastes and budgets, going from the cheap, traditional beer-'n-bite in a corner bar to all-night raves, and nightclubs. In the "SoHo" area of Porto Alegre, there is a block full of bars, restaurants and clubs.[90]
Bars, some with live music, are spread out along, and just off, alongside the Parque Farroupilha and near the Federal University. Throughout the year, Porto Alegre's numerous Centros de Tradição Gaúcha organize traditional meals, music and dance performances.[91]
Porto Alegre boasts a popular music scene and a considerable theatrical tradition. Foreign performers of all kinds usually include Porto Alegre on any Brazilian or wider South American tour.[92] The Sala Jazz Tom Jobim features the city's best jazz, and there are live afternoon jazz sessions at the Café Concerto (within the Casa de Cultura), which also has an arthouse cinema. There are three more screens at the Espaço Unibanco (Unibanco Cultural Space), another art house cinema. Finally, the Centro Cultural Usina do Gasômetro, a converted 1920s power station on the banks of the river just west of the centre, includes a cinema, theatre and galleries, and it also has a cafe and a bookshop.[93]
In Cidade Baixa (translates as "Downtown") neighborhood, the historical street João Alfredo has many options. Discotheques include Dado Bier, Beco, Opinião and Nega Frida. The corner between Gal Lima e Silva Street and República Street is the center of the neighborhood's nightlife. Cavanhas, Pingüim, Copão, Cotiporã and Panorama are some of the bars. To dance MPB (Brazilian popular music), historical street João Alfredo has many options. [94]
In Calçada da Fama, Padre Chagas Street is full of more fashionable bars, like Lilliput and Dado Pub. Goethe Avenue has a concentration of bars (Tri Bar, Arsenal, Dolphin's) and dance clubs. There is also a vibrant more alternative scene with clubs such as Ocidente, Beco, Anexo B and Cucko. Rua Fernando Gomes has a concentration of pubs, cafes, bars. Avenida Osvaldo Aranha, alongside the Parque Farroupilha and near the Federal University has bars with a predominantly young and trendy clientele.[95] Moinhos de Vento is one of the richest neighborhoods in the city. Its bars and clubs are more likely to be fashionable, including upscale Pink Elephant Club, Faro and Box 21, which feature mostly house music. Along Padre Chagas Street people can find typical Irish pubs and cafes.[96] A fictionalized view of the Porto Alegre nightlife could be seen in the Érico Verissimo's novel Noite.
Educación
Educational institutions in the area include Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (a.k.a. UFCSPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (a.k.a. UFRGS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (a.k.a. PUC), Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (a.k.a. Unisinos) and Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis.
Educational system
There are three important universities in Porto Alegre: the Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) all of which ranked among the top universities in Brazil and Latin America. UFRGS is also one of the 3 main universities in the country for post-graduation work. The PUCRS technological park – TECNOPUC – is one of the largest scientific and technological parks in Latin America with interaction of graduate courses, research and innovation. PUCRS is also one of the best universities for air transport and pilot formation in the world. Other very important universities are the Lutheran University of Brazil - (Universidade Luterana do Brasil) - ULBRA and UNISINOS, among other university centers.[97]
Cultura
Museums
Rio Grande do Sul Museum of Art – MARGS
With an eclectic style, the building was designed by German architect Theo Wiederspahn. Originally it was the headquarters of the Fiscal Surveillance Agency of the Federal Revenue Office. Nowadays, it hosts the largest public collection of art works in Rio Grande do Sul.[98]
Júlio de Castilhos Museum
Created in 1903, this is the oldest museum in the state. Its collection comprises thousands of pieces related to the local history, from Indian relics to objects and iconography about the Ragamuffin War and the Paraguayan War, including an important section showing fine sculptures from the Jesuitic Reductions.[99]
