Las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos son las fuerzas militares de los Estados Unidos de América . [10] Consiste en el Ejército , la Infantería de Marina , la Armada , la Fuerza Aérea , la Fuerza Espacial y la Guardia Costera . [11] [12] El presidente de los Estados Unidos es el comandante en jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas y forma la política militar con el Departamento de Defensa (DoD) y el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional (DHS), ambos departamentos ejecutivos federales., actuando como los órganos principales por los que se lleva a cabo la política militar. Los seis servicios armados se encuentran entre los ocho servicios uniformados de los Estados Unidos . [13]
Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos | |
---|---|
| |
Fundado | 14 de junio de 1775 [a] |
Ramas de servicios | |
Sede | Pentágono , condado de Arlington, Virginia |
Liderazgo | |
Comandante en jefe | Presidente Joe Biden |
secretario de Defensa | Lloyd Austin |
Secretario de Seguridad Nacional | Alejandro Mayorkas |
Presidente del Estado Mayor Conjunto | GEN Mark A. Milley , Estados Unidos |
Vicepresidente del Estado Mayor Conjunto | General John E. Hyten , USAF |
Asesor senior alistado del presidente | SEAC Ramón Colón-López , USAF |
Mano de obra | |
Edad militar | 17 con consentimiento de los padres, 18 para servicio voluntario. [B] |
Reclutamiento | Solo hombres (inactivo desde 1973) |
Disponible para el servicio militar | 17 millones [4] , de 18 a 25 años (2016) |
Alcanzar la edad militar anualmente | 2 millones [5] (2016) |
Personal activo | 1.385.727 [6] ( tercer puesto ) |
Personal de reserva | 849,450 [7] |
Personal desplegado | 165.000 |
Gastos | |
Presupuesto | US $ 738 mil millones (2020) [8] ( primer lugar ) |
Porcentaje del PIB | 3,42% (2019) [9] |
Industria | |
Proveedores nacionales | Lista |
Artículos relacionados | |
Historia | Historia militar de los Estados Unidos Lista de compromisos Guerra Revolucionaria Estadounidense
Guerra de Las Cuevas Guerra
Guerra del Golfo Pérsico Guerra
Guerra de Bosnia
Guerra de kosovo
Guerra global contra el terrorismo
Despliegue militar después del huracán Katrina |
Rangos | Oficial comisionado
Oficial de captura
Alistado
|
Desde sus inicios durante la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos , las Fuerzas Armadas de Estados Unidos han jugado un papel decisivo en la historia de Estados Unidos . Ayudó a forjar un sentido de unidad e identidad nacional a través de sus victorias en la Primera Guerra de Berbería y la Segunda Guerra de Berbería . Desempeñó un papel fundamental en la Guerra Civil estadounidense , evitando que la Confederación se separara de la república. La Ley de Seguridad Nacional de 1947 , adoptada después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , creó el marco militar estadounidense moderno. La ley estableció el Establecimiento Militar Nacional , encabezado por el secretario de Defensa; y creó la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos y el Consejo de Seguridad Nacional . Fue enmendada en 1949, cambiando el nombre del Establecimiento Militar Nacional a Departamento de Defensa, y fusionó el Departamento del Ejército, el Departamento de la Marina y el Departamento de la Fuerza Aérea a nivel de gabinete en el Departamento de Defensa.
Las Fuerzas Armadas de Estados Unidos son una de las fuerzas militares más grandes en términos de personal. Extrae a su personal de una gran cantidad de voluntarios remunerados . Aunque el servicio militar obligatorio se ha utilizado en el pasado, no se ha utilizado desde 1973. El Sistema de Servicio Selectivo conserva el poder de reclutar hombres y requiere que todos los ciudadanos y residentes masculinos que residen en los EE. UU. Entre las edades de 18 y 25 se registren en el Servicio.
Las Fuerzas Armadas de Estados Unidos son consideradas las fuerzas armadas más poderosas del mundo . [14] [15] El presupuesto militar de los Estados Unidos fue de 693 mil millones de dólares en 2019, el más alto del mundo. [16] En 2018 , eso representó el 36 por ciento de los gastos de defensa del mundo . Las Fuerzas Armadas de EE. UU. Tienen capacidades significativas tanto en defensa como en proyección de poder debido a su gran presupuesto, lo que resulta en tecnologías avanzadas y poderosas que permiten un despliegue generalizado de la fuerza en todo el mundo, incluidas alrededor de 800 bases militares fuera de los Estados Unidos. [17] La Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos es la fuerza aérea más grande del mundo, la Armada de los Estados Unidos es la armada más grande del mundo por tonelaje , y la Armada de los Estados Unidos y el Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos juntos son el segundo brazo aéreo más grande del mundo. En términos de tamaño, la Guardia Costera de EE. UU. Es la duodécima fuerza marítima más grande del mundo. [18] [19] Los EE. UU. En el año fiscal 2019 tienen alrededor de 14.061 aviones en su inventario militar. [20] La Fuerza Espacial de EE. UU. Es la primera y, a partir de 2021, la única fuerza espacial independiente del mundo. [21] [22]
Historia
La historia de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos se remonta al 14 de junio de 1775, con la creación del Ejército Continental , incluso antes de que la Declaración de Independencia marcara el establecimiento de los Estados Unidos. La Armada Continental , establecida el 13 de octubre de 1775, y los Marines Continentales , establecidos el 10 de noviembre de 1775, fueron creados en estrecha sucesión por el Segundo Congreso Continental para defender a la nueva nación contra el Imperio Británico en la Guerra Revolucionaria Americana .
Estas fuerzas se desmovilizaron en 1784 después de que el Tratado de París puso fin a la Guerra de Independencia. El Congreso de la Confederación creó el actual Ejército de los Estados Unidos el 3 de junio de 1784. El Congreso de los Estados Unidos creó la actual Armada de los Estados Unidos el 27 de marzo de 1794 y el actual Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos el 11 de julio de 1798. Los tres servicios tienen sus orígenes en su respectivos predecesores continentales. La aprobación de la Constitución en 1787 otorgó al Congreso el poder de "levantar y apoyar ejércitos", "proporcionar y mantener una marina" y "establecer reglas para el gobierno y la regulación de las fuerzas terrestres y navales", así como el poder a declarar la guerra . El presidente es el comandante en jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas de Estados Unidos .
La Guardia Costera de los Estados Unidos tiene su origen en la fundación del Revenue Cutter Service el 4 de agosto de 1790, que se fusionó con el Servicio de Salvamento de Estados Unidos el 28 de enero de 1915 para establecer la Guardia Costera. La Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos se estableció como un servicio independiente el 18 de septiembre de 1947; tiene su origen en la formación de la División Aeronáutica, Cuerpo de Señales de los Estados Unidos , que se formó el 1 de agosto de 1907 y formó parte de las Fuerzas Aéreas del Ejército antes de convertirse en un servicio independiente según la Ley de Seguridad Nacional de 1947. El Servicio de Salud Pública de los Estados Unidos El Cuerpo Comisionado se consideró anteriormente como una rama de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos desde el 29 de julio de 1945 hasta que su condición como tal fue revocada el 3 de julio de 1952. [23]
La Fuerza Espacial de los Estados Unidos se estableció como un servicio independiente el 20 de diciembre de 2019. Es la sexta rama del ejército de los EE. UU. Y la primera rama nueva desde el establecimiento de la Fuerza Aérea de los EE. UU. Independiente en 1947. [24] Tiene su origen en la formación del Comando Espacial de la Fuerza Aérea , que se formó el 1 de septiembre de 1982 y fue un comando importante de la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos.
Estructura
El mando presidencial sobre las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos está establecido por el Artículo II de la Constitución por el cual el presidente es designado como el " Comandante en Jefe del Ejército y la Marina de los Estados Unidos, y de la Milicia de los distintos Estados, cuando se le llama a la actual Servicio de los Estados Unidos ". Las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos se dividen en dos departamentos del gabinete, el Departamento de Defensa actúa como el departamento principal del gabinete para asuntos militares y el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional es responsable de administrar la Guardia Costera de los Estados Unidos .
