This article records new taxa of fossil mammals of every kind are scheduled to be described during the year 2021, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of mammals that are scheduled to occur in the year 2021.
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General research
- A study on the evolution of the brain size relative to the body size in mammals, based on data from extant and extinct taxa, is published by Smaers et al. (2021).[1]
- A study on the evolution of the morphological diversity of mammals and their closest mammaliaform relatives is published by Brocklehurst et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that Mesozoic crown-group therians were significantly more constrained in their capacity to evolve novel phenotypes than other mammaliaforms, and that relaxation of these constraints occurred in the Paleocene, post-dating the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and coinciding with environmental shifts and declining diversity of non-theriimorph mammaliaforms.[2]
- A study evaluating how jaw shape and mechanical advantage of the masseter and temporalis muscles relate to diet in extant and Mesozoic mammals is published by Morales-García et al. (2021).[3]
- A study on the diversity of locomotor ecologies of Paleocene mammals, and on its implications for the knowledge of the evolution of tarsal morphology of mammals in the aftermath of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is published by Shelley, Brusatte & Williamson (2021).[4]
- Tracks produced by mammals walking across submerged to partially emergent tidal flats, representing the oldest evidence of the utilization of marine habitat by mammals reported to date, are described from the Paleocene Hanna Formation (Wyoming, United States) by Wroblewski & Gulas-Wroblewski (2021).[5]
- A study on the anatomy of the skulls of saber-toothed mammals, and on its implications for the knowledge of likely killing behaviours of these mammals, is published by Melchionna et al. (2021).[6]
- A study aiming to determine whether changes in geographic range that could result from human impacts have altered the climatic niches of 46 species of mammals within the contiguous United States, based on data from the fossil record, is published by Pineda-Munoz et al. (2021).[7]
Metatherians
- A study aiming to determine whether functional constraints during development may have limited evolution of the morphological diversity of metatherian jaws relative to the morphological diversity of eutherian jaws, based on data from extant and fossil metatherians and eutherians, is published by Fabre et al. (2021).[8]
- A study on the mobility of the elbow in Palorchestes azael, and on its implications for the knowledge of the likely posture of this marsupial, is published by Richards et al. (2021).[9]
- New postcranial material of Wakaleo vanderleuri and W. alcootaensis, providing evidence of increasing adaptation towards terrestrial locomotion and felid-like grappling predation within the Wakaleo lineage, is described from mid- and late-Miocene fossil deposits from the Australian Northern Territory by Warburton & Yates (2021).[10]
- New fossil material of "Wallabia" kitcheneri, providing new information on the anatomy of this kangaroo, is described from the Thylacoleo Caves (Nullarbor Plain, Australia) by Warburton & Prideaux (2021), who transfer this species to the genus Congruus.[11]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caenolestoides[12] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Abello, Martin & Cardoso | Early Miocene | Argentina | A shrew opossum. Genus includes new species C. miocaenicus. | ||
Gaimanlestes[12] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Abello, Martin & Cardoso | Early Miocene | Argentina | A shrew opossum. Genus includes new species G. pascuali. | ||
Scalaridelphys[13] | Nom. nov | Valid | Cohen, Davis & Cifelli | Late Cretaceous (Turonian) | Straight Cliffs Formation | United States | A member of Pediomyoidea belonging to the family Aquiladelphidae; a replacement name for Scalaria Cohen, Davis & Cifelli (2020). | |
Stilotherium parvum[12] | Sp. nov | Valid | Abello, Martin & Cardoso | Early Miocene | Argentina | A shrew opossum. |
Eutherians
- A study on factors affecting the accuracy of mitogenomic phylogeny reconstruction for placental mammals is published by Phillips & Shazwani Zakaria (2021), who also study the phylogenetic relationships of glyptodonts, Macrauchenia and sabre-toothed and scimitar cats among placental mammals on the basis of data from mitochondrial DNA.[14]
- Evidence of long periods of functional stasis in mammalian ecological assemblages from the Iberian Peninsula spanning the past 21 million years is presented by Blanco et al. (2021).[15]
- 10-million-year long proxy record of Arabian climate is developed by Böhme et al. (2021), who report evidence indicative of a sustained period of hyperaridity in the Pliocene and a number of transient periods of hyperaridity in northern Arabia during the late Miocene which were out of phase with those in North Africa, and argue that these desert dynamics had a strong control on large-scale mammalian dispersals between Africa and Eurasia.[16]
- A study on the dietary behavior and specialization of North American mammalian herbivores over the past 7 million years, based on stable isotope data from tooth enamel, is published by Pardi & DeSantis (2021).[17]
- A study on the diets of Late Pleistocene Alaskan bisons and horses, as indicated by data from tooth wear, is published by Kelly et al. (2021).[18]
- A study on the fossil record of the Late Quaternary North American megafauna, aiming to determine whether human population levels, climate change, or both correspond quantitatively to changes in megafauna population levels through time, is published by Stewart, Carleton & Groucutt (2021).[19]
- A study on the impact of humans on the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions in South America, comparing the temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of South American megafauna and fluted (Fishtail) projectile points, is published by Prates & Perez (2021).[20]
- A study on the impact of climatic and environmental changes on Equus neogeus and Notiomastodon platensis, aiming to determine how the spatial extent of habitats suitable for these mammals changed between the Last Glacial Maximum and the middle Holocene, is published by Araújo et al. (2021).[21]
Xenarthrans
- A study on the anatomy of the bony labyrinth of the glyptodonts Glyptodon, Doedicurus, Panochthus and Pseudoplohophorus, as well as the pampathere Holmesina, is published by Tambusso et al. (2021), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the phylogenetic placement of glyptodonts and pampatheres.[22]
- Revision and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Vetelia is published by Barasoain et al. (2021).[23]
- The first record of Meizonyx salvadorensis from the late Pleistocene of Mexico is reported by McDonald et al. (2021), who study the phylogenetic relationships of this species, and discuss the palaeobiogeographical and palaeoecological implications of this finding.[24]
