Michigan ( / m del ɪ ʃ del ɪ del ɡ ən / ( escuchar ) ) es un estado en el Great Lakes y la parte superior del medio oeste de Estados Unidos . Su nombre proviene de la palabra Ojibwe ᒥᓯᑲᒥ mishigami , [7] que significa "agua grande" o "lago grande". [2] [8] Con una población de aproximadamente 10 millones, Michigan es el décimo estado más poblado , el undécimo estado más extenso por área y el más grande por área al este del río Mississippi .[b] Su capital es Lansing y su ciudad más grande es Detroit . Metro Detroit se encuentra entre las economías metropolitanas más pobladas y grandes del país.
Michigan | |
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Estado de Michigan | |
Apodo (s): "El estado del gran lago (s)", [1] "El estado de Wolverine", "El estado de la manopla", "El país de las maravillas del agua (invierno)" | |
Lema (s): Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice (inglés: "Si buscas una península agradable, mira a tu alrededor") | |
Himno: " Mi Michigan " | |
Mapa de los Estados Unidos con Michigan resaltado | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Antes de la estadidad | Territorio de Michigan |
Admitido en la Unión | 26 de enero de 1837 (26 de enero) |
Capital | Lansing |
Ciudad más grande | Detroit |
Metro más grande | Metro Detroit |
Gobierno | |
• Gobernador | Gretchen Whitmer ( D ) |
• Vicegobernador | Garlin Gilchrist (D) |
Legislatura | Legislatura de Michigan |
• Cámara alta | Senado |
• Cámara baja | Cámara de los Representantes |
Judicial | Tribunal Supremo de Michigan |
Senadores estadounidenses | Debbie Stabenow (D) Gary Peters (D) |
Delegación de la Cámara de los Estados Unidos | 7 demócratas 7 republicanos ( lista ) |
Área | |
• Total | 96.716 millas cuadradas (250.493 km 2 ) |
Rango de área | 11º |
Dimensiones | |
• Largo | 456 [2] mi (734 km) |
• Ancho | 386 [2] millas (621 km) |
Elevación | 900 pies (270 m) |
Elevación más alta ( Monte Arvon [3] [a] ) | 1.979 pies (603 m) |
Elevación más baja ( Lago Erie [3] [a] ) | 571 pies (174 m) |
Población (2020) | |
• Total | 10.077.331 [4] |
• Rango | Décimo |
• Densidad | 174 / millas cuadradas (67,1 / km 2 ) |
• Rango de densidad | 17 |
• Ingreso familiar promedio | $ 54,909 [5] |
• Rango de ingresos | 34º |
Demonym (s) | Michigander , Michiganian, Yooper (para residentes de la península superior) [6] |
Idioma | |
• Idioma oficial | Ninguno (inglés, de facto ) |
• Idioma hablado | Inglés 91,11% Español 2,93% Árabe 1,04% Otro 4,92% |
Zonas horarias | |
la mayor parte del estado | UTC − 05: 00 ( Este ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 04: 00 ( EDT ) |
4 condados UP ( Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson y Menominee ) | UTC − 06: 00 ( hora central ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 05: 00 ( CDT ) |
Abreviatura de USPS | MI |
Código ISO 3166 | US-MI |
Abreviatura tradicional | Mich. |
Latitud | 41 ° 41 ′ N hasta 48 ° 18 ′ N |
Longitud | 82 ° 7 ′ W hasta 90 ° 25 ′ W |
Sitio web | www .michigan .gov |
Símbolos del estado de Michigan | |
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Insignia viviente | |
Pájaro | Petirrojo americano ( Turdus migratorius ) |
Pescado | Trucha de arroyo ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) |
Flor | Flor de manzano ( Malus domestica ) Flor silvestre: Iris de lago enano ( Iris lacustris ) |
Mamífero | No oficial: Lobezno ( Gulo gulo luscus ) Animal de caza: venado cola blanca ( Odocoileus virginianus ) |
Reptil | Tortuga pintada ( Chrysemys picta ) |
Árbol | Pino blanco del este ( Pinus strobus ) |
Insignia inanimada | |
Fósil | Mastodonte ( Mammut americanum ) |
Piedra preciosa | Isle Royale piedra verde |
Roca | Piedra Petoskey |
Tierra | Arena Kalkaska |
Marcador de ruta estatal | |
Barrio del estado | |
Lanzado en 2004 | |
Listas de símbolos estatales de Estados Unidos |
Michigan es el único estado que consta de dos penínsulas . La península inferior tiene la forma de una manopla . La península superior (a menudo llamada "la UP") está separada de la península inferior por el estrecho de Mackinac , un canal de cinco millas (8 km) que une el lago Huron con el lago Michigan . El puente Mackinac conecta las penínsulas. Michigan tiene la costa de agua dulce más larga de todas las subdivisiones políticas del mundo, y está bordeada por cuatro de los cinco Grandes Lagos , más el lago St. Clair . [9] También tiene 64.980 lagos y estanques interiores . [10]
El área fue ocupada por primera vez por una sucesión de tribus nativas americanas durante miles de años. Habitada por nativos, métis y exploradores franceses en el siglo XVII, fue reclamada como parte de la colonia de Nueva Francia . Después de la derrota de Francia en la Guerra de Francia e India en 1762, la región quedó bajo el dominio británico. Gran Bretaña cedió el territorio a los Estados Unidos recién independizados después de la derrota británica en la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos . El área fue parte del Territorio del Noroeste más grande hasta 1800, cuando el oeste de Michigan se convirtió en parte del Territorio de Indiana . El Territorio de Michigan se formó en 1805, pero parte de la frontera norte con Canadá no se acordó hasta después de la Guerra de 1812 . Michigan fue admitido en la Unión en 1837 como el vigésimo sexto estado, uno libre . Pronto se convirtió en un importante centro de industria y comercio en la región de los Grandes Lagos y en un popular destino de emigrantes a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX; La inmigración de muchos países europeos a Michigan también fue la más activa en ese momento, especialmente para aquellos que emigraron de Finlandia , Macedonia y los Países Bajos . [11]
Aunque Michigan desarrolló una economía diversa, es ampliamente conocida como el centro de la industria automotriz estadounidense , que se desarrolló como una fuerza económica importante a principios del siglo XX. Es el hogar de las tres principales empresas de automóviles del país (cuyas oficinas centrales se encuentran en el área metropolitana de Detroit). Aunque escasamente poblada, la Península Superior es importante para el turismo debido a su abundancia de recursos naturales, [12] [13] mientras que la Península Inferior es un centro de manufactura , silvicultura, agricultura , servicios e industria de alta tecnología .
Historia
Cuando llegaron los primeros exploradores europeos, las tribus más pobladas eran los pueblos algonquinos , que incluyen los grupos anishinaabe de Ojibwe (denominados "Chippewa" en los Estados Unidos), Odaawaa / Odawa (Ottawa) y los Boodewaadamii / Bodéwadmi (Potawatomi). . Las tres naciones coexistieron pacíficamente como parte de una confederación flexible llamada Consejo de los Tres Fuegos . Los Ojibwe, cuyo número se estima entre 25.000 y 35.000, fueron los más grandes.
Los Ojibwe se establecieron en la Península Superior de Michigan y en el norte y centro de Michigan , y también habitaban Ontario y el sur de Manitoba , Canadá; y el norte de Wisconsin , y el norte y centro-norte de Minnesota . Los Ottawa vivían principalmente al sur del Estrecho de Mackinac en el norte, oeste y sur de Michigan , pero también en el sur de Ontario, el norte de Ohio y el este de Wisconsin. Los Potawatomi estaban en el sur y oeste de Michigan, además del norte y centro de Indiana, el norte de Illinois, el sur de Wisconsin y el sur de Ontario. Otras tribus algonquinas en Michigan, en el sur y el este, fueron los Mascouten , los Menominee , los Miami , los Sac (o Sauk) y los Meskwaki (Fox) . Los wyandot eran un pueblo de habla iroquesa en esta área; históricamente fueron conocidos como los hurones por los franceses.
siglo 17
Voyageurs y coureurs des bois franceses exploraron y se establecieron en Michigan en el siglo XVII. Los primeros europeos en llegar a lo que se convirtió en Michigan fueron los de la expedición de Étienne Brûlé en 1622. El primer asentamiento europeo permanente se fundó en 1668 en el lugar donde Père Jacques Marquette estableció Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan , como base para misiones católicas. [14] [15] Los misioneros en 1671–75 fundaron estaciones periféricas en Saint Ignace y Marquette . Los misioneros jesuitas fueron bien recibidos por la población indígena de la zona, con pocas dificultades u hostilidades. En 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle construyó Fort Miami en el actual St. Joseph . En 1691, los franceses establecieron un puesto comercial y el Fuerte St. Joseph a lo largo del río St. Joseph en la actual ciudad de Niles .
siglo 18
En 1701, el explorador francés y oficial del ejército Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac fundó Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit o "Fort Pontchartrain on-the-Strait" en el estrecho, conocido como el río Detroit , entre los lagos Saint Clair y Erie . Cadillac había convencido al primer ministro del rey Luis XIV , Louis Phélypeaux, conde de Pontchartrain , de que una comunidad permanente allí reforzaría el control francés sobre la parte superior de los Grandes Lagos y desalentaría las aspiraciones británicas .