La cadena de mando militar fluye desde el presidente de los Estados Unidos hasta el secretario de defensa (para los servicios del Departamento de Defensa) o el secretario de seguridad nacional (para los servicios del Departamento de Seguridad Nacional), lo que garantiza el control civil de las fuerzas armadas . Dentro del Departamento de Defensa, los departamentos militares, el Departamento del Ejército , el Departamento de la Armada de los Estados Unidos y el Departamento de la Fuerza Aérea , son entidades lideradas por civiles que supervisan las ramas del servicio militar coiguales organizadas en su interior. Los departamentos y servicios militares son responsables de organizar, entrenar y equipar a las fuerzas, y la cadena de mando real fluye a través de los comandos combatientes unificados .
El Estado Mayor Conjunto , aunque fuera de la cadena de mando operativa, es el organismo militar de mayor rango en las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos. Está dirigido por el presidente del Estado Mayor Conjunto , que es el jefe militar de las fuerzas armadas y principal asesor del presidente y secretario de defensa en asuntos militares. Su suplente es el vicepresidente del Estado Mayor Conjunto . Otros miembros incluyen el jefe de personal del Ejército , el comandante de la Infantería de Marina , el jefe de operaciones navales , el jefe de personal de la Fuerza Aérea , el jefe de operaciones espaciales y el jefe de la Oficina de la Guardia Nacional . El comandante de la Guardia Costera no es un miembro oficial del Estado Mayor Conjunto, pero a veces asiste a las reuniones como uno de los jefes del servicio militar. El Asesor Alistado Senior del Presidente es el miembro alistado de mayor rango en las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos. [25]
El liderazgo de las Fuerzas Armadas, que incluye al presidente de los Estados Unidos , el secretario de Defensa , el secretario de Seguridad Nacional y el presidente del Estado Mayor Conjunto son miembros del Consejo de Seguridad Nacional de los Estados Unidos , que asesora al presidente sobre seguridad nacional, militar y asuntos de política exterior. El Asesor de Seguridad Nacional y el Asesor Adjunto de Seguridad Nacional también pueden ser miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos. El Comité de Diputados del Consejo de Seguridad Nacional también incluye al Subsecretario de Defensa , el Subsecretario de Seguridad Nacional y el Vicepresidente del Estado Mayor Conjunto . El Consejo de Seguridad Nacional de los Estados Unidos , que asesora al presidente sobre seguridad nacional, incluye al presidente de los Estados Unidos , el Secretario de Defensa , el Secretario de Seguridad Nacional y el Presidente del Estado Mayor Conjunto . El Asesor de Seguridad Nacional también puede ser miembro de las fuerzas armadas. El liderazgo militar, incluido el Secretario de Defensa , el Secretario de Seguridad Nacional de los Estados Unidos y el Presidente del Estado Mayor Conjunto también forman parte del Consejo Nacional del Espacio .
Ramas de servicios
Las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos se componen de seis ramas de servicio militar iguales. Cinco de las ramas, el ejército de Estados Unidos , Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos , Estados Unidos Armada , Fuerza Aérea de los Estados , y Estados Unidos Fuerza Espacial están organizados bajo el Departamento de Defensa de los departamentos militares. La Guardia Costera de los Estados Unidos está nominalmente bajo el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional , pero puede ser transferida al Departamento de la Marina del Departamento de Defensa (que es la entidad civil que supervisa el Cuerpo de Marines y la Marina de los EE. o congreso. Con la excepción de la Guardia Costera, los servicios militares solo organizan, entrenan y equipan fuerzas. Los comandos combatientes unificados son responsables del control operativo de las fuerzas retenidas fuera del servicio.
Ejército
El Ejército de los Estados Unidos (EE. UU.) Es la rama del servicio terrestre de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos y parte del Departamento del Ejército liderado por civiles , que está dirigido por el Secretario del Ejército . El jefe militar del Ejército de los Estados Unidos es el jefe de estado mayor del Ejército , que es asistido por el vicejefe de estado mayor del Ejército de los Estados Unidos y el sargento mayor del Ejército . Fue fundado el 14 de junio de 1775 como Ejército Continental .
Las cinco competencias básicas del Ejército son conducir: [26]
- Combate terrestre rápido y sostenido
- Operaciones de armas combinadas
- Maniobra de armas combinadas y seguridad de área amplia
- Operaciones blindadas y mecanizadas
- Operaciones aerotransportadas y de asalto aéreo
- Operaciones Especiales
- Preparar y sostener el teatro para la fuerza conjunta
- Integrar el poder nacional , multinacional y conjunto en tierra
El ejército de Estados Unidos está compuesto por el Ejército regular, Reserva del Ejército de Estados Unidos , y Estados Unidos Guardia Nacional del Ejército . El Ejército de los EE. UU. Está organizado en cuatro comandos del ejército, que llevan a cabo la mayoría de las funciones de organización, entrenamiento y equipamiento del servicio, diez comandos del componente de servicio del Ejército, que comandan fuerzas adjuntas a los comandos combatientes, y doce unidades de informes directos. El Ejército también organiza a su personal en 21 ramas básicas diferentes . [27]
Los cuatro comandos del ejército son:
- Comando de las Fuerzas del Ejército de los Estados Unidos : Proporciona fuerzas del Ejército a los comandantes combatientes.
- Comando de Doctrina y Entrenamiento del Ejército de los Estados Unidos : Recluta, entrena y educa a los soldados y desarrolla la doctrina del Ejército.
- Comando de Material del Ejército de los Estados Unidos : Desarrolla, mantiene y adquiere sistemas y material.
- Comando de Futuros del Ejército de los Estados Unidos : Modernización y desarrollo de sistemas futuros.
La estructura de campo del Ejército de los EE. UU. Se divide en varias subdivisiones bajo sus órdenes: [28]
Grupo de ejércitos : solo se usa durante guerras a gran escala o como parte de comandos multinacionales, consta de cuatro a cinco ejércitos de campo y 400,000 a 1 millón de soldados. Generalmente responsable de dirigir campañas en un área geográfica determinada y comandado por un general | |||||
Ejército de campaña : consta de dos o más cuerpos o más de cuatro divisiones y consta de hasta 90.000 soldados comandados por un general o un teniente general . | |||||
Cuerpo : Consta de dos a cinco divisiones y de 20.000 a 45.000 soldados comandados por un teniente general . Un cuerpo es el nivel más alto de mando que proporciona dirección operativa para las operaciones de combate, con niveles más altos relacionados con la administración en lugar de las operaciones. | |||||
División : consta de tres a cuatro brigadas y de 10.000 a 15.000 soldados comandados por un general de división y se subdividen en divisiones aerotransportadas , blindadas , de infantería y de montaña . Cada división lleva a cabo importantes operaciones tácticas y operaciones sostenidas en el campo de batalla. | |||||
Brigada / Regimiento / Grupo : Consta de dos a tres batallones y de 3000 a 5000 soldados comandados por un coronel . Las unidades blindadas y de guardabosques se organizan en regimientos y las fuerzas especiales se organizan en grupos. En 2016, el Ejército reorganizó sus brigadas en equipos de combate de brigada , que son brigadas modulares autónomas que comúnmente incluyen una brigada de armas de combate y sus unidades de apoyo y fuego asignadas. | |||||
Batallón / Escuadrón : Consiste de cuatro a seis compañías y consta de hasta 1,000 soldados comandados por un teniente coronel . Los batallones se organizan en batallones de armas de combate, batallones de apoyo al combate y batallones de apoyo al servicio de combate por tipo de unidad. La caballería blindada y aérea se organiza en escuadrones. Los batallones y escuadrones realizan operaciones independientes de alcance y duración limitados. | |||||
Compañía / Batería / Tropa : Consiste de tres a cuatro pelotones y unas pocas docenas a 200 soldados comandados por un capitán . La artillería está organizada en baterías y las unidades blindadas y de caballería aérea están organizadas en tropas. Las compañías, baterías y tropas son unidades de tamaño táctico que pueden realizar una función en el campo de batalla por sí mismas. | |||||
Pelotón : consta de dos o tres escuadrones y hasta 36 soldados dirigidos por un primer teniente o un segundo teniente . | |||||
Escuadrón / Sección : Consta de dos equipos y de cuatro a diez soldados dirigidos por un sargento de estado mayor . | |||||
Equipo : Consta de cuatro soldados y dirigido por un sargento o cabo . |
cuerpos de Marina
El Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos (USMC) es la rama del servicio de la fuerza terrestre marítima de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos y parte del Departamento de la Armada liderado por civiles , que está dirigido por el Secretario de la Marina . El jefe militar de la Infantería de Marina de los Estados Unidos es el comandante de la Infantería de Marina , que es asistido por el subcomandante de la Infantería de Marina y el sargento mayor de la Infantería de Marina . La Infantería de Marina fue fundada el 10 de noviembre de 1775 como la Infantería de Marina Continental y se disolvió en 1783, antes de ser restablecida como la Infantería de Marina de los Estados Unidos el 11 de julio de 1789. [29]
El Cuerpo de Marines es responsable de la guerra anfibia y las operaciones de guerra expedicionaria , y tiene una relación muy estrecha con su servicio hermano, la Armada de los Estados Unidos. El Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos está compuesto por el Cuerpo de Marines Regular y la Reserva del Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos . La unidad central del cuerpo de marina es un aeroterrestre-Grupo de Trabajo de Marina , que se componen de un elemento de mando , elemento de combate en tierra , elemento de combate de la aviación , y el elemento de logística de combate . El Cuerpo de Marines se divide en la Fuerza de Marina de Flota y el Establecimiento de Apoyo.
