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"Promiscuo" vuelve a dirigir aquí. Para otros usos, consulte Promiscuo (desambiguación) .

La promiscuidad es la práctica de participar en actividades sexuales con frecuencia con diferentes parejas o ser indiscriminado en la elección de parejas sexuales. [1] El término puede conllevar un juicio moral si el ideal social para la actividad sexual son las relaciones monógamas. Un ejemplo común de comportamiento visto como promiscuo por muchas culturas es la aventura de una noche , y los investigadores utilizan su frecuencia como un marcador de promiscuidad. [2]

El comportamiento sexual que se considera promiscuo varía entre culturas, al igual que la prevalencia de la promiscuidad. A menudo se aplican diferentes estándares a diferentes géneros y estatutos civiles. Las feministas han argumentado tradicionalmente que existe un doble rasero significativo entre cómo se juzga a hombres y mujeres por su promiscuidad. Históricamente, los estereotipos de la mujer promiscua han tendido a ser peyorativos, como "la puta " o "la ramera", mientras que los estereotipos masculinos han sido más variados, algunos expresando aprobación, como "el semental" o "el jugador", mientras que otros implican desviación social, como "el mujeriego" o "el mujeriego".Un estudio científico publicado en 2005 encontró que los hombres y mujeres promiscuos son propensos a juicios despectivos. [3]

La promiscuidad es común en muchas especies animales. [4] Algunas especies tienen sistemas de apareamiento promiscuos , que van desde la poliandria y la poligamia hasta sistemas de apareamiento sin relaciones estables donde el apareamiento entre dos individuos es un evento único. Muchas especies forman vínculos de pareja estables , pero aún se aparean con otros individuos fuera de la pareja. En biología , los incidentes de promiscuidad en especies que forman vínculos de pareja se suelen denominar cópulas extrapares .

Motivaciones

Es difícil evaluar con precisión el comportamiento sexual de las personas , ya que se producen fuertes motivaciones sociales y personales, según las sanciones y los tabúes sociales , para minimizar o exagerar la actividad sexual denunciada.

Los experimentos estadounidenses en 1978 y 1982 encontraron que la gran mayoría de los hombres estaban dispuestos a tener relaciones sexuales con mujeres que no conocían, de atractivo promedio, que las propusieron. Ninguna mujer, por el contrario, estuvo de acuerdo con tales proposiciones de hombres de atractivo promedio. Si bien los hombres en general se sintieron cómodos con las solicitudes, independientemente de su voluntad, las mujeres respondieron con sorpresa y disgusto. [5]

El número de parejas sexuales que las personas han tenido a lo largo de su vida varía mucho dentro de una población. Una encuesta nacional de 2007 en los Estados Unidos encontró que el número medio de parejas sexuales femeninas informadas por los hombres era siete y el número medio de parejas masculinas informadas por las mujeres era cuatro. Los hombres posiblemente exageraron su número de parejas informado, las mujeres informaron un número menor que el número real, o una minoría de mujeres tenía un número suficientemente mayor que la mayoría de las otras mujeres para crear una media significativamente más alta que la mediana, o todo lo anterior. Aproximadamente el 29% de los hombres y el 9% de las mujeres informaron haber tenido más de 15 parejas sexuales en su vida. [6] Estudios sobre la propagación de enfermedades de transmisión sexualdemuestran consistentemente que un pequeño porcentaje de la población estudiada tiene más parejas que el hombre o la mujer promedio, y un número menor de personas tiene menos que el promedio estadístico. Una cuestión importante en la epidemiología de las infecciones de transmisión sexual es si estos grupos copulan mayoritariamente al azar con parejas sexuales de toda la población o dentro de sus grupos sociales .

