El Partido Republicano , también conocido como Partido Republicano (" Gran Partido Viejo "), es uno de los dos principales partidos políticos contemporáneos de Estados Unidos , junto con su principal rival histórico, el Partido Demócrata .
partido Republicano | |
---|---|
Abreviatura | GOP (Gran Partido Antiguo) |
Presidente | Ronna McDaniel ( MI ) |
Líder de la minoría del Senado | Mitch McConnell ( KY ) |
Líder de la minoría de la Cámara | Kevin McCarthy ( CA ) |
Fundadores | Alvan E. Bovay [1] Horace Greeley Amos Tuck Henry Jarvis Raymond Edwin D. Morgan Abraham Lincoln |
Fundado | 20 de marzo de 1854 Ripon, Wisconsin , EE. UU. |
Precedido por | Partido Whig (mayoría) Partido de la Tierra Libre Partido de la Libertad Partido Anti-Nebraska Partido de América del Norte |
Sede | 310 First Street SE Washington, DC 20003 |
Ala de estudiantes | Republicanos universitarios |
Ala juvenil | Jóvenes Republicanos Adolescentes Republicanos |
Ala de las mujeres | Federación Nacional de Mujeres Republicanas |
Ala de ultramar | Republicanos en el extranjero |
Membresía (2021) | 36.132.743 [2] |
Ideología | |
Afiliación europea | Partido Conservadores y Reformistas Europeos [8] (socio regional) |
Afiliación internacional | Unión Demócrata Internacional [9] |
Afiliación regional | Unión Demócrata de Asia y el Pacífico [10] |
Colores | rojo |
Senado | 50/100 [a] |
Cámara de los Representantes | 212/435 |
Gobernaciones estatales | 27/50 |
Cámaras superiores estatales | 1.091 / 1.972 |
Cámaras inferiores estatales | 2.917 / 5.411 |
Gobernaciones territoriales | dieciséis |
Cámaras superiores territoriales | 12/97 |
Cámaras inferiores territoriales | 9/91 |
Símbolo de elección | |
Sitio web | |
gop.com | |
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El Partido Republicano fue fundado en 1854 por opositores de la Ley Kansas-Nebraska , [11] que permitió la expansión potencial de la esclavitud de bienes muebles en los territorios occidentales. El partido apoyó la reforma económica y el liberalismo clásico mientras se oponía a la expansión de la esclavitud. [12] [13] Abraham Lincoln fue el primer presidente republicano. Bajo el liderazgo de Lincoln y un Congreso Republicano, la esclavitud fue prohibida en los Estados Unidos en 1865. El Partido Republicano fue generalmente dominante durante los períodos del Tercer y Cuarto Sistema de Partidos . Estaba fuertemente comprometido con el proteccionismo y los aranceles en su fundación, pero se volvió más partidario del libre comercio en el siglo XX.
Después de 1912, el Partido Republicano comenzó a experimentar un giro ideológico hacia la derecha . [14] Tras la Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1964 y la Ley de Derechos Electorales de 1965 , la base central del partido cambió, y los estados del Sur se volvieron más republicanos de manera confiable en la política presidencial. [15] Después de la decisión de 1973 de la Corte Suprema en Roe v. Wade , el Partido Republicano se opuso al aborto en su plataforma de partido y aumentó su apoyo entre los evangélicos . [16] Su ideología del siglo XXI es el conservadurismo estadounidense , que incorpora tanto el conservadurismo social como el conservadurismo fiscal . El Partido Republicano apoya impuestos más bajos, capitalismo de libre mercado , restricciones a la inmigración , [17] [18] [19] aumento del gasto militar , derechos de armas , restricciones al aborto , desregulación y restricciones a los sindicatos . [20] La base de votantes del partido en el siglo XXI incluye principalmente a hombres , [21] [22] personas que viven en áreas rurales , miembros de la Generación Silenciosa y estadounidenses blancos , particularmente cristianos evangélicos blancos . [23] Su candidato presidencial más reciente fue Donald Trump , quien se desempeñó como el 45 ° presidente de los Estados Unidos de 2017 a 2021.
Ha habido 19 presidentes republicanos, la mayoría de cualquier partido político. A principios de 2021, el Partido Republicano controla 27 gobernaciones estatales, 30 legislaturas estatales y 23 trifectas gubernamentales estatales (gobernación y ambas cámaras legislativas). Seis de los nueve jueces de la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos en funciones fueron nominados por presidentes republicanos.
Historia
Siglo 19
El Partido Republicano surgió del gran realineamiento político de mediados de la década de 1850. William Gienapp sostiene que el gran realineamiento de la década de 1850 comenzó antes del colapso del partido Whig y no fue causado por políticos sino por votantes a nivel local. Las fuerzas centrales eran etnoculturales, involucrando tensiones entre protestantes pietistas versus católicos litúrgicos, luteranos y episcopales con respecto al catolicismo, la prohibición y el nativismo. La lucha contra la esclavitud jugó un papel, pero fue menos importante al principio. El partido Know-Nothing encarnaba las fuerzas sociales en acción, pero su débil liderazgo fue incapaz de solidificar su organización y los republicanos lo desmantelaron. El nativismo era tan poderoso que los republicanos no pudieron evitarlo, pero lo minimizaron y volvieron la ira de los votantes contra la amenaza de que los dueños de esclavos comprarían las buenas tierras agrícolas dondequiera que se permitiera la esclavitud. El realineamiento fue poderoso porque obligó a los votantes a cambiar de partido, como lo tipificaron el ascenso y caída de los Know-Nothings, el ascenso del Partido Republicano y las escisiones en el Partido Demócrata. [24] [25]
El Partido Republicano fue fundado en los estados del Norte en 1854 por fuerzas opuestas a la expansión de la esclavitud, ex Whigs y ex Free Soilers . El Partido Republicano se convirtió rápidamente en la principal oposición al Partido Demócrata dominante y al brevemente popular Partido Know Nothing . El partido surgió de la oposición a la Ley Kansas-Nebraska , que derogó el Compromiso de Missouri y abrió el Territorio de Kansas y el Territorio de Nebraska a la esclavitud y la futura admisión como estados esclavistas. [26] [27] Los republicanos pidieron la modernización económica y social . Denunciaron la expansión de la esclavitud de bienes muebles como un gran mal, pero no pidieron ponerle fin en los estados del sur. La primera reunión pública del movimiento general anti-Nebraska , en la que se propuso el nombre de Republicano, se llevó a cabo el 20 de marzo de 1854 en la Little White Schoolhouse en Ripon, Wisconsin . [28] El nombre fue elegido en parte para rendir homenaje a Thomas Jefferson 's Partido Demócrata-Republicano . [29] La primera convención oficial del partido se celebró el 6 de julio de 1854 en Jackson, Michigan . [30]
En la Convención Nacional Republicana de 1856, el partido adoptó una plataforma nacional que enfatizaba la oposición a la expansión de la esclavitud de bienes muebles en los territorios de Estados Unidos. [31] Si bien el candidato republicano John C. Frémont perdió las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1856 ante James Buchanan, ganó 11 de los 16 estados del norte. [32] [se necesita una mejor fuente ]
El Partido Republicano llegó al poder por primera vez en las elecciones de 1860 cuando ganó el control de ambas cámaras del Congreso y su candidato, el ex congresista Abraham Lincoln , fue elegido presidente. En la elección de 1864 , se unió a los demócratas de guerra para nominar a Lincoln en la lista del Partido Unión Nacional ; [32] Lincoln ganó la reelección. [33] Bajo el liderazgo republicano del Congreso, la Decimotercera Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos, que prohibió la esclavitud en los Estados Unidos, fue aprobada por el Senado en 1864 y la Cámara en 1865; fue ratificado en diciembre de 1865. [34]
El éxito del partido creó el fraccionalismo dentro del partido en la década de 1870. Aquellos que creían que la Reconstrucción se había logrado, y que se continuó principalmente para promover la corrupción a gran escala tolerada por el presidente Ulysses S. Grant , presentaron a Horace Greeley para la presidencia en 1872 en la línea del Partido Republicano Liberal . La facción incondicional defendió a Grant y el sistema de botín , mientras que los mestizos presionaron por la reforma del servicio civil . [35] La Ley de Reforma del Servicio Civil de Pendleton se aprobó en 1883; [36] el proyecto de ley fue promulgado por el presidente republicano Chester A. Arthur . [37]
El Partido Republicano apoyó el dinero fuerte (es decir, el patrón oro ), aranceles altos para promover el crecimiento económico, salarios altos y ganancias elevadas , pensiones generosas para los veteranos de la Unión y (después de 1893) la anexión de Hawai . Los republicanos tenían un fuerte apoyo de los protestantes pietistas , pero se resistieron a las demandas de prohibición . A medida que la economía del norte de posguerra floreció con industria pesada y ligera, ferrocarriles, minas, ciudades de rápido crecimiento y una agricultura próspera, los republicanos tomaron crédito y promovieron políticas para sostener el rápido crecimiento. [ cita requerida ]
El Partido Republicano fue generalmente dominante sobre los demócratas durante el Sistema de Terceros (1850-1890). Sin embargo, en 1890 los republicanos habían aceptado la Ley Sherman Antimonopolio y la Comisión de Comercio Interestatal en respuesta a las quejas de los propietarios de pequeñas empresas y agricultores. El alto arancel de McKinley de 1890 perjudicó al partido y los demócratas alcanzaron una victoria aplastante en las elecciones del año anterior, incluso derrotando al propio McKinley. Los demócratas eligieron a Grover Cleveland en 1884 y 1892. La elección de William McKinley en 1896 estuvo marcada por un resurgimiento del dominio republicano que duró (excepto en 1912 y 1916) hasta 1932. McKinley prometió que los altos aranceles terminarían con las graves dificultades causadas por el gobierno. Pánico de 1893 y que los republicanos garantizarían una suerte de pluralismo en el que todos los grupos se beneficiarían. [38]
El programa de la era de la Guerra Civil Republicana incluía granjas familiares gratuitas, un ferrocarril transcontinental subsidiado por el gobierno federal, un sistema bancario nacional, una gran deuda nacional, concesiones de tierras para la educación superior, un nuevo sistema bancario nacional, un impuesto sobre la renta en tiempos de guerra y aranceles altos permanentes para promover la industria. crecimiento y altos salarios. En la década de 1870, habían adoptado también un sistema de dinero fuerte basado en el patrón oro y combatieron los esfuerzos para promover la inflación a través de Free Silver . [39] Crearon las bases del moderno estado de bienestar a través de un extenso programa de pensiones para los veteranos de la Unión. [40] Las cuestiones de política exterior rara vez fueron un tema de disputa partidista, pero brevemente en el período 1893-1904 el Partido Republicano apoyó la expansión imperialista con respecto a Hawai, Filipinas y el Canal de Panamá. [41]
siglo 20