La Flota de la Fuerza Marina incluye:
- Mando de las Fuerzas de la Infantería de Marina de los Estados Unidos / Fuerza de la Flota Marina, Atlántico : Realiza operaciones en el Atlántico, Europa y África. Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic bajo el mando del Comando de las Fuerzas de Flota de los Estados Unidos .
- Fuerzas del Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos, Pacífico / Fuerza de la flota de la flota, Pacífico : Realiza operaciones en el Pacífico y Medio Oriente. Flota de la Fuerza Marina del Pacífico bajo el mando de la Flota del Pacífico de los Estados Unidos .
The U.S. Marine Corps' Marine Air-Ground Task Force structure is broken into several levels under the Fleet Marine Force:[30]
Marine Expeditionary Force: The largest type of Marine Air-Ground Task Force, consists of a marine division, air wing, and logistics group under a headquarters group and 20,000 to 90,000 marines and sailors commanded by a lieutenant general. The principal warfighting organization of the Marine Corps during larger crisis or contingencies, MEFs' are self-sufficient for 60 days.[31][32] | |
Marine Expeditionary Brigade: The medium type of Marine Air-Ground task Force, consists of a reinforced infantry regiment, reinforced composite marine aircraft group, and task organized logistics combat regiment under a command element and 20,000 marines and sailors commanded by a brigadier general. Forward deployed MEUs provide an expeditionary force in readiness and are self-sufficient for 30 days.[31] | |
Marine Expeditionary Unit: The light type of Marine Air-Ground task Force, consists of a reinforced infantry battalion, reinforced composite aviation squadron, and task organized combat logistics battalion command element and 2,600 marines and sailors commanded by a colonel. Forward deployed MEUs provide an expeditionary force in readiness, capable of commencing missions on a six-hour timeline and are self-sufficient for 15 days.[31] |
The U.S. Marine Corps' unit structure is broken into several subdivisions under the Fleet Marine Force:[30]
Marine division / Marine aircraft wing: Consists of three marine regiments or marine aircraft groups and 6,561 marines commanded by a major general. | |||||
Marine logistics group: Consists of three combat logistics regiments and commanded by a brigadier general. | |||||
Marine regiment / Marine aircraft group: Consist of three or more marine battalions or marine aviation squadrons and 2,187 marines commanded by a colonel. | |||||
Marine regiment / Marine aviation squadron: Consists of three or more companies or 24 aircraft and 729 marines commanded by a lieutenant colonel. | |||||
Company: Consists of three or more platoons and 243 marines commanded by a Captain. | |||||
Platoon: Consists of three squads and 27 marines commanded by a first lieutenant or second lieutenant. | |||||
Squad / Section: Consists of three teams and nine marines led by a sergeant. | |||||
Fire team: Consists of four marines led by a corporal. |
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and part of the civilian-led Department of the Navy, which is led by the Secretary of the Navy. The military head of the U.S. Navy is the chief of naval operations, who is assisted by the vice chief of naval operations and master chief petty officer of the Navy. The Navy was founded on 13 October 1775 as the Continental Navy, which was disbanded on 1 August 1785 before being reestablished as the modern U.S. Navy on 20 January 1794.[33]
The five enduring functions of the Navy are:[34]
- Sea control
- Power projection
- Deterrence
- Maritime security
- Sealift
The U.S. Navy is composed of the Regular Navy and United States Navy Reserve. The U.S. Navy is organized into eight navy component commands, which command operational forces, fifteen shore commands, which support the fleets' operating forces, five systems commands, which oversee the technical requirements of the Navy, and nine type commands, which administratively manage units of a certain type.
The navy component commands are:[35]
- United States Fleet Forces Command / United States Naval Forces Northern Command / United States Naval Forces Strategic Command: Conducts naval operations in North America as United States Northern Command's joint force maritime component and strategic deterrence operations as United States Strategic Command's joint force maritime component.
- United States Pacific Fleet: Conducts naval operations in the Pacific and Asia as United States Indo-Pacific Command's joint force maritime component.
- United States Naval Forces Central Command: Conducts Naval operations in the Middle East as United States Central Command's joint force maritime component.
- United States Naval Forces Southern Command: Conducts naval operations in South America as United States Southern Command's joint force maritime component.
- United States Naval Forces Europe-Africa: Conducts naval operations in Europe and Africa as United States European Command's and United States Africa Command's joint force maritime component.
- United States Fleet Cyber Command / United States Navy Space Command: Naval component to United States Cyber Command and United States Space Command.
- United States Naval Special Warfare Command: Commands the United States Navy SEALs and conducts special operations as United States Special Operations Command joint force maritime component.
- United States Navy Military Sealift Command: Conducts sealift operations as United States Transportation Command's joint force maritime component.
The U.S. Navy's unit structure is broken into several subdivisions under the operating force:[35]
- Numbered fleet: Elements of navy component commands led by vice admirals
- Task force: Scalable organization that is responsible to the fleet commander for assigned units and functions.
- Task group: An individual carrier strike group, amphibious ready group, surface strike group within a given fleet.
- Task unit: Units operating together for a specific task, such as air defense units within a carrier strike group.
- Task element: Individual units within a task unit.
The U.S. Navy's unit structure is broken into several subdivisions under the type command structure. For Naval Air Forces:[35]
Carrier air wing / Wing: Consists of four strike fighter squadrons, one electronic attack squadron, one carrier airborne early warning squadron, on helicopter sea combat squadron, one helicopter maritime strike squadron, and one fleet logistic support squadron under the command of a captain. | |||||
Squadron: Consists of several aircraft under the command of a commander. |
Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces and part of the civilian-led Department of the Air Force, which is led by the Secretary of the Air Force. The military head of the U.S. Air Force is the chief of staff of the Air Force, who is assisted by the vice chief of staff of the United States Air Force and chief master sergeant of the Air Force. It achieved independence on 18 September 1947 from the U.S. Army, but directly traces its history through the United States Army Air Forces, United States Army Air Corps, United States Army Air Service, the Division of Military Aeronautics, Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, to the birth of Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps on 1 August 1907.
