Oran ( / ɔː r ɑː n / o-an ; árabe : وهران , romanized : wahran también UK : / ə r ɑː n , ə r æ n / , Estados Unidos : / oʊ r ɑː n , oʊ r æ n , ɔː r ɒ / , [2][3] [4] [5] Francés: [ɔʁɑ̃] ) es una importante ciudad costera ubicada en el noroeste de Argelia . Es considerada la segunda ciudad más importante de Argelia después de la capital Argel , debido a su importancia poblacional, comercial, industrial y cultural. Se encuentra a 432 km (268 millas) de Argel. La población total de la ciudad era de 759.645 en 2008, [6] mientras que el área metropolitana tiene una población de aproximadamente 1.500.000 [7], lo que la convierte en la segunda ciudad más grande de Argelia. [8]
Orán وهران | |
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Desde arriba, de izquierda a derecha: vista general del puerto de Orán , las torres Mobilar, el Hotel de Ville de Orán, la catedral del Sagrado Corazón , el albergue Sheraton, la capilla de Santa-Cruz y la mezquita Abdelhamid Ben Badis | |
Sello | |
Apodo (s): El radiante "الباهية" | |
Coordenadas: 35 ° 41′49 ″ N 0 ° 37′59 ″ W / 35,69694 ° N 0,63306 ° WCoordenadas : 35 ° 41′49 ″ N 0 ° 37′59 ″ O / 35,69694 ° N 0,63306 ° W | |
País | Argelia |
Provincia | Provincia de Orán |
Distrito | Distrito de Orán |
Refundado | 944 d.C. |
Gobierno | |
• Wali ( gobernador ) | Massoud Djari |
Área | |
• Ciudad | 2.121 km 2 (819 millas cuadradas) |
Elevación | 0,9 m (3 pies) |
Población (2008 para la ciudad propiamente dicha, 2019 para el área metropolitana) [1] | |
• Ciudad | 803,329 |
• Metro | 2,254,098 |
Zona horaria | UTC + 1 ( CET ) |
códigos postales | 31000-31037 |
Etimología
La palabra deriva de la raíz bereber hr, que significa león (ver también Tiaret y Souk Ahras ). El nombre está atestiguado en varios idiomas bereberes , por ejemplo, como uharu y ahra . Una leyenda popular local cuenta que en el período alrededor del año 900 d.C., hubo avistamientos de leones en el área. Los dos últimos leones murieron en una montaña cerca de Orán, y se la conoció como la montagne des lions ("La montaña de los leones"). [9] Frente al ayuntamiento de Orán hay dos estatuas de leones gigantes que simbolizan la ciudad.
Historia
Descripción general
Durante el imperio romano existió un pequeño asentamiento denominado Unica Colonia en la zona de la actual Orán, pero este asentamiento desapareció tras la conquista árabe del Magreb .
La actual Orán fue fundada en 903 por comerciantes moriscos andalusíes . [10] Fue capturada por los castellanos bajo el cardenal Cisneros en 1509, y la soberanía española duró hasta 1708, cuando la ciudad fue conquistada por los otomanos . España recuperó la ciudad en 1732. Sin embargo, su valor como puesto comercial había disminuido considerablemente, por lo que el rey Carlos IV vendió la ciudad a los turcos en 1792. El dominio otomano duró hasta 1831, cuando la ciudad cayó en manos de los franceses .
Bajo el dominio francés durante los siglos XIX y XX, Orán fue la capital de un departamento del mismo nombre (número 92). En julio de 1940, la marina británica bombardeó buques de guerra franceses en el puerto después de que se negaran a rendirse un ultimátum británico; esta acción se tomó para asegurar que la flota no cayera en manos alemanas, ya que los nazis habían derrotado a Francia y ocupado París. La acción aumentó el odio del régimen de Vichy hacia Gran Bretaña, pero convenció al mundo de que los británicos lucharían solos contra la Alemania nazi y sus aliados. El gobierno de Vichy retuvo a Orán durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta su captura por los Aliados a finales de 1942, durante la Operación Antorcha .