El realineamiento de 1896 consolidó a los republicanos como el partido de las grandes empresas, mientras que Theodore Roosevelt agregó más apoyo a las pequeñas empresas al abrazar la ruptura de la confianza . Escogió a su sucesor William Howard Taft en 1908, pero se convirtieron en enemigos cuando el partido se dividió por la mitad. Taft derrotó a Roosevelt para la nominación de 1912 y Roosevelt se postuló en el boleto de su nuevo Partido Progresista ("Bull Moose") . Pidió reformas sociales , muchas de las cuales fueron defendidas más tarde por los demócratas del New Deal en la década de 1930. Perdió y cuando la mayoría de sus partidarios regresaron al Partido Republicano, descubrieron que no estaban de acuerdo con el nuevo pensamiento económico conservador , lo que provocó un giro ideológico hacia la derecha en el Partido Republicano. [42] Los republicanos regresaron a la Casa Blanca a lo largo de la década de 1920, funcionando en plataformas de normalidad, eficiencia orientada a los negocios y tarifas altas. La plataforma del partido nacional evitó mencionar la prohibición y , en cambio, emitió un compromiso vago con la ley y el orden. [43]
Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge y Herbert Hoover fueron electos rotundamente en 1920 , 1924 y 1928 , respectivamente. El escándalo de la Teapot Dome amenazó con dañar al partido, pero Harding murió y la oposición se dividió en 1924. Las políticas favorables a las empresas de la década parecieron producir una prosperidad sin precedentes hasta que el desplome de Wall Street de 1929 anunció la Gran Depresión . [44]
Era del New Deal y la mayoría moral
La coalición New Deal del demócrata Franklin D. Roosevelt controló la política estadounidense durante la mayor parte de las siguientes tres décadas, excluyendo la presidencia de dos mandatos del republicano Dwight D. Eisenhower . Después de que Roosevelt asumiera el cargo en 1933, la legislación del New Deal pasó por el Congreso y la economía se movió bruscamente hacia arriba desde su punto más bajo a principios de 1933. Sin embargo, el desempleo de larga duración siguió siendo un lastre hasta 1940. En las elecciones de mitad de período de 1934, 10 senadores republicanos se redujeron a derrota, dejando al Partido Republicano con sólo 25 senadores contra 71 demócratas. La Cámara de Representantes también tenía una abrumadora mayoría demócrata. [45]
El Partido Republicano se dividió en facciones en una mayoría de "Vieja Derecha" (con base en el Medio Oeste) y un ala liberal con base en el Noreste que apoyaba gran parte del New Deal. La Vieja Derecha atacó duramente el "Segundo New Deal" y dijo que representaba la lucha de clases y el socialismo . Roosevelt fue reelegido en un deslizamiento de tierra en 1936; sin embargo, cuando comenzó su segundo mandato, la economía decayó, las huelgas se dispararon y no pudo tomar el control de la Corte Suprema ni purgar a los conservadores del sur del Partido Demócrata. Los republicanos hicieron un gran regreso en las elecciones de 1938 y tuvieron nuevas estrellas en ascenso como Robert A. Taft de Ohio a la derecha y Thomas E. Dewey de Nueva York a la izquierda. [46] Los conservadores del sur se unieron a la mayoría de los republicanos para formar la coalición conservadora , que dominó los asuntos internos en el Congreso hasta 1964. Ambos partidos se dividieron en cuestiones de política exterior, con los aislacionistas antibelicistas dominantes en el Partido Republicano y los intervencionistas que querían detener Adolf Hitler dominante en el Partido Demócrata. Roosevelt ganó un tercer y cuarto mandato en 1940 y 1944, respectivamente. Los conservadores abolieron la mayor parte del New Deal durante la guerra, pero no intentaron revertir el Seguro Social ni las agencias que regulaban los negocios. [47]
El historiador George H. Nash sostiene:
A diferencia del bloque "moderado", internacionalista, mayoritariamente oriental de republicanos que aceptaron (o al menos consintieron) parte de la "Revolución Roosevelt" y las premisas esenciales de la política exterior del presidente Harry S. Truman , la derecha republicana en el fondo era contrarrevolucionario. Anticolectivistas, anticomunistas, anti-New Deal, apasionadamente comprometidos con el gobierno limitado, la economía de libre mercado y las prerrogativas del Congreso (en oposición al ejecutivo), los conservadores republicanos se vieron obligados desde el principio a librar una guerra constante en dos frentes: contra los demócratas liberales desde fuera y los republicanos "yo también" desde dentro. [48]
Después de 1945, el ala internacionalista del Partido Republicano cooperó con la política exterior de la Guerra Fría de Truman , financió el Plan Marshall y apoyó a la OTAN, a pesar del continuo aislacionismo de la Vieja Derecha. [49]
La segunda mitad del siglo XX vio la elección o sucesión de los presidentes republicanos Dwight D. Eisenhower , Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , Ronald Reagan y George HW Bush . Eisenhower había derrotado al líder conservador, el senador Robert A. Taft, para la nominación de 1952, pero los conservadores dominaban las políticas internas de la administración Eisenhower. A los votantes les gustó Eisenhower mucho más de lo que les gustó el Partido Republicano y no pudo cambiar al partido a una posición más moderada. Desde 1976, el liberalismo prácticamente se ha desvanecido del Partido Republicano, aparte de algunos reductos del noreste. [50] Los historiadores citan las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1964 y su respectiva Convención Nacional Republicana de 1964 como un cambio significativo, que vio al ala conservadora, dirigida por el senador Barry Goldwater de Arizona , luchar contra el gobernador liberal de Nueva York Nelson Rockefeller y su epónimo republicano Rockefeller. facción para la nominación presidencial del partido. Con Goldwater listo para ganar, Rockefeller, instado a movilizar a su facción liberal, cedió: "Lo estás viendo, amigo. Yo soy todo lo que queda". [51] [52] Aunque Goldwater perdió en un deslizamiento de tierra, Reagan se haría conocido como un destacado partidario suyo durante toda la campaña, pronunciando el discurso " Un momento para elegir " para él. Pasaría a convertirse en gobernador de California dos años más tarde, y en 1980 , ganaría la presidencia. [53]
La presidencia de Reagan , que duró de 1981 a 1989, constituyó lo que se conoce como la " Revolución Reagan ". [54] Fue visto como un cambio fundamental de la estanflación de la década de 1970 anterior, con la introducción de Reaganomics destinada a reducir los impuestos, priorizar la desregulación del gobierno y trasladar la financiación de la esfera doméstica a la militar para combatir la Unión Soviética utilizando teoría de la disuasión . Un momento decisivo en el mandato de Reagan fue su discurso en el entonces Berlín Occidental, donde exigió al Secretario General soviético Mikhail Gorbachev que " derribara este muro ", refiriéndose al Muro de Berlín construido para separar Berlín Occidental y Oriental . [55] [56]
Desde que dejó el cargo en 1989, Reagan ha sido un republicano conservador icónico y los candidatos presidenciales republicanos con frecuencia afirman compartir sus puntos de vista y aspirar a establecerse a sí mismos y a sus políticas como el heredero más apropiado de su legado. [57]
En la Revolución Republicana de 1994, el partido, liderado por el látigo de la minoría en la Cámara de Representantes Newt Gingrich , quien hizo campaña sobre el " Contrato con Estados Unidos ", ganó mayorías en ambas Cámaras del Congreso. Sin embargo, como presidente de la Cámara de Representantes, Gingrich no pudo cumplir muchas de sus promesas, incluida una enmienda de presupuesto equilibrado y límites de mandato para los miembros del Congreso. Durante el juicio político y la absolución del presidente Bill Clinton , los republicanos sufrieron pérdidas sorpresivas en las elecciones de mitad de período de 1998 . La popularidad de Gingrich cayó al 17%; renunció a la presidencia y luego renunció por completo al Congreso. [58] [59] [60]
Durante la mayor parte de la era posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los republicanos tuvieron poca presencia en el nivel legislativo estatal. Esta tendencia comenzó a revertirse a fines de la década de 1990, cuando los republicanos aumentaron su presencia legislativa estatal y tomaron el control de las legislaturas estatales en el sur. De 2004 a 2014, el Comité de Liderazgo del Estado Republicano (RSLC) recaudó más de $ 140 millones destinados a las elecciones legislativas estatales, mientras que el Comité de Campaña Legislativa Demócrata (DLSC) recaudó menos de la mitad durante ese período de tiempo. Después de las elecciones de mitad de período de 2014, los republicanos controlaron 68 de las 98 cámaras legislativas estatales partidistas (la mayor cantidad en la historia del partido) y controlaron las ramas ejecutiva y legislativa del gobierno en 24 estados (los demócratas tenían el control de solo siete). [61]
Siglo 21
Un boleto republicano de George W. Bush y Dick Cheney ganó las elecciones presidenciales de 2000 y 2004 . [62] Bush hizo campaña como un " conservador compasivo " en 2000, deseando atraer mejor a los inmigrantes y votantes minoritarios. [63] El objetivo era priorizar los programas de rehabilitación de drogas y ayudar para el reingreso de los prisioneros a la sociedad, una medida destinada a capitalizar las iniciativas criminales más duras del presidente Bill Clinton , como la ley criminal de 1994 aprobada bajo su administración. La plataforma no logró ganar mucha tracción entre los miembros del partido durante su presidencia. [64]
Con la toma de posesión de Bush como presidente, el Partido Republicano se mantuvo bastante cohesionado durante gran parte de la década de 2000, ya que tanto los liberales económicos fuertes como los conservadores sociales se opusieron a los demócratas, a quienes veían como el partido de un gobierno hinchado, laico y liberal. [65] Este período vio el surgimiento de "conservadores progubernamentales", una parte central de la base de Bush, un grupo considerable de republicanos que abogaban por un mayor gasto público y mayores regulaciones que cubrieran tanto la economía como la vida personal de la gente, así como para una política exterior activista e intervencionista . [66] Grupos de encuestas como el Pew Research Center encontraron que los conservadores sociales y los defensores del libre mercado seguían siendo los otros dos grupos principales dentro de la coalición de apoyo del partido, siendo los tres aproximadamente iguales en número. [67] [68] Sin embargo, los libertarios y los conservadores de tendencia libertaria encontraron cada vez más fallas en lo que veían como la restricción de las libertades civiles vitales por parte de los republicanos, mientras que el bienestar corporativo y la deuda nacional aumentaron considerablemente bajo el mandato de Bush. [69] Por el contrario, algunos conservadores sociales expresaron su descontento con el apoyo del partido a las políticas económicas que entraban en conflicto con sus valores morales. [70]
El Partido Republicano perdió su mayoría en el Senado en 2001 cuando el Senado se dividió en partes iguales; sin embargo, los republicanos mantuvieron el control del Senado debido al voto de desempate del vicepresidente republicano Dick Cheney . Los demócratas obtuvieron el control del Senado el 6 de junio de 2001, cuando el senador republicano Jim Jeffords de Vermont cambió su afiliación al partido demócrata. Los republicanos recuperaron la mayoría en el Senado en las elecciones de 2002. Las mayorías republicanas en la Cámara y el Senado se mantuvieron hasta que los demócratas recuperaron el control de ambas cámaras en las elecciones intermedias de 2006 . [71] [72]