Los cien soldados y trabajadores que acompañaron a Cadillac construyeron un fuerte que encerraba un arpe [16] [17] (aproximadamente 0,85 acres (3400 m 2 ), el equivalente a poco menos de 200 pies (61 m) por lado) y lo llamaron Fort Pontchartrain . La esposa de Cadillac, Marie Thérèse Guyon, pronto se mudó a Detroit, convirtiéndose en una de las primeras mujeres europeas en establecerse en lo que se consideraba el desierto de Michigan. La ciudad se convirtió rápidamente en un importante puesto de comercio y envío de pieles . La Église de Saint-Anne (Iglesia de Santa Ana) se fundó el mismo año. Si bien el edificio original no sobrevive, la congregación permanece activa. Cadillac más tarde partió para servir como gobernador francés de Luisiana de 1710 a 1716. Los intentos franceses de consolidar el comercio de pieles llevaron a las Guerras Fox que involucraron a Meskwaki (Fox) y sus aliados contra los franceses y sus aliados nativos.
Al mismo tiempo, los franceses fortalecieron Fort Michilimackinac en el Estrecho de Mackinac para controlar mejor su lucrativo imperio de comercio de pieles. A mediados del siglo XVIII, los franceses también ocuparon fuertes en las actuales Niles y Sault Ste. Marie, aunque la mayor parte del resto de la región seguía sin ser colonizada por los europeos. Francia ofreció tierras gratis para atraer familias a Detroit, que creció a 800 personas en 1765, y era la ciudad más grande entre Montreal y Nueva Orleans. [18] Los colonos franceses también establecieron pequeñas granjas al sur del río Detroit frente al fuerte, cerca de una misión jesuita y una aldea de los hurones.
Desde 1660 hasta el final del dominio francés, Michigan fue parte de la Provincia Real de Nueva Francia . [c] En 1760, Montreal cayó ante las fuerzas británicas que pusieron fin a la guerra francesa e india (1754-1763). Bajo el Tratado de París de 1763 , Michigan y el resto de Nueva Francia al este del río Mississippi pasaron a Gran Bretaña. [19] Después de la aprobación de la Ley de Quebec en 1774, Michigan pasó a formar parte de la provincia británica de Quebec . En 1778, la población de Detroit era de 2.144 habitantes y era la tercera ciudad más grande de Quebec. [20]
Durante la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos , Detroit fue un importante centro de suministro británico. La mayoría de los habitantes eran francocanadienses o nativos americanos, muchos de los cuales se habían aliado con los franceses debido a largos lazos comerciales. Debido a la cartografía imprecisa y al lenguaje poco claro que definía los límites en el Tratado de París de 1783 , los británicos retuvieron el control de Detroit y Michigan después de la Revolución Americana . Cuando Quebec se dividió en el Bajo y Alto Canadá en 1791, Michigan era parte del condado de Kent , Alto Canadá. Celebró sus primeras elecciones democráticas en agosto de 1792 para enviar delegados al nuevo parlamento provincial en Newark (ahora Niagara-on-the-Lake ). [21]
Según los términos negociados en el Tratado Jay de 1794 , Gran Bretaña se retiró de Detroit y Michilimackinac en 1796. Conservó el control del territorio al este y al sur del río Detroit, que ahora se incluye en Ontario, Canadá. Las preguntas permanecieron sobre la frontera durante muchos años, y Estados Unidos no tuvo un control indiscutible de la península superior y la isla Drummond hasta 1818 y 1847, respectivamente.
Siglo 19
Durante la Guerra de 1812 , las fuerzas de Estados Unidos en Fort Detroit se rindieron en el Territorio de Michigan (que en realidad consiste en Detroit y el área circundante) después de un asedio casi incruenta en 1812. Un intento de Estados Unidos de retomar Detroit resultó en una severa derrota estadounidense en el río Raisin. Masacre . Esta batalla, todavía clasificada como la más sangrienta jamás librada en el estado, tuvo el mayor número de bajas estadounidenses de cualquier batalla en la guerra.
Michigan fue recapturada por los estadounidenses en 1813 después de la batalla del lago Erie . Utilizaron Michigan como base para lanzar una invasión de Canadá, que culminó en la Batalla del Támesis . Pero las áreas más al norte de Michigan fueron controladas por los británicos hasta que el tratado de paz restauró las antiguas fronteras. Estados Unidos construyó varias fortalezas, incluido Fort Wayne , en Michigan durante el siglo XIX por temor a que se reanudaran los enfrentamientos con Gran Bretaña.
El gobernador y los jueces del Territorio de Michigan establecieron la Universidad de Michigan en 1817, como Catholepistemiad, o Universidad de Michigania.
La población creció lentamente hasta la apertura en 1825 del Canal Erie a través del Valle Mohawk en Nueva York, conectando los Grandes Lagos con el Río Hudson y la Ciudad de Nueva York. La nueva ruta atrajo una gran afluencia de colonos al territorio de Michigan. Trabajaban como agricultores, leñadores, constructores de barcos y comerciantes y enviaban grano, madera y mineral de hierro. En la década de 1830, Michigan tenía 80.000 residentes, más que suficiente para solicitar y calificar para la estadidad.
Se llevó a cabo una Convención Constitucional de Asentimiento, dirigida por Gershom Mott Williams , para llevar el territorio a la estadidad. [22] En octubre de 1835 el pueblo aprobó la Constitución de 1835, formando así un gobierno estatal, aunque el reconocimiento del Congreso se retrasó en espera de la resolución de una disputa fronteriza con Ohio conocida como la Guerra de Toledo . El Congreso otorgó la "Franja de Toledo" a Ohio. Michigan recibió la parte occidental de la Península Superior como concesión y entró formalmente en la Unión como estado libre el 26 de enero de 1837. La Península Superior resultó ser una rica fuente de madera, hierro y cobre. Michigan lideró la nación en la producción de madera desde la década de 1850 hasta la de 1880. Los ferrocarriles se convirtieron en un importante motor de crecimiento desde la década de 1850 en adelante, con Detroit como el centro principal .
Una segunda ola de inmigrantes francocanadienses se estableció en Michigan entre fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, trabajando en áreas madereras en condados en el lado del lago Huron de la península inferior, como los condados de Saginaw Valley, Alpena y Cheboygan, también como en toda la Península Superior, con grandes concentraciones en Escanaba y la Península de Keweenaw . [23] Este fue también un período de desarrollo de la industria del yeso en Alabaster, Michigan , que se convirtió en un lugar destacado a nivel nacional.
La primera reunión estatal del Partido Republicano tuvo lugar el 6 de julio de 1854 en Jackson, Michigan , donde el partido adoptó su plataforma. El estado fue fuertemente republicano hasta la década de 1930. Michigan hizo una contribución significativa a la Unión en la Guerra Civil Americana y envió más de cuarenta regimientos de voluntarios a los ejércitos federales.
Michigan modernizó y amplió su sistema de educación en este período. La Escuela Normal del Estado de Michigan, ahora Universidad del Este de Michigan , fue fundada en 1849, para la formación de profesores. Adoptó este modelo del sistema educativo alemán. En 1899, Michigan State se convirtió en la primera universidad normal del país en ofrecer un plan de estudios de cuatro años. Michigan Agricultural College (1855), ahora Michigan State University en East Lansing , fue fundada como la universidad pionera en concesión de tierras , un modelo para aquellos autorizados bajo la Ley Morrill (1862). También se fundaron muchas universidades privadas y las ciudades más pequeñas establecieron escuelas secundarias a fines de siglo. [24]
Siglos XX y XXI
La economía de Michigan experimentó una transformación a principios del siglo XX. Muchas personas, incluidos Ransom E. Olds , John y Horace Dodge , Henry Leland , David Dunbar Buick , Henry Joy , Charles King y Henry Ford , proporcionaron la concentración de conocimientos de ingeniería y entusiasmo tecnológico para desarrollar la industria automotriz . [25] El desarrollo de Ford de la línea de montaje en movimiento en Highland Park marcó una nueva era en el transporte. Al igual que el barco de vapor y el ferrocarril, la producción en masa de automóviles fue un desarrollo de gran alcance. Más que las formas de transporte público, el automóvil asequible transformó la vida privada. La producción de automóviles se convirtió en la principal industria de Detroit y Michigan y alteró permanentemente la vida socioeconómica de los Estados Unidos y gran parte del mundo.
Con el crecimiento, la industria automotriz creó empleos en Detroit que atrajeron a inmigrantes de Europa y de todo Estados Unidos, incluidos negros y blancos del sur rural . En 1920, Detroit era la cuarta ciudad más grande de Estados Unidos. Las viviendas residenciales escaseaban y el mercado tardó años en ponerse al día con el boom demográfico. En la década de 1930, habían llegado tantos inmigrantes que se hablaban más de 30 idiomas en las escuelas públicas y las comunidades étnicas celebraban en festivales anuales del patrimonio. A lo largo de los años, los inmigrantes y los migrantes contribuyeron enormemente a la diversa cultura urbana de Detroit, incluidas las tendencias de la música popular. El influyente Motown Sound de la década de 1960 fue dirigido por una variedad de cantantes y grupos individuales.