Además, durante el gobierno francés, se alentó a los judíos a que se modernizaran y aceptaran trabajos que antes no tenían, incluida la agricultura, mientras que los musulmanes fueron expulsados de la ciudad y sus tierras fértiles ancestrales fueron confiscadas y entregadas a los colones. A los judíos de la ciudad se les permitió unirse al ejército francés a partir del 24 de octubre de 1870, mientras que los musulmanes se vieron obligados a hacer el servicio militar . A los judíos argelinos se les concedió la ciudadanía a los musulmanes argelinos no. Los judíos franceses pronto serían el objetivo después de no elegir ponerse del lado de los musulmanes argelinos que lucharon por la independencia de Francia. [11]
Antes de la guerra de Argelia , 1954-1962, Orán tenía una de las proporciones más altas de europeos de todas las ciudades del norte de África. En julio de 1962, tras un alto el fuego y acuerdos con Francia, el FLN entró en Orán y fue atacado por un europeo. Una turba atacó los barrios de pied-noir en respuesta al ataque y masacró a miles de europeos en Orán; [12] Se ha dicho que 453 han "desaparecido". [13] Esto provocó un éxodo mayor de europeos a Francia, que ya estaba en marcha. Poco después del final de la guerra, la mayoría de los europeos y judíos argelinos que vivían en Orán huyeron a Francia. En menos de tres meses, Orán perdió aproximadamente la mitad de su población. Esta pérdida de población es similar a la de los judíos, ya que muchos huyeron después de ponerse del lado de Francia en la Guerra de Independencia de Argelia. A medida que avanzaba la guerra, quienes apoyaban la independencia en Argelia amenazaron a quienes se pusieron del lado de Europa haciendo que estas personas huyeran y derrotando así al imperialismo europeo . [11]
Historia religiosa
Con su ubicación como el puerto más cercano a España y su prominencia en el Mediterráneo, los refugiados judíos emigraron por primera vez a Orán para huir de la persecución y la conversión al cristianismo en España en 1391. Este refugio trajo otros refugiados religiosos que incluían tanto judíos como musulmanes en 1492. y 1502. El 24 de octubre de 1870, con el dominio francés, los judíos argelinos recibieron la ciudadanía francesa con el Decreto Crémieux . Más tarde, a pesar de un sentimiento de la Segunda Guerra Mundial que favorecía la aceptación, Orán todavía tenía una historia marcada por la intolerancia. Hubo una disminución en la población judía ya que los musulmanes fueron el único grupo al que se le otorgó la protección de la ciudadanía en 1963, un año después de la independencia de Argelia. [14]
Dinastías islámicas (910-1509)
Año de inicio | Año final | Evento |
---|---|---|
910 | 1082 | Orán se convirtió en un perpetuo objeto de conflicto entre los omeyas de al-Andalus y los fatimíes de Kairuán . |
1082 | 1145 | Presencia de almorávides . En 1145, Tashfin ibn Ali murió en las afueras de Orán mientras intentaba huir de las tropas almohades sitiadoras, que ya habían capturado Tlemcen y derrotado a los Zenata . |
1145 | 1238 | Presencia de almohades . 1147 marcó el comienzo de un período de persecución de los judíos de Orán. |
1238 | 1509 | Presencia de los Zianides de Tlemcen y luego de la dinastía Marinid de Fez . Los orianos se enriquecieron gracias a la protección del Emir, el sistema aduanero (aranceles), el comercio con Marsella y las Repúblicas marítimas italianas de Génova y Venecia , con quienes, en 1250, Orán firmó un tratado comercial durante 40 años. Hacia finales del siglo XIV, el célebre historiador árabe Ibn Khaldoun escribió: "Orán es superior a todas las demás ciudades por su comercio. Es un paraíso para los infelices. Los que llegan pobres a sus murallas, la dejarán nuevamente rica". La ciudad se destacó en la exportación de plomo, lana, pieles, burnous fino, alfombras, haïks, comino, nueces y agallas, así como esclavos negros africanos. |
Período español (1509-1708, 1732-1792)