- A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Simomylodon uccasamamensis, and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships and locomotion of this species, is published by Boscaini et al. (2021).[25]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Noatherium[26] | Gen. et sp. nov | In press | Fernicola et al. | Eocene (Ypresian) | Lumbrera Formation | Argentina | A member of Cingulata. Genus includes new species N. emilioi. | |
Plesiodasypus[27] | Gen. et sp. nov | In press | Barasoain et al. | Middle Miocene | La Victoria Formation | Colombia | A dasypodid armadillo belonging to the tribe Dasypodini. Genus includes new species P. colombianus. | |
Similhapalops[28] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Pujos et al. | Deseadan | Argentina | A small non‐megalonychid megatherioid sloth. Genus includes new species S. nivis. |
Afrotherians
- New sirenian specimen belonging to the genus Potamosiren is described from the Miocene Barzalosa Formation (Colombia) by Suarez et al. (2021), representing the earliest record of this genus reported to date, and providing new information on the evolutionary history of South American sirenians.[29]
- A study on the population history of the Steller's sea cow during the last several millions of years in the Bering Sea region, based on data from a genome of a historical specimen of this species, is published by Sharko et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that this species began to go extinct along the North Pacific coastline before the arrival of the first Paleolithic hunter-gatherers in the Beringia.[30]
- Revision of the fossil material of hyracoids from the Oligocene Malembo locality (Angola) is published by Tabuce et al. (2021).[31]
- Revision of the fossil material of deinotheres belonging to the genus Prodeinotherium from the Miocene Vallès-Penedès Basin (Spain) is published by Gasamans et al. (2021).[32]
- A study on faunal and floral components of dung associated with juvenile mastodon remains from East Milford (Nova Scotia, Canada) dated to ~75,000 years BP, and on its implications of the knowledge of mastodon diet and environmental conditions in eastern Canada prior to the onset of the Wisconsin glaciation, is published by Cocker et al. (2021).[33]
- A study on the chemical composition of fossilized dental calculus from specimens of Notiomastodon platensis from Brazil, Argentina and Ecuador is published by Mothé et al. (2021), who report the discovery of the first fossilized oral bacterial communities associated with extinct proboscideans, confirming the parasitism between oral bacteria and N. platensis.[34]
- A study on the age distribution and population structure of Palaeoloxodon huaihoensis from Penghu Channel (Taiwan), based on data from fossil teeth, is published by Kang, Lin & Chang (2021).[35]
- Van der Valk et al. (2021) report the recovery of genome-wide data from three mammoth specimens dating to the Early and Middle Pleistocene, and evaluate the implications of their finding for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of mammoths.[36]
- New method allowing the characterization of the genetic sex for highly degraded samples of elephant DNA is presented by Aznar-Cormano et al. (2021), who also apply their method to woolly mammoth ancient DNA from the Late Pleistocene of Siberia.[37]
- A study on the population history and extinction dynamics of the woolly mammoth in northern Siberia, based on radiocarbon and genetic data, is published by Dehasque et al. (2021).[38]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrohypselodontus[39] | Gen. et 2 sp. nov | Valid | Senut & Pickford | Eocene (Bartonian-Priabonian) | Namibia | A member of Macroscelidea belonging to the family Afrohypselodontidae. The type species is A. minus; genus also includes A. grandis. | ||
Eorhynchocyon[39] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Senut & Pickford | Eocene (Bartonian-Priabonian) | Namibia | A member of Macroscelidea belonging to the family Rhynchocyonidae. The type species is E. rupestris. | ||
Namasengi[39] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Senut & Pickford | Eocene (Bartonian-Priabonian) | Namibia | An elephant shrew. The type species is N. mockeae. | ||
Promyohyrax[39] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Senut & Pickford | Eocene (Bartonian-Priabonian) | Namibia | A member of Macroscelidea belonging to the family Myohyracidae. The type species is P. namibiensis. |
Bats
- Endocranial casts of four fossil species of Old World leaf-nosed bats belonging to the genera Palaeophyllophora and Hipposideros are described by Maugoust & Orliac (2021).[40]
- A study on changes in body size and mandible shape through time and across climate regimes in the cave myotis and the big brown bat, based on data from the late Quaternary fossil record from caves in the Edwards Plateau of central Texas, is published by Moroz et al. (2021).[41]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notoungulates
- A study on the evolution of the body size and hypsodonty in notoungulates is published by Solórzano & Núñez-Flores (2021).[42]
- A study on the shape and size of molars in nine species of Protypotherium, aiming to determine the impact of climate change in South America during Miocene on the evolution of this genus, is published by Scarano, Vera & Reguero (2021).[43]
- A study on the morphology of deciduous and permanent teeth of Interatherium and Protypotherium, reevaluating the diagnostic dental characteristics used to describe interatheriine taxa, is published by Fernández, Fernicola & Cerdeño (2021), who transfer the species Eudiastatus lingulatus to the genus Protypotherium.[44]
- A study on the shape and evolution of the snout in mesotheriid notoungulates, and on its implications for the knowledge of the dietary preferences in mesotheriids, is published by Ercoli & Armella (2021).[45]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colbertia falui[46] | Sp. nov | Valid | Fernández et al. | Eocene (Casamayoran) | Quebrada de los Colorados Formation | Argentina | A member of Typotheria. | |
Teushentherium[47] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Martínez et al. | Oligocene | Argentina | A member of Toxodonta. The type species is T. camaronensis. |
Odd-toed ungulates
- Description of new fossil material of Lophiaspis maurettei from the early Eocene of France, and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species and lophiodontids in general, is published by Vautrin et al. (2021).[48]
- New fossil material of chalicotheres, indicating that the fossil record of the genus Ancylotherium in Africa dates back to ca. 10 Ma, is described from the upper Miocene Nakali Formation (Kenya) by Handa et al. (2021).[49]
- New fossil material of Merck's rhinoceros is described from localities in West Siberia and East Siberia by Lobachev et al. (2021), expanding known geographic distribution of this species and providing new information on its ecology, variability, and evolution.[50]