En 2008 , el senador republicano John McCain de Arizona y la gobernadora Sarah Palin de Alaska fueron derrotados por los senadores demócratas Barack Obama y Joe Biden de Illinois y Delaware , respectivamente. [73]
Los republicanos experimentaron un éxito electoral en la oleada de elecciones de 2010 , que coincidió con el ascenso del movimiento Tea Party , [74] [75] [76] [77] un movimiento político fiscalmente conservador . Los miembros del movimiento pidieron impuestos más bajos y una reducción de la deuda nacional de los Estados Unidos y el déficit presupuestario federal a través de la disminución del gasto público . [78] [79] También fue descrito como un movimiento constitucional popular [80] compuesto por una mezcla de activismo libertario , populista de derecha y conservador . Ese éxito comenzó con la sorpresiva victoria de Scott Brown en las elecciones especiales al Senado de Massachusetts para un escaño que habían ocupado durante décadas los hermanos demócratas Kennedy . [81] En las elecciones de noviembre , los republicanos recuperaron el control de la Cámara, aumentaron su número de escaños en el Senado y obtuvieron la mayoría de las gobernaciones. [82]
Cuando Obama y Biden ganaron la reelección en 2012 , derrotando a Mitt Romney - Paul Ryan , [83] los republicanos perdieron siete escaños en la Cámara en las elecciones del Congreso de noviembre , pero aún retuvieron el control de esa cámara. [84] Sin embargo, los republicanos no pudieron hacerse con el control del Senado, continuando su condición de minoría con una pérdida neta de dos escaños. [85] A raíz de la pérdida, algunos republicanos prominentes se pronunciaron en contra de su propio partido. [86] [87] [88] Un informe post-mortem posterior a 2012 del Partido Republicano concluyó que el partido necesitaba hacer más a nivel nacional para atraer votos de minorías y votantes jóvenes. [89] En marzo de 2013, el presidente del Comité Nacional, Reince Priebus, dio un informe doloroso sobre los fracasos electorales del partido en 2012, pidiendo a los republicanos que se reinventaran y respaldaran oficialmente la reforma migratoria. Dijo: "No hay una sola razón por la que perdimos. Nuestro mensaje fue débil; nuestro juego de base fue insuficiente; no fuimos inclusivos; estábamos atrasados tanto en datos como en digital, y nuestro proceso primario y de debate necesitaba mejorar". Propuso 219 reformas que incluían una campaña de marketing de $ 10 millones para llegar a las mujeres, las minorías y los homosexuales, además de establecer una temporada primaria más corta y controlada y crear mejores instalaciones de recopilación de datos. [90]
Una encuesta de marzo de 2013 encontró que la mayoría de los republicanos e independientes de tendencia republicana menores de 49 años apoyaban el reconocimiento legal de los matrimonios entre personas del mismo sexo . El ex presidente de la Cámara de Representantes, Newt Gingrich, comentó que "la p] artía se va a desgarrar sobre este tema". [91] [92] Una encuesta de Reuters / Ipsos de abril de 2015 encontró que el 68% de los estadounidenses en general asistiría a la boda del mismo sexo de un ser querido, con el 56% de los republicanos de acuerdo. El periodista de Reuters Jeff Mason comentó que "los republicanos que se oponen firmemente al matrimonio homosexual podrían estar en un terreno político inestable si su objetivo final es ganar la Casa Blanca", dada la división entre los incondicionales de los conservadores sociales y el resto de Estados Unidos que se opone ellos. [93] En 2015, la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos dictaminó que las prohibiciones del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo eran inconstitucionales, legalizando así el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en todo el país. [94] [95] En 2016, después de ser elegido presidente, el republicano Donald Trump declaró que estaba "bien" con el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo. [96]
Después de las elecciones de mitad de período de 2014 , el Partido Republicano tomó el control del Senado al obtener nueve escaños. [97] Con un total final de 247 escaños (57%) en la Cámara y 54 escaños en el Senado, los republicanos finalmente lograron su mayor mayoría en el Congreso desde el 71º Congreso en 1929. [98]
La era Trump
La elección del republicano Donald Trump a la presidencia en 2016 marcó un cambio populista en el Partido Republicano. [99] La derrota de Trump de la candidata demócrata Hillary Clinton fue inesperada, ya que las encuestas habían mostrado que Clinton lideraba la carrera. [100] La victoria de Trump fue impulsada por estrechas victorias en tres estados , Michigan , Pensilvania y Wisconsin , que tradicionalmente habían sido parte del muro azul demócrata durante décadas. Según NBC News , "el poder de Trump provino de su 'mayoría silenciosa': votantes blancos de clase trabajadora que se sintieron burlados e ignorados por un establecimiento definido libremente por intereses especiales en Washington, medios de comunicación en Nueva York y creadores de tendencias en Hollywood . confianza dentro de esa base abandonando la ortodoxia del establishment republicano en cuestiones como el comercio y el gasto público en favor de un mensaje nacionalista más amplio ". [101] [102]
Después de las elecciones de 2016 , los republicanos mantuvieron una mayoría en el Senado , la Cámara de Representantes , las gobernaciones estatales y ejercieron el poder ejecutivo recién adquirido con la ascensión de Trump a la presidencia. El Partido Republicano controlaba 69 de las 99 cámaras legislativas estatales en 2017, la mayor cantidad que había tenido en la historia; [103] y al menos 33 gobernaciones, la mayor cantidad que había tenido desde 1922. [104] El partido tenía el control total del gobierno (cámaras legislativas y gobernación) en 25 estados, [105] [106] la mayor cantidad desde 1952; [107] el Partido Demócrata opuesto tenía el control total en sólo cinco estados. [108] Tras los resultados de las elecciones de mitad de período de 2018 , los republicanos perdieron el control de la Cámara pero mantuvieron el control del Senado. [109]
En el transcurso de su mandato, Trump nombró a tres jueces para la Corte Suprema : Neil Gorsuch en sustitución de Antonin Scalia , Brett Kavanaugh en sustitución de Anthony Kennedy y Amy Coney Barrett en sustitución de Ruth Bader Ginsburg , la mayor cantidad de nombramientos de cualquier presidente en un solo mandato desde su colega republicano. Richard Nixon . Trump fue visto como solidificando una mayoría conservadora de 6-3 . [110] [111] Nombró 260 jueces en total, creando mayorías generales nombradas por los republicanos en todas las ramas del poder judicial federal excepto en el Tribunal de Comercio Internacional cuando dejó el cargo, desplazando el poder judicial a la derecha . Otros logros notables durante su presidencia incluyeron la aprobación de la Ley de Empleos y Reducción de Impuestos en 2017, el traslado de la embajada de Estados Unidos en Israel a Jerusalén , la creación de la Fuerza Espacial de los Estados Unidos , el primer nuevo servicio militar independiente desde 1947, y la intermediación de los Acuerdos de Abraham ; una serie de acuerdos de normalización entre Israel y varios estados árabes . [112] [113] [114] [115]
Trump fue acusado el 18 de diciembre de 2019 por abuso de poder y obstrucción al Congreso . [116] [117] Fue absuelto por el Senado el 5 de febrero de 2020. [118] 195 de los 197 republicanos dentro de la Cámara votaron en contra de los cargos sin que ninguno votara a favor, los dos republicanos que se abstuvieron se debieron a razones externas no relacionadas con el juicio político en sí. [119] 52 de los 53 republicanos dentro del Senado también votaron en contra de los cargos, absolviendo exitosamente a Trump como resultado, y solo el senador Mitt Romney de Utah disintió y votó a favor de uno de los cargos (abuso de poder). [120] [121] Tras su negativa a admitir su derrota en las elecciones de 2020 , que llevaron al Capitolio de los Estados Unidos a ser asaltado por sus partidarios el 6 de enero de 2021, la Cámara acusó a Trump por segunda vez de incitación a la insurrección . convirtiéndolo en el único funcionario federal en la historia de los Estados Unidos en ser acusado dos veces. [122] [123] Dejó el cargo el 20 de enero de 2021, pero el juicio político continuó en las primeras semanas de la administración Biden , y finalmente fue absuelto por segunda vez por el Senado el 13 de febrero de 2021. [124] Siete Los senadores republicanos votaron por condenar, incluidos Romney una vez más, Richard Burr , Bill Cassidy , Susan Collins , Lisa Murkowski , Ben Sasse y Pat Toomey . Los respectivos partidos republicanos de sus estados los condenaron por hacerlo, y la representante republicana de los Estados Unidos, Liz Cheney, fue censurada por el Partido Republicano de su estado por su voto de destitución en la Cámara. [125] [126] En respuesta a los esfuerzos de Trump por revocar las elecciones de 2020 y el posterior asalto al Capitolio de los Estados Unidos, decenas de exmiembros republicanos de la administración Bush hicieron público su abandono del partido, llamándolo el "culto a Trump". " [127] Las afirmaciones falsas de Trump sobre una elección robada llegaron a ser conocidas como "la gran mentira ", y en 2021 el partido la adoptó como justificación para imponer nuevas restricciones de voto a su favor. [128]
Nombre y simbolos
Los miembros fundadores del grupo eligió el nombre del partido republicano a mediados de la década de 1850 como un homenaje a los valores del republicanismo promovidas por Thomas Jefferson 's Partido Demócrata-Republicano . [130] La idea del nombre provino de un editorial del principal publicista del partido, Horace Greeley, quien pidió "un nombre simple como 'Republicano' [que] designaría más adecuadamente a aquellos que se habían unido para restaurar la Unión a su verdadera misión de campeón y promulgador de la libertad en lugar de propagandista de la esclavitud ". [131] El nombre refleja los valores republicanos de 1776 de virtud cívica y oposición a la aristocracia y la corrupción. [132] Es importante señalar que "republicano" tiene una variedad de significados en todo el mundo y el Partido Republicano ha evolucionado de tal manera que los significados ya no siempre se alinean. [133] [134]
El término "Grand Old Party" es un apodo tradicional para el Partido Republicano y la abreviatura "GOP" es una designación de uso común. El término se originó en 1875 en el Registro del Congreso , refiriéndose al partido asociado con la exitosa defensa militar de la Unión como "este antiguo partido galante". Al año siguiente, en un artículo del Cincinnati Commercial , el término fue modificado por "gran fiesta". El primer uso de la abreviatura data de 1884. [135]
La mascota tradicional de la fiesta es el elefante. Una caricatura política de Thomas Nast , publicada en Harper's Weekly el 7 de noviembre de 1874, se considera el primer uso importante del símbolo. [136] Un símbolo alternativo del Partido Republicano en estados como Indiana , Nueva York y Ohio es el águila calva en oposición al gallo demócrata o la estrella demócrata de cinco puntas. [137] [138] En Kentucky, la cabaña de troncos es un símbolo del Partido Republicano (no relacionado con la organización gay Log Cabin Republicans). [139]