Una revisión sistemática de 2006 que analizó datos de 59 países en todo el mundo no encontró asociación entre las tendencias regionales de comportamiento sexual, como el número de parejas sexuales y el estado de salud sexual. Los factores socioeconómicos como la pobreza y la movilidad son mucho más predictivos del estado de salud sexual. [7] Otros estudios han sugerido que las personas con múltiples parejas sexuales ocasionales tienen más probabilidades de ser diagnosticadas con infecciones de transmisión sexual. [8]

La promiscuidad severa e impulsiva, junto con un impulso compulsivo de tener relaciones sexuales ilícitas con personas vinculadas, es un síntoma común del trastorno límite de la personalidad , el trastorno histriónico de la personalidad , el trastorno narcisista de la personalidad y el trastorno de la personalidad antisocial, pero la mayoría de las personas promiscuas no tienen estos trastornos. [9]

Estudios transculturales

En 2008, un estudio universitario de EE. UU. Sobre la promiscuidad internacional encontró que los finlandeses han tenido el mayor número de parejas sexuales en el mundo industrializado, y los británicos tienen el mayor número entre las grandes naciones industriales occidentales. El estudio midió aventuras de una noche, actitudes hacia el sexo casual y número de parejas sexuales . [ cita requerida ] Una encuesta nacional de 2014 en el Reino Unido nombró a Liverpool como la ciudad más promiscua del país. [10]

La posición de Gran Bretaña en el índice internacional "puede estar vinculada a una creciente aceptación social de la promiscuidad entre mujeres y hombres". La clasificación de Gran Bretaña se "atribuyó a factores como el declive de los escrúpulos religiosos sobre el sexo extramatrimonial, el crecimiento de la igualdad salarial y de derechos para las mujeres y una cultura popular altamente sexualizada". [11] [12] [13]

Las 10 naciones de la OCDE con una población de más de 10 millones en el índice de promiscuidad del estudio, en orden descendente, fueron el Reino Unido, Alemania, los Países Bajos, la República Checa, Australia, los Estados Unidos, Francia, Turquía, México, y canadá. [11] [12] [13]

Un estudio financiado por el fabricante de condones Durex , realizado en 2006 y publicado en 2009, midió la promiscuidad de un número total de parejas sexuales. La encuesta encontró que los hombres austriacos tenían el mayor número de parejas sexuales a nivel mundial, con 29,3 parejas sexuales en promedio. Las mujeres de Nueva Zelanda tenían el mayor número de parejas sexuales de mujeres en el mundo con un promedio de 20,4 parejas sexuales. En todos los países encuestados, excepto Nueva Zelanda, los hombres informaron más parejas sexuales que las mujeres. [14] [15]

Una revisión encontró que las personas de los países occidentales desarrollados tenían más parejas sexuales que las personas de los países en desarrollo en general, mientras que la tasa de ITS era más alta en los países en desarrollo. [7]

According to the 2005 Global Sex Survey by Durex, people have had on average nine sexual partners, the most in Turkey (14.5) and Australia (13.3), and the fewest in India (3) and China (3.1).[16]

In many cases, the population of each country that participates is approximately 1000 people and can equate to less than 0.0003% of the population, e.g. the 2017 survey of 42 nations surveyed only 33,000 people. In India, data was collected from less than 0.000001% of the total population at that time.[17][14][18]

Male promiscuity

Giacomo Casanova was famously promiscuous

Straight men (heterosexuals)

A 1994 study in the United States, which looked at the number of sexual partners in a lifetime, found 20% of heterosexual men had one partner, 55% had two to 20 partners, and 25% had more than 20 sexual partners.[19] More recent studies have reported similar numbers.[20]

In the United Kingdom, a nationally representative study in 2013 found that 33.9% of heterosexual men had 10 or more lifetime sexual partners. Among men between 45 and 54 years old, 43.1% reported 10 or more sexual partners.[21]

Gay men (homosexuals)

A 1989 study found having over 100 partners to be present though rare among homosexual males.[22] An extensive 1994 study found that difference in the mean number of sexual partners between gay and straight men "did not appear very large".[23][24]

A 2007 study reported that two large population surveys found "the majority of gay men had similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners annually as straight men and women."[25][26]