Antes que los españoles, los portugueses lanzaron una fallida expedición para capturar la ciudad en julio de 1501. Cuatro años más tarde, los españoles tomaron Mers-el-Kébir , ubicada a solo cuatro millas (6,4 km) al oeste de Orán. Así comenzaron las primeras incursiones organizadas contra la ciudad que, en ese momento, contaba con 25.000 habitantes y contaba con 6.000 fueros. El Conde Pedro Navarro , a las órdenes del Cardenal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros , finalmente tomó la ciudad el 17 de mayo de 1509. Las fuerzas de ocupación incendiaron los libros y archivos de la villa. [15]
En 1554, los turcos habían llegado a Argel. El gobernador de Orán, el conde Alcaudete , se alió contra ellos con el sultán marroquí Mohammed ash-Sheikh . Nueve años después, en 1563, Álvaro de Bazán , marqués de Santa Cruz, construyó el fuerte de Santa-Cruz , estratégicamente situado en la cima de una montaña, l'Aïdour, a más de 300 m sobre el nivel del mar, directamente al oeste de la ciudad. Pedro Garcerán de Borja, Gran Maestre de la Orden de Montesa , era capitán de Orán cuando, el 14 de julio de 1568, Juan de Austria (hijo ilegítimo de Carlos I y medio hermano paterno del rey Felipe II ), dirigía una flotilla de 33 galeras contra los argelinos.
In April 1669 the Spanish governor, the 6th Marquess of Los Vélez, expelled all the Jews who lived in Oran and Mers El Kébir[16] sending them to be resettled in either Nice, or Livorno.
The Spanish rebuilt Santa Cruz Fort to accommodate their city governors. "The fortifications of the place were composed of thick and continuous walls of over two and a half km in circumference, surmounted by strong towers spaced between them," with a central castle or kasbah where the Spanish governor had his headquarters.[citation needed] Under Spanish rule, the city continued to grow, requiring enlargement of the city walls. In spite of the improved fortifications, the city was the object of repeated attacks. Notable in this regard, Moroccan Sharif Moulay Ismail tried to force his way past the defences in 1707, only to see his army decimated.
Beylikal period (1708–1732, 1792–1831)
The Spanish occupied the city until 1708, when the Bey of Mascara, Mustapha Ben Youssef (Bouchelaghem), vassal of he Deylik of Algiers, and who was an Arabized Berber from the Mascara region[17] took advantage of the War of Spanish Succession to drive the spanish out.[18][19]
In 1732, Spanish forces returned under José Carrillo de Albornoz, capturing the city from Bouchelaghem. Spain maintained its hold over Oran for the next six decades.[20]
In the night after October 8, 1790, a violent earthquake claimed more than 3,000 victims in less than seven minutes. Charles IV saw no advantage in continuing the occupation of the city, which had become increasingly expensive and perilous. He initiated discussions with the Dey of Algiers.
Siege of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1790-1792)
After another earthquake damaged the Spanish defences, the forces of the new Bey of Oran, Mohamed el-Kébir besieged the city. By the end of 1790, there was a clear Algerian advantage.[21] The Spanish, not wanting to risk their troops, signed an agreement with the Algerians on 12 September in Algiers, and on 12 December in Madrid, which recognized Algerian control over the city. [22] By February all Spanish troops evacuated. The capital was moved there the same year. In 1792, the Bey settled a Jewish community there. In 1796, the Pasha Mosque (in honour of Hassan Pasha, Beylerbey of Algiers) was built by the Bey with ransom money paid for the release of Spanish prisoners after Spain's final departure.
French period (1831–1962)
The town of 10,000 inhabitants was still in the possession of the Ottoman Empire when a squadron under the command of captain Bourmand seized el-Kébir on December 14, 1830. The city was in a wretched state. On January 4, 1831, the French commanded by General Damrémont occupied Oran. In September 1831, General Berthezène appointed Mr. Pujol as mayor of Oran; he had been captain of cavalry in retirement and was wounded in the right hand under the Empire.