Tradicionalmente, el partido no tenía una identidad de color consistente. [140] [141] [142] Después de las elecciones de 2000 , el color rojo se asoció con los republicanos. Durante y después de las elecciones, las principales cadenas de televisión utilizaron el mismo esquema de color para el mapa electoral: los estados ganados por el candidato republicano George W. Bush se colorearon de rojo y los estados ganados por el candidato demócrata Al Gore se colorearon de azul. Debido a la disputa de semanas sobre los resultados de las elecciones , estas asociaciones de color se arraigaron firmemente y persistieron en los años siguientes. Aunque la asignación de colores a los partidos políticos no es oficial e informal, los medios de comunicación han llegado a representar a los respectivos partidos políticos utilizando estos colores. El partido y sus candidatos también han llegado a abrazar el color rojo. [143]
Posiciones politicas
Políticas económicas
Los republicanos creen que los mercados libres y los logros individuales son los factores principales detrás de la prosperidad económica. Los republicanos abogan con frecuencia a favor del conservadurismo fiscal durante las administraciones demócratas; sin embargo, se han mostrado dispuestos a aumentar la deuda federal cuando están a cargo del gobierno (la implementación de los recortes de impuestos de Bush, la Parte D de Medicare y la Ley de Empleos y Reducción de Impuestos de 2017 son ejemplos de esta disposición). [144] [145] [146] A pesar de las promesas de reducir el gasto público, las administraciones republicanas, desde finales de la década de 1960, han sostenido o aumentado los niveles anteriores de gasto público. [147] [148]
Los republicanos modernos defienden la teoría de la economía del lado de la oferta , que sostiene que las tasas impositivas más bajas aumentan el crecimiento económico. [149] Muchos republicanos se oponen a tasas impositivas más altas para los que ganan más , que creen que están dirigidas injustamente a quienes crean empleos y riqueza. Creen que el gasto privado es más eficiente que el gasto público. Los legisladores republicanos también han buscado limitar la financiación para la aplicación de impuestos y la recaudación de impuestos . [150]
Los republicanos creen que las personas deben asumir la responsabilidad de sus propias circunstancias. También creen que el sector privado es más eficaz para ayudar a los pobres a través de la caridad que el gobierno a través de programas de asistencia social y que los programas de asistencia social a menudo causan dependencia del gobierno. [ cita requerida ]
Los republicanos creen que las corporaciones deberían poder establecer sus propias prácticas de empleo, incluidos los beneficios y los salarios, con el mercado libre decidiendo el precio del trabajo. Desde la década de 1920, las organizaciones sindicales y los miembros se han opuesto generalmente a los republicanos . A nivel nacional, los republicanos apoyaron la Ley Taft-Hartley de 1947, que otorga a los trabajadores el derecho a no participar en sindicatos. Los republicanos modernos a nivel estatal generalmente apoyan varias leyes de derecho al trabajo , que prohíben los acuerdos de seguridad sindical que requieren que todos los trabajadores en un lugar de trabajo sindicalizado paguen cuotas o una cuota justa, independientemente de si son miembros del sindicato o no. [151]
La mayoría de los republicanos se oponen a los aumentos del salario mínimo , creyendo que tales aumentos perjudican a las empresas al obligarlas a recortar y subcontratar puestos de trabajo mientras repercuten los costos a los consumidores. [152]
El partido se opone a un sistema de salud de pagador único y lo describe como medicina socializada . El Partido Republicano tiene un historial mixto de apoyo a los programas históricamente populares de Seguridad Social , Medicare y Medicaid, [153] mientras que ha tratado de derogar la Ley de Cuidado de Salud Asequible desde su introducción en 2010, [154] y se opuso a las expansiones de Medicaid. [155]
Políticas ambientales
Históricamente, los líderes progresistas del Partido Republicano apoyaron la protección del medio ambiente . El presidente republicano Theodore Roosevelt fue un destacado conservacionista cuyas políticas finalmente llevaron a la creación del Servicio de Parques Nacionales . [157] Si bien el presidente republicano Richard Nixon no era un ambientalista, firmó la legislación para crear la Agencia de Protección Ambiental en 1970 y tenía un programa ambiental integral. [158] Sin embargo, esta posición ha cambiado desde la década de 1980 y la administración del presidente Ronald Reagan , quien calificó las regulaciones ambientales como una carga para la economía. [159] Desde entonces, los republicanos han tomado cada vez más posiciones en contra de la regulación ambiental, y algunos republicanos han rechazado el consenso científico sobre el cambio climático. [159] [160] [161] [162]
En 2006, el entonces gobernador de California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, rompió con la ortodoxia republicana para firmar varios proyectos de ley que imponen límites a las emisiones de carbono en California. El entonces presidente George W. Bush se opuso a los topes obligatorios a nivel nacional. La decisión de Bush de no regular el dióxido de carbono como contaminante fue impugnada en la Corte Suprema por 12 estados , [163] con el fallo de la corte contra la administración Bush en 2007. [164] Bush también se opuso públicamente a la ratificación de los Protocolos de Kioto [159] [ 165] que buscaba limitar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y así combatir el cambio climático ; su posición fue fuertemente criticada por los científicos del clima. [166]
El Partido Republicano rechaza la política de topes e intercambios para limitar las emisiones de carbono. [167] En la década de 2000, el senador John McCain propuso proyectos de ley (como la Ley de administración climática McCain-Lieberman ) que habrían regulado las emisiones de carbono, pero su posición sobre el cambio climático era inusual entre los miembros de alto rango del partido. [159] Algunos candidatos republicanos han apoyado el desarrollo de combustibles alternativos para lograr la independencia energética de Estados Unidos . Algunos republicanos apoyan el aumento de la extracción de petróleo en áreas protegidas como el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre del Ártico , una posición que ha generado críticas de los activistas. [168]
Muchos republicanos durante la presidencia de Barack Obama se opusieron a las nuevas regulaciones ambientales de su administración, como las relativas a las emisiones de carbono del carbón. En particular, muchos republicanos apoyaron la construcción del oleoducto Keystone ; Esta posición fue apoyada por empresas, pero con la oposición de grupos de pueblos indígenas y activistas ambientales. [169] [170] [171]
Según el Center for American Progress , un grupo de defensa liberal sin fines de lucro, más del 55% de los republicanos del Congreso negaban el cambio climático en 2014. [172] [173] PolitiFact en mayo de 2014 encontró "relativamente pocos miembros republicanos del Congreso ... . Acepte la conclusión científica predominante de que el calentamiento global es tanto real como provocado por el hombre ". El grupo encontró ocho miembros que lo reconocieron, aunque el grupo reconoció que podría haber más y que no todos los miembros del Congreso se han pronunciado sobre el tema. [174] [175]
De 2008 a 2017, el Partido Republicano pasó de "debatir cómo combatir el cambio climático causado por el hombre a argumentar que no existe", según The New York Times . [176] En enero de 2015, el Senado de los Estados Unidos liderado por los republicanos votó 98-1 para aprobar una resolución que reconoce que "el cambio climático es real y no es un engaño"; sin embargo, una enmienda que establece que "la actividad humana contribuye significativamente al cambio climático" fue apoyada por sólo cinco senadores republicanos. [177]
Inmigración
En el período 1850-1870, el Partido Republicano se opuso más a la inmigración que los Demócratas, en parte porque el Partido Republicano dependía del apoyo de partidos anti-católicos y anti-inmigrantes, como los Know-Nothings , en ese momento. En las décadas posteriores a la Guerra Civil, el Partido Republicano se volvió más partidario de la inmigración, ya que representaba a los fabricantes en el noreste (que querían mano de obra adicional) mientras que el Partido Demócrata llegó a ser visto como el partido del trabajo (que quería que compitieran menos trabajadores). con). A partir de la década de 1970, los partidos volvieron a cambiar de lugar, ya que los demócratas apoyaron más la inmigración que los republicanos. [178]
Los republicanos están divididos sobre cómo enfrentar la inmigración ilegal entre una plataforma que permite a los trabajadores migrantes y un camino hacia la ciudadanía para los inmigrantes indocumentados (apoyado más por el establecimiento republicano), versus una posición centrada en asegurar la frontera y deportar inmigrantes ilegales (apoyado por populistas). ). En 2006, el Senado apoyado por la Casa Blanca y liderado por los republicanos aprobó una reforma migratoria integral que eventualmente permitiría que millones de inmigrantes ilegales se convirtieran en ciudadanos, pero la Cámara (también liderada por republicanos) no aprobó el proyecto de ley. [179] Después de la derrota en las elecciones presidenciales de 2012, particularmente entre los latinos, varios republicanos abogaron por un enfoque más amigable con los inmigrantes. Sin embargo, en 2016, el campo de candidatos adoptó una posición clara contra la inmigración ilegal, y el principal candidato Donald Trump propuso la construcción de un muro a lo largo de la frontera sur. Las propuestas que piden una reforma migratoria con un camino hacia la ciudadanía para los inmigrantes indocumentados han atraído un amplio apoyo republicano en algunos [ ¿cuáles? ] encuestas. En una encuesta de 2013, el 60% de los republicanos apoyó el concepto de vía. [180]
Política exterior y defensa nacional
Algunos, incluidos los neoconservadores , [ ¿quién? ] en el Partido Republicano apoyan el unilateralismo en temas de seguridad nacional, creyendo en la capacidad y el derecho de Estados Unidos para actuar sin apoyo externo en asuntos de su defensa nacional. En general, el pensamiento republicano sobre la defensa y las relaciones internacionales está fuertemente influenciado por las teorías del neorrealismo y el realismo , caracterizando los conflictos entre naciones como luchas entre fuerzas anónimas de una estructura internacional en contraposición a ser el resultado de las ideas y acciones de líderes individuales. La influencia de la escuela realista se muestra en la postura del " Imperio del Mal " de Reagan sobre la Unión Soviética y la postura del Eje del mal de George W. Bush . [ cita requerida ]
Algunos, incluidos los paleoconservadores y los populistas de derecha , [181] [182] [183] piden el no intervencionismo y una política exterior de América Primero . Esta facción ganó fuerza a partir de 2016 con el ascenso de Donald Trump .