- A study on the ecology of the woolly rhinoceros, based on data from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from bone and tooth specimens and from mitochondrial DNA sequences, is published by Rey-Iglesia et al. (2021).[51]
- A study on the morphology of the central forelimb metapodial joint surface in extant and extinct members of Equoidea, aiming to determine potential drivers of modifications of the shape of metapodial–phalangeal joint in horse limbs throughout their evolutionary history, is published by MacLaren (2021).[52]
- Partially complete skeleton of a specimen of Hippidion saldiasi living near the end of the last glaciation, representing the southernmost high-elevation record for this species reported to date, is described from the Salar de Surire (northern Chile) by Labarca et al. (2021), who attempt to determine the body mass and diet of this specimen.[53]
- A study testing existing body mass estimation equations of equids for their accuracy with modern zebras, and evaluating the implications of this test for the knowledge of the relationship between body size, diet and habitat in Pleistocene members of the genus Equus from Europe, is published by Saarinen et al. (2021).[54]
- A study on the validity of the genera Plesippus and Allohippus, on the evolutionary relationships of Equus stenonis to other Old World Pleistocene and extant members of the genus Equus, and on the origin of zebras and asses is published by Cirilli et al. (2021).[55]
- A skull of the Grévy's zebra, representing the oldest definitive record of this species reported to date, is described from the Pleistocene Kapthurin Formation (Kenya) by O’Brien et al. (2021).[56]
- Revision of the fossil material of Equus apolloniensis from the Pleistocene Apollonia 1 site (Mygdonia Basin, Greece), and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species, is published by Gkeme, Koufos & Kostopoulos (2021).[57]
- A study aiming to determine possible impact of the Bering Land Bridge on genetic diversity and connectivity among North American and Eurasian populations of the caballine horses throughout their evolutionary history, based on data from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes from present-day and extinct horses sampled across the Holarctic is published by Vershinina et al. (2021).[58]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elasmotherium primigenium[59] | Sp. nov | In press | Sun, Deng & Jiangzuo | Late Miocene | China | |||
Leptolophus cuestai[60] | Sp. nov | Valid | Perales-Gogenola et al. | Late Eocene | Miranda-Treviño Basin | Spain | A member of the family Palaeotheriidae. | |
Leptolophus franzeni[60] | Sp. nov | Valid | Perales-Gogenola et al. | Late Eocene | Miranda-Treviño Basin | Spain | A member of the family Palaeotheriidae. | |
Nesorhinus[61] | Gen. et comb. nov | Valid | Antoine et al. | Pleistocene | Philippines | A rhinoceros. Genus includes "Rhinoceros" philippinensis von Koenigswald (1956) and "Rhinoceros sinensis" hayasakai Otsuka & Lin (1984; raised to the rank of a separate species N. hayasakai). |
Even-toed ungulates
- A study on the diversity dynamics of cainotherioids through time is published by Weppe et al. (2021).[62]
- New fossil material of Paracamelus aguirrei is described from the Miocene locality Venta del Moro (Spain) by Caballero et al. (2021), who interpret P. aguirrei as a large camelid, comparable in size to Megacamelus merriami, Paracamelus gigas and Camelus knoblochi.[63]
- A study on the taxonomic status of Selenogonus narinoensis is published by Gasparini, Moreno-Mancilla & Cómbita (2021), who interpret the holotype of this species as a specimen of Platygonus marplatensis or a related species, representing one of the northernmost South American records of the genus, and possibly one of the most ancient records of peccaries in South America.[64]
- A study aiming to determine whether the "law of constant extinction" proposed by Leigh Van Valen (stating that long and short‐lived taxa have equal chances of going extinct) applies to the ruminants, taking the inherent biases of the fossil record into account, is published by Januario & Quental (2021).[65]
- A study on the tooth wear and hypsodonty in ruminants from the early and middle Miocene of Kenya and Uganda, and on its implications for the knowledge of the ecological preferences of these ruminants, is published by Hall & Cote (2021).[66]
- Review of the fossil material attributed to Amphimoschus, and a reassessment of the validity of the species assigned to this genus, is published by Mennecart et al. (2021).[67]
- A study comparing the ontogenetic trends in the limb bones of Pleistocene pronghorns Capromeryx minor and Capromeryx arizonensis, aiming to determine how ontogenetic slopes compare to the slope of dwarfing, is published by Prothero et al. (2021).[68]
- Description of new fossil teeth of Bramatherium grande from the Late Miocene of Pakistan, providing new information on the variability of dental morphology in Late Miocene sivatherine giraffids, and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Khan, Babar & Ríos (2021).[69]
- Redescription of the holotype skull of a putative boselaphine Proboselaphus watasei is published by Nishioka, Kohno & Kudo (2021), who reinterpret it as a skull of the sambar deer or a related species of deer, and evaluate the implications of this reinterpretation for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of boselaphines.[70]
- Revision of cervids from the Late Miocene of Europe included in the subfamily Pliocervinae is published by Croitor (2021).[71]
- Redescription and revision of the taxonomy of cervid fossils from the João Cativo and Lage Grande sites in the Brazilian Intertropical Region is published by Rotti et al. (2021), who identify fossils of members of the genus Morenelaphus from these sites, and evaluate the implications of the presence of giant deers for reconstructions of the climate and environment of the Brazilian Intertropical Region during the Pleistocene.[72]
- New skull material of Pleistocene dwarf deers belonging to the genus Candiacervus, providing new information on the anatomy and island adaptations of these deers, is described from Crete (Greece) by Schilling & Rössner (2021).[73]
- A study on the histology of the bone tissue in the holotype and paratype specimens of Candiacervus major is published by Palombo & Zedda (2021), who interpret the studied bones as belonging to an individual affected by pituitary gigantism (representing the first case of pituitary gigantism in an extinct mammal reported to date), consider the species C. major to be possibly synonymous with C. dorothensis, and consider it unlikely to represent an endemic species of an extraordinary large-sized deer.[74]
- A study on the population dynamics and demise of the Irish elk, based on data Late Pleistocene and Holocene mitogenomes, is published by Rey-Iglesia et al. (2021)[75]