In 1832, leading a force of five thousand men, the young Emir Abd al-Qadir attacked Oran. In April 1833, commander-in-chief, General Boyer, was replaced by the baron Louis Alexis Desmichels. The city's defenders, under attack by Abd al Qadir, held their ground[citation needed].
In World War II, Oran was one of the landing points in Operation Torch, the first American action in the Europe-North Africa theatre in November 1942. The Task Force suffered some damage to its fleet, trying to land in shallow water, but the enemy ships were sunk or driven off, and Oran surrendered after heavy fire from British battleships.[23]
Since independence (1962)
Due to the exodus of Pieds-Noirs, the Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur d'Oran was converted into a public library in 1984.[24]
Today, Oran is a major port and a commercial centre, and has three universities. The old quarter of Oran has a casbah and an 18th-century mosque. The modern section of Oran is referred to as La Ville Nouvelle and was built after 1831; this section contrasts with the older section, La Blanca.[25]
Geografía
Climate
Oran features a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk/BSh). Oran's climate does show influences of a Mediterranean climate; however the combination of the city's relatively high average annual temperature and relatively low annual precipitation precludes it from falling under that climate category. Oran averages 326 mm (13 in) of precipitation annually, the bulk of which falls between November and May. Summers are the warmest times of the year, with average high temperatures in the warmest month (August) approaching 32 degrees Celsius. Winters are the coolest times of the year in Oran, with high temperatures in the coolest month (January) at around 17 degrees Celsius.
Climate data for Oran | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 26.4 (79.5) | 33.0 (91.4) | 36.6 (97.9) | 33.2 (91.8) | 40.0 (104.0) | 39.5 (103.1) | 45.8 (114.4) | 43.8 (110.8) | 40.6 (105.1) | 39.0 (102.2) | 33.0 (91.4) | 30.8 (87.4) | 45.8 (114.4) |
Average high °C (°F) | 16.6 (61.9) | 17.7 (63.9) | 19.7 (67.5) | 21.5 (70.7) | 23.9 (75.0) | 27.7 (81.9) | 30.5 (86.9) | 31.6 (88.9) | 29.0 (84.2) | 25.2 (77.4) | 20.6 (69.1) | 17.7 (63.9) | 23.5 (74.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.9 (51.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 13.9 (57.0) | 15.8 (60.4) | 18.6 (65.5) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 25.9 (78.6) | 23.4 (74.1) | 19.6 (67.3) | 15.1 (59.2) | 12.2 (54.0) | 17.9 (64.2) |
Average low °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) | 6.5 (43.7) | 8.1 (46.6) | 10.0 (50.0) | 13.2 (55.8) | 16.9 (62.4) | 19.4 (66.9) | 20.1 (68.2) | 17.7 (63.9) | 14.0 (57.2) | 9.5 (49.1) | 6.7 (44.1) | 12.3 (54.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) | −3.0 (26.6) | −1.3 (29.7) | 0.0 (32.0) | 3.0 (37.4) | 5.0 (41.0) | 11.0 (51.8) | 9.0 (48.2) | 7.7 (45.9) | 3.0 (37.4) | 0.0 (32.0) | −6.1 (21.0) | −6.1 (21.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43.6 (1.72) | 44.4 (1.75) | 35.0 (1.38) | 29.6 (1.17) | 27.2 (1.07) | 3.8 (0.15) | 1.8 (0.07) | 2.7 (0.11) | 13.2 (0.52) | 24.8 (0.98) | 55.5 (2.19) | 45.2 (1.78) | 326.8 (12.87) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 8.7 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 8.4 | 8.8 | 70.9 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 79.5 | 76.5 | 74.0 | 70.0 | 68.0 | 66.2 | 64.7 | 66.5 | 70.2 | 73.9 | 76.3 | 78.6 | 72.0 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization (UN)[26] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: climatebase.ru (extremes, humidity)[27] |
Temblores