Desde los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001 , muchos [ ¿quién? ] en el partido han apoyado las políticas neoconservadoras con respecto a la Guerra contra el Terrorismo, incluida la guerra de 2001 en Afganistán y la invasión de Irak en 2003 . La administración de George W. Bush adoptó la posición de que los Convenios de Ginebra no se aplican a los combatientes ilegales , mientras que otros [ ¿cuáles? ] Los republicanos prominentes se oponen firmemente al uso de técnicas mejoradas de interrogatorio, que consideran una tortura. [184]
Republicans have frequently advocated for restricting foreign aid as a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States.[185][186][187]
The Republican Party generally supports a strong alliance with Israel and efforts to secure peace in the Middle East between Israel and its Arab neighbors.[188][189] In recent years, Republicans have begun to move away from the two-state solution approach to resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[190][191] In a 2014 poll, 59% of Republicans favored doing less abroad and focusing on the country's own problems instead.[192]
According to the 2016 platform,[193] the party's stance on the status of Taiwan is: "We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan." In addition, if "China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself".
Social policies
The Republican Party is generally associated with social conservative policies, although it does have dissenting centrist and libertarian factions. The social conservatives support laws that uphold their traditional values, such as opposition to same-sex marriage, abortion, and marijuana.[194] Most conservative Republicans also oppose gun control, affirmative action, and illegal immigration.[194][195]
Abortion and embryonic stem cell research
A majority of the party's national and state candidates are anti-abortion and oppose elective abortion on religious or moral grounds. While many advocate exceptions in the case of incest, rape or the mother's life being at risk, in 2012 the party approved a platform advocating banning abortions without exception.[196] There were not highly polarized differences between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party prior to the Roe v. Wade 1973 Supreme Court ruling (which made prohibitions on abortion rights unconstitutional), but after the Supreme Court ruling, opposition to abortion became an increasingly key national platform for the Republican Party.[16][197][198] As a result, Evangelicals gravitated towards the Republican Party.[16][197]
Most Republicans oppose government funding for abortion providers, notably Planned Parenthood.[199] This includes support for the Hyde Amendment.
Until its dissolution in 2018, Republican Majority for Choice, an abortion rights PAC, advocated for amending the GOP platform to include pro-abortion rights members.[200]
Although Republicans have voted for increases in government funding of scientific research, members of the Republican Party actively oppose the federal funding of embryonic stem cell research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human embryos.[201][202][203][204]
Affirmative action
Republicans are generally against affirmative action for women and some minorities, often describing it as a "quota system" and believing that it is not meritocratic and is counter-productive socially by only further promoting discrimination.[205] The GOP's official stance supports race-neutral admissions policies in universities, but supports taking into account the socioeconomic status of the student. The 2012 Republican National Committee platform stated, "We support efforts to help low-income individuals get a fair chance based on their potential and individual merit; but we reject preferences, quotas, and set-asides, as the best or sole methods through which fairness can be achieved, whether in government, education or corporate boardrooms…Merit, ability, aptitude, and results should be the factors that determine advancement in our society.”[206][207][208]
Gun ownership
Republicans generally support gun ownership rights and oppose laws regulating guns. Party members and Republican-leaning independents are twice more likely to own a gun than Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents.[209]
The National Rifle Association, a special interest group in support of gun ownership, has consistently aligned itself with the Republican Party. Following gun control measures under the Clinton administration, such as the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the Republicans allied with the NRA during the Republican Revolution in 1994.[210] Since then, the NRA has consistently backed Republican candidates and contributed financial support, such as in the 2013 Colorado recall election which resulted in the ousting of two pro-gun control Democrats for two anti-gun control Republicans.[211]
In contrast, George H. W. Bush, formerly a lifelong NRA member, was highly critical of the organization following their response to the Oklahoma City bombing authored by CEO Wayne LaPierre, and publicly resigned in protest.[212]
Drugs
Republicans have historically supported the War on Drugs, as well as oppose legalization or decriminalization of drugs, including marijuana.[213][214] The opposition to the legalization of marijuana has softened over time.[215][216]
LGBT issues
Republicans have historically opposed same-sex marriage, while being divided on civil unions and domestic partnerships, with the issue being one that many believe helped George W. Bush win re-election in 2004.[217] In both 2004[218] and 2006,[219] President Bush, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, and House Majority Leader John Boehner promoted the Federal Marriage Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment which would legally restrict the definition of marriage to heterosexual couples.[220][221][222] In both attempts, the amendment failed to secure enough votes to invoke cloture and thus ultimately was never passed. As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy.[223] As of 2014, most state GOP platforms expressed opposition to same-sex marriage.[224] The 2016 GOP Platform defined marriage as "natural marriage, the union of one man and one woman," and condemned the Supreme Court's ruling legalizing same-sex marriages.[225][226] The 2020 platform retained the 2016 language against same-sex marriage.[227][228][229]
However, public opinion on this issue within the party has been changing.[230] Following his election as president in 2016, Donald Trump stated that he had no objection to same-sex marriage or to the Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges.[96] In office, Trump was the first sitting Republican president to recognize LGBT Pride Month.[231] Conversely, the Trump administration banned transgender individuals from service in the United States military and rolled back other protections for transgender people which had been enacted during the previous Democratic presidency.[232]
The Republican Party platform previously opposed the inclusion of gay people in the military and opposed adding sexual orientation to the list of protected classes since 1992.[233][234][235] The Republican Party opposed the inclusion of sexual preference in anti-discrimination statutes from 1992 to 2004.[236] The 2008 and 2012 Republican Party platform supported anti-discrimination statutes based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin, but both platforms were silent on sexual orientation and gender identity.[237][238] The 2016 platform was opposed to sex discrimination statutes that included the phrase "sexual orientation."[239][240]
The Log Cabin Republicans is a group within the Republican Party that represents LGBT conservatives and allies and advocates for LGBT rights and equality.[241]
Voting requirements
Virtually all restrictions on voting have in recent years been implemented by Republicans. Republicans, mainly at the state level, argue that the restrictions (such as purging voter rolls, limiting voting locations, and limiting early and mail voting) are vital to prevent voter fraud, claiming that voter fraud is an underestimated issue in elections. Polling has found majority support for early voting, automatic voter registration and voter ID laws among the general population.[242][243][244] Research has indicated that voter fraud is very uncommon, and civil and voting rights organizations often accuse Republicans of enacting restrictions to influence elections in the party's favor. Many laws or regulations restricting voting enacted by Republicans have been successfully challenged in court, with court rulings striking down such regulations and accusing Republicans of establishing them with partisan purpose.[245][246]
After the Supreme Court decision in Shelby County v. Holder rolled back aspects of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Republicans introduced cuts to early voting, purges of voter rolls and imposition of strict voter ID laws.[247] In defending their restrictions to voting rights, Republicans have made false and exaggerated claims about the extent of voter fraud in the United States; all existing research indicates that it is extremely rare.[248][249] After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Donald Trump refused to concede while he and his Republican allies made false claims of fraud, Republicans launched a nationwide effort to restrict voting rights at the state level.[250][251][252]
The 2016 Republican platform advocated proof of citizenship as a prerequisite for registering to vote and photo ID as a prerequisite when voting.[253]
Composición
In the Party's early decades, its base consisted of Northern white Protestants and African Americans nationwide. Its first presidential candidate, John C. Frémont, received almost no votes in the South. This trend continued into the 20th century. Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Southern states became more reliably Republican in presidential politics, while Northeastern states became more reliably Democratic.[254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261] Studies show that Southern whites shifted to the Republican Party due to racial conservatism.[260][262][263]
While scholars agree that a racial backlash played a central role in the racial realignment of the two parties, there is a dispute as to the extent in which the racial realignment was a top-driven elite process or a bottom-up process.[264] The "Southern Strategy" refers primarily to "top-down" narratives of the political realignment of the South which suggest that Republican leaders consciously appealed to many white Southerners' racial grievances in order to gain their support. This top-down narrative of the Southern Strategy is generally believed to be the primary force that transformed Southern politics following the civil rights era. Scholar Matthew Lassiter argues that "demographic change played a more important role than racial demagoguery in the emergence of a two-party system in the American South".[265][266] Historians such as Matthew Lassiter, Kevin M. Kruse and Joseph Crespino, have presented an alternative, "bottom-up" narrative, which Lassiter has called the "suburban strategy." This narrative recognizes the centrality of racial backlash to the political realignment of the South,[264] but suggests that this backlash took the form of a defense of de facto segregation in the suburbs rather than overt resistance to racial integration and that the story of this backlash is a national rather than a strictly Southern one.[267][268][269][270]
The Party's 21st-century base consists of groups such as older white men; white, married Protestants; rural residents; and non-union workers without college degrees, with urban residents, ethnic minorities, the unmarried and union workers having shifted to the Democratic Party. The suburbs have become a major battleground.[271] According to a 2015 Gallup poll, 25% of Americans identify as Republican and 16% identify as leaning Republican. In comparison, 30% identify as Democratic and 16% identify as leaning Democratic. The Democratic Party has typically held an overall edge in party identification since Gallup began polling on the issue in 1991.[272] In 2016, The New York Times noted that the Republican Party was strong in the South, the Great Plains, and the Mountain States.[273] The 21st century Republican Party also draws strength from rural areas of the United States.[274]
Towards the end of the 1990s and in the early 21st century, the Republican Party increasingly resorted to "constitutional hardball" practices.[275][276][277]
A number of scholars have asserted that the House speakership of Republican Newt Gingrich played a key role in undermining democratic norms in the United States, hastening political polarization, and increasing partisan prejudice.[278][279][280][281][282] According to Harvard University political scientists Daniel Ziblatt and Steven Levitsky, Gingrich's speakership had a profound and lasting impact on American politics and the health of American democracy. They argue that Gingrich instilled a "combative" approach in the Republican Party, where hateful language and hyper-partisanship became commonplace, and where democratic norms were abandoned. Gingrich frequently questioned the patriotism of Democrats, called them corrupt, compared them to fascists, and accused them of wanting to destroy the United States. Gingrich was also involved in several major government shutdowns.[282][283][284][285]