The five core missions of the Air Force are:[36]
- Air superiority
- Global integrated intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
- Rapid global mobility
- Global strike
- Command and control
The U.S. Air Force is composed of the Regular Air Force, United States Air Force Reserve, and United States Air National Guard. The U.S. Air Force is organized into nine major commands, which conduct the majority of the service's organize, train, and equip functions and command forces attached to the combatant commands.[37]
The Air Force's major commands are:
- Air Combat Command: Provides fighter, attack, intelligence, cyber, combat rescue, and air force ground forces to combatant commanders.
- Air Education and Training Command: Recruits, educates, and trains airmen and develops Air Force doctrine
- Air Force Global Strike Command: Operates the Air Force's strategic bomber and intercontinental ballistic missile forces as United States Strategic Command's joint force air component.
- Air Force Materiel Command: Develops, maintains, and acquires systems and materiel.
- Air Force Reserve Command: Manages Air Force reserve forces.
- Air Force Special Operations Command: Conducts special operations with aviation and Special Tactics Commandos as United States Special Operations Commmand's joint force air component.
- Air Mobility Command: Conducts airlift and air refueling operations as United States Transportation Command's joint force air component.
- Pacific Air Forces: Conducts air operations as United States Indo-Pacific Commands joint force air component.
- United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa: Conducts air operations as United States European Command's and United States Africa Command's joint force air component.
The U.S. Air Force's field structure is broken into several subdivisions under its major commands:[38]
Numbered air force / Named air force: Consists of multiple wings with a geographic or functional assignment commanded by a general or lieutenant general. | |||||
Wing: Consists of two or more groups commanded by a brigadier general or colonel. Wings typically contain an operations group, maintenance group, mission support group, and a medical group. There are two types of wings: composite wings or objective wings. Composite wings operate more than one kind of aircraft and may be designated as self-contained units designed for quick air intervention anywhere in the world. Objective wings are based on a single purpose, such as an operational, air base, or specialized mission. | |||||
Group: Consists of two or more squadrons whose mission are similar or complementary commanded by a colonel. | |||||
Squadron: Consist of two or more flights commanded by a lieutenant colonel or major. | |||||
Flight: Consists of individual airmen, sections, or shops commanded by a captain. | |||||
Element / Section: Consists of two or more airmen led by a staff sergeant or senior airman. |
Space Force
The United States Space Force (USSF) is the space service branch of the United States Armed Forces and part of the civilian-led Department of the Air Force, which is led by the Secretary of the Air Force. The military head of the U.S. Space Force is the chief of space operations, who is assisted by the vice chief of space operations and senior enlisted advisor of the Space Force. It achieved independence on 20 December 2019 from the U.S. Air Force, but directly traces its history through Air Force Space Command to 1 September 1982, with even earlier history traced to the Western Development Division established on 1 July 1954.
The five core competencies of the Space Force are:[39]
- Space security
- Combat power projection
- Space mobility and logistics
- Information mobility
- Space domain awareness
The U.S. Space Force is composed of the Regular Space Force, not yet having organized a reserve component outside of the Air Force. The Space Force is organized into one field command and one center, with the intent to fully organize into three field commands, activating Space Systems Command to replace the Space and Missile Systems Center and Space Training and Readiness Command to institutionalize its training, education, and doctrine development.[40]
The Space Force's field command and center is:
- Space Operations Command: Conducts space, cyber, and intelligence operations as primary service component to United States Space Command.
- Space and Missile Systems Center: Conducts research, development, acquisitions, and sustainment of Space Force systems.
The Space Force's field structure is broken into several subdivisions under its field commands:[40]
Delta / Garrison / Wing : Consists of two or more squadrons, or attached Air Force mission support and medical groups for garrisons and wings and a Space Force operations group for wings as well, commanded by a brigadier general or colonel. Deltas are responsible for executing a specific mission, while garrisons are responsible for installations support and management. Space Force wings are a legacy organizational structure inherited from the Air Force that manage a singular base and mission under one organization and are being phased out in favor of deltas and garrisons. | |||||
Operations group: Consists of two or more squadrons whose mission are similar or complementary commanded by a colonel. Space Force operations groups are a legacy organizational structure inherited from the Air Force wing structure and are being phased out and replaced with deltas. | |||||
Squadron: Consist of two or more flights commanded by a lieutenant colonel. | |||||
Flight / Crew: Consists of individual guardians commanded by a captain, first lieutenant, or second lieutenant. |
Coast Guard
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the United States Armed Forces and part of the Department of Homeland Security, which is led by the Secretary of Homeland Security. It is the only military branch outside the Department of Defense, but can be transferred to the civilian-led Department of the Navy, which is led by the Secretary of the Navy, in the case that congress stipulates that when declaring war or the president directs.[41] The military head of the U.S. Coast Guard is the commandant of the Coast Guard, who is assisted by the vice commandant of the Coast Guard and master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard. The Coast Guard was founded as a military service branch on 4 August 1790 as the United States Revenue-Marine, before being renamed on 31 July 1894 as the United States Revenue Cutter Service. On 28 January 1915 it was merged with the civilian United States Life-Saving Service to form the United States Coast Guard. In 1939, the civilian United States Lighthouse Service was merged into the Coast Guard. The Revenue-Marine, and later the Coast Guard, were organized under the Department of the Treasury, transferring to the Department of the Navy during World War I and World War II. In 1967 it was transferred to the Department of Transportation, where it would reside until 2003 when it was permanently transferred to the Department of Homeland Security.
The eleven missions of the Coast Guard are:[42]
- Port and waterway security
- Drug interdiction
- Aids to navigation
- Search and rescue
- Living marine resources
- Marine safety
- Defense readiness
- Migrant interdiction
- Marine environmental protection
- Ice operations
- Law enforcement
The U.S. Coast Guard is composed of the Regular Coast Guard and United States Coast Guard Reserve. The U.S. Coast Guard is organized into two area commands.[43]
- Coast Guard Atlantic Area: Conducts Coast Guard operations in the Atlantic Ocean and central United States.
- Coast Guard Pacific Area: Conducts Coast Guard operations in the Pacific Ocean.
Comandos combatientes
Unified combatant commands are joint military commands consisting of forces from multiple military departments, with their chain of command flowing from the president, to the secretary of defense, to the commanders of the combatant commands. There are eleven unified combatant commands that come in two types. Geographic commands, such as Africa, Central, European, Indo-Pacific, Northern, Southern and Space commands are responsible for planning and operations in a certain geographic area. Functional commands, such as Cyber, Special Operations, Strategic, and Transportation commands are responsible for a functional activity that crosses geographic boundaries. Each service organizes, trains, and equips forces that are then presented to the unified combatant commands through service component commands. Special Operations Command and Cyber Command also present theater special operations commands or joint force headquarters – cyber to other combatant commanders. Army or Marine Corps components are typically duel hatted as the joint force land component, Navy components are typically duel hatted as the joint force maritime component, and Air Force components are typically duel hatted as the joint force air component, with the theater special operations command duel hatted as the joint force special operations component, and Space Force component sometimes duel hatted as the joint force space component.[44]
Geographic
Africa Command
United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM or AFRICOM) is the geographic combatant command responsible for United States military operations in Africa, except for Egypt, which is under United States Central Command. Africa Command is headquartered in Kelley Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany. Africa Command was created due to the rising strategic importance of Africa, and to harmonize military eff in Africa with the United States Department of State and other U.S. agencies, activated on 1 October 2007 as a sub-unified command of United States European Command, beortsfore becoming an independent combatant command on 1 October 2008. Prior to the establishment of United States Africa Command, military operations on the continent were the responsibility of United States European Command for North Africa, West Africa, and Southern Africa, United States Central Command for East Africa, and United States Pacific Command for the Indian Ocean and African islands off the coast.[45]
United States Africa Command includes one combined joint task force:
- Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa: conducts combined (multinational) and joint (multiservice) operations in the Horn of Africa
United States Africa Command's service components are:
- Army
- United States Army Africa
- Ninth United States Army
- Southern European Task Force[46]
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Corps Forces Africa
- Navy
- United States Naval Forces Africa
- United States Sixth Fleet
- Air Force
- United States Air Forces Africa
- Special Operations Command
- United States Special Operations Command Africa
- Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Army[47]
Central Command
United States Central Command (USCENTCOM or CENTCOM) is the geographic combatant command responsible for United States military operations in the Middle East, Central Asia, and parts of South Asia, except for Israel, which is under United States European Command. Central Command is headquartered in MacDill Air Force Base, Tampa, Florida, with a forward headquarters at Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar. Central Command was established on 1 January 1983, growing out of United States Readiness Command's Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force, which itself was established on 1 March 1980 . Prior to its establishment, military operations in the Middle East were the responsibility of United States European Command, and before that United States Strike Command.[48]
United States Central Command includes two subordinate units:
- Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve: conducts combined (multinational) and joint (multiservice) operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
- United States Forces – Afghanistan: United States component to NATO's Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan.