Joaquim José Felizardo Museum This is an important museum with a large collection of archaeological artifacts and fotographies of Porto Alegre's old times. Its historical building, dating from 1845 to 1855, is one of the few intact relics of colonial architecture inside the modern urban environment.[100]
Rio Grande do Sul Memorial
This museum displays a huge collection of documents, maps, objects, prints and other items related to the state's history. Its building, designed by Theodor Wiederspahn, is one of the finest examples of eclectic architecture in the city.[101]
Iberê Camargo Foundation
An iconic landmark in the southern part of Porto Alegre, the Iberê Camargo Foundation houses the permanent installation of gaucho artist Iberê Camargo. It also hosts traveling exhibitions which change several times a year. The building, designed by Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza was opened in 2008 and offers views of the Guaiba river as well as downtown Porto Alegre.[102]
Luiz Carlos Prestes' Memorial
Projected by Oscar Niemeyer, the Luiz Carlos Prestes' Memorial is a recent addition to the city' cultural landscape. Besides the wall presentation of Prestes' life, a hall for cultural, social and political events is placed to the citizens of Porto Alegre.[103]
The Porto Alegre Carnival began in the 18th century with the entrudo, a prank brought over by the Portuguese from the Azores, whereby people threw flour, water, and "limão de cheiro" missiles at each other. At the end of the 19th century, two important Carnival associations were born. Rivalry between the two long dominated the city's Carnival. The corso, a parade of floats down Porto Alegre's streets, was a celebration enjoyed by the more well-to-do of the city's inhabitants.[104]
One of the most important Carnival personalities is King Momo. At the beginning of Carnival, usually in February, he receives the keys to the city from the Mayor of Porto Alegre, symbolically governing the Carnival during the four days of revelry. Vincente Rao was the most popular King Momo.[105]
Cuisine
One of the most famous foods of Brazil, churrasco (slow-grilled and -roasted meat), originated in Rio Grande do Sul. But the local cuisine is eclectic, and rice and beans sit on southern tables beside Italian and German dishes, thanks to the South's many European immigrants. Colonial coffee is the elaborate 5 PM tea, with breads, pies, and German kuchen, popular among the Germans in the South.[106]
The traditional beverage is chimarrao, a South-American caffeine-rich infused drink. The Chalet of the XV de Novembro Plaza is located along the Glênio Peres Square, it is one of the most traditional bar-draught beer-restaurants in the city, where the last "lambe-lambe" photographs of the region work. "Lambe-lambes" are photographers who develop pictures outdoor using the oldest method known. In the Bavarian style, with art nouveau traits, the centenary Chalet was built up on a demountable steel structure, keeping its original chandeliers and tiles even nowadays.[107]
Eventos
A wide range of cultural events are held in Porto Alegre. In addition to the traditional celebrations, a wide variety of activities are organized at Porto Alegre during the different seasons.
- World Social Forum: On several occasions (2001, 2002, 2003, 2005) the World Social Forum has been hosted in Porto Alegre. This event gathered more than 100,000 people from more than 100 countries each year. The main aim of these meetings is to discuss and deal with social issues.[108]
- Porto Verão Alegre: during the summer, for example, the "Porto Verão Alegre" or (Porto Summer Alegre) takes place in this city. This celebration consists of a number of performances and exhibitions. In 2005 about seventy plays could be enjoyed.[109]
- International Free Software Forum: the Fórum Internacional de Software Livre (International Free Software Forum or simply FISL) is an event sponsored by Associação Software Livre (Free Software Association), a Brazilian NGO that, among other objectives, seeks the promotion and adoption of free software.