Scholars have also characterized Mitch McConnell's tenure as Senate Minority Leader and Senate Majority Leader during the Obama presidency as one where obstructionism reached all-time highs.[286] Political scientists have referred to McConnell's use of the filibuster as "constitutional hardball", referring to the misuse of procedural tools in a way that undermines democracy.[275][282][287][288] McConnell delayed and obstructed health care reform and banking reform, which were two landmark pieces of legislation that Democrats sought to pass (and in fact did pass[289]) early in Obama's tenure.[290][291] By delaying Democratic priority legislation, McConnell stymied the output of Congress. Political scientists Eric Schickler and Gregory J. Wawro write, "by slowing action even on measures supported by many Republicans, McConnell capitalized on the scarcity of floor time, forcing Democratic leaders into difficult trade-offs concerning which measures were worth pursuing. That is, given that Democrats had just two years with sizeable majorities to enact as much of their agenda as possible, slowing the Senate's ability to process even routine measures limited the sheer volume of liberal bills that could be adopted."[291]
McConnell's refusal to hold hearings on Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland during the final year of Obama's presidency was described by political scientists and legal scholars as "unprecedented",[292][293] a "culmination of this confrontational style",[294] a "blatant abuse of constitutional norms",[295] and a "classic example of constitutional hardball."[288]
After the 2020 United States presidential election was declared for Biden, President Donald Trump's refusal to concede and demands of Republican state legislatures and officials to ignore the popular vote of the states was described as "unparalleled" in American history[296] and "profoundly antidemocratic".[297] Some journalists and foreign officials have also referred to Trump as a fascist in the aftermath of the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol.[298][299][300]
Following the storming of the Capitol, a survey conducted by the American Enterprise Institute found that 56% of Republicans agreed with the statement, "The traditional American way of life is disappearing so fast that we may have to use force to save it," compared to 36% of respondents overall. Sixty percent of white evangelical Republicans agreed with the statement.[301][302][303]
Ideology and factions
In 2018, Gallup polling found that 69% of Republicans described themselves as "conservative", while 25% opted for the term "moderate", and another 5% self-identified as "liberal".[304]
When ideology is separated into social and economic issues, a 2020 Gallup poll found that 61% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents called themselves "socially conservative", 28% chose the label "socially moderate", and 10% called themselves "socially liberal".[305] On economic issues, the same 2020 poll revealed that 65% of Republicans (and Republican leaners) chose the label "economic conservative" to describe their views on fiscal policy, while 26% selected the label "economic moderate", and 7% opted for the "economic liberal" label.[305]
The modern Republican Party includes conservatives,[3] centrists,[4] fiscal conservatives, libertarians,[5] neoconservatives,[5] paleoconservatives,[306] right-wing populists,[6][7] and social conservatives.[307][308][309]
In addition to splits over ideology, the 21st-century Republican Party can be broadly divided into establishment and anti-establishment wings.[310][311] Nationwide polls of Republican voters in 2014 by the Pew Center identified a growing split in the Republican coalition, between "business conservatives" or "establishment conservatives" on one side and "steadfast conservatives" or "populist conservatives" on the other.[312]
Talk radio
In the 21st century, conservatives on talk radio and Fox News, as well as online media outlets such as the Daily Caller and Breitbart News, became a powerful influence on shaping the information received and judgments made by rank-and-file Republicans.[313][314] They include Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Larry Elder, Glenn Beck, Mark Levin, Dana Loesch, Hugh Hewitt, Mike Gallagher, Neal Boortz, Laura Ingraham, Dennis Prager, Michael Reagan, Howie Carr and Michael Savage, as well as many local commentators who support Republican causes while vocally opposing the left.[315][316][317][318] Vice President Mike Pence also had an early career in conservative talk radio, hosting The Mike Pence Show in the late 1990s before successfully running for Congress in 2000.[319]
In recent years, pundits through podcasting and radio shows like Ben Shapiro and Steven Crowder have also gained fame with a consistently younger audience through outlets such as The Daily Wire and Blaze Media.[citation needed]
Business community
The Republican Party has traditionally been a pro-business party. It garners major support from a wide variety of industries from the financial sector to small businesses. Republicans are about 50 percent more likely to be self-employed and are more likely to work in management.[320][clarification needed]
A survey cited by The Washington Post in 2012 stated that 61 percent of small business owners planned to vote for Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney. Small business became a major theme of the 2012 Republican National Convention.[321]
Demographics
In 2006, Republicans won 38% of the voters aged 18–29.[322] In a 2018 study, members of the Silent and Baby Boomer generations were more likely to express approval of Trump's presidency than those of Generation X and Millennials.[323]
Low-income voters are more likely to identify as Democrats while high-income voters are more likely to identify as Republicans.[324] In 2012, Obama won 60% of voters with income under $50,000 and 45% of those with incomes higher than that.[325] Bush won 41% of the poorest 20% of voters in 2004, 55% of the richest twenty percent and 53% of those in between. In the 2006 House races, the voters with incomes over $50,000 were 49% Republican while those with incomes under that amount were 38% Republican.[322]
Gender
Since 1980, a "gender gap" has seen stronger support for the Republican Party among men than among women. Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for Democrat John Kerry than for Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election.[326] In 2006 House races, 43% of women voted Republican while 47% of men did so.[322] In the 2010 midterms, the "gender gap" was reduced, with women supporting Republican and Democratic candidates equally (49%–49%).[327][328] Exit polls from the 2012 elections revealed a continued weakness among unmarried women for the GOP, a large and growing portion of the electorate.[329] Although women supported Obama over Mitt Romney by a margin of 55–44% in 2012, Romney prevailed amongst married women, 53–46%.[330] Obama won unmarried women 67–31%.[331] According to a December 2019 study, "white women are the only group of female voters who support Republican Party candidates for president. They have done so by a majority in all but 2 of the last 18 elections".[332]
Education
In 2012, the Pew Research Center conducted a study of registered voters with a 35–28 Democrat-to-Republican gap. They found that self-described Democrats had an eight-point advantage over Republicans among college graduates and a fourteen-point advantage among all post-graduates polled. Republicans had an eleven-point advantage among white men with college degrees; Democrats had a ten-point advantage among women with degrees. Democrats accounted for 36% of all respondents with an education of high school or less; Republicans accounted for 28%. When isolating just white registered voters polled, Republicans had a six-point advantage overall and a nine-point advantage among those with a high school education or less.[333] Following the 2016 presidential election, exit polls indicated that "Donald Trump attracted a large share of the vote from whites without a college degree, receiving 72 percent of the white non-college male vote and 62 percent of the white non-college female vote." Overall, 52% of voters with college degrees voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016, while 52% of voters without college degrees voted for Trump.[334]
Ethnicity
Republicans have been winning under 15% of the black vote in recent national elections (1980 to 2016). The party abolished chattel slavery under Abraham Lincoln, defeated the Slave Power, and gave blacks the legal right to vote during Reconstruction in the late 1860s. Until the New Deal of the 1930s, blacks supported the Republican Party by large margins.[335] Black delegates were a sizable share of Southern delegates to the national Republican convention from Reconstruction until the start of the 20th century when their share began to decline.[336] Black voters began shifting away from the Republican Party after the close of Reconstruction through the early 20th century, with the rise of the southern-Republican lily-white movement.[337] Blacks shifted in large margins to the Democratic Party in the 1930s, when major Democratic figures such as Eleanor Roosevelt began to support civil rights and the New Deal offered them employment opportunities. They became one of the core components of the New Deal coalition. In the South, after the Voting Rights Act to prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965, blacks were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.[338]
In the 2010 elections, two African-American Republicans—Tim Scott and Allen West—were elected to the House of Representatives.[339]
In recent decades, Republicans have been moderately successful in gaining support from Hispanic and Asian American voters. George W. Bush, who campaigned energetically for Hispanic votes, received 35% of their vote in 2000 and 44% in 2004.[340] The party's strong anti-communist stance has made it popular among some minority groups from current and former Communist states, in particular Cuban Americans, Korean Americans, Chinese Americans and Vietnamese Americans. The 2007 election of Bobby Jindal as Governor of Louisiana was hailed as pathbreaking.[341] Jindal became the first elected minority governor in Louisiana and the first state governor of Indian descent.[342] According to John Avlon, in 2013, the Republican party was more ethnically diverse at the statewide elected official level than the Democratic Party was; GOP statewide elected officials included Latino Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval and African-American U.S. senator Tim Scott of South Carolina.[343]
In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were white while 56% of Obama voters were white.[344] In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain won 55% of white votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes and 4% of African American votes.[345] In the 2010 House election, Republicans won 60% of the white votes, 38% of Hispanic votes and 9% of the African American vote.[346]
As of 2020, Republican candidates had lost the popular vote in seven out of the last eight presidential elections.[347] Since 1992, the only time they won the popular vote in a presidential election is the 2004 United States presidential election. Demographers have pointed to the steady decline (as a percentage of the eligible voters) of its core base of older, rural white men.[348][349][350][351] However, Donald Trump managed to increase nonwhite support to 26% of his total votes in the 2020 election — the highest percentage for a GOP presidential candidate since 1960.[352][353]
Religious beliefs
Religion has always played a major role for both parties, but in the course of a century, the parties' religious compositions have changed. Religion was a major dividing line between the parties before 1960, with Catholics, Jews, and Southern Protestants heavily Democratic and Northeastern Protestants heavily Republican. Most of the old differences faded away after the realignment of the 1970s and 1980s that undercut the New Deal coalition.[354] Voters who attended church weekly gave 61% of their votes to Bush in 2004; those who attended occasionally gave him only 47%; and those who never attended gave him 36%. Fifty-nine percent of Protestants voted for Bush, along with 52% of Catholics (even though John Kerry was Catholic). Since 1980, a large majority of evangelicals has voted Republican; 70–80% voted for Bush in 2000 and 2004 and 70% for Republican House candidates in 2006. Jews continue to vote 70–80% Democratic. Democrats have close links with the African American churches, especially the National Baptists, while their historic dominance among Catholic voters has eroded to 54–46 in the 2010 midterms.[355] The mainline traditional Protestants (Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Disciples) have dropped to about 55% Republican (in contrast to 75% before 1968).