United States Central Command's service components are:
- Army
- United States Army Central
- Combined Force Land Component Command
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Forces Central Command
- Navy
- United States Naval Forces Central Command
- United States Fifth Fleet
- Air Force
- Ninth Air Force
- United States Air Forces Central
- Special Operations Command
- United States Special Operations Command Central
- Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Army[47]
European Command
United States European Command (USEUCOM or EUCOM) is the geographic combatant command responsible for United States military operations in Europe, Russia, Greenland, and Israel. European Command is headquartered in Patch Barracks, Stuttgart, German, and shares a commander with NATO Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. European Command was established on 1 August 1952.[49]
United States European Command's service components are:
- Army
- United States Army Europe
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Corps Forces Europe
- Navy
- United States Naval Forces Europe
- United States Sixth Fleet
- Air Force
- United States Air Forces in Europe
- Special Operations Command
- United States Special Operations Command Europe
- Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Air Force[47]
Indo-Pacific Command
United States Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM or INDOPACOM) is the geographic combatant command responsible for United States military operations in the Pacific, Asia, India, and Antarctica. Indo-Pacific Command is headquartered in Camp H. M. Smith, Oahu, Hawaii. Indo-Pacific Command was established on 1 January 1947 as United States Pacific Command, assuming the responsibilities of United States Far East Command and Alaskan Command on 1 July 1957. It was renamed on 30 May 2018 in recognition of the increasing strategic importance of the Indian Ocean.[50]
Indo-Pacific Command has two subordinate unified commands, two direct reporting units, and one standing joint task force:
- United States Forces Japan
- Army
- United States Army Japan
- I Corps (Forward)
- Marine Corps
- III Marine Expeditionary Force
- Navy
- United States Naval Forces Japan
- United States Seventh Fleet
- Air Force
- Fifth Air Force
- United States Forces Korea
- Army
- Eighth United States Army
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Forces Korea
- Navy
- United States Naval Forces Korea
- United States Seventh Fleet
- Air Force
- Seventh Air Force (Air Forces Korea)
- Special Operations Command
- United States Special Operations Command Korea
- Joint Intelligence Operations Center Pacific
- Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
- Joint Interagency Task Force West
United States Indo-Pacific Command's service components are:
- Army
- United States Army Pacific
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Corps Forces Pacific
- Navy
- United States Pacific Fleet
- Air Force
- Pacific Air Forces
- Special Operations Command
- United States Special Operations Command Pacific
- Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Fleet Cyber Command[51]
Northern Command
United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM or NORTHCOM) is the geographic combatant command responsible for United States military operations and the defense of North America. Northern Command is headquartered in Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado and shares a commander and some staff with the combined U.S.–Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command. Northern Command was established on 1 October 2002 in direct response to the 9/11 Attacks.[52]
Northern Command has one sub-unified command and three joint task forces:
- Alaskan Command
- Army
- United States Army Alaska
- Navy
- United States Naval Forces Alaska
- Air Force
- Eleventh Air Force
- Joint Force Headquarters National Capital Region
- Army
- United States Army Military District of Washington
- Marine Corps
- Marine Corps National Capital Region Command
- Navy
- Naval District Washington
- Air Force
- Air Force District of Washington
- Coast Guard
- Coast Guard Fifth District
- Joint Task Force – Civil Support
- Joint Task Force North
United States Northern Command's service components are:
- Army
- United States Army North
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Corps Forces North
- Navy
- United States Naval Forces Northern Command
- Air Force
- First Air Force
- Air Forces Northern
- Special Operations Command
- United States Special Operations Command North
- Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Army[47]
Southern Command
United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM or SOUTHCOM) is the geographic combatant command responsible for United States military operations in Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. Southern Command is headquartered in Doral, Florida. Southern Command was established on 11 June 1963, replacing Caribbean Command.[53]
Southern Command has three joint task forces:
- Joint Task Force Bravo
- Joint Task Force Guantanamo
- Joint Interagency Task Force South
United States Southern Command's service components are:
- Army
- United States Army South
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Corps Forces South
- Navy
- United States Naval Forces Southern Command
- United States Fourth Fleet
- Air Force
- Twelfth Air Force
- Air Forces Southern
- Special Operations Command :
- United States Special Operations Command South
- Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Fleet Cyber Command[47]
Space Command
United States Space Command (USSPACECOM or SPACECOM) is the geographic combatant command responsible for United States military operations in outerspace. Space Command is headquartered in Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado. Space Command was reestablished on 29 August 2019, being first established as a unified combatant command on 23 September 1985 before being inactivated on 1 October 2002 and having space activities folded into Strategic Command. While at strategic command, space operations were handled by the Joint Force Space Component Command, Joint Functional Component Command for Space, and Joint Space Operations.
United States Space Command has one subordinate combined command and one joint task force:
- Combined Force Space Component Command
- Joint Task Force–Space Defense
United States Space Command's service components are:
- Army
- United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Corps Forces Space Command
- Navy
- United States Navy Space Command
- Air Force
- First Air Force
- Space Force
- Space Operations Command
- Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Air Force
Functional
Cyber Command
United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM or CYBERCOM) is the functional combatant command responsible for United States military operations in cyberspace. Cyber Command is headquartered in Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, sharing leadership, personnel, and resources with the National Security Agency and Central Security Service. Cyber Command was established on 21 May 2010 as a sub-unified command under United States Strategic Command, becoming an independent combatant command on 4 May 2018. Cyber Command traces its history through Strategic Command's Joint Functional Component Command – Network Warfare, Joint Task Force – Global Network Operations, Joint Task Force–Computer Network Operations, to Space Command's Joint Task Force–Computer Network Defense on 1 December 1998. Prior to the establishment of Cyber Command, cyber operations were the responsibility of Strategic Command, and before that Space Command. Cyber Command supports the other combatant commands by providing Joint Force Headquarters–Cyber elements.[54]
United States Cyber Command's service components are:
- Army
- United States Army Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Army
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Corps Forces Cyberspace Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Marines[55]
- Navy
- United States Fleet Cyber Command
- United States Tenth Fleet
- Joint Force Headquarters – Fleet Cyber Command
- Air Force
- Sixteenth Air Force
- Air Forces Cyber
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Air Force
Special Operations Command
United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM or SOCOM) is the functional combatant command responsible for United States military special operations. Special Operations Command is headquartered in MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. Special Operations Command was established on 16 April 1987.