- Revision of the Messinian fossil record of bovids from Italy, with a focus on fossils from the Monticino Quarry (Brisighella, central Italy), is published by Pandolfi, Masini & Kostopoulos (2021), who transfer the species "Samotragus" occidentalis to the genus Oioceros.[76]
- Redescription of the anatomy of the skull of Hezhengia bohlini, and a revision of the phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese late Miocene "ovibovines", is published by Shi & Deng (2021).[77]
- A study on the ecomorphology of Rusingoryx atopocranion, and on its implications for reconstructions of the environment of the Lake Victoria Basin during the late Pleistocene, is published by Kovarovic et al. (2021).[78]
- An overview of the phylogeny and evolution of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene species of Bison, focusing on data from ancient DNA studies, is published by Zver, Toškan & Bužan (2021).[79]
- Revision of the European fossil record of bisons, with a focus on the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition in general and on fossil sites from the Vallparadís Composite Section (Terrassa, NE Iberian Peninsula) in particular, is published by Sorbelli et al. (2021).[80]
- A study on the bone microanatomy of extant and fossil members of Hippopotamoidea, and on its implications for the knowledge of the ecology of extinct hippopotamoids, is published by Houssaye et al. (2021).[81]
- Orliac & Thewissen (2021) describe the endocranial cast of Indohyus indirae, and evaluate its implications for the knowledge of the evolution of the anatomy of the cetacean brain.[82]
- Revision of the fossil material of Sylvochoerus woodburnei, Waldochoerus bassleri and Surameryx acrensis is published by Gasparini et al. (2021), who consider the fossils of these ungulates to be more likely of Quaternary rather than Miocene age, reinterpret S. woodburnei and W. bassleri as junior synonyms of extant peccary species, and reinterpret S. acrensis as described on the basis of fossil material of a deer rather than a palaeomerycid.[83]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colbertchoerus[84] | Gen. et comb. nov | Valid | Prothero | Late Barstovian-early Clarendonian | Calvert Formation | United States | A peccary. The type species is "Prosthennops" niobrarense Colbert (1935). | |
Etruscotherium[85] | Gen. et sp. nov | In press | Pickford | Miocene (Turolian) | Italy | An anthracothere. Genus includes new species E. ribollaense. | ||
Gangraia[86] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Kostopoulos et al. | Late Miocene | Tüglu Formation | Turkey | A member of the family Bovidae belonging to the subfamily Antilopinae. The type species is G. anatolica. | |
Praesinomegaceros bakri[87] | Sp. nov | In press | Croitor et al. | Early Pleistocene | Pakistan | A deer. | ||
Rajouria[88] | Gen. et sp. nov | In press | Rana et al. | Middle Eocene | Subathu Group | India | A member of the family Raoellidae. Genus includes new species R. gunnelli. | |
Stirtonhyus[84] | Gen. et comb. nov | Valid | Prothero | Early through early late Barstovian | Calvert Formation | United States | A peccary. The type species is "Prosthennops" xiphidonticus Barbour (1925). | |
Tedfordhyus[84] | Gen. et comb. nov | Valid | Prothero | Early Hemingfordian to late Barstovian | Barstow Formation | Panama | A peccary. The type species is "Cynorca" occidentale Woodburne (1969). |
Cetaceans
- A study on the effects of incorporation of fossil taxa for inferences about phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of cetaceans is published by Lloyd & Slater (2021).[89]
- A tooth a possible member of the family Remingtonocetidae, potentially extending the range of this family across the Atlantic to eastern North America, is described from the Eocene of North Carolina by Uhen & Peredo (2021).[90]
- Redescription of the Eocene cetacean "Platyosphys einori" is published by Davydenko et al. (2021), who interpret this taxon as a basilosaurid of uncertain phylogenetic placement, and report that it shows adaptations to life in water typical for modern whales but unique for the Eocene cetaceans.[91]
- A study on the internal neurovascular anatomy of the holotype skull of Aetiocetus weltoni, and on its implications for the knowledge of the teeth to baleen transition in cetaceans, is published by Ekdale & Deméré (2021).[92]
- Two partial skulls of members of the family Eurhinodelphinidae are described from the Miocene (Burdigalian) Chilcatay Formation (Pisco Basin, Peru) by Lambert et al. (2021), representing the first diagnostic remains attributable to this family reported from the Southern Hemisphere and the Pacific Ocean.[93]
- Partial skull of a member of the stem group of Delphinida is described from the Caujarao Formation (Venezuela) by Benites-Palomino et al. (2021), providing evidence that stem delphinidans were present in the southern Caribbean region during the early late Miocene.[94]
- A study on the anatomy and evolution of the inner ear of late Oligocene–early Miocene marine platanistoids is published by Viglino et al. (2021).[95]
- Redescription and revision of the taxonomic status of Preaulophyseter gualichensis is published by Paolucci et al. (2021).[96]
- A study on the evolution of the brain in cetaceans, based on data from fossils of baleen whales, is published by Mccurry et al. (2021).[97]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berardius kobayashii[98] | Sp. nov | Valid | Kawatani & Kohno | Miocene | Tsurushi Formation | Japan | A beaked whale, a species of Berardius. | |
Kentriodon sugawarai[99] | Sp. nov | Valid | Guo & Kohno | Miocene | Kadonosawa Formation | Japan | ||
Kogia danomurai[100] | Sp. nov | Valid | Benites‐Palomino et al. | Late Miocene | Pisco Formation | Peru | A species of Kogia. | |
Pliodelphis[101] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Belluzzo & Lambert | Pliocene (Zanclean) | Kattendijk Sands | Belgium | An oceanic dolphin. The type species is P. doelensis. |
Carnivorans
- A study on late Oligocene and middle Miocene carnivoran teeth from Thailand is published by de Bonis et al. (2021), who report the oldest occurrence of the family Ursidae in southern Asia (a specimen of Cephalogale from the late Oligocene) and a new viverrid (a specimen of Semigenetta from the middle Miocene), and interpret these fossils as evidence of stratigraphic correlations of the MP29 and MN7–8 fossil sites in Europe with Southeast Asian localities.[102]
- A study on the evolutionary history of dire wolves, based on data from five genomes sequenced from sub-fossil remains, is published by Perri et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that dire wolves were members of a highly divergent lineage that split from living canids around 5.7 million years ago, and recommend transferring them to the separate genus Aenocyon.[103]
- A study on changes of diets of gray wolves from the Yukon Territory (Canada) from the Pleistocene to the Holocene is published by Landry et al. (2021).[104]