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah and neighboring states voted 75% or more for George W. Bush in 2000.[356] Members of the Mormon faith had a mixed relationship with Donald Trump during his tenure, despite 67% of them voting for him in 2016 and 56% of them supporting his presidency in 2018, disapproving of his personal behavior such as that shown during the Access Hollywood controversy.[357] Their opinion on Trump hadn't affected their party affiliation, however, as 76% of Mormons in 2018 expressed preference for generic Republican congressional candidates.[358]
While Catholic Republican leaders try to stay in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church on subjects such as abortion, euthanasia, embryonic stem cell research and same-sex marriage, they differ on the death penalty and contraception.[359] Pope Francis' 2015 encyclical Laudato si' sparked a discussion on the positions of Catholic Republicans in relation to the positions of the Church. The Pope's encyclical on behalf of the Catholic Church officially acknowledges a man-made climate change caused by burning fossil fuels.[360] The Pope says the warming of the planet is rooted in a throwaway culture and the developed world's indifference to the destruction of the planet in pursuit of short-term economic gains. According to The New York Times, Laudato si' put pressure on the Catholic candidates in the 2016 election: Jeb Bush, Bobby Jindal, Marco Rubio and Rick Santorum.[361] With leading Democrats praising the encyclical, James Bretzke, a professor of moral theology at Boston College, has said that both sides were being disingenuous: "I think it shows that both the Republicans and the Democrats ... like to use religious authority and, in this case, the Pope to support positions they have arrived at independently ... There is a certain insincerity, hypocrisy I think, on both sides".[362] While a Pew Research poll indicates Catholics are more likely to believe the Earth is warming than non-Catholics, 51% of Catholic Republicans believe in global warming (less than the general population) and only 24% of Catholic Republicans believe global warming is caused by human activity.[363]
In 2016, a slim majority of Orthodox Jews voted for the Republican Party, following years of growing Orthodox Jewish support for the party due to its social conservatism and increasingly pro-Israel foreign policy stance.[364] An exit poll conducted by the Associated Press for 2020 found 35% of Muslims voted for Donald Trump.[365]
Presidentes republicanos
As of 2021, there have been a total of 19 Republican presidents.
# | President | Portrait | State | Presidency start date | Presidency end date | Time in office |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 | Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) | Illinois | March 4, 1861 | April 15, 1865[b] | 4 years, 42 days | |
18 | Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) | Illinois | March 4, 1869 | March 4, 1877 | 8 years, 0 days | |
19 | Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) | Ohio | March 4, 1877 | March 4, 1881 | 4 years, 0 days | |
20 | James A. Garfield (1831–1881) | Ohio | March 4, 1881 | September 19, 1881[b] | 199 days | |
21 | Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) | New York | September 19, 1881 | March 4, 1885 | 3 years, 166 days | |
23 | Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) | Indiana | March 4, 1889 | March 4, 1893 | 4 years, 0 days | |
25 | William McKinley (1843–1901) | Ohio | March 4, 1897 | September 14, 1901[b] | 4 years, 194 days | |
26 | Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) | New York | September 14, 1901 | March 4, 1909 | 7 years, 171 days | |
27 | William Howard Taft (1857–1930) | Ohio | March 4, 1909 | March 4, 1913 | 4 years, 0 days | |
29 | Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) | Ohio | March 4, 1921 | August 2, 1923[b] | 2 years, 151 days | |
30 | Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) | Massachusetts | August 2, 1923 | March 4, 1929 | 5 years, 214 days | |
31 | Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) | California | March 4, 1929 | March 4, 1933 | 4 years, 0 days | |
34 | Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) | Kansas | January 20, 1953 | January 20, 1961 | 8 years, 0 days | |
37 | Richard Nixon (1913–1994) | California | January 20, 1969 | August 9, 1974[c] | 5 years, 201 days | |
38 | Gerald Ford (1913–2006) | Michigan | August 9, 1974 | January 20, 1977 | 2 years, 164 days | |
40 | Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) | California | January 20, 1981 | January 20, 1989 | 8 years, 0 days | |
41 | George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) | Texas | January 20, 1989 | January 20, 1993 | 4 years, 0 days | |
43 | George W. Bush (born 1946) | Texas | January 20, 2001 | January 20, 2009 | 8 years, 0 days | |
45 | Donald Trump (born 1946) | New York | January 20, 2017 | January 20, 2021 | 4 years, 0 days |
Jueces actuales de la Corte Suprema designados por presidentes republicanos
As of January 2021[update], six of the nine seats are filled by Justices appointed by Republican Presidents George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump.
Portrait | Justice | Senate Vote | Since | President |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clarence Thomas Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States | 52–48 | October 3, 1991 | George H. W. Bush | |
John Roberts Jr. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States | 78–22 | September 29, 2005 | George W. Bush | |
Samuel Alito Jr. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States | 58–42 | January 31, 2006 | ||
Neil Gorsuch Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States | 54–45 | April 10, 2017 | Donald Trump | |
Brett Kavanaugh Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States | 50–48 | October 6, 2018 | ||
Amy Coney Barrett Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States | 52–48 | October 27, 2020 |
Historia electoral reciente
In congressional elections: 1950–present
House Election year | No. of overall House seats won | +/– | Presidency | No. of overall Senate seats won | +/–[366] | Senate Election year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 199 / 435 | 28 | Harry S. Truman | 47 / 96 | 5 | 1950 |
1952 | 221 / 435 | 22 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | 49 / 96 | 2 | 1952 |
1954 | 203 / 435 | 18 | 47 / 96 | 2 | 1954 | |
1956 | 201 / 435 | 2 | 47 / 96 | 0 | 1956 | |
1958 | 153 / 435 | 48 | 34 / 98 | 13 | 1958 | |
1960 | 175 / 435 | 22 | John F. Kennedy | 35 / 100 | 1 | 1960 |
1962 | 176 / 435 | 1 | 34 / 100 | 3 | 1962 | |
1964 | 140 / 435 | 36 | Lyndon B. Johnson | 32 / 100 | 2 | 1964 |
1966 | 187 / 435 | 47 | 38 / 100 | 3 | 1966 | |
1968 | 192 / 435 | 5 | Richard Nixon | 42 / 100 | 5 | 1968 |
1970 | 180 / 435 | 12 | 44 / 100 | 2 | 1970 | |
1972 | 192 / 435 | 12 | 41 / 100 | 2 | 1972 | |
1974 | 144 / 435 | 48 | Gerald Ford | 38 / 100 | 3 | 1974 |
1976 | 143 / 435 | 1 | Jimmy Carter | 38 / 100 | 1 | 1976 |
1978 | 158 / 435 | 15 | 41 / 100 | 3 | 1978 | |
1980 | 192 / 435 | 34 | Ronald Reagan | 53 / 100 | 12 | 1980 |
1982 | 166 / 435 | 26 | 54 / 100 | 0 | 1982 | |
1984 | 182 / 435 | 16 | 53 / 100 | 2 | 1984 | |
1986 | 177 / 435 | 5 | 45 / 100 | 8 | 1986 | |
1988 | 175 / 435 | 2 | George H. W. Bush | 45 / 100 | 1 | 1988 |
1990 | 167 / 435 | 8 | 44 / 100 | 1 | 1990 | |
1992 | 176 / 435 | 9 | Bill Clinton | 43 / 100 | 0 | 1992 |
1994 | 230 / 435 | 54 | 53 / 100 | 8 | 1994 | |
1996 | 227 / 435 | 3 | 55 / 100 | 2 | 1996 | |
1998 | 223 / 435 | 4 | 55 / 100 | 0 | 1998 | |
2000 | 221 / 435 | 2 | George W. Bush | 50 / 100 | 4[367] | 2000 |
2002 | 229 / 435 | 8 | 51 / 100 | 2 | 2002 | |
2004 | 232 / 435 | 3 | 55 / 100 | 4 | 2004 | |
2006 | 202 / 435 | 30 | 49 / 100 | 6 | 2006 | |
2008 | 178 / 435 | 21 | Barack Obama | 41 / 100 | 8 | 2008 |
2010 | 242 / 435 | 63 | 47 / 100 | 6 | 2010 | |
2012 | 234 / 435 | 8 | 45 / 100 | 2 | 2012 | |
2014 | 247 / 435 | 13 | 54 / 100 | 9 | 2014 | |
2016 | 241 / 435 | 6 | Donald Trump | 52 / 100 | 2 | 2016 |
2018 | 200 / 435 | 41 | 53 / 100 | 2 | 2018 | |
2020 | 213 / 435 | 14 | Joe Biden | 50 / 100 | 3 | 2020 |
In presidential elections: 1856–present
Election | Candidate | Votes | Vote % | Electoral votes | +/– | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1856 | John C. Frémont | 1,342,345 | 33.1 | 114 / 296 | 114 | Lost |
1860 | Abraham Lincoln | 1,865,908 | 39.8 | 180 / 303 | 66 | Won |
1864 | Abraham Lincoln | 2,218,388 | 55.0 | 212 / 233 | 32 | Won |
1868 | Ulysses S. Grant | 3,013,421 | 52.7 | 214 / 294 | 2 | Won |
1872 | Ulysses S. Grant | 3,598,235 | 55.6 | 286 / 352 | 72 | Won |
1876 | Rutherford B. Hayes | 4,034,311 | 47.9 | 185 / 369 | 134 | Won[C] |
1880 | James A. Garfield | 4,446,158 | 48.3 | 214 / 369 | 29 | Won |
1884 | James G. Blaine | 4,856,905 | 48.3 | 182 / 401 | 32 | Lost |
1888 | Benjamin Harrison | 5,443,892 | 47.8 | 233 / 401 | 51 | Won[D] |
1892 | Benjamin Harrison | 5,176,108 | 43.0 | 145 / 444 | 88 | Lost |
1896 | William McKinley | 7,111,607 | 51.0 | 271 / 447 | 126 | Won |
1900 | William McKinley | 7,228,864 | 51.6 | 292 / 447 | 21 | Won |
1904 | Theodore Roosevelt | 7,630,457 | 56.4 | 336 / 476 | 44 | Won |
1908 | William Howard Taft | 7,678,395 | 51.6 | 321 / 483 | 15 | Won |
1912 | William Howard Taft | 3,486,242 | 23.2 | 8 / 531 | 313 | Lost[E] |
1916 | Charles E. Hughes | 8,548,728 | 46.1 | 254 / 531 | 246 | Lost |
1920 | Warren G. Harding | 16,144,093 | 60.3 | 404 / 531 | 150 | Won |
1924 | Calvin Coolidge | 15,723,789 | 54.0 | 382 / 531 | 22 | Won |
1928 | Herbert Hoover | 21,427,123 | 58.2 | 444 / 531 | 62 | Won |
1932 | Herbert Hoover | 15,761,254 | 39.7 | 59 / 531 | 385 | Lost |
1936 | Alf Landon | 16,679,543 | 36.5 | 8 / 531 | 51 | Lost |
1940 | Wendell Willkie | 22,347,744 | 44.8 | 82 / 531 | 74 | Lost |
1944 | Thomas E. Dewey | 22,017,929 | 45.9 | 99 / 531 | 17 | Lost |
1948 | Thomas E. Dewey | 21,991,292 | 45.1 | 189 / 531 | 90 | Lost |
1952 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | 34,075,529 | 55.2 | 442 / 531 | 253 | Won |
1956 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | 35,579,180 | 57.4 | 457 / 531 | 15 | Won |
1960 | Richard Nixon | 34,108,157 | 49.6 | 219 / 537 | 238 | Lost |
1964 | Barry Goldwater | 27,175,754 | 38.5 | 52 / 538 | 167 | Lost |
1968 | Richard Nixon | 31,783,783 | 43.4 | 301 / 538 | 249 | Won |
1972 | Richard Nixon | 47,168,710 | 60.7 | 520 / 538 | 219 | Won |
1976 | Gerald Ford | 38,148,634 | 48.0 | 240 / 538 | 280 | Lost |
1980 | Ronald Reagan | 43,903,230 | 50.7 | 489 / 538 | 249 | Won |
1984 | Ronald Reagan | 54,455,472 | 58.8 | 525 / 538 | 36 | Won |
1988 | George H. W. Bush | 48,886,097 | 53.4 | 426 / 538 | 99 | Won |
1992 | George H. W. Bush | 39,104,550 | 37.4 | 168 / 538 | 258 | Lost |
1996 | Bob Dole | 39,197,469 | 40.7 | 159 / 538 | 9 | Lost |
2000 | George W. Bush | 50,456,002 | 47.9 | 271 / 538 | 112 | Won[F] |
2004 | George W. Bush | 62,040,610 | 50.7 | 286 / 538 | 15 | Won |
2008 | John McCain | 59,948,323 | 45.7 | 173 / 538 | 113 | Lost |
2012 | Mitt Romney | 60,933,504 | 47.2 | 206 / 538 | 33 | Lost |
2016 | Donald Trump | 62,984,828 | 46.1 | 304 / 538 | 98 | Won[G] |
2020 | Donald Trump | 74,216,154 | 46.9 | 232 / 538 | 72 | Lost |
Grupos que apoyan al Partido Republicano
- Club for Growth
- Concerned Women for America
- Eagle Forum
- Family Research Council
- Gun Owners of America
- Maggie's List
- National Right to Life Committee
- National Rifle Association
- National Association for Gun Rights
- Republican Jewish Coalition
- Senate Conservatives Fund
- Susan B. Anthony List
Ver también
- Factions in the Republican Party
- List of African-American Republicans
- List of Hispanic and Latino Republicans
- List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)
- List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets
- Political party strength in U.S. states
Notas
- ^ The Republicans are the minority party in the Senate because of Vice President Kamala Harris's tie-breaking vote, and Bernie Sanders's and Angus King's caucusing with the Democrats.