Grand Rapids , la segunda ciudad más grande de Michigan, también es un importante centro de fabricación. Desde 1838, la ciudad se ha destacado por su industria del mueble. En el siglo XXI, es el hogar de cinco de las principales empresas de mobiliario de oficina del mundo. Grand Rapids es el hogar de varias empresas importantes, incluidas Steelcase , Amway y Meijer . Grand Rapids también es un centro importante para GE Aviation Systems .
Michigan celebró sus primeras elecciones primarias presidenciales en los Estados Unidos en 1910. Con su rápido crecimiento en la industria, fue un importante centro de organización sindical en toda la industria, como el surgimiento de United Auto Workers .
En 1920 WWJ (AM) en Detroit se convirtió en la primera estación de radio en los Estados Unidos en transmitir programas comerciales regularmente. A lo largo de esa década, se construyeron en la ciudad algunos de los rascacielos más grandes y ornamentados del país. Particularmente dignos de mención son el Edificio Fisher , Cadillac Place y el Edificio Guardian , cada uno de los cuales ha sido designado como Monumento Histórico Nacional (NHL).
En 1927 se produjo un atentado con bomba en una escuela en el condado de Clinton . El desastre de la escuela de Bath , perpetrado por un hombre adulto, resultó en la muerte de 38 escolares y constituye el asesinato en masa más mortífero en una escuela en la historia de Estados Unidos.
Michigan convirtió gran parte de su fabricación para satisfacer las necesidades de defensa durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial; fabricó el 10,9 por ciento del armamento militar de Estados Unidos producido durante la guerra, ocupando el segundo lugar (detrás de Nueva York ) entre los 48 estados. [26]
Detroit continuó expandiéndose a lo largo de la década de 1950, en un momento dado, duplicó su población en una década. Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , la vivienda se desarrolló en áreas suburbanas fuera de los núcleos de la ciudad para satisfacer la demanda de residencias. El gobierno federal subsidió la construcción de carreteras interestatales , que estaban destinadas a fortalecer el acceso militar, pero también permitieron que los pasajeros y el tráfico comercial viajaran por la región con mayor facilidad. Desde 1960, los avances modernos en la industria automotriz han llevado a una mayor automatización, industria de alta tecnología y un mayor crecimiento suburbano.
Michigan es el estado líder en la producción de automóviles en los EE. UU., Con la industria ubicada principalmente en todo el medio oeste de los Estados Unidos ; Ontario, Canadá; y el sur de Estados Unidos. [27] Con casi diez millones de residentes, Michigan es un estado grande e influyente, que ocupa el décimo lugar en población entre los cincuenta estados. Detroit es el área metropolitana ubicada en el centro de la Megalópolis de los Grandes Lagos y la segunda área metropolitana más grande de los EE. UU. (Después de Chicago ) que une el sistema de los Grandes Lagos .
El área metropolitana de Detroit en el sureste de Michigan es el área metropolitana más grande del estado (aproximadamente el 50% de la población reside allí) y la undécima más grande de los Estados Unidos. El área metropolitana de Grand Rapids en el oeste de Michigan es el área metropolitana de más rápido crecimiento del estado, con más de 1.3 millones de residentes en 2006.[actualizar]. Metro Detroit recibe más de 15 millones de visitantes cada año. Michigan tiene muchos destinos turísticos populares, incluidas áreas como Frankenmuth en The Thumb y Traverse City en Grand Traverse Bay en el norte de Michigan. Los turistas gastan alrededor de $ 17 mil millones al año en Michigan para mantener 193,000 empleos. [28]
Michigan generalmente ocupa el tercer o cuarto lugar en los gastos generales de investigación y desarrollo (I + D) en los EE. UU. [29] [30] Las principales instituciones de investigación del estado incluyen la Universidad de Michigan, la Universidad Estatal de Michigan y la Universidad Estatal Wayne , que son socios importantes en la economía del estado y el Corredor de Investigación Universitaria del estado . [31] Las universidades públicas de Michigan atraen más de $ 1.5 mil millones en subvenciones para investigación y desarrollo cada año. [32] La agricultura también desempeña un papel importante, lo que convierte al estado en un productor líder de frutas en los Estados Unidos, incluidos arándanos, cerezas, manzanas, uvas y melocotones. [33]
Gobierno
Gobierno estatal
Michigan se gobierna como una república, con tres ramas de gobierno : la rama ejecutiva que consiste en el gobernador de Michigan y los otros funcionarios constitucionales elegidos independientemente; el poder legislativo compuesto por la Cámara de Representantes y el Senado ; y el Poder Judicial . La Constitución de Michigan permite la participación directa del electorado por iniciativa estatutaria y referéndum , revocación e iniciativa constitucional y remisión (artículo II, § 9, [34] definido como "el poder de proponer leyes y promulgar y rechazar leyes, llamado la iniciativa, y el poder de aprobar o rechazar leyes promulgadas por el legislativo, llamado referéndum. El poder de iniciativa se extiende solo a las leyes que el legislativo puede promulgar bajo esta constitución "). Lansing es la capital del estado y alberga las tres ramas del gobierno estatal.
El gobernador y los demás funcionarios constitucionales estatales cumplen mandatos de cuatro años y pueden ser reelegidos solo una vez. La gobernadora actual es Gretchen Whitmer . Michigan tiene dos residencias oficiales del gobernador ; uno está en Lansing y el otro está en la isla Mackinac . Los otros funcionarios ejecutivos elegidos constitucionalmente son el vicegobernador , quien es elegido en una boleta conjunta con el gobernador, el secretario de estado y el fiscal general . El vicegobernador preside el Senado (votando solo en caso de empate) y también es miembro del gabinete. El secretario de estado es el director de elecciones y está a cargo de ejecutar muchos programas de licencias, incluidos los vehículos motorizados, todos los cuales se realizan a través de las sucursales del secretario de estado.
La Legislatura de Michigan consta de un Senado de 38 miembros y una Cámara de Representantes de 110 miembros. Los miembros de ambas cámaras de la legislatura son elegidos a través de las elecciones posteriores a las elecciones por distritos electorales de un solo miembro de población casi igual que a menudo tienen límites que coinciden con los límites del condado y municipales. Los senadores sirven términos de cuatro años concurrentes a los del gobernador, mientras que los representantes sirven términos de dos años. El Capitolio del Estado de Michigan se inauguró en 1879 y desde entonces ha albergado a las ramas ejecutiva y legislativa del estado.
El poder judicial de Michigan consta de dos tribunales con jurisdicción primaria (los Tribunales de Circuito y los Tribunales de Distrito), un tribunal de apelaciones de nivel intermedio (el Tribunal de Apelaciones de Michigan ) y el Tribunal Supremo de Michigan . Hay varios tribunales administrativos y tribunales especializados. Los tribunales de distrito son tribunales de primera instancia de jurisdicción limitada , que manejan la mayoría de las infracciones de tránsito, reclamos menores , delitos menores y juicios civiles en los que la cantidad reclamada es inferior a $ 25,000. Los tribunales de distrito a menudo son responsables de manejar el examen preliminar y de fijar la fianza en casos de delitos graves. Los jueces de los tribunales de distrito se eligen por períodos de seis años. En algunos lugares, los tribunales municipales se han mantenido con exclusión del establecimiento de tribunales de distrito. Hay 57 tribunales de circuito en el estado de Michigan, que tienen jurisdicción original sobre todas las demandas civiles donde la cantidad contenida en el caso excede los $ 25,000 y todos los casos penales que involucran delitos graves . Los tribunales de circuito son también los únicos tribunales de primera instancia en el estado de Michigan que tienen el poder de emitir recursos equitativos . Los tribunales de circuito tienen jurisdicción de apelación de los tribunales de distrito y municipales, así como de las decisiones y decretos de las agencias estatales. La mayoría de los condados tienen su propio tribunal de circuito, pero los condados escasamente poblados a menudo los comparten. Los jueces de los tribunales de circuito se eligen por períodos de seis años. Los jueces de los tribunales de apelación estatales son elegidos por períodos de seis años, pero las vacantes se cubren mediante un nombramiento del gobernador. Hay cuatro divisiones de la Corte de Apelaciones en Detroit, Grand Rapids, Lansing y Marquette. Los casos son examinados por la Corte de Apelaciones por paneles de tres jueces, quienes examinan la aplicación de la ley y no los hechos del caso, a menos que haya habido un error grave relacionado con cuestiones de hecho. La Corte Suprema de Michigan consta de siete miembros que son elegidos en votaciones no partidistas por períodos escalonados de ocho años. La Corte Suprema tiene jurisdicción original solo en circunstancias limitadas, pero tiene jurisdicción de apelación sobre todo el sistema judicial estatal.
Ley
Michigan ha tenido cuatro constituciones, la primera de las cuales fue ratificada el 5 y 6 de octubre de 1835. [35] También hubo constituciones de 1850 y 1908, además de la constitución actual de 1963. El documento actual tiene un preámbulo, 11 artículos , y una sección que consta de un cronograma y disposiciones temporales. Michigan, como todos los estados de EE. UU. Excepto Luisiana , tiene un sistema legal de derecho consuetudinario .