The 2013 British NATSAL study found that gay men typically had 19 sexual partners in a lifetime (median).[27] In the previous year, 51.8% reported having either 0 or 1 sexual partner. A further 21.3% reported having between 2 and 4 sexual partners, 7.3% reported having between 5 and 9, and 19.6% reported having 10 or more sexual partners.[27] This reflects previous findings that a minority of gay men have a disproportionate share of all gay sex.[28]

A 2014 study in Australia found gay men had a median of 22 sexual partners in a lifetime (sexual partner meant any sexual contact, including kissing).[29] 30% of gay respondents reported 0-9 partners in their lifetime. 50.1% of gay men reported having either 0 or 1 partner in the previous year, while 25.6% reported 10 or more partners in the previous year.

Research on gay sexual behavior may overrepresent promiscuous respondents.[30][23][31] This is because gay men are a small portion of the male population, and thus many researchers have relied on convenience surveys to research behavior of gay men. Examples of this type of sampling includes surveying men on dating apps such as Grindr, or finding volunteers at gay bars, clubs and saunas. Convenience surveys often exclude gay men who are in a relationship, and gay men who do not use dating apps or attend gay venues.[30][32]Algunos investigadores informaron que las encuestas de conveniencia británicas y europeas incluyeron aproximadamente cinco veces más hombres homosexuales que informaron "5 o más parejas sexuales" que el estudio NATSAL representativo a nivel nacional. [33] [31] Las encuestas por muestreo de probabilidad son más útiles en este sentido, porque buscan reflejar con precisión las características de la población de hombres homosexuales. Los ejemplos incluyen la NATSAL en el Reino Unido y la Encuesta Social General en los Estados Unidos.

John Corvino has said that many opponents to gay rights often rely on convenience sample statistics to support their belief that gay men are promiscuous, but that larger representative samples show that the difference is not so large, and that extreme promiscuity occurs in a minority of gay men.[34] Psychologist J. Michael Bailey has stated that social conservatives have taken such surveys as evidence of a "decadent" nature of gay men, but says "I think they’re wrong. Gay men who are promiscuous are expressing an essentially masculine trait. They are doing what most heterosexual men would do if they could. They are in this way just like heterosexual men, except that they don’t have women to constrain them."[35]

Regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs), some researchers have said that the number of sexual partners had by gay men does not explain the rates of HIV infection, since most had similar numbers of sexual partners as straight men on an annual basis. They say that anal sex, which holds a much higher risk of HIV transmission, is the primary transmission factor, with number of sexual partners as a secondary factor.[36]

Female promiscuity

Main article: Female promiscuity
Empress Catherine II is remembered in popular culture for her sexual promiscuity.

En 1994, un estudio en los Estados Unidos encontró que casi todas las mujeres heterosexuales casadas informaron haber tenido contacto sexual solo con sus maridos, y las mujeres solteras casi siempre informaron no haber tenido más de una pareja sexual en los últimos tres meses. Las lesbianas que tenían una pareja a largo plazo informaron tener menos parejas externas que las mujeres heterosexuales. [22] La investigación más reciente, sin embargo, contradice la afirmación de que las mujeres heterosexuales son en gran parte monógamas. Un estudio de 2002 estimó que entre el 45% y el 55% de las mujeres heterosexuales casadas mantienen relaciones sexuales fuera de su matrimonio. [37] [se necesita una mejor fuente ] While the estimates for heterosexual males in the same study were greater (50–60%), the data indicate a significant portion of married heterosexual women have or have had sexual partners other than their spouse, as well.[37]

One possible explanation for hyper sexuality is child sexual abuse (CSA) trauma. Many studies have examined the correlation between CSA and risky sexual behavior. Rodriguez-Srednicki and Ofelia examined the correlation of CSA experienced by women and their self-destructive behavior as adults using a questionnaire. The diversity and ages of the women varied. Slightly fewer than half the women reported CSA while the remainder reported no childhood trauma. The results of the study determined that self-destructive behaviors, including hypersexuality, correlates with CSA in women.[38] CSA can create sexual schemas that result in risky sexual behavior.[39] This can play out in their sexual interactions as girls get older. The sexual behaviors of women that experienced CSA differed from those of women without exposure to CSA. Studies show CSA survivors tend to have more sexual partners and engage in higher risk sexual behaviors.[40]

Since at least 1450, the word 'slut' has been used, often pejoratively, to describe a sexually promiscuous woman.[41] In and before the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, terms like "strumpet" and "whore" were used to describe women deemed promiscuous, as seen, for example, in John Webster's 1612 play The White Devil.