As Oran is located in Northern Algeria, it faces the constant threat of earthquakes that can cause damage to the city. The last major earthquake was in 1790 which killed 3,000 people. Many of the existing older buildings in the city have been reinforced and newer construction is made to withstand earthquakes from the start. While the city dates back to the 900s, the oldest remaining buildings are from the French period in the 1800s making it easier to reinforce these buildings.[28]
Gobierno
Distritos de la ciudad
List of districts of Oran
Since 2019, Oran have 18 communal délégations (ex. districts) et les 83 quarters.[29]
District | Arabic name | Name |
---|---|---|
1 | الحمري | El Hamri |
2 | حي الإمام الهواري | Hai Imam El-Houari |
3 | السعادة | Es-Saada |
4 | المقري | Al-Maqarri |
5 | الحمري | El-Hamri |
6 | البدر | El-Badr |
7 | الصديقية | Es-Seddikia |
8 | المنزه | El-Menzeh |
9 | الأمير | El-Emir |
10 | العثمانية | El-Othmania |
11 | بوعمامة | Bouamama |
12 | محي الدين | Muhieddine |
Medina Jedida
Medina Jedida
or, new city in English, is a large historical and popular district. It was one of the Muslim quarters during the French colonial period. In this district, there is one of the biggest markets in the country, called Le Marché de Medina Jedida (Medina Jedida Market).El Hamri
El Hamri is a large and popular district in the center of Oran, known under French rule as Lamur. The football club Mouloudia d'Oran is found there.
Neighborhood streets
- Avenue of Lamur
- Street Captain-Rahou
- Sebbalet Ayada
- Place The Sahara
- Gahwat Ettoubi
- Street Staoueli
- Street Djemaa Gazouna
- Street Bougandoura
- Street Belhadri Smain
Sidi El Houari
The historical district Sidi El Houari
is a suburb in the north of the d'Oran city. The Saint-Louis college is there, as well as the old mosque of the Pasha dating from the 17th century. In this district the skin of Saint-Patron of the city in the name of "Sidi El Houari" rests. Other tourist curiosities: one ancient prefecture of the data base Stalingrad, the Spanish vestiges dating from the 16th century, and especially the Palate of the Bey d'Oran.Aglomeración de Orania
The Oranian metropolis comprises several communes.(fr)
Mers El-Kébir
Mers El Kébir is a municipality located in north-west of Oran, about seven km (4.3 miles) from the city centre. As its name indicates (The Great Port), it is a major port and has an important naval base, home to the Algerian Navy.
Aïn El-Turk
Aïn El Turk, whose name means Fountain of the Turks is also located at the North-West of Oran to 15 km (9 mi) of the center. It is a seaside town which includes several hotels and other tourist attractions.
Es-Sénia
Es Sénia, located in the south of Oran, is home to industrial parks, several university institutes (Oran-Es-Sénia University, Institut of Communication, ENPO "National Polytechnic School of Oran", CRASC "Research center in social sciences" etc.) and the international airport.
Bir El-Djir
Bir El Djir is a commune that represents the suburbs of Oran (apart from the districts). It is the future beating heart of the Oranian agglomeration. It has several buildings which are the seats of institutions as the headquarters of Sonatrach's downstream activity, the hospital Etablissement Hospitalo-universitaire "November 1st, 1954", the convention center (Palais des Congrès), University of sciences and technology (conceived by the Japanese architect Kenzō Tange), the Institute of medical sciences, the Court of Justice and the National Centre of Research in Social and Cultural Anthropology. There is as well a stadium with a capacity of 50000 places under construction.
Bir El Djir is the urban extension to the East of Oran, 8 km (5 mi) far from the city center, with a population of 118.000 inhabitants.
Misserghin
Misserghin is a small city located to the southwest of Oran.