Política
Los votantes de Michigan comúnmente eligen candidatos de los dos partidos principales, y generalmente se lo considera un estado "cambiante" que pueden ganar los candidatos presidenciales demócratas o republicanos . Los gobernadores desde la década de 1970 se han alternado entre los dos partidos, y los cargos estatales, incluidos el fiscal general , el secretario de estado y el senador, han estado ocupados por miembros de ambos partidos en proporciones variables. El Partido Republicano tiene mayoría tanto en la Cámara como en el Senado de la Legislatura de Michigan. La delegación del Congreso del estado está comúnmente dividida, con un partido u otro que normalmente tiene una mayoría estrecha.
Michigan fue el hogar de Gerald Ford , el 38º presidente de los Estados Unidos. Nacido en Nebraska, se mudó de niño a Grand Rapids. [36] [37] El Museo Gerald R. Ford está en Grand Rapids, y la Biblioteca Presidencial Gerald R. Ford está en el campus de su alma mater, la Universidad de Michigan en Ann Arbor.
divisiones administrativas
El gobierno estatal está descentralizado en tres niveles: en todo el estado, condado y municipio . Los condados son divisiones administrativas del estado y los municipios son divisiones administrativas de un condado. Ambos ejercen la autoridad del gobierno estatal, localizada para satisfacer las necesidades particulares de sus jurisdicciones, según lo dispuesto por la ley estatal. Hay 83 condados en Michigan .
Ciudades, universidades estatales , y pueblos están investidos de la regla casa potencias de diversos grados. Las ciudades autónomas generalmente pueden hacer cualquier cosa que no esté prohibida por la ley. Las quince universidades estatales tienen un poder amplio y pueden hacer cualquier cosa dentro de los parámetros de su condición de instituciones educativas que no esté prohibida por la constitución estatal. Las aldeas, por el contrario, tienen una autonomía limitada y no son completamente autónomas del condado y municipio en el que están ubicadas.
Hay dos tipos de municipio en Michigan: municipio de derecho general y estatuto . El estatuto de municipio autónomo fue creado por la Legislatura en 1947 y otorga poderes adicionales y una administración simplificada para brindar una mayor protección contra la anexión de una ciudad. En abril de 2001[actualizar], había 127 municipios charter en Michigan. En general, los municipios charter tienen muchos de los mismos poderes que una ciudad pero sin el mismo nivel de obligaciones. Por ejemplo, un municipio autónomo puede tener su propio departamento de bomberos, departamento de agua y alcantarillado, departamento de policía, etc., como una ciudad, pero no es necesario que tenga esas cosas, mientras que las ciudades deben proporcionar esos servicios. Los municipios autónomos pueden optar por utilizar los servicios de todo el condado, como los diputados de la oficina del alguacil del condado en lugar de una fuerza de oficiales de ordenanza en el hogar.
Geografía
Michigan consta de dos penínsulas separadas por el estrecho de Mackinac. El paralelo 45 norte atraviesa el estado, marcado por señales de carretera y el sendero Polar-Equator, [39] [ fuente autoeditada ] a lo largo de una línea que incluye Mission Point Light cerca de Traverse City, las ciudades de Gaylord y Alpena en la península inferior y Menominee en la Península Superior. Con la excepción de dos pequeñas áreas drenadas por el río Mississippi a través del río Wisconsin en la península superior y a través del río Kankakee - Illinois en la península inferior, Michigan es drenado por la cuenca hidrográfica de los Grandes Lagos y San Lorenzo y es el único estado con la mayor parte de su tierra así drenada. Ningún punto en el estado está a más de seis millas (9,7 km) de una fuente de agua natural oa más de 85 millas (137 km) de la costa de los Grandes Lagos. [40] [se necesita una mejor fuente ]
The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and Indiana, sharing land and water boundaries with both. Michigan's western boundaries are almost entirely water boundaries, from south to north, with Illinois and Wisconsin in Lake Michigan; then a land boundary with Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula, that is principally demarcated by the Menominee and Montreal Rivers; then water boundaries again, in Lake Superior, with Wisconsin and Minnesota to the west, capped around by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north and east.
The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west. The Porcupine Mountains, which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the world,[41] rise to an altitude of almost 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level and form the watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The surface on either side of this range is rugged. The state's highest point, in the Huron Mountains northwest of Marquette, is Mount Arvon at 1,979 feet (603 m). The peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. They are sometimes called "Yoopers" (from "U.P.'ers"), and their speech (the "Yooper dialect") has been heavily influenced by the numerous Scandinavian and Canadian immigrants who settled the area during the lumbering and mining boom of the late 19th century.
The Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten and many residents hold up a hand to depict where they are from.[42] It is 277 miles (446 km) long from north to south and 195 miles (314 km) from east to west and occupies nearly two-thirds of the state's land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet (520 m), or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m).
The geographic orientation of Michigan's peninsulas makes for a long distance between the ends of the state. Ironwood, in the far western Upper Peninsula, lies 630 miles (1,010 kilometers) by highway from Lambertville in the Lower Peninsula's southeastern corner. The geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigan's political and population centers makes the U.P. culturally and economically distinct. Occasionally U.P. residents have called for secession from Michigan and establishment as a new state to be called "Superior".
A feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is the Thumb. This peninsula projects out into Lake Huron and the Saginaw Bay. The geography of the Thumb is mainly flat with a few rolling hills. Other peninsulas of Michigan include the Keweenaw Peninsula, making up the Copper Country region of the state. The Leelanau Peninsula lies in the Northern Lower Michigan region. See Also Michigan Regions
Numerous lakes and marshes mark both peninsulas, and the coast is much indented. Keweenaw Bay, Whitefish Bay, and the Big and Little Bays De Noc are the principal indentations on the Upper Peninsula. The Grand and Little Traverse, Thunder, and Saginaw bays indent the Lower Peninsula. Michigan has the second longest shoreline of any state—3,288 miles (5,292 km),[43] including 1,056 miles (1,699 km) of island shoreline.[44]
The state has numerous large islands, the principal ones being the North Manitou and South Manitou, Beaver, and Fox groups in Lake Michigan; Isle Royale and Grande Isle in Lake Superior; Marquette, Bois Blanc, and Mackinac islands in Lake Huron; and Neebish, Sugar, and Drummond islands in St. Mary's River. Michigan has about 150 lighthouses, the most of any U.S. state. The first lighthouses in Michigan were built between 1818 and 1822. They were built to project light at night and to serve as a landmark during the day to safely guide the passenger ships and freighters traveling the Great Lakes. See Lighthouses in the United States.
The state's rivers are generally small, short and shallow, and few are navigable. The principal ones include the Detroit River, St. Marys River, and St. Clair River which connect the Great Lakes; the Au Sable, Cheboygan, and Saginaw, which flow into Lake Huron; the Ontonagon, and Tahquamenon, which flow into Lake Superior; and the St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon, Manistee, and Escanaba, which flow into Lake Michigan. The state has 11,037 inland lakes—totaling 1,305 square miles (3,380 km2) of inland water—in addition to 38,575 square miles (99,910 km2) of Great Lakes waters. No point in Michigan is more than six miles (9.7 km) from an inland lake or more than 85 miles (137 km) from one of the Great Lakes.[45]
The state is home to several areas maintained by the National Park Service including: Isle Royale National Park, in Lake Superior, about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Other national protected areas in the state include: Keweenaw National Historical Park, Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Huron National Forest, Manistee National Forest, Hiawatha National Forest, Ottawa National Forest and Father Marquette National Memorial. The largest section of the North Country National Scenic Trail passes through Michigan.
With 78 state parks, 19 state recreation areas, and six state forests, Michigan has the largest state park and state forest system of any state.
Climate
Michigan has a continental climate, although there are two distinct regions. The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters. The northern part of Lower Peninsula and the entire Upper Peninsula has a more severe climate (Köppen Dfb), with warm, but shorter summers and longer, cold to very cold winters. Some parts of the state average high temperatures below freezing from December through February, and into early March in the far northern parts. During the winter through the middle of February, the state is frequently subjected to heavy lake-effect snow. The state averages from 30 to 40 inches (76 to 102 cm) of precipitation annually; however, some areas in the northern lower peninsula and the upper peninsula average almost 160 inches (4,100 mm) of snowfall per year.[46] Michigan's highest recorded temperature is 112 °F (44 °C) at Mio on July 13, 1936, and the coldest recorded temperature is −51 °F (−46 °C) at Vanderbilt on February 9, 1934.[47]
The state averages 30 days of thunderstorm activity per year. These can be severe, especially in the southern part of the state. The state averages 17 tornadoes per year, which are more common in the state's extreme southern section. Portions of the southern border have been almost as vulnerable historically as states further west and in Tornado Alley. For this reason, many communities in the very southern portions of the state have tornado sirens to warn residents of approaching tornadoes. Farther north, in Central Michigan, Northern Michigan, and the Upper Peninsula, tornadoes are rare.[48][49]
Geology
The geological formation of the state is greatly varied, with the Michigan Basin being the most major formation. Primary boulders are found over the entire surface of the Upper Peninsula (being principally of primitive origin), while Secondary deposits cover the entire Lower Peninsula. The Upper Peninsula exhibits Lower Silurian sandstones, limestones, copper and iron bearing rocks, corresponding to the Huronian system of Canada. The central portion of the Lower Peninsula contains coal measures and rocks of the Pennsylvanian period. Devonian and sub-Carboniferous deposits are scattered over the entire state.