United States Special Operations Command has one subordinate component command and seven theater special operations commands:
- Joint Special Operations Command
- Army
- 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta
- Intelligence Support Activity
- Regimental Reconnaissance Company
- Navy
- Naval Special Warfare Development Group
- Air Force
- 24th Special Tactics Squadron
- Joint
- Joint Communications Unit
Theater Commands:
- United States Special Operations Command Africa
- United States Special Operations Command Central
- United States Special Operations Command Europe
- United States Special Operations Command Korea
- United States Special Operations Command Pacific
- United States Special Operations Command North
- United States Special Operations Command South
United States Special Operations Command's service components are:
- Army
- United States Army Special Operations Command
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command
- Navy
- United States Navy Special Warfare Command
- Air Force
- Air Force Special Operations Command
- Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Marines
Strategic Command
United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM or STRATCOM) is the functional combatant command responsible for United States military nuclear and missile defense operations. Strategic Command is headquartered in Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. Strategic Command was established on 1 June 1992, replacing the specified command function of Strategic Air Command.[56]
United States Strategic Command's service components are:
- Army
- United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command
- Joint Functional Component Command for Integrated Missile Defense
- Marine Corps
- United States Marine Corps Forces Strategic Command
- Navy
- United States Naval Forces Strategic Command
- Air Force
- Air Force Global Strike Command
- Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Air Force
Transportation Command
United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM or TRANSCOM) is the functional combatant command responsible for United States military mobility and transport operations. Transportation Command is headquartered in Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. Strategic Command was established on 1 July 1987, replacing the specified command function of Strategic Air Command.[57]
United States Transportation Command has one subordinate command and a reserve unit that are direct reporting elements:[58]
- Joint Enabling Capabilities Command
- Joint Planning Support Element
- Joint Communications Support Element (Airborne)
- Joint Transportation Reserve Unit
United States Transportation Command's service components are:
- Army
- Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command
- Navy
- Military Sealift Command
- Air Force
- Air Mobility Command
- Cyber Command
- Joint Force Headquarters – Cyber Air Force
Presupuesto
The United States has the world's largest military budget. In the fiscal year 2019, $693 billion in funding were enacted for the DoD and for "Overseas Contingency Operations" in the War on Terrorism.[16] Outside of direct DoD spending, the United States spends another $218 to $262 billion each year on other defense-related programs, such as Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, nuclear weapons maintenance and DoD.
In FY2016 $146.9 billion was allocated for the Department of the Army, $168.8 billion for the Department of the Navy, $161.8 billion for the Department of the Air Force, and $102.8 billion for DoD-wide spending.[59] By function, $138.6 billion was requested for personnel, $244.4 billion for operations and maintenance, $118.9 billion for procurement, $69.0 billion for research and development, $1.3 billion for revolving and management funds, $6.9 billion for military construction, and $1.3 billion for family housing.[59]
Personal
The U.S. Armed Forces is the world's third largest military by active personnel, after the Chinese's People's Liberation Army and the Indian Armed Forces, consisting of 1,359,685 servicemembers in the regular armed forces with an additional 799,845 servicemembers in the reserves as of 28 February 2019.[60]
While the United States Armed Forces is an all-volunteer military, conscription through the Selective Service System can be enacted at the president's request and Congress' approval, with all males ages 18 through 25 who are living in the United States are required to register with the Selective Service.[61] Although the constitutionality of registering only males for Selective Service was challenged by federal district court in 2019, its legality was upheld by a federal appeals court in 2020.[62]
As in most militaries, members of the U.S. Armed Forces hold a rank, either that of officer, warrant officer or enlisted, to determine seniority and eligibility for promotion. Those who have served are known as veterans. Rank names may be different between services, but they are matched to each other by their corresponding paygrade.[63] Officers who hold the same rank or paygrade are distinguished by their date of rank to determine seniority, while officers who serve in certain positions of office of importance set by law, outrank all other officers in active duty of the same rank and paygrade, regardless of their date of rank.[64] In 2012, it was reported that only one in four persons in the United States of the proper age meet the moral, academic and physical standards for military service.[65]
Personnel by service
February 2018 Demographic Reports and end strengths for reserve components.[59][66][67][68][69][70]
Component | Military | Enlisted | Officer | Female | Civilian | |
U.S. Army | 471,513 | 376,206 | 90,785 | 465,784 | 69,345 | 299,644 |
U.S. Marine Corps | 184,427 | 163,092 | 21,335 | 181,845 | 15,551 | 20,484 |
U.S. Navy | 325,802 | 267,286 | 54,114 | 265,852 | 62,168 | 179,293 |
U.S. Air Force | 320,811 | 255,605 | 61,054 | 270,462 | 50,750 | 174,754 |
U.S. Space Force | 4,840 | |||||
U.S. Coast Guard | 42,042 | 32,782 | 8,239 | |||
Total active | 1,347,106 | 1,137,916 | 236,826 | 1,219,510 | 210,485 | 681,232 |
Army National Guard | 336,879 | 291,865 | 45,014 | |||
U.S. Army Reserve | 190,699 | 153,064 | 37,635 | |||
U.S. Marine Corps Reserve | 38,473 | 34,079 | 4,394 | |||
U.S. Navy Reserve | 57,650 | 43,596 | 14,054 | |||
Air National Guard | 106,549 | 91,274 | 15,275 | |||
Air Force Reserve | 68,216 | 54,658 | 13,558 | |||
U.S. Coast Guard Reserve | 6,142 | 5,086 | 1,056 | |||
Total reserves | 807,562 | 673,622 | 130,986 | |||
Other DoD personnel | 108,833 |
Locations
Overseas
As of 31 December 2010, U.S. Armed Forces troops were stationed in 150 countries; the number of non-contingent deployments per country ranges from 1 in Suriname to over 50,000 in Germany.[71] Some of the largest deployments are: 103,700 in Afghanistan, 52,440 in Germany (see list), 35,688 in Japan (USFJ), 28,500 in South Korea (USFK), 9,660 in Italy and 9,015 in the United Kingdom. These numbers change frequently due to the regular recall and deployment of units.
Altogether, 77,917 military personnel are located in Europe, 141 in the former Soviet Union, 47,236 in East Asia and the Pacific, 3,362 in North Africa, the Near East and South Asia, 1,355 in sub-Saharan Africa and 1,941 in the Western Hemisphere excluding the United States itself.
Domestic
Including U.S. territories and ships afloat within territorial waters As of 31 December 2009, a total of 1,137,568 personnel were on active duty within the United States and its territories (including 84,461 afloat).[72] The vast majority (941,629 personnel) were stationed at bases within the contiguous United States. There were an additional 37,245 in Hawaii and 20,450 in Alaska while 84,461 were at sea, 2,972 in Guam and 179 in Puerto Rico.
Rank structure
Rank in the United States Armed Forces is split into three distinct categories: officers, warrant officers, and enlisted personnel. Officers are the leadership of the military, holding commissions from the president of the United States and confirmed to their rank by the Senate. Warrant officers hold a warrant from the secretaries of the military departments, serving as specialist in certain military technologies and capabilities. Upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2, they gain a commission from the president of the United States. Enlisted personnel constitute the majority of the armed forces, serving as specialists and tactical-level leaders until they become senior non-commissioned officers or senior petty officers. Military ranks across the services can be compared by U.S. Uniformed Services pay grade or NATO rank code.[73]
Officer corps
Uniformed Services pay grade | Officer candidate | O-1 | O-2 | O-3 | O-4 | O-5 | O-6 | O-7 | O-8 | O-9 | O-10 | Special grade | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NATO code | OF(D) | OF-1 | OF-2 | OF-3 | OF-4 | OF-5 | OF-6 | OF-7 | OF-8 | OF-9 | OF-10 | |||||||||||||
Insignia | Various | |||||||||||||||||||||||
United States Army | Cadet / Officer candidate | Second lieutenant | First lieutenant | Captain | Major | Lieutenant colonel | Colonel | Brigadier general | Major general | Lieutenant general | General | General of the Army | ||||||||||||
United States Marine Corps | Midshipman / Officer candidate | Second lieutenant | First lieutenant | Captain | Major | Lieutenant colonel | Colonel | Brigadier general | Major general | Lieutenant general | General | Not established | ||||||||||||
United States Navy | Midshipman / Officer candidate | Ensign | Lieutenant (junior grade) | Lieutenant | Lieutenant commander | Commander | Captain | Rear admiral (lower half) | Rear admiral | Vice admiral | Admiral | Fleet admiral | ||||||||||||
United States Air Force | Cadet / Officer trainee | Second lieutenant | First lieutenant | Captain | Major | Lieutenant colonel | Colonel | Brigadier general | Major general | Lieutenant general | General | General of the Air Force | ||||||||||||
United States Space Force | Cadet / Officer trainee | Second lieutenant | First lieutenant | Captain | Major | Lieutenant colonel | Colonel | Brigadier general | Major general | Lieutenant general | General | Not established | ||||||||||||
United States Coast Guard | Cadet / Officer candidate | Ensign | Lieutenant (junior grade) | Lieutenant | Lieutenant commander | Commander | Captain | Rear admiral (lower half) | Rear admiral | Vice admiral | Admiral | Not established |
Officers represent the top 18% of the armed forces, serving in leadership and command roles.[74] Officers are divided into three categories:[73]
- O-1 to O-3: Company grade officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or junior officers in the Navy.