- ^ a b c d Died in office.
- ^ Resigned from office.
- ^ All major Republican geographic constituencies are visible: red dominates the map—showing Republican strength in the rural areas—while the denser areas (i.e. cities) are blue. Notable exceptions include the Pacific coast, New England, the Southern United States, areas with high Native American populations and the heavily Hispanic parts of the Southwest
- ^ Similar to the 2004 map, Republicans dominate in rural areas, making improvements in the Appalachian states, namely Kentucky, where the party won all but two counties; and West Virginia, where every county in the state voted Republican. The party also improved in many rural counties in Iowa, Wisconsin and other Midwestern states. Contrarily, the party suffered substantial losses in urbanized areas such Dallas, Harris and Fort Bend counties in Texas and Orange and San Diego counties in California, all of which were won in 2004, but lost in 2016
- ^ Although Hayes won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden won a majority of the popular vote.
- ^ Although Harrison won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Grover Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote.
- ^ Taft finished in third place in both the electoral and popular vote, behind Progressive Theodore Roosevelt.
- ^ Although Bush won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Al Gore won a plurality of the popular vote.
- ^ Although Trump won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Hillary Clinton won a plurality of the popular vote.
Referencias
- ^ The Origin of the Republican Party by Prof. A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, WI, 1914.
- ^ Winger, Richard. "March 2021 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^ a b Paul Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12.
- ^ a b Siegel, Josh (July 18, 2017). "Centrist Republicans and Democrats meet to devise bipartisan healthcare plan". The Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Miller, William J. (2013). The 2012 Nomination and the Future of the Republican Party. Lexington Books. p. 39.
- ^ a b Cassidy, John (February 29, 2016). "Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
- ^ a b Gould, J.J. (July 2, 2016). "Why Is Populism Winning on the American Right?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ^ "About". ECR Party. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ "Members". IDU. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015.
- ^ "International Democrat Union » APDU". International Democrat Union. May 22, 2018. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015.
- ^ Brownstein, Ronald (November 22, 2017). "Where the Republican Party Began". The American Prospect.
- ^ Joseph R. Fornieri; Sara Vaughn Gabbard (2008). Lincoln's America: 1809–1865. SIU Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8093-8713-7. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
- ^ James G. Randall; Lincoln the Liberal Statesman (1947).
- ^ "The Ol' Switcheroo. Theodore Roosevelt, 1912". Time. April 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^ Zingher, Joshua N. (2018). "Polarization, Demographic Change, and White Flight from the Democratic Party". The Journal of Politics. 80 (3): 860–72. doi:10.1086/696994. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 158351108.
- ^ a b c Layman, Geoffrey (2001). The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. Columbia University Press. pp. 115, 119–20. ISBN 978-0-231-12058-6. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ Baker, Paula; Critchlow, Donald T. (March 6, 2020). The Oxford Handbook of American Political History. Oxford University Press. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-19-062869-7 – via Google Books.
Contemporary debate is fueled on one side by immigration restrictionists, led by President Donald Trump and other elected republicans, whose rhetorical and policy assults on undocumented Latin American immigrants, Muslim refugees, and family-based immigration energized their conservative base.
- ^ Hajnal, Zoltan (January 4, 2021). "Immigration & the Origins of White Backlash". Daedalus. 150 (2): 23–39. doi:10.1162/daed_a_01844. ISSN 0011-5266.
- ^ Reich, Gary M. (February 15, 2021). The Politics of Immigration Across the United States: Every State a Border State?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-33580-4 – via Google Books.
- ^ Jacobson, Gary C.; Liu, Huchen (n.d.). "Dealing with Disruption: Congressional Republicans' Responses to Donald Trump's Behavior and Agenda". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 50 (1): 4–29. doi:10.1111/psq.12630. ISSN 1741-5705.
- ^ Janda, Kenneth (March 1, 2021). A Tale of Two Parties: Living Amongst Democrats and Republicans Since 1952. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-33882-9 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Party affiliation among U.S. voters: 1992–2016". September 13, 2016.
- ^ Multiple sources:
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Otras lecturas
- American National Biography (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and at Wikipedia Library.
- Aberbach, Joel D., ed. and Peele, Gillian, ed. Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics after Bush (Oxford UP, 2011). 403pp
- Aistrup, Joseph A. The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South (1996).
- Barone, Michael. The Almanac of American Politics 2014: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts (2013); revised every two years since 1975.
- Black, Earl and Merle Black. The Rise of Southern Republicans (2002).
- Bowen, Michael, The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party. (U of North Carolina Press, 2011). xii, 254pp.
- Brennan, Mary C. Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP (1995).
- Conger, Kimberly H. The Christian Right in Republican State Politics (2010) 202 pages; focuses on Arizona, Indiana, and Missouri.
- Crane, Michael. The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Books on Politics (2004) covers all the major issues explaining the parties' positions.
- Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2nd ed. 2011).
- Ehrman, John, The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan (2005).
- Fauntroy, Michael K. Republicans and the Black vote (2007).
- Fried, J (2008). Democrats and Republicans – Rhetoric and Reality. New York: Algora Publishing.
- Frank, Thomas. What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (2005).
- Frum, David. What's Right: The New Conservative Majority and the Remaking of America (1996).
- Gould, Lewis (2003). Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans. ISBN 0-375-50741-8.
- Jensen, Richard (1983). Grass Roots Politics: Parties, Issues, and Voters, 1854–1983. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-6382-X.
- Judis, John B. and Ruy Teixeira. The Emerging Democratic Majority (2004), two Democrats project social trends.
- Kabaservice, Geoffrey. Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party (2012) scholarly history ISBN 978-0199768400.
- Kleppner, Paul, et al. The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1983), applies party systems model.
- Kurian, George Thomas ed. The Encyclopedia of the Republican Party (4 vol., 2002).
- Lamis, Alexander P. ed. Southern Politics in the 1990s (1999).
- Levendusky, Matthew. The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans (2009). Chicago Studies in American Politics.
- Mason, Robert. The Republican Party and American Politics from Hoover to Reagan (2011).
- Mason, Robert and Morgan, Iwan (eds.) Seeking a New Majority: The Republican Party and American Politics, 1960–1980. (2013) Nashville, TN. Vanderbilt University Press. 2013.
- Mayer, George H. The Republican Party, 1854–1966. 2d ed. (1967).
- Oakes, James. The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution (W.W. Norton, 2021).
- Oakes, James. Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865 (W. W. Norton, 2012)
- Perlstein, Rick. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (2002), broad account of 1964.
- Perlstein, Rick. Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (2009).
- Reinhard, David W. The Republican Right since 1945 (1983).
- Rutland, Robert Allen. The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush (1996).
- Sabato, Larry J. Divided States of America: The Slash and Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election (2005).
- Sabato, Larry J. and Bruce Larson. The Party's Just Begun: Shaping Political Parties for America's Future (2001), textbook.
- Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). Essays on the most important election are reprinted in Schlesinger, The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972).
- Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (2001), long essays by specialists on each time period:
- includes: "To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs": 1820–1865 by Joel H. Silbey; "Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835–1885" by Michael F. Holt; "The Transformation of American Politics: 1865–1910" by Peter H. Argersinger; "Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885–1930" by Richard Jensen; "The Limits of Federal Power and Social Policy: 1910–1955" by Anthony J. Badger; "The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness: 1930–1980" by James T. Patterson; and "Economic Growth, Issue Evolution, and Divided Government: 1955–2000" by Byron E. Shafer.
- Shafer, Byron and Richard Johnston. The End of Southern Exceptionalism (2006), uses statistical election data and polls to argue GOP growth was primarily a response to economic change.
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- Sundquist, James L. Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States (1983).
- Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America (2004).
enlaces externos
- Republican National Committee
- Senate Republican Conference
- House Republican Conference
- National Republican Senatorial Committee
- National Republican Congressional Committee
- Republican Governors Association
- Republican State Leadership Committee
- National Black Republican Association
- Young Republican National Federation
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- 2016 National Platform