Michigan rarely experiences earthquakes, and those that it does experience are generally smaller ones that do not cause significant damage. A 4.6-magnitude earthquake struck in August 1947. More recently, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake occurred on Saturday, May 2, 2015, shortly after noon, about five miles south of Galesburg, Michigan (9 miles southeast of Kalamazoo) in central Michigan, about 140 miles west of Detroit, according to the Colorado-based U.S. Geological Survey's National Earthquake Information Center. No major damage or injuries were reported, according to Governor Rick Snyder's office.[50]
Demografía
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1800 | 3,757 | — | |
1810 | 4,762 | 26.8% | |
1820 | 7,452 | 56.5% | |
1830 | 28,004 | 275.8% | |
1840 | 212,267 | 658.0% | |
1850 | 397,654 | 87.3% | |
1860 | 749,113 | 88.4% | |
1870 | 1,184,059 | 58.1% | |
1880 | 1,636,937 | 38.2% | |
1890 | 2,093,890 | 27.9% | |
1900 | 2,420,982 | 15.6% | |
1910 | 2,810,173 | 16.1% | |
1920 | 3,668,412 | 30.5% | |
1930 | 4,842,325 | 32.0% | |
1940 | 5,256,106 | 8.5% | |
1950 | 6,371,766 | 21.2% | |
1960 | 7,823,194 | 22.8% | |
1970 | 8,875,083 | 13.4% | |
1980 | 9,262,078 | 4.4% | |
1990 | 9,295,297 | 0.4% | |
2000 | 9,938,444 | 6.9% | |
2010 | 9,883,640 | −0.6% | |
2020 | 10,077,331 | 2.0% | |
Sources: 1910–2020[51] |
Population
The United States Census Bureau recorded the population of Michigan at 10,084,442 at the 2020 United States Census, an increase of 2.03% from 9,883,635 recorded at the 2010 United States Census.
The center of population of Michigan is in Shiawassee County, in the southeastern corner of the civil township of Bennington, which is northwest of the village of Morrice.[52]
As of the 2010 American Community Survey for the U.S. Census, the state had a foreign-born population of 592,212, or 6.0% of the total. Michigan has the largest Dutch, Finnish, and Macedonian populations in the United States.
The 2010 Census reported:
- White American: 78.9% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 76.6%, White Hispanic: 2.3%)
- Black or African American: 14.2%
- American Indian: 0.6%
- Asian American: 2.4%
- Pacific Islander: <0.1%
- Some other race: 1.5%
- Multiracial: 2.3%
In the same year Hispanics or Latinos (of any race) made up 4.4% of the population.
Self-identified race | 1970[53] | 1990[53] | 2000[54] | 2010[55] |
---|---|---|---|---|
White American | 88.3% | 83.4% | 80.1% | 78.9% |
Black or African American | 11.2% | 13.9% | 14.2% | 14.2% |
Asian American | 0.2% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 2.4% |
American Indian | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.6% |
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander | — | — | — | — |
Other race | 0.2% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 1.5% |
Two or more races | — | — | 1.9% | 2.3% |
Ancestry | Percent |
---|---|
German | 19.5% |
Irish | 10.6% |
English | 8.5% |
Polish | 8.2% |
American | 5.6% |
Italian | 4.7% |
Dutch | 4.5% |
French | 4.0% |
Scottish | 2.2% |
Arab | 1.9% |
French-Canadian | 1.6% |
Swedish | 1.4% |
Hungarian | 1.0% |
The large majority of Michigan's population is white. Americans of European descent live throughout Michigan and most of Metro Detroit. Large European American groups include those of German, British, Irish, Polish and Belgian ancestry. People of Scandinavian descent, and those of Finnish ancestry, have a notable presence in the Upper Peninsula. Western Michigan is known for the Dutch heritage of many residents (the highest concentration of any state), especially in Holland and metropolitan Grand Rapids.
African-Americans, who came to Detroit and other northern cities in the Great Migration of the early 20th century, form a majority of the population of the city of Detroit and of other cities, including Flint and Benton Harbor.
As of 2007[update] about 300,000 people in Southeastern Michigan trace their descent from the Middle East.[57] Dearborn has a sizeable Arab community, with many Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac, and Lebanese who immigrated for jobs in the auto industry in the 1920s along with more recent Yemenis and Iraqis.[58]
As of 2007[update], almost 8,000 Hmong people lived in the State of Michigan, about double their 1999 presence in the state.[59] As of 2007[update] most lived in northeastern Detroit, but they had been increasingly moving to Pontiac and Warren.[60] By 2015 the number of Hmong in the Detroit city limits had significantly declined.[61] Lansing hosts a statewide Hmong New Year Festival.[60] The Hmong community also had a prominent portrayal in the 2008 film Gran Torino, which was set in Detroit.
As of 2015[update], 80% of Michigan's Japanese population lived in the counties of Macomb, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Wayne in the Detroit and Ann Arbor areas.[62] As of April 2013[update], the largest Japanese national population is in Novi, with 2,666 Japanese residents, and the next largest populations are respectively in Ann Arbor, West Bloomfield Township, Farmington Hills, and Battle Creek. The state has 481 Japanese employment facilities providing 35,554 local jobs. 391 of them are in Southeast Michigan, providing 20,816 jobs, and the 90 in other regions in the state provide 14,738 jobs. The Japanese Direct Investment Survey of the Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit stated more than 2,208 additional Japanese residents were employed in the State of Michigan as of 1 October 2012[update], than in 2011.[63] During the 1990s the Japanese population of Michigan experienced an increase, and many Japanese people with children moved to particular areas for their proximity to Japanese grocery stores and high-performing schools.[62]
A person from Michigan is called a Michigander or Michiganian;[64] also at times, but rarely, a "Michiganite".[65] Residents of the Upper Peninsula are sometimes referred to as "Yoopers" (a phonetic pronunciation of "U.P.ers"), and they sometimes refer to those from the Lower Peninsula as "trolls" because they live below the bridge (see Three Billy Goats Gruff).[66][67][68]
Birth data
As of 2011[update], 34.3% of Michigan's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.[69]
Note: Percentages in the table can exceed 100% as Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race.
Race of mother | 2013[70] | 2014[71] | 2015[72] | 2016[73] | 2017[74] | 2018[75] | 2019[76] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White American | 85,994 (75.7%) | 87,070 (76.1%) | 85,838 (75.7%) | ... | ... | ... | ... |
(Non-Hispanic white) | 79,107 (69.7%) | 80,304 (70.2%) | 78,960 (69.7%) | 77,696 (68.6%) | 75,578 (67.8%) | 74,777 (68.0%) | 73,025 (67.7%) |
Black or African American | 22,645 (20.0%) | 22,237 (19.4%) | 22,394 (19.8%) | 20,565 (18.1%) | 20,849 (18.7%) | 20,558 (18.7%) | 20,370 (18.9%) |
Asian American | 4,136 (3.6%) | 4,284 (3.7%) | 4,294 (3.8%) | 4,316 (3.8%) | 4,468 (4.0%) | 4,395 (4.0%) | 4,304 (4.0%) |
American Indian | 714 (0.6%) | 784 (0.7%) | 786 (0.7%) | 418 (0.4%) | 426 (0.4%) | 446 (0.4%) | 433 (0.4%) |
Hispanic and Latino American (of any race) | 7,318 (6.4%) | 7,352 (6.4%) | 7,431 (6.5%) | 7,485 (6.6%) | 7,339 (6.6%) | 7,139 (6.5%) | 7,117 (6.6%) |
Total | 113,489 (100%) | 114,375 (100%) | 113,312 (100%) | 113,315 (100%) | 111,426 (100%) | 110,032 (100%) | 107,886 (100%) |
- Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Languages
Language | Percentage of population (as of 2010[update])[77] |
---|---|
Spanish | 2.93% |
Arabic | 1.04% |
German | 0.44% |
Chinese | 0.36% |
French | 0.31% |
Polish | 0.29% |
Syriac languages | 0.25% |
Italian | 0.21% |
Albanian | 0.19% |
Hindi | 0.16% |
Tagalog | 0.16% |
Vietnamese | 0.16% |
Japanese | 0.16% |
Korean | 0.16% |
As of 2010[update], 91.11% (8,507,947) of Michigan residents age five and older spoke only English at home, while 2.93% (273,981) spoke Spanish, 1.04% (97,559) Arabic, 0.44% (41,189) German, 0.36% (33,648) Chinese (which includes Mandarin), 0.31% (28,891) French, 0.29% (27,019) Polish, and Syriac languages (such as Modern Aramaic and Northeastern Neo-Aramaic) was spoken as a main language by 0.25% (23,420) of the population over the age of five. In total, 8.89% (830,281) of Michigan's population age five and older spoke a mother language other than English.[77]
Religion
The Roman Catholic Church has six dioceses and one archdiocese in Michigan; Gaylord, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Marquette, Saginaw and Detroit.[78] The Roman Catholic Church is the largest denomination by number of adherents, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) 2010 survey, with 1,717,296 adherents.[79] The Roman Catholic Church was the only organized religion in Michigan until the 19th century, reflecting the territory's French colonial roots. Detroit's Saint Anne's parish, established in 1701 by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, is the second-oldest Roman Catholic parish in the United States.[80] On March 8, 1833, the Holy See formally established a diocese in the Michigan territory, which included all of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Dakotas east of the Mississippi River. When Michigan became a state in 1837, the boundary of the Diocese of Detroit was redrawn to coincide with that of the State; the other dioceses were later carved out from the Diocese of Detroit but remain part of the Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit.[81]