- O-4 to O-6: Field grade officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or mid-grade officers in the Navy and Coast Guard.
- O-7 to O-10: General officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard.
Officers are typically commissioned as second lieutenants or ensigns with a bachelor's degree after several years of training and education or directly commissioning from civilian life into a specific specialty, such as a medical professional, lawyer, chaplain, or cyber specialist.[75][76] The three primary commissioning routes include:
- United States service academies: Four-year military college that provides academic, military, physical, and leadership training.
- United States Military Academy at West Point: Commissions officers into the United States Army.
- United States Naval Academy: Commissions officers into the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps.
- United States Air Force Academy: Commissions officers into the United States Air Force and United States Space Force.
- United States Coast Guard Academy: Commissions officers into the United States Coast Guard.
- United States Merchant Marine Academy: Commissions officers into the United States Navy Reserve.
- Reserve Officer Training Corps: Part time military program at traditional colleges.
- Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps: Commissions officers into the United States Army.
- Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps: Commissions officers into the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps.
- Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps: Commissions officers into the United States Air Force and United States Space Force.
- Officer candidate school: Shortened military training for civilians or enlisted personnel who already possess a bachelor's degree.
- Army Officer Candidate School: Commissions officers into the United States Army.
- Marine Corps Officer Candidate School: Commissions officers into the United States Marine Corps.
- Navy Officer Candidate School: Commissions officers into the United States Navy.
- Air Force Officer Training School: Commissions officers into the United States Air Force and United States Space Force.
- Coast Guard Officer Candidate School: Commissions officers into the United States Coast Guard.
Throughout their careers, officers continue professional military education throughout their careers, typically before major milestones.[77] Professional military education institutions across the services and armed forces include:
- National Defense University
- National War College
- Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy
- Joint Forces Staff College
- Defense Acquisition University
- United States Army War College
- United States Army Command and General Staff College
- Marine Corps University
- Marine Corps War College
- Naval War College
- Naval Postgraduate School: Run by the United States Navy for the entire armed forces.
- Air University: For United States Air Force and United States Space Force officers.
- Air War College
- Air Command and Staff College
- Squadron Officer School
- Air Force Institute of Technology
During a time of war, officers may be promoted to five-star ranks, with general of the Army, fleet admiral, and general of the Air Force the only five-star ranks currently authorized.[78]
Warrant officer corps
Uniformed Services pay grade | W-1 | W-2 | W-3 | W-4 | W-5 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NATO code | WO-1 | WO-2 | WO-3 | WO-4 | WO-5 | ||||||||||||
United States Army | Warrant officer one | Chief warrant officer two | Chief warrant officer three | Chief warrant officer four | Chief warrant officer five | ||||||||||||
United States Marine Corps | Warrant officer one | Chief warrant officer two | Chief warrant officer three | Chief warrant officer four | Chief warrant officer five | ||||||||||||
United States Navy | Warrant officer one | Chief warrant officer two | Chief warrant officer three | Chief warrant officer four | Chief warrant officer five | ||||||||||||
United States Air Force | Warrant officer one Inactive | Chief warrant officer two Inactive | Chief warrant officer three Inactive | Chief warrant officer four Inactive | Chief warrant officer five Inactive | ||||||||||||
United States Space Force | Not established | Not established | Not established | Not established | Not established | ||||||||||||
United States Coast Guard | Warrant officer one Inactive | Chief warrant officer two | Chief warrant officer three | Chief warrant officer four | Not established |
Warrant officers are specialists, accounting for only 8% of the officer corps.[74] Warrant officers hold warrants from their service secretary and are specialists and experts in certain military technologies or capabilities. The lowest-ranking warrant officers serve under a warrant, but they receive commissions from the president upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2. They derive their authority from the same source as commissioned officers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned officers, who are generalists. There are no warrant officers in the Air Force or Space Force.[73]
Warrant officers are typically non-commissioned officers before being selected, with the exception of the Army Aviation where any enlisted grade can apply for a warrant. Army Warrant officers attend the Army Warrant Officer Candidate School.[79]
Enlisted corps
Uniformed Services pay grade | E-1 | E-2 | E-3 | E-4 | E-5 | E-6 | E-7 | E-8 | E-9 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NATO code | OR-1 | OR-2 | OR-3 | OR-4 | OR-5 | OR-6 | OR-7 | OR-8 | OR-9 | |||||||||
United States Army | No insignia | No insignia yet | ||||||||||||||||
Private | Private | Private first class | Specialist | Corporal | Sergeant | Staff sergeant | Sergeant first class | Master sergeant | First sergeant | Sergeant major | Command sergeant major | Senior enlisted advisor to the chief of the National Guard Bureau | Sergeant Major of the Army | Senior enlisted advisor to the chairman | ||||
United States Marine Corps | No insignia | No insignia yet | ||||||||||||||||
Private | Private first class | Lance corporal | Corporal | Sergeant | Staff sergeant | Gunnery sergeant | Master sergeant | First sergeant | Master gunnery sergeant | Sergeant major | Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps | Senior enlisted advisor to the chairman | ||||||
United States Navy | No insignia | No insignia yet | ||||||||||||||||
Seaman recruit | Seaman apprentice | Seaman | Petty officer third class | Petty officer second class | Petty officer first class | Chief petty officer | Senior chief petty officer | Command senior chief petty officer | Master chief petty officer | Command master chief petty officer | Fleet master chief petty officer or Force master chief petty officer | Master chief petty officer of the Navy | Senior enlisted advisor to the chairman | |||||
United States Air Force | No insignia | |||||||||||||||||
Airman basic | Airman | Airman first class | Senior airman | Staff sergeant | Technical sergeant | Master sergeant | First sergeant | Senior master sergeant | First sergeant | Chief master sergeant | First sergeant | Command chief master sergeant | Senior enlisted advisor to the chief of the National Guard Bureau | Chief master sergeant of the Air Force | Senior enlisted advisor to the chairman | |||
United States Space Force | No insignia | |||||||||||||||||
Specialist 1 | Specialist 2 | Specialist 3 | Specialist 4 | Sergeant | Technical sergeant | Master sergeant | First sergeant | Senior master sergeant | First sergeant | Chief master sergeant | First sergeant | Command chief master sergeant | Chief master sergeant of the Space Force | Senior enlisted advisor to the chairman | ||||
United States Coast Guard | No insignia yet | |||||||||||||||||
Seaman recruit | Seaman apprentice | Seaman | Petty officer third class | Petty officer second class | Petty officer first class | Chief petty officer | Senior chief petty officer | Master chief petty officer | Command master chief petty officer | Deputy master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard or Other senior enlisted leaders[80] | Master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard | Senior enlisted advisor to the chairman |
Enlisted personnel consist of 82% of the armed forces, serving as specialists and tactical leaders.[74] Enlisted personnel are divided into three categories:
- E-1 to E-3/4: Junior enlisted personnel, usually in initial training or at their first assignment. E-1 to E-3 in the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard and E-1 to E-4 in the Army, Air Force, and Space Force. In the Army, specialist (E-4) are considered to be junior enlisted, while corporals (E-4) are non-commissioned officers.