- Lahtinen et al. (2021) argue that the differences between dietary constraints of wolves and humans enabled dog domestication in harsh environments across northern Eurasia in the Late Pleistocene, as the prey species of wolves have protein ratios over the limit that humans can consume, which resulted in Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers having excess protein from their prey available to feed to captured/pet wolves.[105]
- A study on the processes driving the early phases of dog domestication, based on data from canid remains from the Magdalenian cave site of Gnirshöhle (Hegau Jura, Germany), is published by Baumann et al. (2021).[106]
- Perri et al. (2021) compare population genetic results of humans and dogs from Siberia, Beringia and North America, and interpret their findings as indicating that dogs were domesticated in Siberia by ∼23,000 years ago, and subsequently accompanied the first people into the Americas.[107]
- Da Silva Coelho et al. (2021) report a complete mitochondrial genome of an early dog from southeast Alaska, dated to approximately 10 150 calibrated years BP, and interpret this specimen as an early-branching precontact dog and evidence that initial human and dog migration into the Americas occurred together along the North Pacific coastal route.[108]
- Description and a study on the functional anatomy of the forelimb of Amphicynodon leptorhynchus, aiming to infer probable lifestyle of this carnivoran, is published by Gardin et al. (2021).[109]
- A study on the evolutionary history and past distributional patterns of the giant panda, based on data from ecological niche modelling, phylogeography and fossil record, is published by Luna-Aranguré & Vázquez-Domínguez (2021).[110]
- Pedersen et al. (2021) report the retrieval of low-coverage environmental genomes from American black bear and giant short-faced bear from Late Pleistocene cave sediments from northern Mexico, as well as lower-coverage giant short-faced bear genomes obtained from fossils from Yukon (Canada), and evaluate the utility of these genomes for population genomic and phylogenetic studies of Late Pleistocene bears.[111]
- Barlow et al. (2021) report the recovery of the genome of a 360,000-year-old cave bear from Kudaro 1 cave (South Ossetia), representing the oldest genome from a non-permafrost environment reported to date, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the evolution of cave bears.[112]
- Three fragments of a skull of Pachycrocuta brevirostris are described from the Jinyuan Cave (Dalian, China) by Liu et al. (2021), who interpret this specimen as the largest skull of a member of this species reported so far, and evaluate its implications for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of this species.[113]
- Description of fossil material of Pachycrocuta brevirostris from the late Early Pleistocene site of Nogaisk, representing the first record of this species from Ukraine, and a study on the evolution of this species in Eurasia is published by Marciszak et al. (2021).[114]
- A study on the evolutionary history of the genus Crocuta, based on data from near-complete mitochondrial genomes sequenced from two Late Pleistocene cave hyena skulls from northeastern China, is published by Hu et al. (2021).[115]
- A study on the evolution of the mandible shape in early machairodontines, based on data from fossils of Promegantereon ogygia and Machairodus aphanistus from the Batallones localities in Spain, is published by Chatar et al. (2021).[116]
- A study on the dietary ecology of Homotherium serum, based on data from fossil specimens from the Friesenhahn Cave (Texas, United States), is published by DeSantis et al. (2021).[117]
- An association of two subadult and one adult specimen of Smilodon fatalis is reported from the Pleistocene Tablazo Formation (Ecuador) by Reynolds, Seymour & Evans (2021), who interpret the subadult specimens as likely to be siblings, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the life history of S. fatalis.[118]
- Fossil material of the Iberian lynx, extending known paleobiogeographical distribution of this species and representing the largest sample of lynx fossils reported from Europe to date, is described from the Late Pleistocene Ingarano site (southern Italy) by Mecozzi et al. (2021).[119]
- A study on changes of the range of the lion during the late Pleistocene and Holocene is published by Cooper et al. (2021).[120]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ammitocyon[121] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Morales et al. | Late Miocene | Cerro de los Batallones | Spain | A bear dog. Genus includes new species A. kainos. | |
Canis orcensis[122] | Sp. nov | Valid | Martinez-Navarro et al. | Early Pleistocene | Spain | A species of Canis. | ||
Dunictis[123] | Gen. et comb. nov | Valid | Morales & Pickford | Early Miocene | Kenya | A member of the family Viverridae. The type species is "Leptoplesictis" senutae Morales, Pickford & Salesa (2008); genus also includes "Leptoplesictis" rangwai Schmidt-Kittler (1987) and possibly also "Leptoplesictis" mbitensis Schmidt-Kittler (1987) and "Leptoplesictis" namibiensis Morales, Pickford & Salesa (2008). | ||
Eucyon khoikhoi[124] | Sp. nov | Valid | Valenciano, Morales & Govender | Early Pliocene | South Africa | |||
Forsythictis[123] | Gen. et sp. et comb. nov | Valid | Morales & Pickford | Middle Miocene | France | A member of the family Viverridae. The type species is F. ibericus; genus also includes "Stenogale" aurelianensis Schlosser (1889) and "Herpestes (Leptoplesictis) aurelianensis" atavus Beaumont (1973; raised to the rank of a separate species F. atavus). | ||
Machairodus lahayishupup[125] | Sp. nov | In press | Orcutt & Calede | Miocene (Hemphillian) | United States | |||
Oaxacagale[126] | Gen. et sp. nov | In press | Ferrusquía-Villafranca & Wang | Paleogene | Yolomécatl Formation | Mexico | A member of the family Mustelidae. Genus includes new species O. ruizi. | |
Planopusa[127] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Koretsky & Rahmat | Middle-late Miocene | Ukraine | An earless seal belonging to the subfamily Phocinae. The type species is P. semenovi. | ||
Vulpes rooki[128] | Sp. nov | Valid | Bartolini Lucenti | Pliocene | Yushe Basin | China | A fox, a species of Vulpes |
Rodents
- New postcranial material of ischyromyids is described from the Erlian Basin (Inner Mongolia, China) by Fostowicz-Frelik, López-Torres & Li (2021), who interpret these fossils as indicative of a greater species richness of this group in northern China during the middle Eocene than was previously suggested by fossil teeth, as well as indicative of different paleoecology of Asian and North American ischyromyids.[129]
- Description of the fossil material of dormice from the Oligocene localities of St-Martin-de-Castillon C (France) and Montalbán 1D (Spain), and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil dormice, is published by Lu et al. (2021).[130]
- A study on changes in the brain over time, across phylogeny, and associated with locomotor behaviour in extant and fossil squirrels, aplodontiids and their close relatives is published by Bertrand et al. (2021).[131]