In 2010, the largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with 228,521 adherents; followed by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 219,618, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 120,598 adherents. The Christian Reformed Church in North America had almost 100,000 members and more than 230 congregations in Michigan.[82] The Reformed Church in America had 76,000 members and 154 congregations in the state.[83] In the same survey, Jewish adherents in the state of Michigan were estimated at 44,382, and Muslims at 120,351.[84] The Lutheran Church was introduced by German and Scandinavian immigrants; Lutheranism is the second largest religious denomination in the state. The first Jewish synagogue in the state was Temple Beth El, founded by twelve German Jewish families in Detroit in 1850.[85] In West Michigan, Dutch immigrants fled from the specter of religious persecution and famine in the Netherlands around 1850 and settled in and around what is now Holland, Michigan, establishing a "colony" on American soil that fervently held onto Calvinist doctrine that established a significant presence of Reformed churches.[86] Islam was introduced by immigrants from the Near East during the 20th century.[87] Michigan is home to the largest mosque in North America, the Islamic Center of America in Dearborn. Battle Creek, Michigan, is also the birthplace of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which was founded on May 21, 1863.[88][89]
Affiliation | % of Michigan population | |
---|---|---|
Christianity | 70 | |
Protestant | 51 | |
Evangelical Protestant | 25 | |
Mainline Protestant | 18 | |
Black Protestant | 8 | |
Roman Catholic | 18 | |
Mormon | 0.5 | |
Jehovah's Witnesses | 1 | |
Orthodox | 0.5 | |
Other Christianity | 1 | |
Judaism | 1 | |
Buddhism | 1 | |
Islam | 1 | |
Hinduism | 0.5 | |
Other faiths | 1 | |
Unaffiliated | 24 | |
Don't know / No answer | 1 |
Economía
Top publicly traded companies in Michigan according to revenues with State and U.S. rankings | |||||
State | Corporation | US | |||
1 | General Motors | 6 | |||
2 | Ford | 9 | |||
3 | Dow | 48 | |||
4 | Whirlpool | 148 | |||
5 | Lear | 174 | |||
6 | TRW Automotive | 175 | |||
7 | Penske Automotive | 177 | |||
8 | Kellogg's | 210 | |||
9 | DTE Energy | 245 | |||
10 | Ally | 295 | |||
11 | Stryker | 300 | |||
12 | Autoliv | 312 | |||
13 | Masco | 334 | |||
14 | Visteon | 344 | |||
15 | BorgWarner | 347 | |||
16 | SpartanNash | 359 | |||
17 | CMS Energy | 383 | |||
18 | Auto-Owners | 425 | |||
19 | Con-way | 456 | |||
20 | Kelly Services | 471 | |||
21 | Meritor | 641 | |||
22 | American Axle | 657 | |||
23 | Cooper-Standard Automotive | 707 | |||
24 | Steelcase | 759 | |||
25 | WABCO | 785 | |||
26 | Wolverine World Wide | 806 | |||
27 | Masco | 812 | |||
28 | UFP Industries | 821 | |||
29 | Diplomat Pharmacy | 946 | |||
30 | Tower International | 956 | |||
Further information: List of Michigan companies Source: Fortune[91] |
In 2017, 3,859,949 people in Michigan were employed at 222,553 establishments, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.[92]
The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimated Michigan's Q3 2018 gross state product to be $538 billion, ranking 14th out of the 50 states.[93] According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of December 2018[update], the state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 4.0%.[94]
Products and services include automobiles, food products, information technology, aerospace, military equipment, furniture, and mining of copper and iron ore.[quantify] Michigan is the third leading grower of Christmas trees with 60,520 acres (245 km2) of land dedicated to Christmas tree farming.[95][96] The beverage Vernors was invented in Michigan in 1866, sharing the title of oldest soft drink with Hires Root Beer. Faygo was founded in Detroit on November 4, 1907. Two of the top four pizza chains were founded in Michigan and are headquartered there: Domino's Pizza by Tom Monaghan and Little Caesars Pizza by Mike Ilitch. Michigan became the 24th right-to-work state in U.S. in 2012.
Since 2009, GM, Ford and Chrysler have managed a significant reorganization of their benefit funds structure after a volatile stock market which followed the September 11 attacks and early 2000s recession impacted their respective U.S. pension and benefit funds (OPEB).[97] General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler reached agreements with the United Auto Workers Union to transfer the liabilities for their respective health care and benefit funds to a 501(c)(9) Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (VEBA). Manufacturing in the state grew 6.6% from 2001 to 2006,[98] but the high speculative price of oil became a factor for the U.S. auto industry during the economic crisis of 2008 impacting industry revenues. In 2009, GM and Chrysler emerged from Chapter 11 restructurings with financing provided in part by the U.S. and Canadian governments.[99][100] GM began its initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.[101] For 2010, the Big Three domestic automakers have reported significant profits indicating the beginning of rebound.[102][103][104][105]
As of 2002[update], Michigan ranked fourth in the U.S. in high tech employment with 568,000 high tech workers, which includes 70,000 in the automotive industry.[106] Michigan typically ranks third or fourth in overall research and development (R&D) expenditures in the United States.[29][30] Its research and development, which includes automotive, comprises a higher percentage of the state's overall gross domestic product than for any other U.S. state.[107] The state is an important source of engineering job opportunities. The domestic auto industry accounts directly and indirectly for one of every ten jobs in the U.S.[108]
Michigan was second in the U.S. in 2004 for new corporate facilities and expansions. From 1997 to 2004, Michigan was the only state to top the 10,000 mark for the number of major new developments;[27][109] however, the effects of the late 2000s recession have slowed the state's economy. In 2008, Michigan placed third in a site selection survey among the states for luring new business which measured capital investment and new job creation per one million population.[110] In August 2009, Michigan and Detroit's auto industry received $1.36 B in grants from the U.S. Department of Energy for the manufacture of electric vehicle technologies which is expected to generate 6,800 immediate jobs and employ 40,000 in the state by 2020.[111] From 2007 to 2009, Michigan ranked 3rd in the U.S. for new corporate facilities and expansions.[112][113]
As leading research institutions, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Wayne State University are important partners in the state's economy and its University Research Corridor.[31] Michigan's public universities attract more than $1.5 B in research and development grants each year.[32] The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory is at Michigan State University. Michigan's workforce is well-educated and highly skilled, making it attractive to companies. It has the third highest number of engineering graduates nationally.[114]
Detroit Metropolitan Airport is one of the nation's most recently expanded and modernized airports with six major runways, and large aircraft maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing a Boeing 747 and is a major hub for Delta Air Lines. Michigan's schools and colleges rank among the nation's best. The state has maintained its early commitment to public education. The state's infrastructure gives it a competitive edge; Michigan has 38 deep water ports.[115] In 2007, Bank of America announced that it would commit $25 billion to community development in Michigan following its acquisition of LaSalle Bank in Troy.[116]
Michigan led the nation in job creation improvement in 2010.[117]
Taxation
Michigan's personal income tax is a flat rate of 4.25%. In addition, 22 cities impose income taxes; rates are set at 1% for residents and 0.5% for non-residents in all but four cities.[118] Michigan's state sales tax is 6%, though items such as food and medication are exempted. Property taxes are assessed on the local level, but every property owner's local assessment contributes six mills (a rate of $6 per $1000 of property value) to the statutory State Education Tax. Property taxes are appealable to local boards of review and need the approval of the local electorate to exceed millage rates prescribed by state law and local charters. In 2011, the state repealed its business tax and replaced it with a 6% corporate income tax which substantially reduced taxes on business.[119][120] Article IX of the Constitution of the State of Michigan also provides limitations on how much the state can tax.
A 6% use tax is levied on goods purchased outside the state (that are brought in and used in state), at parity with the sales tax.[121] The use tax applies to internet sales/purchases from outside Michigan and is equivalent to the sales tax.[122]
Agriculture
A wide variety of commodity crops, fruits, and vegetables are grown in Michigan, making it second only to California among U.S. states in the diversity of its agriculture.[123] The state has 54,800 farms utilizing 10,000,000 acres (40,000 km2) of land which sold $6.49 billion worth of products in 2010.[124] The most valuable agricultural product is milk. Leading crops include corn, soybeans, flowers, wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes. Livestock in the state included 78,000 sheep, a million cattle, a million hogs, and more than three million chickens. Livestock products accounted for 38% of the value of agricultural products while crops accounted for the majority.
Michigan is a leading grower of fruit in the U.S., including blueberries, tart cherries, apples, grapes, and peaches.[33][125] Plums, pears, and strawberries are also grown in Michigan. These fruits are mainly grown in West Michigan due to the moderating effect of Lake Michigan on the climate. There is also significant fruit production, especially cherries, but also grapes, apples, and other fruits, in Northwest Michigan along Lake Michigan. Michigan produces wines, beers and a multitude of processed food products. Kellogg's cereal is based in Battle Creek, Michigan and processes many locally grown foods. Thornapple Valley, Ball Park Franks, Koegel Meat Company, and Hebrew National sausage companies are all based in Michigan.