Transporte
The city's public transportation is centered on the Oran Metro covering coastal neighborhoods with the connecting Oran tramway covering suburbs not yet served by the metro. There is an extensive network of "clandestine" taxis in the City. A project started in 2008/9 and lasted approximately two to three years, to deliver the first line of the tramway in 2010. It should comprise 31 stations, distributed on 17.7 km (11 mi) going to Es-Sénia, in the South and Sidi Maarouf in the east side, while passing by the centre town The tramway should serve Haï Sabbah, University of Sciences and Technology (USTO), the Crossroads of the Three Private clinics, the Law courts, Dar El Baïda, the Plate-Saint Michel, the Place of the 1st November, Saint-Anthony, Boulanger, Saint-Hubert, the 3rd Ring road and finally The University of Es-Sénia. The Ahmed Ben Bella Airport, for domestic and international flights. Oran Es Senia Airport serves both, domestic and international flights, with frequent connections to the capital Algiers, served by the public airline company Air Algerie. The same company also has flights to many French cities (Marseille, Paris, Lyon, etc.) and other European and EMEA cities. The Es Senia Airport also serves passengers from most smaller towns in proximity to Oran (Sig, Mostaganem, Arzew, etc.). The airport building is a fairly limited construction and does not operate on a 24-h basis.
Deportes
International marathon
Oran held its first international marathon on November 10, 2005. The event, sponsored by Toyota of Algeria, attracted runners from Morocco, Libya, Spain, France, and Kenya. The marathon served to publicize the health benefits of running and to provide a novel form of public entertainment for the city's residents.
2021 Mediterranean Games
XIX Mediterranean Games will be held in Oran in 2022.
2021 Championnat d'Afrique d'Athlétisme
Championnat d'Afrique d'Athlétisme will be held in Oran in Jun 2021.
Cultura
The folk music Raï ("opinion" in Arabic), had its beginnings in Oran. This genre of music was formulated by shepherds in the 1930s through Arab and European influences. This music was surrounded by controversy due to women's key role in public performances of the music, as well as the hedonistic lyrics about love and alcohol. This led to strict governmental control in the area which led to arrests, injuries, and assassinations.[30] Many notable Raï musicians (including Cheb Hasni, Cheb Khaled, and Rachid Taha) hail from Oran. The violinist Akim el Sikameya was also born in Oran. One of Oran's most famous emigrants is Yves Saint Laurent.[31]
Representación en otros medios
- Albert Camus' 1939 essay The Minotaur describes life in Oran.
- Albert Camus' 1947 novel The Plague presents a fictional tale of observations of a physician during the emergence and recession of bubonic plague in the 1940s in Oran.
- El Gallardo Español (1615) by Miguel de Cervantes takes place in Oran.
- In the movie Casablanca (1942), the route for refugees fleeing to the Americas was Paris to Marseille, across the Mediterranean to Oran, then by train, auto or foot to Casablanca. If they acquired an exit visa, they went on to Lisbon from there.
- Paul Bowles' 1949 novel The Sheltering Sky mainly takes place in Oran.
- Part of Arturo Pérez-Reverte's Capitán Alatriste adventure novel, Corsarios de Levante (Pirates of the Levant, 2006), takes place in early 17th-century Oran. The action of the book occurs a few years after the forced expulsion of the last Moriscos (Spanish Christians of Muslim descent) from Valencia. Oran is featured as a sun-blasted North African military stronghold. Capitán Diego Alatriste finds Oran to be manned by an impoverished garrison of Spanish Christians, living alongside Muslims (some fiercely loyal to Spain), and Sephardic Jews, descendants of refugees from the 1492 expulsions from Spain.
- In the ITV drama series Hornblower, Lieutenant Hornblower is sent by Captain Pellew to Oran to obtain supplies, only to discover that the city was suffering from a bubonic plague epidemic.
- The heroine of Geraldine Brooks' novel, Year of Wonders, emigrates to Oran after leaving her home village that was quarantined in 1666 due to the plague.
- Joann Sfar's graphic novel The Rabbi's Cat 2 begins in Oran.