- A study aiming to determine the ecological adaptation that allowed Trogontherium cuvieri to persist in northeast China in the Pleistocene, based on data from Early to Middle Pleistocene specimens from the Jinyuan Cave, is published by Yang et al. (2021).[132]
- New fossil material of cricetodontine cricetids, providing evidence of the synonymy of the genera Lartetomys and Mixocricetodon, is described from the middle Miocene locality Höll (German part of the northern Alpine basin) by Prieto et al. (2021), who also study the evolution of the genus Lartetomys.[133]
- Description of new fossil material of Olympicomys vossi from the Vorohué Formation (Argentina), and a study on the phylogenetic placement of this rodent, is published by Barbière et al. (2021).[134]
- A study on the fossil record of the Miocene murine rodents from the Siwalik Group of Pakistan, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the origin of the tribes Arvicanthini and Murini, is published by Kimura, Flynn & Jacobs (2021).[135]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Batomys cagayanensis[136] | Sp. nov | Valid | Ochoa et al. | Pleistocene | Philippines | A cloud rat, a species of Batomys. | ||
Carpomys dakal[136] | Sp. nov | Valid | Ochoa et al. | Pleistocene to late Holocene | Philippines | A cloud rat, a species of Carpomys. | ||
Crateromys ballik[136] | Sp. nov | Valid | Ochoa et al. | Pleistocene to late Holocene | Philippines | A cloud rat, a species of Crateromys. | ||
Ctenomys rusconii[137] | Sp. nov | Valid | De Santi et al. | Early Pleistocene | Argentina | A tuco-tuco. | ||
Daxneria[138] | Gen. et sp. nov | In press | Van de Weerd, de Bruijn & Wessels | Late Oligocene | Kızılırmak, Güvendik | Turkey | A member of Hystricognathi belonging to the subfamily Baluchimyinae. The type species is D. fragilis. | |
Eucricetodon oculatus[138] | Sp. nov | In press | Van de Weerd, de Bruijn & Wessels | Late Oligocene | Kızılırmak, Güvendik | Turkey | A member of the family Muridae belonging to the subfamily Eucricetodontinae. | |
Eucricetodon ruber[138] | Sp. nov | In press | Van de Weerd, de Bruijn & Wessels | Late Oligocene | Kızılırmak | Turkey | A member of the family Muridae belonging to the subfamily Eucricetodontinae. | |
Megalomys camerhogne[139] | Sp. nov | Valid | Mistretta et al. | Holocene | Grenada | A species of Megalomys. | ||
Myomimus tanjuae[140] | Sp. nov | Valid | Bilgin et al. | Early Miocene | Turkey | A species of Myomimus. | ||
Noamys[141] | Gen. et sp. nov | In press | Ercoli et al. | Late Miocene | Guanaco Formation | Argentina | A New World porcupine. Genus includes new species N. hypsodonta. |
Primates
- A study on tooth morphology and probable diet of extinct strepsirrhines is published by Fulwood et al. (2021).[142]
- A study on the changes in teeth and dentary shape through time in notharctines from the Eocene Willwood Formation (Wyoming, United States) is published by O'Leary (2021).[143]
- A study on the evolution of dietary adaptations in the teeth of lemuriforms, based on data from fossil primates, extant strepsirrhines and recently extinct lemurs, is published by Fulwood et al. (2021).[144]
- A study on the variations of the graminivorous behavior in fossil members of the genus Theropithecus, and on its probable impact on the evolution and extinction of these monkeys, is published by Fannin et al. (2021).[145]
- DeMiguel et al. (2021) present a reconstruction of the local climate and environments through the densely sampled primate-bearing sequence of Abocador de Can Mata (Spain), and attempt to determine whether turnovers in Miocene primate assemblages from this sequence were correlated with environmental changes.[146]
- A study on the morphology of the semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth of Epipliopithecus vindobonensis, and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of this species, is published by Urciuoli et al. (2021).[147]
- A study on the inner ear morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Hispanopithecus and Rudapithecus is published by Urciuoli et al. (2021).[148]
- A study on the diversity of the Miocene dryopithecines from the Iberian Peninsula, as indicated by morphology of their molars, is published by Fortuny et al. (2021).[149]
- New femoral remains of Nacholapithecus kerioi are described by Pina et al. (2021), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the distinctiveness of the femur of Nacholapithecus when compared with other Miocene and extant apes, and for the knowledge of the within-species anatomical variation and locomotion of this ape.[150]
- A study on the feeding ecology of Gigantopithecus blacki in Guangxi (China) during the earliest Pleistocene is published by Jiang et al. (2021).[151]
- A study on the evolutionary history of the African hominid oral microbiome, based on data from dental biofilms of Late Pleistocene to present-day modern humans, Neanderthals and nonhuman primates, is published by Fellows Yates et al. (2021).[152]
General paleoanthropology
- A study on the evolution of the efficiency of thumb opposition in fossil hominins is published by Karakostis et al. (2021).[153]
- A study on the evolutionary history of hominins and the evolution of body mass and encephalization in hominins is published by Püschel et al. (2021), who estimate that the origin of the genus Homo probably occurred between 4.30 and 2.56 million years ago.[154]
- A study on the evolution of the hominin hand, with a focus on the hand of Ardipithecus ramidus, is published by Prang et al. (2021), who report that the hand morphology of A. ramidus was more closely aligned with chimpanzees and bonobos than generalized quadrupeds, and interpret their findings as indicating that hominins evolved from an ancestor with a positional repertoire including suspension, vertical climbing, and possibly knuckle walking.[155]
- A study on the age of the earliest deposits from the Swartkrans Cave (South Africa) is published by Kuman et al. (2021), who identify these deposits as containing the earliest known Oldowan stone tools and fossils of Paranthropus robustus in South Africa.[156]
- A study on the skull of the Australopithecus specimen StW 573 ("Little Foot"), aiming to identify and assess the degree of preservation of craniodental microstructures that could contribute to the reconstruction of Australopithecus’ biology, is published by Beaudet et al. (2021).[157]
- A study on the anatomy of the shoulder girdle of the specimen StW 573, and on its implications for the knowledge of the evolution of the shoulder in hominins, is published by Carlson et al. (2021).[158]
- Reconstruction of the environment at Allia Bay locality (Kenya) ca. 3.97 Ma, based on data from bovid fossils, is published by Dumouchel et al. (2021), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the range of environments occupied by Australopithecus anamensis.[159]