Michigan is home to very fertile land in the Saginaw Valley and Thumb areas. Products grown there include corn, sugar beets, navy beans, and soybeans. Sugar beet harvesting usually begins the first of October. It takes the sugar factories about five months to process the 3.7 million tons of sugarbeets into 485,000 tons of pure, white sugar.[126] Michigan's largest sugar refiner, Michigan Sugar Company[127] is the largest east of the Mississippi River and the fourth largest in the nation. Michigan sugar brand names are Pioneer Sugar and the newly incorporated Big Chief Sugar. Potatoes are grown in Northern Michigan, and corn is dominant in Central Michigan. Alfalfa, cucumbers, and asparagus are also grown.
Tourism
Michigan's tourists spend $17.2 billion per year in the state, supporting 193,000 tourism jobs.[128] Michigan's tourism website ranks among the busiest in the nation.[129] Destinations draw vacationers, hunters, and nature enthusiasts from across the United States and Canada. Michigan is 50% forest land, much of it quite remote. The forests, lakes and thousands of miles of beaches are top attractions. Event tourism draws large numbers to occasions like the Tulip Time Festival and the National Cherry Festival. In 2006, the Michigan State Board of Education mandated all public schools in the state hold their first day of school after Labor Day, in accordance with the new Post Labor Day School law. A survey found 70% of all tourism business comes directly from Michigan residents, and the Michigan Hotel, Motel, & Resort Association claimed the shorter summer between school years cut into the annual tourism season.[130]
Tourism in metropolitan Detroit draws visitors to leading attractions, especially The Henry Ford, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Zoo, and to sports in Detroit. Other museums include the Detroit Historical Museum, the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, museums in the Cranbrook Educational Community, and the Arab American National Museum. The metro area offers four major casinos, MGM Grand Detroit, Greektown, Motor City, and Caesars Windsor in Windsor, Ontario, Canada; moreover, Detroit is the largest American city and metropolitan region to offer casino resorts.[131]
Hunting and fishing are significant industries in the state. Charter boats are based in many Great Lakes cities to fish for salmon, trout, walleye, and perch. Michigan ranks first in the nation in licensed hunters (over one million) who contribute $2 billion annually to its economy. More than three-quarters of a million hunters participate in white-tailed deer season alone. Many school districts in rural areas of Michigan cancel school on the opening day of firearm deer season, because of attendance concerns.
Michigan's Department of Natural Resources manages the largest dedicated state forest system in the nation. The forest products industry and recreational users contribute $12 billion and 200,000 associated jobs annually to the state's economy. Public hiking and hunting access has also been secured in extensive commercial forests. The state has the highest number of golf courses and registered snowmobiles in the nation.[132]
The state has numerous historical markers, which can themselves become the center of a tour.[133] The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[134]
With its position in relation to the Great Lakes and the countless ships that have foundered over the many years they have been used as a transport route for people and bulk cargo, Michigan is a world-class scuba diving destination. The Michigan Underwater Preserves are 11 underwater areas where wrecks are protected for the benefit of sport divers.
Transporte
International crossings
Michigan has nine international road crossings with Ontario, Canada:
- Ambassador Bridge, North America's busiest international border, crossing the Detroit River
- Blue Water Bridge, a twin-span bridge (Port Huron, Michigan, and Point Edward, Ontario, but the larger city of Sarnia is usually referred to on the Canadian side)
- Blue Water Ferry (Marine City, Michigan, and Sombra, Ontario)
- Canadian Pacific Railway tunnel
- Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry (Detroit and Windsor)
- Detroit–Windsor Tunnel
- International Bridge (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario)
- St. Clair River Railway Tunnel (Port Huron and Sarnia)
- Walpole Island Ferry (Algonac, Michigan, and Walpole Island First Nation, Ontario)
The Gordie Howe International Bridge, a second international bridge between Detroit and Windsor, is under construction. It is expected to be completed in 2024.[135][136][137]
Railroads
Michigan is served by four Class I railroads: the Canadian National Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, CSX Transportation, and the Norfolk Southern Railway. These are augmented by several dozen short line railroads. The vast majority of rail service in Michigan is devoted to freight, with Amtrak and various scenic railroads the exceptions.[138]
Amtrak passenger rail services the state, connecting many southern and western Michigan cities to Chicago, Illinois. There are plans for commuter rail for Detroit and its suburbs (see SEMCOG Commuter Rail).[139][140][141]
Roadways
- Interstate 75 (I-75) is the main thoroughfare between Detroit, Flint, and Saginaw extending north to Sault Ste. Marie and providing access to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The freeway crosses the Mackinac Bridge between the Lower and Upper Peninsulas. Auxiliary highways include I-275 and I-375 in Detroit; I-475 in Flint; and I-675 in Saginaw.
- I-69 enters the state near the Michigan–Ohio–Indiana border, and it extends to Port Huron and provides access to the Blue Water Bridge crossing into Sarnia, Ontario.
- I-94 enters the western end of the state at the Indiana border, and it travels east to Detroit and then northeast to Port Huron and ties in with I-69. I-194 branches off from this freeway in Battle Creek. I-94 is the main artery between Chicago and Detroit.
- I-96 runs east–west between Detroit and Muskegon. I-496 loops through Lansing. I-196 branches off from this freeway at Grand Rapids and connects to I-94 near Benton Harbor. I-696 branches off from this freeway at Novi and connects to I-94 near St Clair Shores.
- US Highway 2 (US 2) enters Michigan at the city of Ironwood and travels east to the town of Crystal Falls, where it turns south and briefly re-enters Wisconsin northwest of Florence. It re-enters Michigan north of Iron Mountain and continues through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the cities of Escanaba, Manistique, and St. Ignace. Along the way, it cuts through the Ottawa and Hiawatha national forests and follows the northern shore of Lake Michigan. Its eastern terminus lies at exit 344 on I-75, just north of the Mackinac Bridge.
- US Highway 23 enters Michigan at the Ohio state line in the suburban spillover of Toledo, Ohio, as a freeway and leads northward to Ann Arbor before merging with I-75 just south of Flint. Concurrent with I-75 through Flint, Saginaw, and Bay City, it splits from I-75 at Standish as an intermittently four lane/two-lane surface road closely following the western shore of Lake Huron generally northward through Alpena before turning west to northwest toward Mackinaw City and Interstate 75 again, where it terminates.
- US Highway 31 enters Michigan as Interstate-quality freeway at the Indiana State Line just northwest of South Bend, Indiana, heads north to Interstate 196 near Benton Harbor, and follows the eastern shore of Lake Michigan to Mackinaw City, where it has its northern terminus.
- U.S. Route 131 has its southern terminus at the Indiana Toll Road roughly one mile south of the Indiana state line as a two-lane surface road. It passes through Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids as a freeway of Interstate standard and continues as such to Manton, where it reverts to two-lane surface road to its northern terminus at US 31 in Petoskey.
Airports
The Detroit Metropolitan Airport in the western suburb of Romulus, was in 2010 the 16th busiest airfield in North America measured by passenger traffic.[142] The Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids is the next busiest airport in the state, served by eight airlines to 23 destinations. Flint Bishop International Airport is the third largest airport in the state, served by four airlines to several primary hubs. Cherry Capital Airport is in Traverse City. Alpena County Regional Airport services Alpena and the northeastern lower peninsula. MBS International Airport serves Midland, Bay City and Saginaw. Smaller regional and local airports are located throughout the state including on several islands.
Áreas metropolitanas
MI Rank | U.S. Rank | Combined statistical area | Image | 2019 estimate | 2010 Census | Change | Constituent core-based statistical areas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 12 | Detroit–Warren–Ann Arbor, MI | 5,341,994 | 5,318,744 | +0.44% | Detroit–Warren–Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Flint, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Ann Arbor, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Monroe, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Adrian, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area | |
2 | 42 | Grand Rapids–Kentwood–Muskegon, MI | 1,412,470 | 1,320,064 | +7.00% | Grand Rapids–Kentwood, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Muskegon, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Holland, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area Big Rapids, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area | |
— | 68 | South Bend–Elkhart–Mishawaka, IN–MI | 809,069 | 798,005 | +1.39% | South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Elkhart-Goshen, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area Niles, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Warsaw, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area Plymouth, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area | |
— | — | Lansing–East Lansing–Owosso, MI | 550,085 | 534,684 | +2.88% | Lansing–East Lansing, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Owosso, MI Micropolitan statistical area | |
3 | 88 | Kalamazoo–Battle Creek–Portage, MI | 503,706 | 493,020 | +2.17% | Kalamazoo–Portage Metropolitan Area Battle Creek, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Sturgis, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area Coldwater, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area | |
4 | 101 | Saginaw–Midland–Bay City, MI | 376,821 | 391,569 | −3.77% | Saginaw, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Bay City, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area Midland, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area | |
5 | 159 | Mount Pleasant–Alma, MI | 110,583 | 112,787 | −1.95% | Mount Pleasant, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area Alma, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area | |
— | 161 | Marinette–Iron Mountain, WI-MI | 92,664 | 96,369 | −3.84% | Marinette, WI–MI Micropolitan Statistical Area Iron Mountain, MI–WI Micropolitan Statistical Area |
Other economically significant cities include:
- Battle Creek, known as "Cereal City", is the headquarters of Kellogg's.