- Kamel Daoud's novel The Meursault Investigation is set in a bar in Oran.[32]
Economía e infraestructura
Oran has become a major trading centre for the wider area, serving Arzew, the area's oil/gas port as well as Sonatrach, the country's biggest oil and gas company. Sonelgaz has built a new congress centre in Oran and in 2010 the 16th International Conference & Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas was held in the city of Oran, which attracted around 3,000 visitors and major companies from around the world. To accommodate all visitors, new hotels are currently being constructed and floating hotels will be used in the future. With a growth in urbanization, water quality and management is being harmed in Oran; this change in water quality is affecting marine life and the state of beaches in this tourism driven city.[33]
Tourism
Oran has numerous hotels in all categories, from luxury to basic, as well as many restaurants offering Algerian specialities and other foods. Tourists will also find a variety of cinemas, arts centres, the regional theatre, an open-air theatre, the Museum, the historic city centre of Oran, the district of Sidi El Houari, the municipal gardens, Médina Djedida with its artisanal products, the cathedral, Djebel Murdjadjo, and nearby seaside resorts. Ahmed Ben Bella Airport is 7.4 mi (11.9 km) from the town centre. One can also reach Oran by ferries from the ports of Marseilles, Sète, Alicante and Almería, via the national company Algérie Ferries. The Great Mosque is another attraction for tourists. The Great Mosque was built in 1796 to celebrate the end of Spanish Rule of the City.[34]
Attractions
The main museum in Oran is called Musée National Ahmend Zabana. Although often overlooked by tourists, it includes a natural history exhibit in addition to arts pieces like mosaics and portraits.[31] Bey's Palace is another favorite spot for tourists, situated in Sidi al-Houari in the city center. It is an Ottoman era palace built of Islamic architecture, consists of harem, guard towers and stucco-painted halls.[35]
Relaciones Internacionales
Twin towns – sister cities
Oran is twinned with 21 cities:[36]
- Alicante, Spain
- Bizerte, Tunisia
- Bordeaux, France (2003)[37][38]
- Cairo, Egypt
- Casablanca, Morocco (1999)
- Dakar, Senegal
- Durban, South Africa[39]
- Elche, Spain
- Gdańsk, Poland
- Havana, Cuba
- Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Leicester, England (2001)
- Lyon, France
- Metz, France
- Oujda, Morocco
- Rangpur, Bangladesh
- Seoul, South Korea
- Sfax, Tunisia (1989)
- Strasbourg, France (2013)
- Toulon, France
- Zarqa, Jordan
Partner cities
In addition, Oran has partnerships and cooperation with one city:
- Strasbourg, France (2013)[40]
Residentes notables
- Khaled (born 1960), prominent Raï singer and multi-instrumentalist
- Armand Mouyal (1925–88), French world champion épée fencer, born in Oran
- Baghdad Bounedjah (born 1991), footballer
- Yves Saint Laurent (1936–2008), French fashion designer, born in Oran
- Miloud Mourad Benamara (born 1977), actor
- Abderrahmane Hadj-Salah (born in Oran in 1928), linguist
Ver también
- European enclaves in North Africa before 1830
Referencias
- ^ "Algeria: The provinces of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria as well as all cities of over 25,000 inhabitants". CITYPOPULATION. Archived from the original on 2014-08-17. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
- ^ "Oran". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ "Oran". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ "Oran" Archived 2019-04-15 at the Wayback Machine (US) and "Oran". Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ "Oran". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ "The provinces of Algeria and all cities of over 25,000 inhabitants". Citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 2014-08-17. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
- ^ Messahel, Abdellah (1 June 2008). "Une périurbanisation officielle dans un site contraignant". Espace Populations Sociétés. Space Populations Societies (2008/1): 89–99. doi:10.4000/eps.2408. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- ^ About Oran Archived 2008-01-29 at the Wayback Machine—from the city's website.
- ^ "L'histoire de la ville d'Oran". Oran-dz.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
- ^ "The Jewish Community of Oran, Algeria | Beit Hatfutsot". Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
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- ^ Benjamin Stora, Algeria, 1830–2000: A Short History (Cornell University Press, 2004) p105
- ^ Thiolay, Boris (2006-09-13). "Algérie 1962 : La vérité sur les massacres d'Oran". L'Express. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
- ^ "The Jewish Community of Oran, Algeria | Beit Hatfutsot". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
- ^ Urzainqui, Tomas; Esarte, Pello; García Manzanal, Alberto; Sagredo, Iñaki; Sagredo, Iñaki; Sagredo, Iñaki; Del Castillo, Eneko; Monjo, Emilio; Ruiz de Pablos, Francisco; Guerra Viscarret, Pello; Lartiga, Halip; Lavin, Josu; Ercilla, Manuel (2013). La Conquista de Navarra y la Reforma Europea. Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela. ISBN 978-84-7681-803-9.