- Farroupilha Week: this cultural celebration takes place in mid September with parades, food and musical exhibitions. The "Acampamento Farroupilha" takes place in Harmonia Park, where thousands of people set up their tents and eat typical food to commemorate the Farroupilha Revolution.[110]
- Bookfair: Held each November at Alfândega Square. In October Porto Alegre holds the greatest Book Fair in the Americas, an event that has been taking place since 1955. Each year about 2,000,000 people attend this fair.[111]
- Worldwide Pinhole Photography: this is an international event created to promote and celebrate the art of pinhole photography. The event is held each year on the last Sunday in April.[112]
- Mercosur Biennial Exhibition: is held in Porto Alegre every two years between October and December. This is an important art and cultural event that attracts a large number of people as well.[113]
- Carnival: As do other Brazilian cities, Porto Alegre holds extensive festivities during the period immediately preceding Lent. Among them, there is an Escola de Samba contest, featuring Academia de Samba Puro, Acadêmicos da Orgia, Bambas da Orgia, Estado Maior da Restinga, Fidalgos e Aristocratas, Império da Zona Norte, and Impeadores do Samba, among others.[114]
Transporte
International airport
Salgado Filho International Airport serves commercial flights to most major cities all over Brazil and to smaller cities in the South of the country. There are also international flights to other South American countries, Panama, and Portugal.[115]
Port
The Port of Porto Alegre is situated in the Eastern margin of Guaíba Lake. The port lying on the eastern bank of the Guaíba lake at the point where its waters empty into the huge Lagoa dos Patos is one of Brazil's largest port. Located near the main access roads to Porto Alegre, is 4 km (2 mi) away from the Salgado Filho International Airport and has access to the railway station, through the docks of Mauá and Navegantes. Its geographical position enables a permanent traffic between Porto Alegre and Buenos Aires, transporting steel-industry products and mainly agricultural produce.[116][117]
Metro
Porto Alegre has a rapid transit system operated by Trensurb, which links downtown Porto Alegre to its northern neighborhoods and to cities to the north of the metropolitan area, as Canoas, Esteio, Sapucaia do Sul, São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo. The line has stations at strategic spots, such as: the Public Market, the bus station, the airport and many other important and urban spots throughout Porto Alegre and the other cities the metro covers. The line is built at surface level (30 km, totally segregated) and elevated (12 km).
Trensurb is operated jointly by the federal government, the state government of Rio Grande do Sul and the city of Porto Alegre through the company Trensurb S.A. (Company of Urban Trains of Porto Alegre S.A.) and has 22 working stations, with a total extension of nearly 43 kilometres (27 mi),[118] carrying about 130,000 users a day. Building of the (sole) Line 1 of the metro started in 1980. The choice of path was made to relieve the heavy traffic of highway BR-116, which already presented serious problems with the transit at the time. The line was inaugurated on March 2, 1985, between the Central Public Market and Sapucaia do Sul. In December 1997, it was extended to Unisinos. An extension of 2.4 miles (3.9 km) São Leopoldo–Museum was added in November 2000, after two months of trial service.[119] As of 2013[update], an extension to Novo Hamburgo is being completed, with the first station already fully functional.[120]
A metro system inside Porto Alegre only is currently planned and it is already subject of much publicity and speculation.[121] However, no project has been approved so far and the beginning of the constructions is yet undefined.
Highways
There are two federal highways in the city, BR-290 and BR-116, both running close to its northern and northwestern border. The small number is due to the inexistence of many destinations southeast or south of Porto Alegre (considering the landmass east of Lagoa dos Patos),[122] if not for the cities of Pelotas (the third-biggest in population in the State) and Rio Grande (which hosts the State biggest port). Nonetheless, when coming from west, both highways bond in the neighbor municipality of Eldorado do Sul, running mostly jointly within the borders of Porto Alegre, only coming to separate at the very interchange to Canoas. This way, BR-116 has virtually no sole run within Porto Alegre.
BR-290 highway runs east–west across the state, linking the northeast coast of the state to the Uruguay–Argentina–Brazil border. It runs close to the northern border of the municipality. Coming from west, as it reaches the urban area of Porto Alegre, BR-290 highway becomes a high-standard 100 km (62 mi) long freeway that connects to the coast and to the BR-101 highway. The latter is an important way to get to Porto Alegre from the north of the country, by the city Osório. BR-101 connects to Curitiba, Florianópolis and northern Santa Catarina state, and has been recently upgraded to highway standards, with multiple lanes. By entering the BR-290 freeway/BR-101 system, and the other highways it connects to, it is possible to drive from Porto Alegre to as far as Rio de Janeiro or Belo Horizonte almost entirely through 4-lane (or more) highways.