- A study comparing upper and lower limb joint proportions of multiple species of Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Homo is published by Prabhat et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that, unlike other species of Australopithecus, A. afarensis was a committed terrestrial biped, and that this species evolved adaptations in limb joint proportions characteristic of bipedal locomotion independently of later Pleistocene hominins.[160]
- A study comparing the sacrum of the small-bodied, presumed female subadult Australopithecus africanus skeleton STS 14 to the large, alleged male adult StW 431 and a geographically diverse sample of modern humans and apes is published by Fornai et al. (2021), who interpret the morphological differences between the studied fossils as most likely to be the result of the presence of more than one species of Australopithecus at Sterkfontein Member 4.[161]
- A study on the speciation patterns in Pleistocene hominins, aiming to determine the phylogeographic patterns underlying the spread and morphological divergence of Pleistocene Homo populations, is published by Parins-Fukuchi (2021).[162]
- A study on the adaptability of hominins living two million years ago to unstable environments, based on data from the Ewass Oldupa site (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania), is published by Mercader et al. (2021).[163]
- The first dated Acheulean site from the Nefud Desert of northern Arabia is reported by Scerri et al. (2021).[164]
- A study aiming to reconstruct the trophic level of the Homo lineage that likely led to modern humans during the Pleistocene is published by Ben‐Dor, Sirtoli & Barkai (2021).[165]
- A study on the origins of the structurally modern human brain, based on data from endocasts of early members of the genus Homo from Africa, Georgia and Southeast Asia, is published by Ponce de León et al. (2021).[166]
- A study on the variation of the shape of the occipital and frontal bones in Homo erectus and Homo sapiens, aiming to assesses the hypothesis that similar evolutionary factors related to shared evolutionary history shaped cranial morphology in these species, is published by Baab (2021).[167]
- A study on the ontogenetic development of the cranial vault in Homo erectus, aiming to determine whether the 1.5-Myr-old hominin calvaria KNM-ER 42700 from Ileret (Kenya) might be a juvenile H. erectus, is published by Baab et al. (2021).[168]
- Hammond et al. (2021) trace the original location of the skull fragment KNM-ER 2598 (one of the oldest fossils attributed to Homo erectus) from East Turkana (Kenya), and describe additional hominin fossils which may represent the earliest postcrania attributable to H. erectus.[169]
- Dusseldorp & Lombard (2021) develop a framework to differentiate the technological niches of co-existing hominin species, and apply this framework to the coexistence of Homo naledi and Homo sapiens during the late Middle Pleistocene in southern Africa.[170]
- A study on the morphology and development of the scapulae in Homo antecessor individuals from the Gran Dolina site (Spain) is published by García-Martínez, Green & Bermúdez de Castro (2021).[171]
- Evidence of widespread Denisovan ancestry in contemporary human populations from Island Southeast Asia is presented by Teixeira et al. (2021), who find no evidence of substantial archaic hominin admixture compatible with known endemic hominins from Island Southeast Asia (Homo floresiensis and Homo luzonensis).[172]
- McGrath et al. (2021) describe a method to create high-resolution 3D models of the tooth enamel surface using confocal profilometry, apply it to a sample of 17 Neanderthal and 18 Homo sapiens anterior teeth, and report evidence indicative of faster growth rates of anterior teeth in Neanderthals than in H. sapiens, as well as evidence that ratios of severity of linear enamel hypoplasia are not significantly different in Neanderthal sample and in H. sapiens sample as a whole.[173]
- A study on the sound power transmission through the outer and middle ear and on the occupied bandwidth in Neanderthals is published by Conde-Valverde et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that the auditory and speech capacities of Neanderthals were similar to those in Homo sapiens.[174]
- A study on the population history of Neanderthals, based on data from nuclear DNA from cave deposits in western Europe and southern Siberia dated to between approximately 200,000 and 50,000 years ago, is published by Vernot et al. (2021), who report evidence of two radiation events in Neanderthal history during the early part of the Late Pleistocene, and evidence of a population replacement in northern Spain approximately 100,000 years ago.[175]
- Evidence of a contraction and shift of the ecological niche of culturally cohesive Neanderthal populations in Western Europe approximately 70,000 years ago is presented by Banks et al. (2021).[176]
- A study on the fossil and archaeological collections from the Shuqba cave is published by Blinkhorn et al. (2021), who interpret the hominin tooth from this site as the southernmost known Neanderthal fossil known to date, and interpret the site as the first direct association between Neanderthals and Nubian Levallois technology, demonstrating that this technology is not an exclusive marker of Homo sapiens.[177]
- A study on the age of the Neanderthal material from Spy (Belgium), and on its implications for the knowledge of the timing of Neanderthal disappearance from Northwest Europe, is published by Devièse et al. (2021).[178]
- A review of the knowledge of the origins of modern human ancestry is published by Bergström et al. (2021).[179]
- Wilkins et al. (2021) present evidence from a rockshelter deposit in the southern Kalahari Basin indicative of intentional collection of non-utilitarian objects (calcite crystals) and ostrich eggshell by people living in the interior of southern Africa approximately 105,000 years ago.[180]
- Partial skeleton of a roughly 2.5- to 3.0-year-old child dating to around 78,000 years ago is described from the Middle Stone Age deposits of the Panga ya Saidi cave site (Kenya) by Martinón-Torres et al. (2021), who interpret this finding as the oldest human burial in Africa reported to date.[181]
- Genome-wide data from three individuals found in direct association with an Initial Upper Paleolithic assemblage of artefacts in Bacho Kiro cave (Bulgaria) is studied by Hajdinjak et al. (2021), who interpret their findings as indicating that the studied individuals belonged toa modern human migration into Europe that was not previously known from the genetic record, and that all three individuals had Neanderthal ancestors a few generations back in their family history.[182]
- A study on genome sequences generated from ~45,000 years old skull of a woman from Zlatý kůň (Czech Republic) is published by Prüfer et al. (2021), who interpret this individual as likely to be one of the earliest Eurasian inhabitants following the expansion out of modern humans of Africa, probably belonging to a population that formed before the populations that gave rise to present-day Europeans and Asians split from one another.[183]