Thornhill and Gangestad found that women are much more likely to sexually fantasize about and be attracted to extra-pair men during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle than the luteal phase, whereas attraction to the primary partner does not change depending on the menstrual cycle.[42] A 2004 study by Pillsworth, Hasselton and Buss contradicted this, finding greater in-pair sexual attraction during this phase and no increase in attraction to extra-pair men.[43]

Evolution

Evolutionary psychologists propose that a conditional human tendency for promiscuity is inherited from hunter-gatherer ancestors. Promiscuity increases the likelihood of having children, thus "evolutionary" fitness. According to them, female promiscuity is advantageous in that it allows females to choose fathers for their children who have better genes than their mates, to ensure better care for their offspring, have more children, and as a form of fertility insurance.[44] Male promiscuity was likely advantageous because it allowed males to father more children.

Primitive promiscuity

Primitive promiscuity or original promiscuity was the 19th-century hypothesis that humans originally lived in a state of promiscuity or "hetaerism" prior to the advent of society as we understand it.[45][46][47][48][49] Hetaerism is a theoretical early state of human society, as postulated by 19th-century anthropologists, which was characterized by the absence of the institution of marriage in any form and in which women were the common property of their tribe and in which children never knew who their fathers were.[citation needed]

The reconstruction of the original state of primitive society or humanity was based on the idea of progress, according to which all cultures have degrees of improvement and becoming more complicated. It seemed logical to assume that never before the types of families developed did they simply exist, and in primitive society, sexual relations were without any boundaries and taboos. This view is represented, inter alia, by anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan in Ancient Society and quoted by Friedrich Engels' work The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.[50]

In the first half of the 20th century, this notion was rejected by a number of authors, e.g. Edvard Westermarck, a Finnish philosopher, social anthropologist and sociologist with in-depth knowledge of the history of marriage, who provided strong evidence that, at least in the first stages of cultural development, monogamy has been a perfectly normal and natural form of man-woman coexistence.[51][52]

Modern cultural anthropology has not confirmed the existence of a complete promiscuity in any known society or culture. The evidence of history is reduced to some texts of Herodotus, Strabo, and Solinus, which have been hard to interpret.[53]

Religious and social views

See also: Fornication

Christianity, Judaism and Islam condemns promiscuity and instead advocates lifelong monogamous marriage (although Islam allows polygamy for men).[54]

Promiscuity has been practiced in hippie communities and other alternative subcultures since the 1960s.[55]

Other animals

Further information: Animal sexual behaviour and Extra-pair copulation

Many animal species, such as bonobos[56] and chimpanzees, are promiscuous as a rule; they do not form pair bonds. Although social monogamy occurs in about 90% of avian species and about 3% of mammalian species, an estimated 90% of socially monogamous species exhibit individual promiscuity in the form of copulation outside the pair bond.[4][57][58]

In the animal world, some species, including birds such as swans and fish such as Neolamprologus pulcher, once believed monogamous, are now known to engage in extra-pair copulations. One example of extra-pair fertilization (EPF) in birds is the black-throated blue warblers. Though it is a socially monogamous species, both males and females engage in EPF.[59]

The Darwin-Bateman paradigm, which states that males are typically eager to copulate while females are more choosy about whom to mate with, has been confirmed by a meta-analysis.[60]

See also

  • Cottaging
  • Emotional promiscuity
  • Female promiscuity
  • Monogamy
  • Polygamy
  • Polyandry
  • Polygynandry
  • Polyamory
  • Prostitution
  • Sexual addiction
  • Sociosexual orientation
  • Sperm competition
  • Swinging

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