The other road, BR-116, is a longitudinal highway, running northeast–south across the state, linking Porto Alegre to several satellite cities and other Brazilian capitals to the north, and Pelotas and Uruguay to the south. Within the municipality, it only touches the northwest side of the city, close to the end of Rio Gravataí (Gravataí River), sharing its entire run with BR-290, only separating when heading north onto Canoas.
A third road, BR-448, is currently under construction.[123] BR-448 is planned to connect the northeast of Porto Alegre to Sapucaia do Sul, as an alternative to BR-116, notably jam-packed on its Canoas-Novo Hamburgo stretch during traffic rush hours.
The connection between downtown Porto Alegre and the highways is made by Avenida Presidente Castelo Branco (President Castelo Branco Avenue), which is a short - 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) - avenue also bordering the northwest side of the city, Avenida dos Estados (States' Avenue), which is the access way to the Salgado Filho International Airport, and Avenida Assis Brasil (Assis Brasil Avenue), the main Avenue in the northern Porto Alegre.
Bus
The city has a functioning transportation system, especially the autobuses. Porto Alegre has also mini-buses from and to all the main neighborhoods in the city, with sitting-only transport and the possibility to hop on and off at any point but also higher fares. Linha Turística (Tourist Line) is a bus that leaves from Usina do Gasômetro tourist terminal around six times per day. During 90 minutes, it traverses the various districts of Porto Alegre, for a modest price.[124] Exclusive bus lanes in the median of seven radial corridors that converge on the city center are used by both urban and regional lines. The bus fleet totals 1,600, with 150 minibuses. About 325 million people use the system annually.[125]
Those lines have no prefix. It is quite common to switch buses at downtown but since there is a myriad of lines there, it can be challenging to find the right terminal for the next bus. Transversal lines prefix "T" (T1, T2, ..., T11), connect different neighborhoods without going through the downtown area, which effectively eliminates the need of changing buses for the most common trips. Circular lines prefix "C" (C1, C2, C3), as the name indicates, run in a circular manner, usually connecting parts of the downtown area to the nearest neighborhoods.[126]
Mayor José Fogaça renewed his agreement with EMBARQ and the Center for Sustainable Transport Brazil (CTS-Brasil) to improve accessibility and mobility in downtown Porto Alegre. The agreement, signed on March 11, includes a new partnership with the Andean Development Corporation, a Latin American multilateral financial institution that is expected to provide $1 million in non-reimbursable technical assistance to help Porto Alegre complete the preparation phase of the "Portais da Cidade" bus rapid transit project, a groundbreaking transport system designed to reduce pollution and congestion downtown. The system will include a southern extension to accommodate activities for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. CAF's technical assistance will be administered through CTS-Brasil, which has been working to expand sustainable transport in Porto Alegre since 2005.[127]
The bus station downtown and is served by several national and international lines. It is also connected to a Trensurb station (Porto Alegre Metro) and several municipal bus lines. Northbound passengers can rely on good bus connections throughout Brazil. However, an express bus might be recommended to travel to Uruguay or Argentina to avoid several stops en route.[128]
Taxi
Porto Alegre has a total of 3,922 authorized taxicabs, with 317 taxi stops.[129] Regular taxis are colored red, whereas airport taxicabs are colored white, both with blue strips on the sides containing white lettering.