- E-4/5 to E-6: Non-commissioned officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force and petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard. In the Air Force and Space Force, staff sergeant (E-5) is the first non-commissioned officer rank. Non-commissioned officers and petty officers are responsible for tactical leadership.
- E-7 to E-9: Senior non-commissioned officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force and chief petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard. Serve as senior enlisted advisors to officers.
The rank of senior enlisted advisor is the highest rank in each service, serving as the primary advisors to their service secretary and service chief on enlisted matters. Prior to entering their service, enlisted personnel must their service's basic training. In the Army, after completing Basic Combat Training recruits then go to advanced individual training for their military occupational specialty. In the Marine Corps, after completing Recruit Training, marines attend the School of Infantry, going to the Infantry Training Battalion for infantry marines, with non-infantry marines completing Marine Combat Training before advancing to technical training for their military occupational specialty. In the Navy, after completing Recruit Training, sailors advance to their "A" schools to complete training for their rating. In the Air Force and Space Force, recruits complete combined Basic Military Training before going to technical training for their Air Force Specialty Codes. In the Coast Guard, after completing Recruit Training, sailors advance to their "A" schools to complete training for their rating.
Women in the armed forces
The Woman's Army Auxiliary Corps was established in the United States in 1942. Women saw combat during World War II, first as nurses in the Pearl Harbor attacks on 7 December 1941. The Woman's Naval Reserve, Marine Corps Women's Reserve, US Coast Guard Women's Reserve, and Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) were also created during this conflict.[citation needed] In 1944, WACs arrived in the Pacific and landed in Normandy on D-Day. During the war, 67 Army nurses and 16 Navy nurses were captured and spent three years as Japanese prisoners of war. There were 350,000 American women who served during World War II and 16 were killed in action. In total, they gained over 1,500 medals, citations and commendations. Virginia Hall, serving with the Office of Strategic Services, received the second-highest U.S. combat award, the Distinguished Service Cross, for action behind enemy lines in France.[citation needed]
After World War II, demobilization led to the vast majority of serving women being returned to civilian life. Law 625, The Women's Armed Services Act of 1948, was signed by President Truman, allowing women to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces in fully integrated units during peacetime, with only the WAC remaining a separate female unit. During the Korean War of 1950–1953, many women served in the Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals, with women serving in Korea numbering 120,000[dubious ]during the conflict.[citation needed] During the Vietnam War, 600 women served in the country as part of the Air Force, along with 500 members of the WAC and over 6,000 medical personnel and support staff. The Ordnance Corps began accepting female missile technicians in 1974[82] and female crewmembers and officers were accepted into Field Artillery missile units.[83][84]
In 1974, the first six women naval aviators earned their wings as Navy pilots. The congressionally mandated prohibition on women in combat places limitations on the pilots' advancement,[85] but at least two retired as captains.[86] In 1989, Captain Linda L. Bray, 29, became the first woman to command American soldiers in battle during the invasion of Panama. The 1991 Gulf War proved to be the pivotal time for the role of women in the U.S. Armed Forces to come to the attention of the world media; there are many reports of women engaging enemy forces during the conflict.[87]
In the 2000s, women can serve on U.S. combat ships, including in command roles. They are permitted to serve on submarines.[88] Women can fly military aircraft and make up 2% of all pilots in the U.S. Military. In 2003, Major Kim Campbell was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for landing her combat damaged A-10 Thunderbolt II with no hydraulic control and only one functional engine after being struck by hostile fire over Baghdad.[citation needed]
On 3 December 2015, U.S. defense secretary Ashton Carter announced that all military combat jobs would become available to women.[89] This gave women access to the roughly 10% of military jobs which were previously closed off due to their combat nature.[90] The decision gave military services until January 2016 to seek exceptions to the rule if they believe that certain jobs, such as machine gunners, should be restricted to men only.[91] These restrictions were due in part to prior studies which stated that mixed gender units are less capable in combat.[92] Physical requirements for all jobs remained unchanged, though.[92] Many women believe this will allow for them to improve their positions in the military, since most high-ranking officers start in combat positions. Since women are now available to work in any position in the military, female entry into the draft has been proposed.[93]
Sergeant Leigh Ann Hester became the first woman to receive the Silver Star, the third-highest U.S. decoration for valor, for direct participation in combat. In Afghanistan, Monica Lin Brown was presented the Silver Star for shielding wounded soldiers with her body.[94] In March 2012, the U.S. military had two women, Ann E. Dunwoody and Janet C. Wolfenbarger, with the rank of four-star general.[95][96] In 2016, Air Force General Lori Robinson became the first female officer to command a major Unified Combatant Command (USNORTHCOM) in the history of the United States Armed Forces.[97]
No woman has ever become a Navy SEAL. In 2017, a woman who wanted to become the first female Navy SEAL officer quit after one week into initial training.[98][99]
Despite concerns of a gender gap, all personnel, both men and women at the same rank and time of service are compensated the same rate across all branches.[100]
A study conducted by the RAND Corporation also suggests that women who make the military their career see an improved rate of promotion, as they climb through the military ranks at a faster rate.[101]
As per the Department of Defense’s report on sexual assault within the U.S. Army for the fiscal year of 2019, 7,825 cases of sexual assault had been reported with the service members either victims or subjects of the assault. There has been a 3% increase in the number of cases as compared to the 2018 report.[102][103]
Orden de precedencia
Under Department of Defense regulation, the various components of the U.S. Armed Forces have a set order of seniority.[104] Examples of the use of this system include the display of service flags, and placement of soldiers, marines, sailors, airmen, guardians, and coast guardsmen in formation.
- Cadets, U.S. Military Academy
- Midshipmen, U.S. Naval Academy
- Cadets, U.S. Air Force Academy
- Cadets, U.S. Coast Guard Academy
- Midshipmen, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy
- United States Army
- United States Marine Corps
- United States Navy
- United States Air Force
- United States Space Force
- United States Coast Guard
- Army National Guard
- United States Army Reserve
- United States Marine Corps Reserve
- United States Navy Reserve
- Air National Guard
- United States Air Force Reserve
- United States Coast Guard Reserve
- Other training and auxiliary organizations of the Army, Marine Corps, Merchant Marine, Civil Air Patrol, and Coast Guard Auxiliary, as in the preceding order.
While the U.S. Navy is older than the Marine Corps,[105] the Marine Corps takes precedence due to previous inconsistencies in the Navy's birth date. The Marine Corps has recognized its observed birth date on a more consistent basis. The Second Continental Congress is considered to have established the Navy on 13 October 1775 by authorizing the purchase of ships, but did not actually pass the "Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies" until 27 November 1775.[106] The Marine Corps was established by an act of the Second Continental Congress on 10 November 1775. The Navy did not officially recognize 13 October 1775 as its birth date until 1972, when then–chief of naval operations Admiral Elmo Zumwalt authorized it to be observed as such.[105]
The Coast Guard is normally situated after the Space Force, however in the event that it is moved to the Department of the Navy, its place in the order of precedence changes to being situated after the Navy and before the Air Force.[105]
Ver también
- Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces
- Full-spectrum dominance
- List of active United States military aircraft
- List of currently active United States military land vehicles
- List of currently active United States military watercraft
- Military expression
- Military justice
- National Guard of the United States
- Provisional Army of the United States
- Public opinion of militaries
- Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance
- Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military
- State defense force
- United States military casualties of war
- United States military veteran suicide
- Women in the United States Army
- Women in the United States Marine Corps
- Women in the United States Navy
- Women in the United States Air Force
- Women in the United States Space Force
- Women in the United States Coast Guard
Notas
- ^ With the establishment of the Continental Army.
- ^ Maximum age for first-time enlistment is 35 for the Army,[1] 28 for the Marine Corps, 34 for the Navy, 39 for the Air Force[2] and 27 for the Coast Guard.[3]
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enlaces externos
- Official U.S. Department of Defense website
- Global Security on U.S. Military Operations