- Svensson et al. (2021) sequence the genome of a woman from Peștera Muierilor (Romania) who lived ∼34,000 years ago, and interpret their findings as indicating that this woman belonged to a group that was a side branch to the ancestor of modern-day Europeans, as well as indicating that the genetic diversity in the populations of early anatomically modern humans in Europe was higher than previously assumed, and argue that the bottlenecks associated with loss of genetic diversity in non-Africans occurred during and after the Last Glacial Maximum rather than during the out-of-Africa migration.[184]
- A study aiming to assess climate adaptations in face anatomy of Upper Paleolithic humans from Mladeč and Sungir is published by Stansfield et al. (2021).[185]
- A study on the age of putative early remains of anatomically modern humans from caves in southern China is published by Sun et al. (2021), who interpret these fossils as much more recent than previously suggested, and argue that anatomically modern humans settled southern China no earlier than ca. 50 to 45 ka;[186] the study is subsequently criticized by Martinón-Torres et al. (2021) and Higham & Douka (2021).[187][188][189]
- Two Late Pleistocene figurative paintings of Celebes warty pigs are reported from Maros-Pangkep (South Sulawesi, Indonesia) by Brumm et al. (2021), who determine the minimum age of one these paintings as at least 45.5 ka, making it likely one of the oldest if not the oldest record of the presence of anatomically modern humans in Wallacea, as well as the earliest known figurative artwork.[190]
- A study on the ages of 16 motifs from the earliest known phase of rock paintings in the Australian Kimberley region is published by Finch et al. (2021).[191]
- Scerri et al. (2021) report two new sites in Senegal that date the end of the Middle Stone Age to around 11 ka, representing the youngest record of this cultural phase in Africa reported so far, and indicating that it persisted into the Holocene.[192]
New taxa
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Micropithecus chamtwaraensis[193] | Sp. nov | Valid | Pickford et al. | Miocene | Chamtwara Formation | Kenya | A member of the family Dendropithecidae. | |
Pronycticebus cosensis[194] | Sp. nov | In press | Godinot & Vidalenc in Godinot et al. | Eocene | France | A cercamoniine adapiform. | ||
Protoadapis andrei[194] | Sp. nov | In press | Godinot & Vidalenc in Godinot et al. | Eocene | France | A cercamoniine adapiform. | ||
Quercyloris[194] | Gen. et sp. nov | In press | Godinot & Vidalenc in Godinot et al. | Eocene | France | A member of the family Microchoeridae. Genus includes new species Q. eloisae. | ||
Simonsius harujensis[195] | Sp. nov | Valid | Mattingly et al. | Early Oligocene | Libya | A parapithecine. |
Other eutherians
- A study on morphological changes in molar crown morphology of three lineages of stem erinaceid eulipotyphlans from the Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, United States), aiming to determine whether the evolution of these mammals was significantly affected by the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is published by Vitek et al. (2021).[196]
- A study on the mandible shape diversity in Late Pleistocene to Holocene shrews from the El Harhoura 2 site (Morocco), evaluating the relationship between their morphology and environment, is published by Terray et al. (2021).[197]
- A study on the skull anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Trigonostylops wortmani is published by MacPhee et al. (2021).[198]
- A study on the diet of Macrauchenia patachonica, as indicated by data from dental calculus, is published by de Oliveira et al. (2021).[199]
- A study on the impact of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum on the body size in the lineage of the mesonychid Dissacus praenuntius is published by Solé et al. (2021).[200]
- New data on the anatomy of the skull of Palaeolagus haydeni is presented by Wolniewicz & Fostowicz-Frelik (2021).[201]
- A study on evolutionary transitions of microsyopid plesiadapiforms from the early Eocene of the southern Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, United States) is published by Silcox et al. (2021), who interpret the fossil record as indicating that Microsyops angustidens branched off from a population of Arctodontomys nuptus, but the latter species persisted and did not suffer pseudoextinction, providing a rare example of possible cladogenesis in the fossil record.[202]
- A study on jaw form and function in Chiromyoides is published by Boyer, Schaeffer & Beard (2021), who interpret this plesiadapid as an extractive forager similar to extant aye-aye.[203]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alloptox gudrunae[204] | Sp. nov | Valid | Erbajeva & Bayarmaa | Early Miocene | Mongolia | A pika. | ||
Arcius moniquae[194] | Sp. nov | In press | Godinot & Vidalenc in Godinot et al. | Eocene | France | A paromomyid plesiadapiform. | ||
Azilestes[205] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Gheerbrant & Teodori | Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) | Formation des Grès de Labarre | France | An early eutherian of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a member of the family Zhelestidae. The type species is A. ragei. | |
Cynohyaenodon smithae[206] | Sp. nov | In press | Solé et al. | Eocene (Ypresian) | France | A member of Hyaenodonta. | ||
Eurotherium mapplethorpei[206] | Sp. nov | In press | Solé et al. | Eocene (Ypresian) | France | A member of Hyaenodonta. | ||
Lesmesodon gunnelli[206] | Sp. nov | In press | Solé et al. | Eocene (Ypresian) | France | A member of Hyaenodonta. | ||
Neovulpavus mccarrolli[207] | Sp. nov | Valid | Tomiya et al. | Uintan | Washakie Formation | United States | A basal member of Carnivoraformes. | |
Purgatorius mckeeveri[208] | Sp. nov | Wilson Mantilla et al. | Early Paleocene | Fort Union Formation | United States |
Other mammals
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aenigmamys[209] | Gen. et sp. nov | In press | Scott | Early Paleocene | Willow Creek Formation | Canada | A multituberculate belonging to the family Ptilodontidae. Genus includes new species A. aries. | |
Hercynodon[210] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Martin et al. | Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) | Süntel Formation | Germany | A member of the family Dryolestidae. The type species is H. germanicus. | |
Jueconodon[211] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Mao et al. | Early Cretaceous (early Barremian to early Aptian) | Yixian Formation | China | A member of Eutriconodonta. Genus includes new species J. cheni. | |
Orretherium[212] | Gen. et sp. nov | Valid | Martinelli et al. | Late Cretaceous (late Campanian to early Maastrichtian) | Dorotea Formation | Chile | A member of Meridiolestida belonging to the family Mesungulatidae. The type species is O. tzen. |
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