Public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Porto Alegre, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 74 min. 17% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 20 min, while 39% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7.3 km, while 14% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[130]
Deportes
Football is a passion of the people from Porto Alegre. There is a big rivalry between two football clubs, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, founded in 1903, and Sport Club Internacional, founded in 1909. Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense and Sport Club Internacional currently play in the top league in Brazil, the Serie A. Both have successful histories, having won national and international titles, including the South American top honour, the Copa Libertadores, and the highest global trophy for football clubs, the Intercontinental Cup, now known as the Club World Cup.[91]
Porto Alegre was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil. The modernization of the Beira-Rio Stadium, home of SC Internacional and the city's 2014 FIFA World Cup venue, left the venue with a capacity for 56,000 spectators. Internacional's former home, the Estádio dos Eucaliptos, was a venue for the 1950 FIFA World Cup. Local rivals Grêmio play in their own stadium in the Humaitá district. The Arena do Grêmio stadium replaced the Estádio Olímpico Monumental in 2012 and meets CONMEBOL/FIFA standards. The Arena do Grêmio stadium has a capacity for 60,540 spectators.
American football is also played in the city, with two teams: Porto Alegre Pumpkins, the oldest in the state, and Porto Alegre Bulls, who play with the Esporte Clube São José, a club with multiple sports.
On January 22, 2015, Porto Alegre hosted its first Ultimate Fighting Championship event at the Gigantinho. UFC Fight Night: Bigfoot vs. Mir was headlined by former heavyweight champion Frank Mir making his Brazilian debut, knocking out Brasilia native Antônio Silva.
Barrios
Neighborhoods of Porto Alegre are geographical divisions of the city. There is no devolution of administrative powers to neighborhoods, although there are several neighborhoods associations devoted to improve their own standards of living. Porto Alegre has nowadays 81 official distinguished neighborhoods.[131]
Gente notable
- Luiz Adriano, footballer
- Adriana Calcanhotto, musician
- Fe Garay, volleyballer
- Humberto Gessinger, leader of the band Engenheiros do Hawaii
- Carla Körbes, ballet dancer
- José Lutzenberger, bilingual German-Brazilian; successfully projected himself internationally as an environmentalist
- Roger Manganelli, bassist and singer of American ska punk band Less Than Jake
- Manuela d'Ávila, politician
- Mario Quintana, Writer
- Martha Medeiros, writer and journalist
- Elis Regina, singer
- Lupicinio Rodrigues, composer
- Ronaldinho, footballer
- Lily Safra, philanthropist and social figure
- Cármelo de los Santos, violinist
- Jucinara, footballer
- Daiane dos Santos, gymnast
- Moacyr Scliar, author
- Paulo Cesar Tinga, footballer
- Iêda Maria Vargas, Miss Rio, Miss Brazil 1963 and Miss Universe 1963
- Luis Fernando Verissimo, author
- Fabrício Werdum, mixed martial artist, former UFC Heavyweight Champion
- Tatiana Weston-Webb, surfer
Relaciones Internacionales
Twin towns – sister cities
Porto Alegre is twinned with:[132]
- Horta, Portugal (1982)
- Kanazawa, Japan (1967)
- La Plata, Argentina (1982)
- Morano Calabro, Italy (1982)
- Natal, Brazil (1992)
- Newark, United States (2006)
- Punta del Este, Uruguay (1984)
- Portalegre, Portugal (1982)
- Ribeira Grande, Portugal (1982)
- Rosario, Argentina (1994)
- Suzhou, China (2004)
Partner cities
Porto Alegre also has the following partner city:
- Paris, France (2001)[133]
Ver también
- List of Hills of Porto Alegre
Notas
- ^ In other Brazilian dialects, such as that of Rio de Janeiro, it is pronounced [ˈpoʁtu aˈlɛɡɾi], and also colloquially [ˌpoʁtwɐˈlɛɡɾi] or [ˌpoʁtaˈlɛɡɾi]. The European Portuguese pronunciation is [ˈpoɾtu ɐˈlɛɣɾ(ɨ)].
Referencias
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Bibliografía
enlaces externos
- (in Portuguese and English) Porto Alegre Convention & Visitors Bureau page
- (in Portuguese) Official homepage (some pages available in English)
- Porto Alegre travel guide from Wikivoyage