- ^ Jonathan Israel (1994). "The Jews of Spanish Oran and Their Expulsion in 1669". Mediterranean Historical Review. 9 (2): 235–255. doi:10.1080/09518969408569672.
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- ^ Terki Hassaine, Ismet (2004-06-30). "Oran au xviiie siècle : du désarroi à la clairvoyance politique de l'Espagne". Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales (in French) (23–24): 197–222. doi:10.4000/insaniyat.5625. ISSN 1111-2050.
- ^ Epalza, Miguel de; Vilar, Juan Bautista (1988). Planos y mapas hispánicos de Argelia: siglos XVI-XVII (in French). Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura. ISBN 978-84-7472-081-5.
- ^ Chitour, Chems-Eddine (1998). Algérie: le passé revisité (in French). Casbah Editions. ISBN 978-9961-64-100-2.
- ^ "Notice sur le Bey d'Oran, Mohammed el Kebir Revue africaine| Bulletin de la Société historique algérienne". revueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
- ^ Terki Hassaine, Ismet (2004-06-30). "Oran au xviiie siècle : du désarroi à la clairvoyance politique de l'Espagne". Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales (in French) (23–24): 197–222. doi:10.4000/insaniyat.5625. ISSN 1111-2050.
- ^ Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p. 175.
- ^ "Cathédrale de Sacré Coeur". Visit Oran. Archived from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
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- ^ "Weather Information for Oran". Worldweather.org. Archived from the original on 2011-01-04.
- ^ "Oran, Algeria". Climatebase.ru. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- ^ "Earthquakes In Algeria" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-09.
- ^ "AG extraordinaire aujourd'hui: L'APC d'Oran passera de 12 à 18 délégations communales", Le Quotidien d'Oran (in French), Oran, 16 January 2017
- ^ Joan, Gross (2002). Jonathan Xavier and Renato Rosaldo (ed.). "Arab Noise and Ramadan Nights: Rai, Rap and Franco-Maghrebi Identities" The Anthology of Globalization: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
- ^ a b "Oran". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
- ^ Lalami, Laila (2015-06-08). "'The Meursault Investigation,' by Kamel Daoud". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
- ^ Tayeb A, Chellali M, Hamou A, Debbah S (2015). "Impact of urban and industrial effluents on the coastal marine environment in Oran, Algeria". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 98 (1–2): 281–288. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.013. PMID 26164780.
- ^ "Great Mosque". Visit Oran. Archived from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
- ^ قصر الباي بوهران ..عانق تاريخ العثمانيين ليبكي على الأطلال اليوم Archived 2018-01-10 at the Wayback Machine. Djazairess. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ^ "Jumelage de la ville d'Oran". APC d'Oran (in French).
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- ^ "Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
- ^ "Sister Cities Home Page". Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. eThekwini Online: The Official Site of the City of Durban
- ^ "VILLE PARTENAIRE ET SOLIDAIRE". Ville de Strasbourg (in French). Retrieved 2019-10-10.
Bibliografía
enlaces externos
- EasyOran—(in French) The Oran electronic guide
- Visit Oran—Voted in 2007 as "Oran's best website" by the ministry of culture and Panoramic Tours. Mostly dedicated to tourism. Features photo galleries, short films, news, city guides & information, hotel info & reservation forms, forum...
- Le Souk d'Oran—Oran student's community
- Oran's Community FORUM—The Community Discussion Forum for Oran and tourism.
- (in English) Audio interview with Oran resident about life in Oran.
- Oran MAPS Archived 2018-10-10 at the Wayback Machine—Detailed maps of the Oran Region and City.
- (in French) Oran-dz