- Benton Harbor–St. Joseph is the headquarters of Whirlpool Corporation.
- East Lansing is the home of Michigan State University.
- Holland is the home of Tulip Time, the largest tulip festival in the US.
- Jackson is the headquarters of CMS Energy.
- Manistee is home to the world's largest salt plant, owned by Morton Salt.
- Marquette is the largest city in the Upper Peninsula with 19,661 people and home of Northern Michigan University.
- Midland is the headquarters of the Dow Chemical Company and the Dow Corning Corporation.
- Sault Ste. Marie is the home of the Soo Locks and Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge.
- Traverse City is the "Cherry Capital of the World", making Michigan the nation's largest producer of cherries and is also the largest city in Northern Michigan.
Half the wealthiest communities in the state are in Oakland County, just north of Detroit. Another wealthy community is just east of the city, in Grosse Pointe. Only three of these cities are outside of Metro Detroit. The city of Detroit, with a per capita income of $14,717, ranks 517th on the list of Michigan locations by per capita income. Benton Harbor is the poorest city in Michigan, with a per capita income of $8,965, while Barton Hills is the richest with a per capita income of $110,683.
Educación
Michigan's education system serves 1.6 million K-12 students in public schools. More than 124,000 students attend private schools and an uncounted number are homeschooled under certain legal requirements.[144][145] The public school system had a $14.5 billion budget in 2008–09.[146] From 2009 to 2019, over 200 private schools in Michigan closed, partly due to competition from charter schools.[147]
The University of Michigan is the oldest higher-educational institution in the state, and among the oldest research universities in the nation. It was founded in 1817, 20 years before Michigan Territory achieved statehood.[148][149] Michigan State University has the ninth largest campus population of any U.S. school as of fall, 2016[update]. With an enrollment of 21,210 students, Baker College is Michigan's largest private post-secondary institution.
The Carnegie Foundation classifies ten of the state's institutions (University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wayne State University, Eastern Michigan University, Central Michigan University, Western Michigan University, Michigan Technological University, Oakland University, Andrews University, and Baker College) as research universities.[150]
Cultura
Arts
Music
Michigan music is known for three music trends: early punk rock, Motown/soul music and techno music. Michigan musicians include Bill Haley & His Comets, The Supremes, The Marvelettes, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye "The Prince of Soul", Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, Aretha Franklin, Mary Wells, Tommy James and the Shondells, ? and the Mysterians, Al Green, The Spinners, Grand Funk Railroad, The Stooges, the MC5, The Knack, Madonna "The Queen of Pop", Bob Seger, Ray Parker Jr., Aaliyah, Eminem, Kid Rock, Jack White and Meg White (The White Stripes), Big Sean, Alice Cooper, and Del Shannon.[151]
Performance arts
Major theaters in Michigan include the Fox Theatre, Music Hall, Gem Theatre, Masonic Temple Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, Fisher Theatre, The Fillmore Detroit, Saint Andrew's Hall, Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall.
The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated in Detroit.[152]
Motown Motion Picture Studios with 535,000 square feet (49,700 m2) produces movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus.[153]
Sports
Michigan's major-league sports teams include: Detroit Tigers baseball team, Detroit Lions football team, Detroit Red Wings ice hockey team, and the Detroit Pistons men's basketball team. All of Michigan's major league teams play in the Metro Detroit area.
The Pistons played at Detroit's Cobo Arena until 1978 and at the Pontiac Silverdome until 1988 when they moved into The Palace of Auburn Hills. In 2017, the team moved to the newly built Little Caesars Arena in downtown Detroit. The Detroit Lions played at Tiger Stadium in Detroit until 1974, then moved to the Pontiac Silverdome where they played for 27 years between 1975 and 2002 before moving to Ford Field in Detroit in 2002. The Detroit Tigers played at Tiger Stadium (formerly known as Navin Field and Briggs Stadium) from 1912 to 1999. In 2000 they moved to Comerica Park. The Red Wings played at Olympia Stadium before moving to Joe Louis Arena in 1979. They later moved to Little Caesars Arena to join the Pistons as tenants in 2017. Professional hockey got its start in Houghton,[154] when the Portage Lakers were formed.[citation needed]
The Michigan International Speedway is the site of NASCAR races and Detroit was formerly the site of a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix race. From 1959 to 1961, Detroit Dragway hosted the NHRA's U.S. Nationals.[155] Michigan is home to one of the major canoeing marathons: the 120-mile (190 km) Au Sable River Canoe Marathon. The Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race is also a favorite.
Twenty-time Grand Slam champion Serena Williams was born in Saginaw. The 2011 World Champion for Women's Artistic Gymnastics, Jordyn Wieber is from DeWitt. Wieber was also a member of the gold medal team at the London Olympics in 2012.
Collegiate sports in Michigan are popular in addition to professional sports. The state's two largest athletic programs are the Michigan Wolverines and Michigan State Spartans, which play in the NCAA Big Ten Conference. Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, home to the Michigan Wolverines football team, is the largest stadium in the Western Hemisphere and the second-largest stadium worldwide behind Rungrado May Day Stadium in Pyongyang, North Korea.
The Michigan High School Athletic Association features around 300,000 participants.
Símbolos y apodos estatales
Michigan is traditionally known as "The Wolverine State", and the University of Michigan takes the wolverine as its mascot. The association is well and long established: for example, many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Civil War and George Armstrong Custer, who led the Michigan Brigade, called them the "Wolverines". The origins of this association are obscure; it may derive from a busy trade in wolverine furs in Sault Ste. Marie in the 18th century or may recall a disparagement intended to compare early settlers in Michigan with the vicious mammal. Wolverines are, however, extremely rare in Michigan. A sighting in February 2004 near Ubly was the first confirmed sighting in Michigan in 200 years.[156] The animal was found dead in 2010.[157]
- State nicknames: Wolverine State, Great Lake State, Mitten State, Water-Winter Wonderland
- State motto: Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice (Latin: "If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you") adopted in 1835 on the coat-of-arms, but never as an official motto. This is a paraphrase of the epitaph of British architect Sir Christopher Wren about his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral.[158][159]
- State song: "My Michigan" (official since 1937, but disputed amongst residents),[160] "Michigan, My Michigan" (Unofficial state song, since the civil war)
- State bird: American robin (since 1931)
- State animal: wolverine (traditional)
- State game animal: white-tailed deer (since 1997)
- State fish: brook trout (since 1965)
- State reptile: painted turtle (since 1995)
- State fossil: mastodon (since 2000)
- State flower: apple blossom (adopted in 1897, official in 1997)
- State wildflower: dwarf lake iris (since 1998) a federally listed threatened species
- State tree: white pine (since 1955)
- State stone: Petoskey stone (since 1965). It is composed of fossilized coral (Hexagonaria pericarnata) from long ago when the middle of the continent was covered with a shallow sea.
- State gem: Isle Royale greenstone (since 1973). Also called chlorastrolite (literally "green star stone"), the mineral is found on Isle Royale and the Keweenaw peninsula.
- State quarter: U.S. coin issued in 2004 with the Michigan motto "Great Lakes State".
- State soil: Kalkaska sand (since 1990), ranges in color from black to yellowish brown, covers nearly 1,000,000-acre (4,000 km2) in 29 counties.
Regiones hermanas
- Shiga Prefecture, Japan[161]
- Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China[162]
Ver también
- Index of Michigan-related articles
- Outline of Michigan: organized list of topics about Michigan
Notas
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ i.e., including water that is part of state territory. Georgia is the largest state by land area alone east of the Mississippi and Michigan the second-largest.
- ^ The Province included the modern states of Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, two-thirds of Georgia, and small parts of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, and Maine
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In Michigan, you are never more than six miles from a lake or stream Stand anywhere in Michigan and you are within 85 miles of a Great Lake
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Bibliografía
- Bald, F. Clever (1961). Michigan in Four Centuries. New York: Harper. ISBN 9780060002404. OCLC 478659.
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- Sisson, Richard; Zacher, Christian K. & Cayton, Andrew R.L., eds. (2006). The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253348869.
- Weeks, George; Kirk, Robert D.; Blanchard, Paula L. & Weeks, Don (1987). Stewards of the State: The Governors of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI: Historical Society of Michigan. ISBN 9780961434427.
enlaces externos
- Geographic data related to Michigan at OpenStreetMap
- State of Michigan government website
- Energy Data & Statistics for Michigan
- Info Michigan, detailed information on 630 cities
- Michigan Historic Markers
- Historical Society of Michigan
- Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Bibliographies for Michigan by region, counties, etc..
- Michigan State Guide from the Library of Congress
- Michigan Official Travel Site
- Michigan Official Business Site
- Michigan Official Talent Site
- Michigan State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
- The Michigan Municipal League
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Michigan
- Michigan at Curlie
Preceded by Arkansas | List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on January 26, 1837 (26th) | Succeeded by Florida |
Coordinates: 44°20′48″N 85°24′37″W / 44.3467°N 85.4102°W / 44.3467; -85.4102 (State of Michigan)